Light and

Geometric Optics
(2)
Dr. ABDULWAHAB ELKUWAFI
Email: abdulwahhab.elkuwafi@limu.edu.ly
abdulwahab.alkuwafi@omu.edu.ly
 Objectives
● Learn about mirrors and thin
lenses.
● The physics of vision and common
visual defects: Myopia and
Hyperopia.
What is Geometric Optics?
Is a branch of physics that deals with the propagation of light and image formation.
Optical Components
Reflect the light
to form images
Plane Mirrors Curved-inward

Mirrors Concave Mirror

Spherical Mirrors

Optical components Convex Mirror

Curved-inward
Concave Lens
Curved-outward

Thin lenses
Curved-outward
Refract the Convex Lens
light to form
images
Plain Mirror

Plain mirror
Optical
axis
Parameters of Geometric Optics
Divergence Mirror

Converging Mirror
Geometric Parameter Definition

Object distance (o) or do Distance between object and the See the Fig.
optical component

Image distance (i) or di Distance between image and the See the Fig.
optical component

Focal Length (f) The distance between the centre See the Fig.
of a lens or curved mirror and its
focus.

Focal Point (F) The point at which rays or waves See the Fig.
meet after reflection or refraction

Radius of Curvature (R) Is the radius of a circle that See the Fig
approximates the curvature of the
spherical geometric component.
 (1) Image distance (i) (2)

Real İmage Virtual İmage

+ev (i) -ev(i)

Light Convergence Light Divergence

Conventions for spherical lenses

Parameter Units Positive Negative

O (object distance) m Real object Virtual object

I (image distance) m Real image Virtual image

F (focal length) m Converging lens Diverging lens

m (magnification) Unitless Erect image Inverted image

The first basic lens type is a convex lens (Converging Lens)
Convex Lenses Produce
● Real or Virtual Images
● Inverted or Upright Images
● Enlarged or Reduced Images
● Directly at the focal length, no
image is produced

Convex lense
Concave lens (Diverging Lens)
Concave Lenses only produce
● Virtual Images
● Upright Images
● Reduced Images

Concave lens
Magnification (m) of an optical component (mirror or lens)

Image distance (i)

m= -
Object distance (o) -ev +ev

Inverted image Upright image

Image height (hi)

m=
Object height (ho)
Mirrors versus lenses

Mirrors (Spherical) Lenses

Form images by Reflection Form images by Refraction

Have one surface Have two surfaces

One radius of curvature Two radii of curvature

R R1= side of lens close to object
R2 = side of lens opposite to object
Mirror equation

Mirror Type Radius of curvature

Concave mirror (conversion) R = +2f

Convex mirror (diversion) R = -2f

Solved Problem (21.8)
An object is placed 15 cm in front of a concave lens with a focal length of -20 cm.
Determine the image distance and the image type.

Solution
Virtuale
Real
i=??
f=-20 cm

O=15 cm
Image distance is -ev
The image is Virtual
We need the magnification to specify whether the image is erect or inverted.

+ev magnification
The image is erect
The physics of vision and common visual defects (Myopia and
Hyperopia)
The physics of vision and common visual defects (Myopia and
Hyperopia)
● Human eye is a remarkable vision instrument.
● Nearest distance is 2 cm.
● Can resolve particle of matter of 0.1mm size.
 Retina

Myopia = Nearsightedness Hyperopia = Farsightedness

Power of a lens

+P Converging lens

-P Diverging lens

m Or measured by diopters
m
Myopia and hyperopia

Nearsightedness Farsightedness

Myopia hyperopia

Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly Difficulty seeing nearby objects clearly

Eyeball too long or cornea too curved Eyeball too short or cornea too flat

Concave (minus) lenses Convex (plus) lenses

Vision defects
 Optical component
(Concave lens)
Object

image

Go back
 Optical component
(Concave lens)
Object

image

o i

Go back
F F

Go back
Go Back