Question 1

a) -

hydrology is the science of water that deals with the occurrence

,

circulation and distribution of water on the earth , under the

ground and in the atmosphere .

operation of
-

hydrological study is applied in the design and

water -
resources
engineering projects e.
g. water
supply and flood

control .

-
water resources engineering projects require hydrological

investigations to
properly assess factors such as the capacity
of storage structures such reservoirs of flood
as
,
the magnitude

flows to enable safe disposal of excess flow etc .

many important projects in the past have failed due to improper

assessment of the
hydrological factors .

-
some typical failures of hydraulic structures are :
overtopping
and consequent failure of earthen dam due to inadequate
spillway capacity .

b) logo of normal annual pre citation of station E,

502mm + ( 10 To ✗ 502 ) =
552.2mm

STN Ncmm )

B
greater than 552.2

C
than
greater 552-2

since station B
{ C
vary more than 1040 of the normal annual

precipitation at station E , use Normal Ratio Method to find

the missing data .

NI PI
[ PI PI
]
p= ✗ P

¥
+ +
M
Na Mrs Not ,

501% [ ]
= 404 330
52Gt t 551 t
×

542 + 548 + 610 + 364

= 441.46mm .
 I 2 3 4 5

Pxw
STN Pcmml Acha ) W Cmm ]

A 526 232 0.104 54-72

≤A =
2230 ha
404 0-130 52.54
B 290
EPXW =
465.36mm .

551 819 0-367 202.36

C

◦
D 300 408 -183 60.38

E 441.46 481 0.216 95-36

Total 2230 Total 465.36mm

c) evaporation from an open water body .

direct transfer of water from lakes ,

reservoirs and rivers

into the
atmosphere

actual evapotranspiration
includes and from surface and
evaporation transpiration a land

its vegetation , and depends on its present soil moisture status .

potential evapotranspiration
evapotranspiration from a soil matrix when the soil moisture is held
constant at field capacity by spraying the land
regularly .
Question 2

9)

Time Rainfall intensity Runoff equivalent P R

Cmm ] Ccm / hr ) Ccm / hr ) Ccm ]

Ccm ]

1f f / / f
" 5 I -5 0-417 0-125

5- 10 b- -5 2.5 0-458 0-208

10-15 6 3.5 0-500 0.292

" " " s "5 ° "" ""

20-25 7- 5 6 0.625 0-500

25-30 5- 5 4- 5 0-458 0 -375

3- 5 3 0.292 0-250
30-35

35-40 I -5 I 0-125 0-083

40-45 I 0-5 0-083 0-042

3- 500 2- 250

infiltration =P -

= 3- 5cm 2- 25cm
-

= 1- 25cm

At =
45min =
0.75hr

I -25cm
∅ -
index =

O' 75hr

=
1- 667cm / hv

Ineffective for time 35 - 40 and 40 - 45

New Dt = 35min = 0.583hr

New infiltration = 3- 5-2-25 -

O -
0125 -
O -
0833

= 1. 0417 am

1- 0417cm
New ∅ -
index =
0.583hr

=
1.787cm 1hr

Iq = 10% ✗ 3- 5cm =
0.35cm

P -

R -

Ia
W -

index =

At

= 3. 5- 2.25 -
O -
35

0.75

=
1.2cm / hv

Claim is
justified , index is
greater than w -

index .
b)
, z 3 4

| :| I "
average

i
"

V Cm ] Cm ) (m ] / s )
( MIS )

O O O O -00

" " ° " ° " ""

l -55 2.3 2 7.13

5- 8 4 54
-

.
52

2- 2 5- 7 4 50 - 16

2- I 3- 2 2 13 . 44

2- 05 3- 3 2 13 -
53

1- 2- 5
65 2. I 8.66

O -
G I -
I 3 I -98

O O O O

Q 147m31s

of discharge estimation can be increased by increasing

accuracy

the number of subsections .

 Question 3

must be below the standards to safeguard

-

Treated water parameters

the health and safety of a community

hardness and the concentration

i. e. water
-
Table Q3 depicts 2 parameters
of have exceeded the standards .

iron

water hardness :
602mg / L > 500 MAIL
-

iron : 0.45 / L mg 1L
mg > o 3
- .

effect of hardness

hard water water that has high calcium and magnesium contents .

-
is

human health However

- hard water is generally not harmful to . ,

water hard water requires more soap and synthetic

in domestic ,

for home laundry and washing -

detergents
in
- while hard water in industrial will contribute to scaling boilers

and industrial equipment .

effects of iron

-
iron gives a bitter taste to water and causes it to look reddish
in colour .

-
water containing excess iron is not suitable for industrial purpose

such as paper mills ,

colour
manufacturing plants and film processing .

-
iron is an essential element in human nutrition ; however excessive
,

of for extended period be lethal and

dose iron may may cause
genetic
disorder .

Treatment method for water hardness

treatment of water hardness depends the

on
type of hardness
,

temporary hardness or
permanent hardness .

hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonate

temporary
-

minerals and be easily reduced either by boiling

.

can

boling promotes the formation of carbonate from bicarbonate and

precipitates calcium carbonate out of the solution , leaving water

that if softer upon cooling .

permanent hardness is caused by the presence of calcium sulphate

-

or

magnesium sulphate or both in water .

-
To remove permanent hardness using ion
exchange process ,
the unwanted
ions for
are
exchanged more acceptable ions such as sodium .
Treatment method for iron

iron be removed by a process called aeration in which air and

may
-

through air
water are brought into contact by passing the water

of fountains
by means -

aeration converts until tearable iron to filterable iron hence will

,
,

reduce the concentration of iron in water .

* or
any relevant answer .
Question 4

anaerobic pond

concentration of organic and inorganic solids in wastewater is

stabilized and the biological activity occurs in the absence of oxygen .

produces methane gas and sulphur containing odorous gases .

The BOD and solids concentration are reduced by sedimentation

-

and anaerobic digestion .

anaerobic digestion in the at

occurs
sludge the bottom of
-

the pond
results in
which converting organic load to methane and carbon

dioxide and releasing by into

some soluble products the water .

facultative pond .

-
receives raw wastewater or settled wastewater from anaerobic

ponds .

designed for BOD removal for surface

low loading healthy
-

a
to allow a

development of algal population as the oxygen for Bob removal by the

pond bacteria is by algal photosynthesis
mostly generated .

The water layer near the facultative pond surface contains dissolved
-

due
oxygen to
atmospheric re -
aeration and algal respiration ,
a condition

suitable for aerobic and facultative organisms .

The anaerobic
sludge deposits of pond support
-

at the bottom the

organisms while the intermediate layer is called as facultative 7- one .

ranges from aerobic near the top to anaerobic at the bottom -

* or relevant answer 5 marks for each method

any
.

advantages .

disadvantages .

-
simple to design and construct
-

requires large land area .

- low
production of biological sludge .
-

mosquitoes and insects can breed if

-
low capital / operation and maintenance vegetation is not controlled .

may cause odour problem

-

-
suitable when skilled labour is insufficient .
.

Or any relevant answer .

Question 5

-
wastewater treatment plant is listed as one of the prescribed Activities ,

therefore , requires EIA study as stipulated by Environmental Quality Act ,

1974

An conducted by competent individuals who are

EIA study has to be
-

registered with the Department of Environment under the FIA Consultant

Registration Scheme .

The Eta report must be prepared in accordance with the guidelines

Assessment
issued the Impact
"

by DOE and A Handbook of Environment

"

Guidelines ,

EIA procedures consists of

i.
preliminary assessment of all prescribed activities .

2. detailed assessment

3- Review of assessment report .

Preliminary assessment

-
initiated during early stages of
project planning and public participation
is
mandatory
.

The results of Preliminary Assessment for

formally
-

are reported
examination and approval by the authority
project approving and

the Director General of Environmental Quality .

Detailed assessment

-
detailed assessment should continue
during project planning until the

project plan is finalised .

Standard procedural steps are provided
and specific terms of reference based the results of
on
Preliminary
Assessment are issued for each project .

some form of public participation is required and the results of

Detailed Assessment is reported formally .
 EIA review process .

review of EIA Reports is carried out

internally by the DOE with the
-

assistance from the relevant technical agencies for

preliminary
assessment reports and by an ad hoc Review Panel for detailed
assessment reports .

Recommendation arising out of the review are transmitted to the

relevant project approving authorities for consideration in making

a decision on the project .