CELL AND MOLECULAR

BIOLOGY BIO103
FIRST SEMESTER
‣ GROSS ANATOMY – Deals with ‣ It is the often stated as DNA
structure of organs with tissues makes RNA and RNA makes
that are visible to the naked protein.
eye.
‣ HISTOLOGY – Is the study of ➣ DNA – Responsible for
microscopic anatomy. STORING and transferring
genetic information.
3 TYPES OF HISTOLOGY Double Stranded
➣ Surface Anatomy – study of ➣ RNA – Directly CODES for
external anatomical forms and amino acid that acts.
making.
➣ Regional Anatomy – the CELL STRUCTURE
study of anatomy based on ‣ Individual cells are HIGHLY
regions or divisions of the body ORGANIZED UNIT
and emphasizing the relations ‣ Within cell specialized
between various structures. structure called ORGANELLES
➣ Systemic anatomy – looks at ‣ Perform a specific function.
a group of structures that work
together to perform a unique
body function.

‣ CELLULAR LEVEL – The first; most

basic level of organization.
• CELLS
• TISSUES
• ORGANS
• ORGANS SYSTEM

CENTER DOGMA OF DNA/CELL

‣ Set of principles laid down by
an authority as in controvertibly
true.
‣ The CENTER DOGMA of
molecular biology is the FLOW
of genetic information within a
biological system.
6 FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL
➥ BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
‣ Cell is the smallest part to
which ORGANISM can be
REDUCED that still retains the
characteristics of life.

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CELL AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY BIO103
FIRST SEMESTER
➥ PROTECTION AND SUPPORT ‣ Specialized cell
‣ Cell produce and secrete ‣ Sperm cell
various molecules that ‣ Oocytes – cell in ovary
PROVIDE;
• Protection CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR
• Support of the BODY FUNCTION
Ex. Bone Cells – produce ➣ MITOCHONDRIA
mineralized materials ‣ Powerhouse cell
• Making bone a hard ‣ Generate most of the
tissue chemical energy.
• PROTECT vital organ ‣ Is it then stored in a small
• SUPPORT the weight of molecule called ATP –
the body. Adenosine triphosphate.
➥ MOVEMENT ‣ mitochondrial DNA is usually
‣ Because of molecules inherited only from our mothers.
located within specific CELLS,
like Muscles.
➥ COMMUNICATION
‣ Cell produce and receive
chemical and electrical signals
to communicate with one
another.
Ex. Nerve cells to muscles cells
– causing contraction or
constriction, shorten or
extension lengthens.
➥ CELL METABOLISM AND ➣ CELL MEMBRANE
ENERGY RELEASE ‣ Same as Plasma Membrane
‣ CHEMICAL REACTION that ‣ Found in all cells separate
occurs within cells collectively the interior of the cell from
called CELL METABOLISM outside environment.
‣ Energy released during ‣ It has LIPID BILAYER which is
metabolism is use for cell a semi permeable because it
activities. has the ability to enter a certain
➥ INHERITANCE cell
‣ Each cell contains a copy ‣ It can regulate the transport
of GENETIC INFORMATION of of materials ENTERING and
the individual EXITING the cells.

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CELL AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY BIO103
FIRST SEMESTER

HOW DOES LYSOSOME HELP IN

DESTROYING INVADING VIRUSES
➣ LYSOSOME AND BACTERIA
‣ Lysosomes function as the ‣ They destroy invading viruses
digestive system of the cell, and bacteria
serving both to degrade ‣ If the cell is damaged beyond
material taken up from outside repair, lysosomes can help it to
the cell and to digest obsolete self-destruct in a process called
components of the cell itself. programmed cell death on
‣ Metabolic building block apoptosis.
that sustain essential
BIOSYNTHETIC reaction during ➣ GOLGI APPARATUS /
hunger / starvation. COMPLEX
‣ BIOSYNTHETIC – provides ‣ a factory in which proteins
valuable opportunities for received from the ER are further
metabolic engineering ACCESS processed and sorted for
to chemical transformation. transport to their eventual
‣ Breakdown / digestion of destinations: lysosomes, the
macromolecules plasma membrane, or
(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins secretion.
and nucleic acids) ‣ Trafficking processing,
‣ Cell membrane repairs sorting of NEWLY synthesized
‣ Responses against foreign membrane and secrete
substances such as bacteria, proteins and lipids.
viruses, and other antigens

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PREPARED BY KRISTEL CASSANDRA SAN DIEGO

CELL AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY BIO103
FIRST SEMESTER
‣ transporter ‣ Facilitation of Transpiration and
Replication
➥ TRANSCRIPTION
• In transcription cell MAKES
an RNA copy of a piece of DNA
• This RNA copy (mRNA or
messenger)
• Makes PROTEINS in a CELL
• RNA – characteristics.
➥ REPLICATION
• Form foundation
• Double strand DNA
unwound (before DNA replicate)
• UNZIPPING – from DOUBLE
stranded molecules, into two
single strands.
➣ NUCLEOLUS
• 2 PRIMING BINDING – the
‣ Facilitating ribosome
leading strands is the simplest to
biogenesis replicate
Protein, SITE of protein synthesis • ELONGATION
in the cell • TERMINATION
‣ Reads messenger RNA
(mRNA)
‣ Helping genetic code in
SPECIFIED string of amino acid
that can GROW into long chain
(FOLD) to form proteins.

➣ ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
‣ Either smooth or rough
‣ To produce proteins of the
cell to function
‣ The rough ER
➣ NUCLEUS ‣ Has ribosomes – small round
‣ Storage of cell DNA organelles

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CELL AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY BIO103
FIRST SEMESTER
‣ Ribosomes – consist of RNA (for ➣ CENTRIOLES
binding mRNA) ‣ Specialized zone of cytoplasm
close to the nucleus which is the
centre of microtubule information.
‣ During cell division additional
microtubules extending from the
area of the centrioles.
‣ FACILITATE the movement of
CHROMOSOMES toward the
centrosomes.
‣ Chromosomes – made of
protein and single molecule of
DNA
• This CARRY the GENOMIC
information from CELL TO CELL.

➣ CYTOPLASM
‣ Gel like fluid inside the cell
‣ Medium for chemical reaction,
flatform for other organelles
operating within a cell.
‣ Growth cell expansion, and
CELL REPLICATION are CARRIED
out in the CYTOPLASM of the cell.
➣ RIBOSOMES
‣ A ribosome is an intercellular
structure made of both RNA and
protein
‣ Site of protein synthesis in the
cell
‣ The ribosome reads the
messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence
and translates that genetic code
into a specified string of amino
acids, which grow into long chains
➣ NUCLEIC ACID that fold
2 Main Classes to form
• DNA and RNA protein.
‣ This is naturally occurring
chemical compounds, serve as
PRIMARY information – carrying
molecules in cells.

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CELL AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
FIRST SEMESTER
➣ CYTOSKELETON
‣ Relationship between cell
structure and cell function
‣ Each cell is well adapted for
the functions it perform
Note:
‣ Cell – single unit
‣ Organelles inside the cell
‣ In every cell function it has a
specific role.
CELL LIFE / SHELF LIFE
‣ White blood cell – Average of
more than 1 year
‣ Red blood cell – Average of 4
months to 120 days
‣ Skin cells – 2 to 3 weeks
WHOLE CELL ACTIVITY
‣ Transport of many food
molecules into the cell – Required
ATP
‣ Most of ATP is produced by
MITOCHONDRIA
‣ ATP is required to TRANSPORT
AMINO ACID
‣ Molecules that combine to form
PROTEINS.
‣ They are the BUILDING BLOCKS
OF LIFE
‣ Anytime proteins are digested or
broken down
‣ AMINO ACIDS are left
‣ HUMAN BODY use amino acid to
make proteins of the body
‣ DNA – amino acid play a big role.
CELL METABOLISM
‣ Sum of all chemical reaction in
the cell
‣ Breaking down of sugar glucose
PREPARED BY KRISTEL CASSANDRA SAN DIEGO
BIO103
‣ Any form of sugar, starch and
carbohydrates.
PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
‣ Cell that contain these features
(ie. Cytoskeleton, organelles
surrounded by cytoplasm and
nucleus surrounded by nucleus
envelope) are called eukaryotic
cells
‣ Human cells are eukaryotic cells.
ENERGY
‣ ATP is consumed for energy in
processes including ion transport,
muscle contraction, nerve impulse
propagation, substrate
phosphorylation, and chemical
synthesis.
‣ These processes, as well as
Others, create a high demand for
ATP
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
‣ DNA during mitosis and meiosis,
PARENT CELL Is copied, replicated
to have a daughter cells.
NOTE:
‣ Each cell except SEX CELLS
contains 46
‣ SEX CELL has HALF
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CELL AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY BIO103
FIRST SEMESTER

CELL BIOLOGY’S HISTORY

‣ Cell biology is a branch of
biology that studies cell
structure and function, from the
most general properties up to
the most unique functions
found only in specialized cells it
centers on the idea that the cell
is the fundamental unit of life.
‣ This field promotes the study of
the cell in order to have a
deeper understanding of the
tissues, organs, and organisms
that cells compose Here is the
cell biology history in a
chronological order.

CELL TYPES AND FUNCTION

‣ A healthy cell contributes to a
healthy life Cell is a group
working together like
complex orchestra, but they
have difference
‣ Without its coordination what
will be the result?
‣ Holding it together (entropy
keeping it safe and chaos at
bay)
ORCHESTRATED CELL
‣ WORKING TOGETHER but not
always BIGGEST example Is
MITOCHONDRIA, and
CHLOROPLAST SOME REACTION
MAKES PATHWAY, while others
BREAK IT DOWN.
a
COMMONLY KNOWN
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CELLS
‣ Cells use the same carbon in
macromolecules which is the
main component within cells.
‣ It includes carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids and two nucleic
acids found within nucleus of
living cells
‣ All cells have DNA in which
genetic characters are located
and known as a genetic
material of living organisms.
‣ All living organisms use their
genetic material (DNA) to
make proteins

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CELL AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
FIRST SEMESTER
‣ Ability to grow and divide
despite some of cells in
multicellular organisms that lost
their ability to divide
‣ Example: Like on neurons that
cannot divide
‣ Both animal and human cells
possess different parts or
organelles, and each connects
with cell components by means
of intracellular membrane
‣ In multicellular organisms, cells
are pointed to do and perform
specific different functions
‣ Those functions are like
secretion and movements.
‣ Cells are different
biochemically in multicellular
livings, and also notification of
shape difference is important as
cells have different forms
‣ In organisms with many cells
(multicellular) cells tend to be
classified in different groups or
tissues basing on their
responsibilities and functions
‣ Cells and tissues organize to
make organs and organs to
organ systems that participate
in performing different functions
‣ Example is digestive and
cardiovascular system
‣ Worthy of remembering that
they make molecules and
transport them in different parts
of the cell and all need energy
and release waste
PREPARED BY KRISTEL CASSANDRA SAN DIEGO
BIO103
‣ If the process is done in
appropriate manner, cells grow
and enter division
‣ Cell activities can allow a cell
to take new shapes in terms of
responding to environment and
in interacting with other cells in
the process called cellular
communication or cell
signaling
‣ This big process needs
essentials movement of
molecules to maintain and
organize and coordinate in cell.
FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE OF
CELL CLASS
‣ Biologists were able to
examine the internal structure
of a wide variety of cells.
‣ It became apparent from the
study that there were two basic
classes of cells-prokaryotic and
eukaryotic.
‣ The structurally simpler
prokaryotic cells include the
single-celled organisms of the
domains Bacteria and Archaea
‣ pro = before: karyon- =
nucleus
‣ The structurally more complex
eukaryotic cells include protists,
fungi plants, and animals
‣ eu = true; karyon- = nucleus
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CELL AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY BIO103
FIRST SEMESTER

COMMON FEATURES HELD BY • Similar apparatus for

TWO CELL TYPES conservation of chemical
energy as ATP (located in the
‣ A plasma membrane, an
plasma membrane of
outer covering that separates
prokaryotes and the
the cell’s interior from its
mitochondrial membrane of
surrounding environment
eukaryotes)
‣ Cytoplasm, consisting of a
• Similar mechanism of
jelly-like region within the cell in
photosynthesis ( between
which other cellular
cyanobacteria and green
components are found,
plants ).
‣ DNA, the genetic material of
• Similar mechanism for
the cell
synthesizing and inserting
‣ ribosomes, particles that
membrane proteins
synthesize proteins
Proteasomes ( protein digesting
structures) of similar
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC
construction ( between
CELL COMPARISON
archaebacterial and
‣ The existence of these two
eukaryotes )
distinct classes of cells, without
any known intermediates,
FEATURES THAT CAN FOUND IN
represents one of the most
EUKARYOTIC CELL BUT NOT IN
fundamental evolutionary
PROKARYOTIC CELL
divisions in the biological world
‣ (Karp, 2013) Features held in ‣ Division of cells into nucleus
common by the two types of and cytoplasm, separated by a
cells nuclear envelope containing
• Plasma membrane of complex pore structures
similar construction ‣ Complex chromosomes
• Genetic information composed of DNA and
encoded in DNA using identical associated proteins that are
genetic code capable of compacting into
• Similar mechanisms for mitotic structure
transcription and translation of ‣ Complex membranous
genetic information, including cytoplasmic organelles
similar ribosomes (includes endoplasmic
• Shared metabolic reticulum, Golgi complex,
pathways (e.g. glycolysis and lysosomes, endosomes,
TCA cycle) peroxisomes, and glyoximes)

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CELL AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY BIO103
FIRST SEMESTER
‣ Specialized cytoplasmic
organelles for aerobic
Respiration (mitochondria) and
photosynthesis (chloroplasts)
‣ Complex cytoskeletal system
(including microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and
microtubules) and associated
motor proteins
‣ Complex flagella and cilia
Ability to ingest particulate
material by enclosure within CENTRAL DOGMA OF
plasma membrane vesicles MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(phagocytosis) ‣ In Eukaryotes, Organism with a
‣ Cellulose - containing cell nuclear membrane.
walls (in plants) ‣ The process of replication, and
‣ Cell division using a transcription that DNA has to
microtubule-containing mitotic undergo in the nucleus, and
spindle that separates proteins are made in the
chromosomes Presence of two cytoplasm.
copies of genes per cell ‣ Hence, RNA travel across the
(diploidy), one from each nuclear membrane before it
parent undergoes translation.
‣ Presence of three different ‣ A theory stating that genetic
RNA synthesizing enzymes (RNA Information flows only in ONE
polymerases) direction, from DNA to RNA, to
‣ Sexual reproduction requiring proteins, or RNA directly to
meiosis and fertilization protein.

➣ CELL MEMBRANE 3 PROCESSES OF CENTRAL

‣ Cell membranes protect DOGMA
and organize cells. ‣ TRANSLATION The process
‣ All cells have an outer through which information
plasma membrane that encoded in messenger RNA
regulates not only what enters (mRNA) directs the addition of
the cell, but also how much of amino acids during protein
any given substance comes in. synthesis

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CELL AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
FIRST SEMESTER
‣ The process in living cells in
which proteins are produced
using RNA molecules as
templates.
‣ Hence, the generated
proteins is a SEQUENCE of
amino acids which is
determined by the SEQUENCE
of nucleotides in the RNA
‣ COMPOUND NUCLEOSIDE
LINKED TO A PHOSPHATE CRP
NUCLEOTIDES FORM THE basic
STRUCTURE UNIT OF NUCLEIC
ACID (DNA)
DNA HOW IT EVOLVED AND
PERFECTED
➣ Watson and Crick: They
looked at many scientists work,
and see what’s the FINAL
structure was
➣ Erwin Chargaff: He figured
out that A-T and G-C pairing is
the bases of DNA
➣ Rosalind Franklin: Figured out
that DNA was a HELIX
3 REQUIREMENTS FOR GENETIC
MATERIAL
1. Must be able to STORE
information
2. TO REPLICATE accurately
(Imagine the specifics of
replication)
3. Must UNDERGO rare changes
to PROVIDE genetic diversity
‣ Hershey and Chase, 1950’s
DNA = Genetic material
PREPARED BY KRISTEL CASSANDRA SAN DIEGO
BIO103
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
‣ How small is small the cell
(scale) molecular world
‣ period of a sentence. 10x
smaller inside that cell, which is
smaller than a period, has a 6 ft
long.
‣ DNA PROTEIN
NUCLEIC ACID
‣ DNA and RNA ARE MADE UP
OF NUCLEOTIDES
‣ NUCLEOTIDES contain
• Pentose sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen-containing base
‣ PHOSPHATE GROUP SCH2
‣ 5 C Sugar (Deoxyribose)
‣ (Sugar/Pentose sugar)
‣ Nitrogen Base (ATG-C)
DIFFERENCE OF DNA AND RNA
➣ DNA
‣ Sugar is a deoxyribose
‣ Nucleotide can be an A,T
G,C
‣ DOUBLE stranded
‣ DNA makes up your genes
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine,
Cytosine…
‣ 4 Nucleotides
‣ These are BONDED by
Hydrogen – AT GC
➣ RNA
‣ Sugar is ribose
‣ Nucleotide can be A,T, G,U
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CELL AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY BIO103
FIRST SEMESTER
‣ Adenine, Thymine, Guanine,
Cytosine, Uracil
‣ SINGLE STANDED…
‣ correct RNA is used to make
proteins
‣ RNA (Uracil)

HOW SMALL IS SMALL (CELL)

PERSPECTIVE
Water 10.1
Glucose 1
Antibody 10 (a thousand size
compared to bacteria)

Virus 10.2
Bacteria 10.3
Cancer Cell 10.4 or 10.5
A Period 10.4 or 10.7
Tennis ball 10.8

CLASSIFICATION AND CELL

DIVERSITY
‣ Cells are found in different
organisms, and each organism
has its special cells depending
on its species.
‣ Cells are very diverse in size,
shape, and their internal
structure and this applied to
cells found in the same
organisms (Fig.9).
‣ Cell diversity arises during
the development of the
nervous system because of the
acts of cell intrinsic and extrinsic
factors controlling cell fate
determination.

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