PHI 002 : Introduction to Philosophy and Logic

SAS 7: Categorical Proposition: Quantity and Quality, Symbols, Schematic Form, and Venn Diagram

A Proposition – All S is P

- Quality (Affirmative)
- Quantity (Universal)
- All men are thinkers
E Proposition – No S is P

- Quality (Negative)
- Quantity (Universal)
- All women are over thinkers

I Proposition – Some S is P

- Quality (Affirmative)
- Quantity (Particular)
- Ten students are outstanding

O Proposition – Some S is not P

- Quality (Negative)
- Quantity (Particular)
- Some criminals are not rapists

Subject Term – term designating the concept about which the pronouncement is made.

Predicate Term – term designating the concept which is affirmed or denied of the subject.

Copula – or linking verb is the word expressing the mental act which pronounces the agreement or disagreement
between the subject and predicate terms.

NOTE: is, are, was, were (Affirmative) is not, are not, was not, were not (Negative)

Quality of Propositions – Affirmative or Negative

Quantity of Propositions – All, Some, or No

SAS 8 : Hypothetical Propositions

- Is a compound proposition that expresses the connection of truth and falsity components.

TYPES OF HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITION

Conditional Proposition – IF…THEN Pattern

- A compound proposition in which the truth of the antecedent (IF) depends on the truth of the consequent
(THEN).
Ex: If the peace negotiation propers, then the conflict ends

Disjunctive Proposition – EITHER…OR Pattern

- A compound proposition which exclude each other.

There are two types of disjunctive:
Proper Disjunctive – a proposition whose disjunct are mutually exclusive from each other.
Ex: A person is either a male or female.
Improper Disjunctive – a proposition whose disjunct are not mutually exclusive from each other.
Ex: John is either a singer or dancer

Conjunctive Proposition – CANNOT…AT THE SAME TIME Pattern

- A compound proposition that asserts the impossibility of the two conjucts to be true at the same time.
Ex: Eysi cannot stand or sit at the same time.

2 GENERAL RULES OF CONJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION

a. From the truth of on conjunct, the falsity of the other follows
b. From the falsity of one conjunct, the truth of the other does not necessarily follow

SAS 9: Square of Oppositions: Contradictory and Contrary

Logical Opposition / Aristotelian Square – refers to the relationship existing between two proposition having the same
subject and the same predicate but differ in quantity, quality or both.

- Simply refers to the relationship between A, E, I, O Proposition.

KINDS OF OPPOSITION
Contradiction – proposition having the same subject term and same predicate term but are different in both about
their quality or quantity.

- Rules of Contradictories:
If one is true, the other is false
If one is false, the other is true
Contrary – when proposition have the same subject term, the same predicate term, and are all of universal qualities
yet are different in quality.

- Rules of Contrary:
If one is true, the other is false
If one is false, the other is doubtful
Both can be false at the same time but never true at the same time

SAS 10: Square of Oppositions: Sub-Altern and Sub-Contrary

KINDS OF OPPOSITION

Sub – Contrary – the relation between I Proposition and O Proposition

- Rules of Sub – Contrary:

If one of the contraries is false, then the other is true.
If one is true, the other is doubtful

Sub – Alternation – the relation between universal and particular proposition having the same quality.

1.) A and I Proposition

2.) E and O Proposition
- Rules of Sub – Alternation:
If the universal is true, then the particular is true
If the universal is false, then particular is doubtful
If the universal is true, then the universal is doubtful
If the particular is false, then the universal is false

SAS 12: Eductions: Obversion and Conversion

TYPES OF EDUCTION

Conversion – the formulation of a new proposition by the interchange of the subject and predicate of the original
proposition and/or by the use or removal of negatives.

- Rules of Conversion:
Interchange the subject and the predicate term
Retain the quality of the Proposition
Do not extend any term
Types of Conversion
Simple – E and I Propositions are only applicable
Partial – A proposition is only applicable following these rules
1. Sub-altern the A proposition to become I proposition
2. Apply the conversion rules to I proposition
Ex: Some gold jewelry are expensive objects (Convertend)
Some expensive objects are gold jewelry (Converse)
Ex: All mothers are women who gave birth (Convertend)
All women who gave birth are mothers (Converse)

Obversion – the formulation of a new proposition by retaining the subject and quantityof an original proposition,
changing its quality, and using as predicate the contradictory of the original predicate. The A, E, I, O Proposition can
be obverted to E, A, O, I Proposition.

- Rules of Conversion:
Retain the subject and quantity of the proposition
Change the quality of the proposition
Substitute the predicate by its contradictory or complementary term
Ex: All senators are elected officials (Obvertend)
No senators are non-elected officials

SAS 13: Contraposition and Inversion

TYPES OF EDUCTION

Contraposition – the process of eduction which combines conversion and obversion.

- Rules of Contraposition
Obvert the original proposition
Convert the resulting proposition in step 1
Obvert the resulting proposition in step 2
The resulting proposition in step 3 is the Contraseptive.
Ex: All men are mortal beings
Obversion: No men are mortal beings
Conversion: No immortal beings are men
Obversion: All immortal beings are non – men

Types of Contraposition
Simple – A to A and O to O propositions are only applicable
Partial – E to 0 propositions is only applicable

Inversion – the subject term of the new proposition is the contradictory of the subject term of the original proposition.

Types of Inversion
Simple – A to O and E to I Proposition are applicable

- Rules of Simple Inversion:

Change the subject of the proposition to its contradiction
Change the quantity of the proposition
Change the quality of the Copula
Retain the original predicate
Ex: No man is a cow (Invertend)
Some non – man is a cow

Complete – A to I and E to O propositions are applicable

- Rules of Completion Inversion:

Change the subject of the proposition to its contradiction
Change the quantity of the proposition
Retain the quality of the copula
Change the predicate of the proposition to its contradiction
Ex: No man is a cow (Invertend)
Some non – man is not a non – cow (Inverse)