Name : Santi Maria Simanjuntak

Nim : 211010501448

Review Materi

1). SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT AND PARTS OF SENTENCE a. Subject-verb agreement

Subject verb agreement simply means the subject and verb must agree in number. This means
both need to be singular or both need to be plural.Agreement (noun): in language, the form of one
word being decided by the form of another word. Also known as “concord”.

 If you have a singular subject, then you must use a singular verb

Example : the dog barks at every sound he hears

 If you have a plural subject, then you must use a plural verb

Example : the dogs bark at every sound they hear

b. The Parts of the Sentence

A sentence must minimally have a subject and a verb. Sometimes the subject can be omitted if it is
understood. Examples as follow: Bold for Subject and Italic for Verb.

Example : Tom walks. We met Susan. They are washing the dishes.

2 ). GERUND AND INFINITIVE.

 a. Gerund

Gerunds are words that end with -ing. Gerunds are not verbs but are used as nouns. Gerunds
are usually used after prepositions (of/at/after/before/in/for) and after certain verbs such as
(love/like/hate/enjoy/suggest/mind/Miss/stop/start/begin). Gerunds could be the subject,
object, or complement in a Sentence.

Example :

 I enjoy shopping (after verbs)

 Is he still interested in dancing? (After prepositions)

 Gambling is a waste of time (as subject and complements)

b. Infinitive

An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence. It is formed with to +
base form of the verb. Ex : to buy, to work.

Example :

 Jim always forgets to eat (an object following the verb)

 To travel around the world required a lot of time and money (a subject at the beginning of a
Sentences)

 You promised to buy me a diamond ring (an adverb modifying a verb)

3). MULTIPLE CLAUSE AND NOUN CLAUSE

a. Multiple Clause

A multi-clause sentences consist of main clause and subordinate clause or also known as
independent clause and dependent clause. Type of multiple Clause : complex Sentence, compound
Sentence, and compound complex Sentence.

Example :

 Andy is singing, and Cindy is dancing. ( Compound Sentence)

 Cindy believes that the is being followed by (complex Sentence)

b. Noun Clause

Noun Clause (and, or, but, so....). noun clause is a noun, in a sentence, it is used either as an object
of a verb, object of preposition, or the subject of the sentence.

Example :

 I know when he will arrive (noun Clause as object)

 I am concerned about when he will arrive (noun Clause as object of preposition)

 When he will arrive is not certain (noun Clause as subject)

4). ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Adjective clause follows the head noun they modify and begin either with one of the three
connectors of adjective clause. Below are the connectors used in adjective clause. Connectors
adjective Clause (who, which, whom, whose, that).

Example:

 The woman is filling the bottle that she put on the table ( adjective as object)

 The woman is filling the bottle that is on the table (adjective as subject)

5). ADVERB CLAUSE

Adverb clause functions to modify verbs by indicating concepts such as time, place, condition,
cause, and purpose. The different between adverb clause and noun clause is that adverb clause does
not have to appear right after the verb it describes. Adverb clause can appear in two forms: after the
main clause or before the clause. Below are the examples of adverb clauses in the two forms.

Example :

 I will sign the check before you leave (after the main Clause)

 Before you leave i will sign the check (before the main Clause)

6). STRUCTURE CONJUNCTIONS (parallel structer with coordinate CONJUNCTIONS)

Parallelism is the use of elements in a sentence that shares grammatical sentence equally, or it has
similarities in its construction like words, phrases, or clauses to show that ideas have the same level
of importance.
# Structure paired conjunctions

Paralel structure paired conjunctions:

Both and

Either or

Neither no

Not only but also

Example :

 Either breakfast or lunch is included in the price

 He lent me both some paper and a pencil

7). LISTENING – SHORT CONVERSATION

 Focus: Recognizing synonyms for idiomatic expressions. Directions: Listen to the

spoken statements. Each contains an idiomatic or figurative expression which is written out.
First decide which of the two choices best answers the question and mark the appropriate
answer, (A) or (B). Then underline the phrase in the correct answer that has the same
meaning as the idiom. If necessary, rewind the audio and listen to the exercise again. The
first one hasbeen done.

 Focus: Understanding dialogs involving idiomatic and figurative expressions. Directions: Look
over the idiomatic expressions listed before each set of items. If you are unfamiliar with any
of the idioms, you may want to look them up in the Mini-Lessons for Section 1 that follow
 the Listening Comprehension section of this book (pages 81-100). The dialogs each contain
one of the listed expressions. Listen to the dialogs and mark the one answer

 Focus: Using the context of dialogs to understand the meaning of idioms.

Directions: Listen to the following dialog. Decide which of the choices (A), (B), or (C) that best
answers the question about the dialog and mark the appropriate answer.

8). LISTENING – LONG CONVERSATION

 TACTICS FOR EXTENDED CONVERSATIONS a. Be familiar with the directions, but remember
that you cannot turn the page to look over answer choices while the directions are being
read. B. Pay attention to the introductory comment for each conversation. These comments
will tell you which items each conversation refers to and may give you an idea of what the
conversation will be about. C. Preview the answer choices during the conversations and the
pauses between questions. Try to guess what the questions will be. D. Listen for overall
concepts: • Who is taking part in the conversation? • Where and when does the
conversation take place? • What is the main topic of the conversation? The answers to these
questions are often suggested in the first few lines of the conversations. E. You are not
permitted to take written notes, but try to take “mental notes” on specific details: facts,
figures, dates, places, and so on. You can sometimes check the information you think you
hear against information you read in the answer choices while you are previewing. F. Answer
items right away. G. Never leave any blanks on your answer sheet. Always guess.