AUTHOR Team

Maurice DiGiuseppe, Ph.D.

University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT)
Formerly Toronto Catholic District School Board
Christopher T. Howes, B.Sc., B.Ed.
Programs Facilitator, Science/Technology
Durham District School Board
Jacob Speijer, B.Eng., M.Sc.Ed., P.Eng., OCT
Simcoe County District School Board
Charles Stewart, B.Sc., B.Ed.
Peel District School Board
Henri M. van Bemmel, B.Sc. (Hons), B.Ed.
Marc Garneau Collegiate Institute
Toronto District School Board
Rob Vucic, B.Sc. (Hons), B.Ed.
Head of Science, T.L. Kennedy Secondary School
Peel District School Board
Victoria Wraight, B.Sc.H., B.Ed.
Science POR, Thomas A. Stewart Secondary School
Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board

Senior Program Consultant

Maurice DiGiuseppe, Ph.D.
University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT)
Formerly Toronto Catholic District School Board
 Nelson Physics 11
Senior Program Consultant Authors Contributing Authors
Maurice DiGiuseppe Maurice DiGiuseppe Stefanie Clark
Christopher T. Howes Isha DeCoito
Jacob Speijer Bruce McAskill
Charles Stewart Ron Ricci
Henri M. van Bemmel
Rob Vucic
Victoria Wraight

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All student activities and investigations in this textbook have been designed to be as safe as possible,
and have been reviewed by professionals specifically for that purpose. As well, appropriate warnings
concerning potential safety hazards are included where applicable to particular activities and
investigations. However, responsibility for safety remains with the student, the classroom teacher, the
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Reviewers
Accuracy Reviewers Safety Consultants Naomi Epstein
Deepak Chandan Jim Agban Tanenbaum Community Hebrew
University of Toronto, Department Past Chair, Science Teachers’ Academy of Toronto
of Physics Association of Ontario (STAO)
Shawna Hopkins
Safety Committee
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Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Zbigniew Peter Reiter
Andrew Jones
Physics, Scientific Outreach Toronto Catholic DSB
Toronto DSB
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STSE Consultant Patricia Jones
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University of Toronto, Department Ontario Institute for Studies in
of Physics Education (OISE), Roche Kelly
University of Toronto Durham DSB
Joanne O’Meara
University of Guelph, Department Mark Kinoshita
Technology/ICT Consultant
of Physics Toronto DSB
Luciano Lista
Stefan Zukotynski Academic Information Richard LaChapelle
University of Toronto, Professor Communication Toronto Catholic DSB
Emeritus, Department of Technology Consultant
Electrical and Computer Online Learning Principal, Tim Langford
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Chandra Boon
University/Wilfred Laurier Peel DSB
Branksome Hall
University
Formerly Wellington Catholic DSB Dan Bruni Christopher Meyer
York Catholic DSB Toronto DSB
Environmental Education
Consultant David Burton Dermot O’Hara
Ottawa–Carleton DSB Toronto Catholic DSB
Allan Foster
Working Group on Environmental Andrew Cherkas Steve Pfisterer
Education, Ontario York Region DSB Rockway Mennonite Collegiate
Former Director of Education,
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Conservation Tanenbaum Community Hebrew Catholic DSB of Eastern Ontario
Academy of Toronto Ron Ricci
ESL Consultant
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Lakelands DSB

NEL Reviewers  iii
Contents
Unit 1 Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Focus on STSE: Sports in Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 1: Motion in a Straight Line. . . . . . . . 6
1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement. . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Speed and Velocity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3 Acceleration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4 Comparing Graphs of Linear Motion. . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.5 Five Key Equations for Motion with
Uniform Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.6 Acceleration Near Earth’s Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.7 Explore an Issue in Vehicle Safety:
Electronic Speed Limiters for Teen Drivers. . . . . . 44
Investigation 1.2.1: Watch Your Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Investigation 1.4.1: Uniform Velocity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Investigation 1.4.2: Motion Down a Ramp . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Chapter 1 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Chapter 1 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 1 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Chapter 2: Motion in Two Dimensions. . . . . . 58
2.1 Motion in Two Dimensions—A Scale Diagram
Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.2 Motion in Two Dimensions—An Algebraic
Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.3 Projectile Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.4 Physics Journal: Galileo Galilei: Sixteenth-
Century “New Scientist”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.5 Explore Applications in Kinematics:
Accelerometers: Accelerating Your Life . . . . . . . . . 84
Investigation 2.3.1: Modelling Projectile Motion. . . . . . 86
Chapter 2 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Chapter 2 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chapter 2 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Unit 1 Task: Legendary Legume Launcher. . . . . 96
Unit 1 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Unit 1 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
iv  Contents
Unit 2 Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Focus on STSE: Forces and Technology . . . . . 109
Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chapter 3: Newton’s Laws of Motion . . . . . 112
3.1 Types of Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.5 Using Newton’s Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
3.6 Physics Journal: Galileo, Newton,
and Hawking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Investigation 3.3.1: Investigating Newton’s
Second Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Chapter 3 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Chapter 3 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chapter 3 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Chapter 4: Applications of Forces. . . . . . . . 160
4.1 Gravitational Force Near Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.2 Friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.3 Solving Friction Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.4 Forces Applied to Automotive Technology . . . . 179
4.5 Forces Applied to Sports and Research. . . . . . . . 184
4.6 Explore an Issue in Forces:
Mandatory Snow Tires in the Winter?. . . . . . . . 189
Investigation 4.1.1: Acceleration Due to Gravity
and Terminal Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Investigation 4.2.1: Factors That Affect Friction. . . . . 192
Investigation 4.2.2: Coefficients of Friction. . . . . . . . . 193
Investigation 4.3.1: Predicting Motion
with Friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Chapter 4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Chapter 4 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chapter 4 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Unit 2 Task: Egg Crash Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Unit 2 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Unit 2 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
NEL
Unit 3 Energy and Society . . . . . . 216
Focus on STSE: Greening Energy Use
and Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Chapter 5: Work, Energy, Power,
and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
5.1 Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
5.2 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
5.3 Types of Energy and the Law of
Conservation of Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
5.4 Efficiency, Energy Sources, and Energy
Conservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
5.5 Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
5.6 Explore Applications of Renewable
Energy Sources: Going Off the Grid. . . . . . . . 255
Investigation 5.2.1: Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . . 257
Investigation 5.5.1: Student Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Chapter 5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Chapter 5 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Chapter 5 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Chapter 6: Thermal Energy and Society. . . 268
6.1 Warmth and Coldness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
6.2 Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
6.3 Heat Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
6.4 States of Matter and Changes of State. . . . . . . . . 288
6.5 Heating and Cooling Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
6.6 Explore an Issue in Thermal Energy:
Geothermal Systems: Friend or Foe? . . . . . . . . . 300
6.7 Physics Journal: When a Brewer
Becomes a Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Investigation 6.3.1: Specific Heat Capacity
of Brass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Investigation 6.4.1: Heating Graph of Water. . . . . . . . 305
Investigation 6.4.2: Specific Latent Heat of
Fusion for Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Chapter 6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Chapter 6 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Chapter 6 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
NEL
Chapter 7: Nuclear Energy and Society . . . 316
7.1 Atoms and Isotopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.2 Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
7.3 Half-Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
7.4 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Power
Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
7.5 Nuclear Fusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
7.6 Explore an Application of Nuclear
Technology: Pest Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Investigation 7.5.1: Nuclear Energy:
Benefit or Hazard?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Chapter 7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Chapter 7 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Chapter 7 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Unit 3 Task: My School’s Sustainable
Energy Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Unit 3 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Unit 3 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Unit 4 Waves and Sound . . . . . . . 372
Focus on STSE: Tsunami of 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Chapter 8: Vibrations and Waves . . . . . . . . 376
8.1 What Is a Vibration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
8.2 Types of Mechanical Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
8.3 Wave Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
8.4 Determining Wave Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
8.5 Properties of Sound Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
8.6 Physics Journal: The Sound Barrier. . . . . . . . . . . 398
8.7 Explore an Issue in Sound:
Noise Pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Investigation 8.3.1: Investigating Vibrations. . . . . . . . 402
Investigation 8.4.1: Investigating Two-Dimensional
Wave Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Investigation 8.5.1: Measuring the Speed
of Sound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Chapter 8 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Chapter 8 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Chapter 8 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Contents  v
Chapter 9: Wave Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . 414
9.1 Interference of Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
9.2 Waves at Media Boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
9.3 Beats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
9.4 Damping and Resonance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
9.5 The Doppler Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
9.6 Physics Journal: Rogue Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Investigation 9.2.1: Investigating Wave Speed
on a String. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Investigation 9.4.1: Investigating Standing Waves
in an Air Column. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Chapter 9 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Chapter 9 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Chapter 9 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Chapter 10: Applications of Waves. . . . . . . 448
10.1 Human Hearing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
10.2 Musical Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
10.3 Acoustics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
10.4 Structural Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
10.5 Seismic Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
10.6 Vibrations in Aircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
10.7 Nature and Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Investigation 10.1.1: Investigating Frequency,
Loudness, and Human Hearing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Investigation 10.2.1: Waveforms of Instruments. . . . . 476
Investigation 10.3.1: Investigating Acoustic
Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Chapter 10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Chapter 10 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Chapter 10 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Unit 4 Task: Applying Waves and Sound
to Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Unit 4 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Unit 4 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
vi  Contents
Unit 5 Electricity and
Magnetism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Focus on STSE: What Is the Lifespan of a
Cellphone? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Chapter 11: Electricity and
Its Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
11.1 Electrical Energy and Power Plants. . . . . . . . . . . 504
11.2 Explore an Issue in Generating
Electricity: Clean Coal Technology. . . . . . . . . . 508
11.3 Electric Potential Difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
11.4 Physics Journal: Is Benjamin Franklin
to Blame? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
11.5 Electric Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
11.6 Kirchhoff ’s Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
11.7 Electrical Resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
11.8 Resistors in Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
11.9 Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Investigation 11.8.1: Analyzing Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Chapter 11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Chapter 11 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Chapter 11 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Chapter 12: Electromagnetism. . . . . . . . . . 546
12.1 Magnetic Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
12.2 Oersted’s Discovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
12.3 Physics Journal: Wireless Electricity. . . . . . . . . . 557
12.4 Solenoids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
12.5 The Motor Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
12.6 The Direct Current Motor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
12.7 Explore Applications in
Electromagnetism:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
NEL
Investigation 12.1.1: Properties of Magnetic Fields. . 574
Investigation 12.4.1: Magnetic Fields around
Electromagnets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Investigation 12.6.1: Building and Investigating
a Prototype Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Chapter 12 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Chapter 12 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Chapter 12 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Chapter 13: Electromagnetic Induction. . . . 586
13.1 Electromagnetic Induction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
13.2 Lenz’s Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
13.3 Alternating Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
13.4 Electricity Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
13.5 Transformers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
13.6 Power Plants and the Electrical Grid. . . . . . . . . . 610
Investigation 13.2.1: Investigating Electromagnetic
Induction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
NEL
Chapter 13 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Chapter 13 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Chapter 13 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Unit 5 Task: Building a Model Power Plant. . . .622
Unit 5 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Unit 5 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Appendix A Skills Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Appendix B Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Appendix C Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Contents  vii