North Korea-South Korea Relations - Wikipedia

North Korea–South
Korea relations
Formerly a single nation that was annexed

by Japan in 1910, the Korean Peninsula
has been divided into North Korea and
South Korea since the end of World War II
on 2 September 1945. The two
governments were founded in the two
regions in 1948, leading to the
consolidation of division. The two
countries engaged in the Korean War from
1950 to 1953 which ended in an armistice
agreement but without a peace treaty.
North Korea is a one-party totalitarian
state[1] run by the Kim family. South Korea
was formerly governed by a succession of
military dictatorships, save for a brief one-
year democratic period from 1960 to 1961,
until thorough democratization in 1987,
after which direct elections were held.
Both nations claim the entire Korean
Peninsula and outlying islands. Both
nations joined the United Nations in 1991
and are recognized by most member
states. Since the 1970s, both nations have
held informal diplomatic dialogues in order
to ease military tensions.
In 2000, President Kim Dae-jung became

the first President of South Korea to visit
North Korea, 55 years after the peninsula
was divided. Under President Kim, South
Korea adopted the Sunshine Policy in
pursuit of more peaceful relationships with
North Korea.[2] The policy established the
Kaesong Industrial Region, among other
things. This policy was continued by the
next president Roh Moo-hyun who also
visited North Korea in 2007 and met with
North Korean leader Kim Jong Il. Through
this meeting both leaders signed a
declaration to
North Korea–South
pursue peace and
Korea relations
recover inter-Korean
relations. However,
faced with growing
criticism, the
Sunshine Policy was
discontinued under
the next two
North South
governments. Korea Korea
During Lee Myung-
Diplomatic mission
bak and Park Geun-
Committee Ministr
Hye's presidencies,
for the Unifica
the relationship
Peaceful Seou
between North and Reunification
South Korea
became more of the
hostile. Fatherland,
Pyongyang
In 2018, beginning
with North Korea's South Korean
participation in the
name
2018 Winter
Hangul 남북 관계
Olympics, the
relationship has Hanja 南北關係
seen a major Revised Nambu

diplomatic Romanization gwan-
gye
breakthrough and
become McCune– Nampuk
significantly Reischauer kwan'gye
warmer. In April
2018, the two countries signed the
Panmunjom
North Korean
Declaration.[3] In
name
2018, a majority of
South Koreans Chosŏn'gŭl 북남관계
approved the new Hancha 北南關係

relationship.[4] The Revised Bungn
summits between Romanization gwang
North and South McCune– Pungnam
Korea have also Reischauer kwan'gye
facilitated positive
relationships between North Korea and the
United States. However, tensions between
the two countries remain. On November
23, 2023, North Korea terminated its 2018
agreement with South Korea, citing
escalating military provocations and plans
to deploy military forces along the military
demarcation line.[5]
Division of Korea
Kim Il Sung, amongst other Korean

communists and Soviet
representatives, at a conference in
Pyongyang in 1946, seated under
large portraits of Soviet leader Joseph
Stalin and himself.
Syngman Rhee together with US

general Douglas MacArthur at the
grand ceremony inaugurating the
government of the Republic of Korea
(South Korea) in 1948.
The Korean peninsula had been occupied

by Japan from 1910. On 9 August 1945, in
the closing days of World War II, the Soviet
Union declared war on Japan and
advanced into Korea. Though the Soviet
declaration of war had been agreed by the
Allies at the Yalta Conference, the US
government became concerned at the
prospect of all of Korea falling under
Soviet control. The US government
therefore requested Soviet forces halt their
advance at the 38th parallel north, leaving
the south of the peninsula, including the
capital, Seoul, to be occupied by the US.
This was incorporated into General Order
No. 1 to Japanese forces after the
Surrender of Japan on 15 August. On 24
August, the Red Army entered Pyongyang
and established a military government
over Korea north of the parallel. American
forces landed in the south on 8 September
and established the United States Army
Military Government in Korea.[6]
The Allies had originally envisaged a joint

trusteeship which would steer Korea
towards independence, but most Korean
nationalists wanted independence
immediately.[7] Meanwhile, the wartime co-
operation between the Soviet Union and
the US deteriorated as the Cold War took
hold. Both occupying powers began
promoting into positions of authority
Koreans aligned with their side of politics
and marginalizing their opponents. Many
of these emerging political leaders were
returning exiles with little popular
support.[8][9] In North Korea, the Soviet
Union supported Korean Communists. Kim
Il Sung, who from 1941 had served in the
Soviet Army, became the major political
figure.[10] Society was centralized and
collectivized, following the Soviet
model.[11] Politics in the South was more
tumultuous, but the strongly anti-
Communist Syngman Rhee emerged as
the most prominent politician.[12]
The US government took the issue to the

United Nations, which led to the formation
of the United Nations Temporary
Commission on Korea (UNTCOK) in 1947.
The Soviet Union opposed this move and
refused to allow UNTCOK to operate in the
North. UNTCOK organized a general
election in the South, which was held on
10 May 1948.[13] The Republic of Korea
was established with Syngman Rhee as
president, and formally replaced the US
military occupation on 15 August. In North
Korea, the Democratic People's Republic
of Korea was declared on 9 September,
with Kim Il Sung as prime minister. Soviet
forces left the North on 10 December
1948. US forces left the South the
following year, though the US Korean
Military Advisory Group remained to train
the Republic of Korea Army.[14]
Both opposing governments considered

themselves to be the government of the
whole of Korea, and both saw the division
as temporary.[15][16] The DPRK proclaimed
Seoul to be its official capital, a position
not changed until 1972.[17]
Korean War
Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in

P'anmunjŏm.
North Korea invaded the South on 25 June
1950, and swiftly overran most of the
country. In September 1950 the United
Nations force, led by the United States,
intervened to defend the South, and
advanced into North Korea. As they neared
the border with China, Chinese forces
intervened on behalf of North Korea,
shifting the balance of the war again.
Fighting ended on 27 July 1953, with an
armistice that approximately restored the
original boundaries between North and
South Korea.[18] Syngman Rhee refused to
sign the armistice, but reluctantly agreed
to abide by it.[19] The armistice
inaugurated an official ceasefire but did
not lead to a peace treaty. It established
the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a
buffer zone between the two sides, that
intersected the 38th parallel but did not
follow it.[19] North Korea has announced
that it will no longer abide by the armistice
at least six times, in the years 1994, 1996,
2003, 2006, 2009, and 2013.[20][21]
Large numbers of people were displaced

as a result of the war, and many families
were divided by the reconstituted border.
In 2007 it was estimated that around
750,000 people remained separated from
immediate family members, and family
reunions have long been a diplomatic
priority for the South.[22]
Cold War
Competition between North and South
Korea became key to decision-making on
both sides. For example, the construction
of the Pyongyang Metro spurred the
construction of one in Seoul.[23] In the
1980s, the South Korean government built
a 98m tall flagpole in its village of
Daeseong-dong in the DMZ. In response,
North Korea built a 160m tall flagpole in its
nearby village of Kijŏng-dong.[24]
Tensions escalated in the late 1960s with
a series of low-level armed clashes known
as the Korean DMZ Conflict. During this
time North and South Korea conducted
covert raids on each other in a series of
retaliatory strikes, which included
assassination attempts on the South and
North leaders.[25][26][27] On 21 January
1968, North Koreans commandos
attacked the South Korean Blue House. On
11 December 1969, a South Korean airliner
was hijacked.
During preparations for US President

Nixon's visit to China in 1972, South
Korean President Park Chung Hee initiated
covert contact with the North's Kim Il
Sung.[28] In August 1971, the first Red
Cross talks between North and South
Korea were held.[29] Many of the
participants were really intelligence or
party officials.[30] In May 1972, Lee Hu-rak,
the director of the Korean CIA, secretly
met with Kim Il Sung in Pyongyang. Kim
apologized for the Blue House Raid,
denying he had approved it.[31] In return,
North Korea's deputy premier Pak Song-
chol made a secret visit to Seoul.[32] On 4
July 1972, the North-South Joint
Statement was issued. The statement
announced the Three Principles of
Reunification: first, reunification must be
solved independently without interference
from or reliance on foreign powers;
second, reunification must be realized in a
peaceful way without use of armed forces
against each other; finally, reunification
transcend the differences of ideologies
and institutions to promote the unification
of Korea as one ethnic group.[29][33] It also
established the first "hotline" between the
two sides.[34]
North Korea suspended talks in 1973 after

the kidnapping of South Korean opposition
leader Kim Dae-jung by the Korean
CIA.[28][35] Talks restarted, however, and
between 1973 and 1975 there were 10
meetings of the North-South Coordinating
Committee at Panmunjom.[36]
In the late 1970s, US President Jimmy

Carter hoped to achieve peace in Korea.
However, his plans were derailed because
of the unpopularity of his proposed
withdrawal of troops.[37]
In 1983, a North Korean proposal for three-

way talks with the United States and South
Korea coincided with the Rangoon
assassination attempt against the South
Korean President.[38] This contradictory
behavior has never been explained.[39]
In September 1984, North Korea's Red
Cross sent emergency supplies to the
South after severe floods.[28] Talks
resumed, resulting in the first reunion of
separated families in 1985, as well as a
series of cultural exchanges.[28][40]
Goodwill dissipated with the staging of the
US-South Korean military exercise, Team
Spirit, in 1986.[41]
Korean Unification Flag
When Seoul was chosen to host the 1988

Summer Olympics, North Korea tried to
arrange a boycott by its Communist allies
or a joint hosting of the Games.[42] This
failed, and the bombing of Korean Air
Flight 858 in 1987 was seen as North
Korea's revenge.[43] However, at the same
time, amid a global thawing of the Cold
War, the newly elected South Korean
President Roh Tae-woo launched a
diplomatic initiative known as Nordpolitik.
This proposed the interim development of
a "Korean Community", which was similar
to a North Korean proposal for a
confederation.[44] From 4 to 7 September
1990, high-level talks were held in Seoul, at
the same time that the North was
protesting about the Soviet Union
normalizing relations with the South.
These talks led in 1991 to the Agreement
on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression,
Exchanges and Cooperation and the Joint
Declaration of the Denuclearization of the
Korean Peninsula.[45][46] This coincided
with the admission of both North and
South Korea into the United Nations.[47]
Meanwhile, on 25 March 1991, a unified
Korean team first used the Korean
Unification Flag at the World Table Tennis
Competition in Japan, and on 6 May 1991,
a unified team competed at the World
Youth Football Competition in Portugal.
There were limits to the thaw in relations,

however. In 1989, Lim Su-kyung, a South
Korean student activist who participated in
the World Youth Festival in Pyongyang,
was jailed on her return.[47]
Sunshine and shadow
Comparison of life expectancy in

South and North Koreas
The end of the Cold War brought

economic crisis to North Korea and led to
expectations that reunification was
imminent.[48][49] North Koreans began to
flee to the South in increasing numbers.
According to official statistics there were
561 defectors living in South Korea in
1995, and over 10,000 in 2007.[50]
In December 1991 both states made an
accord, the Agreement on Reconciliation,
Non-Aggression, Exchange and
Cooperation, pledging non-aggression and
cultural and economic exchanges. They
also agreed on prior notification of major
military movements and established a
military hotline, and working on replacing
the armistice with a "peace
regime".[51][52][53]
In 1994, concern over North Korea's

nuclear program led to the Agreed
Framework between the US and North
Korea.[54]
In 1998, South Korean President Kim Dae-
jung announced a Sunshine Policy towards
North Korea. Despite a naval clash in 1999,
this led in June 2000, to the first Inter-
Korean summit, between Kim Dae-jung
and Kim Jong Il.[55] As a result, Kim Dae-
jung was awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize.[56] The summit was followed in
August by a family reunion.[40] In
September, the North and South Korean
teams marched together at the Sydney
Olympics.[57] Trade increased to the point
where South Korea became North Korea's
largest trading partner.[58] Starting in 1998,
the Mount Kumgang Tourist Region was
developed as a joint venture between the
North Korean government and Hyundai.[59]
In 2003, the Kaesong Industrial Region
was established to allow South Korean
businesses to invest in the North.[60] In the
early 2000s South Korea ceased infiltrating
its agents into the North.[61]
US President George W Bush, however, did

not support the Sunshine Policy and in
2002 branded North Korea as a member of
an Axis of Evil.[62][63]
Continuing concerns about North Korea's

potential to develop nuclear missiles led in
2003 to the six-party talks that included
North Korea, South Korea, the US, Russia,
China, and Japan.[64] In 2006, however,
North Korea resumed testing missiles and
on 9 October conducted its first nuclear
test.[65]
The 15 June 2000 Joint Declaration that

the two leaders signed during the first
South-North summit stated that they
would hold the second summit at an
appropriate time. It was originally
envisaged that the second summit would
be held in South Korea, but that did not
happen. South Korean President Roh Moo-
hyun walked across the Korean
Demilitarized Zone on 2 October 2007 and
traveled on to Pyongyang for talks with
Kim Jong Il.[66][67][68][69] The two sides
reaffirmed the spirit of 15 June Joint
Declaration and had discussions on
various issues related to realizing the
advancement of south–north relations,
peace on the Korean Peninsula, common
prosperity of the people and the unification
of Korea. On 4 October 2007, South
Korean President Roh Moo-hyun and North
Korean leader Kim Jong Il signed a peace
declaration. The document called for
international talks to replace the Armistice
which ended the Korean War with a
permanent peace treaty.[70]
During this period political developments
were reflected in art. The films Shiri, in
1999, and Joint Security Area, in 2000,
gave sympathetic representations of North
Koreans.[71][72]
Sunshine Policy ends
Lee Myung-bak government
The Korean DMZ in 2012, viewed from

the north.
The Sunshine Policy was formally

abandoned by the new South Korean
President Lee Myung-bak in 2010.[73]
On 26 March 2010, the 1,500-ton ROKS
Cheonan with a crew of 104, sank off
Baengnyeong Island in the Yellow Sea.
Seoul said there was an explosion at the
stern, and was investigating whether a
torpedo attack was the cause. Out of 104
sailors, 46 died and 58 were rescued.
South Korean President Lee Myung-bak
convened an emergency meeting of
security officials and ordered the military
to focus on rescuing the sailors.[74][75] On
20 May 2010, a team of international
researchers published results claiming
that the sinking had been caused by a
North Korean torpedo; North Korea
rejected the findings.[76] South Korea
agreed with the findings from the research
group and President Lee Myung-bak
declared afterwards that Seoul would cut
all trade with North Korea as part of
measures primarily aimed at striking back
at North Korea diplomatically and
financially. North Korea denied all such
allegations and responded by severing ties
between the countries and announced it
abrogated the previous non-aggression
agreement.[77]
On 23 November 2010, North Korea's

artillery fired at South Korea's Yeonpyeong
island in the Yellow Sea and South Korea
returned fire. Two South Korean marines
and two civilians were killed, more than a
dozen were wounded, including three
civilians. About 10 North Koreans were
believed to be killed; however, the North
Korean government denies this. The town
was evacuated and South Korea warned of
stern retaliation, with President Lee
Myung-bak ordering the destruction of a
nearby North Korea missile base if further
provocation should occur.[78] The official
North Korean news agency, KCNA, stated
that North Korea only fired after the South
had "recklessly fired into our sea area".[79]
In 2011 it was revealed that North Korea

abducted four high-ranking South Korean
military officers in 1999.[80]
Park Geun-hye government
On 12 December 2012, North Korea

launched the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2, a
scientific and technological satellite, and it
reached orbit.[81][82][83] In response, the
United States deployed its warships in the
region.[84] January–September 2013 saw
an escalation of tensions between North
Korea and South Korea, the United States,
and Japan that began because of United
Nations Security Council Resolution 2087,
which condemned North Korea for the
launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2. The
crisis was marked by extreme escalation
of rhetoric by the new North Korean
administration under Kim Jong Un and
actions suggesting imminent nuclear
attacks against South Korea, Japan, and
the United States.[85]
The King 2 Hearts (Korean: 더킹 투하츠;

RR: Deoking Tuhacheu) was a 2012 South
Korean television series, starring Ha Ji-
won and Lee Seung-gi in the leading
roles.[86] It was about a South Korean
crown prince who falls in love with a North
Korean special agent. The series aired on
MBC from 21 March to 24 May 2012 on
Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for
20 episodes.
On 24 March 2014, a crashed North

Korean drone was found near Paju, the
onboard cameras contained pictures of
the Blue House and military installations
near the DMZ. On 31 March, following an
exchange of artillery fire into the waters of
the NLL, a North Korean drone was found
crashed on Baengnyeongdo.[87][88] On 15
September, wreckage of a suspected
North Korean drone was found by a
fisherman in the waters near
Baengnyeongdo, the drone was reported
to be similar to one of the North Korean
drones which had crashed in March
2014.[89]
According to a 2014 BBC World Service

poll, 3% of South Koreans viewed North
Korea's influence positively, with 91%
expressing a negative view, making South
Korea, after Japan, the country with the
most negative feelings of North Korea in
the world.[90] However, a 2014
government-funded survey found 13% of
South Koreans viewed North Korea as
hostile, and 58% of South Koreans
believed North Korea was a country they
should cooperate with.[91]
On 1 January 2015, Kim Jong Un, in his
New Year's address to the country, stated
that he was willing to resume higher-level
talks with the South.[92]
In the first week of August 2015, a mine

went off at the DMZ, wounding two South
Korean soldiers. The South Korean
government accused the North of planting
the mine, which the North denied. After
that South Korea restarted propaganda
broadcasts to the North.[93]
On 20 August 2015, North Korea fired a

shell on the city of Yeoncheon. South
Korea launched several artillery rounds in
response. There were no casualties in the
South, but some local residents
evacuated.[94] The shelling caused both
countries to adopt pre-war statuses and a
talk that was held by high level officials in
the Panmunjeom to relieve tensions on 22
August 2015, and the talks carried over to
the next day.[95] Nonetheless, while talks
were going on, North Korea deployed over
70 percent of their submarines, which
increased the tension once more on 23
August 2015.[96] Talks continued into the
next day and finally concluded on 25
August when both parties reached an
agreement and military tensions were
eased.
Despite peace talks between South Korea
and North Korea on 9 September 2016
regarding the North's missile test, North
Korea continued to progress with its
missile testing. North Korea carried out its
fifth nuclear test as part of the state's 68th
anniversary since its founding.[97] In
response South Korea revealed that it had
a plan to assassinate Kim Jong Un.[98]
According to a 2017 Korea Institute for

National Unification, 58% of South Korean
citizens had responded that unification is
necessary. Among the respondents of the
2017 survey, 14% said 'we really need
unification' while 44% said 'we kind of need
the unification'. Regarding the survey
question of 'Do we still need unification
even if ROK and DPRK could peacefully
coexist?', 46% agreed and 32%
disagreed.[99]
Thaw in 2017 and 2018
Kim Jong Un meeting with South

Korean envoys at the Workers' Party
of Korea main building, 6 March 2018
In May 2017 Moon Jae-in was elected

President of South Korea with a promise to
return to the Sunshine Policy.[100] In his
New Year address for 2018, North Korean
leader Kim Jong Un proposed sending a
delegation to the upcoming Winter
Olympics in South Korea.[101] The Seoul–
Pyongyang hotline was reopened after
almost two years.[102] At the Winter
Olympics, North and South Korea marched
together in the opening ceremony and
fielded a united women's ice hockey
team.[103] As well as the athletes, North
Korea sent an unprecedented high-level
delegation, headed by Kim Yo-jong, sister
of Kim Jong Un, and President Kim Yong-
nam, and including performers like the
Samjiyon Orchestra.[104] A North Korean
art troupe also performed in two separate
South Korean cities, including Seoul, in
honor of the Olympic games as well.[105]
The North Korean ship which carried the
art troupe, Man Gyong Bong 92, was also
the first North Korean ship to arrive in
South Korea since 2002.[106] The
delegation passed on an invitation to
President Moon to visit North Korea.[104]
Following the Olympics, authorities of the

two countries raised the possibility that
they could host the 2021 Asian Winter
Games together.[107] On 1 April, South
Korean K-pop stars performed a concert in
Pyongyang entitled "Spring is Coming",
which was attended by Kim Jong Un and
his wife.[108] The K-pop stars were part of a
160-member South Korean art troupe
which performed in North Korea in early
April 2018.[109][110] It also marked the first
time since 2005 that any South Korean
artist performed in North Korea.[110]
Meanwhile, propaganda broadcasts
stopped on both sides.[24]
Kim and Moon shake hands in

greeting at the demarcation line.
On 27 April, a summit took place between

Moon and Kim in the South Korean zone of
the Joint Security Area. It was the first
time since the Korean War that a North
Korean leader had entered South Korean
territory.[111] North Korean leader Kim Jong
Un and South Korea's President Moon Jae-
in met at the line that divides Korea.[112]
The summit ended with both countries
pledging to work towards complete
denuclearization of the Korean
Peninsula.[113][114] They also vowed to
declare an official end to the Korean War
within a year.[115] As part of the
Panmunjom Declaration which was signed
by leaders of both countries, both sides
also called for the end of longstanding
military activities in the region of the
Korean border and a reunification of
Korea.[3] Also, the leaders agreed to work
together to connect and modernise their
railways.[116]
On 5 May, North Korea adjusted its time

zone to match the South's.[117] In May,
South Korea began removing propaganda
loudspeakers from the border area in line
with the Panmunjom Declaration.[118]
Moon and Kim met a second time on 26

May to discuss Kim's upcoming summit
with Trump.[119] The summit led to further
meetings between North and South
Korean officials during June.[120] On 1
June, officials from both countries agreed
to move forward with the military and Red
Cross talks.[121] They also agreed to
reopen an Inter-Korean Liaison Office in
Kaesong that the South had shut down in
February 2016 after a North Korean
nuclear test.[121] The second meeting,
involving the Red Cross and military, was
held at North Korea's Mount Kumgang
resort on 22 June where it was agreed that
family reunions would resume.[122] After
the summit in April, a summit between US
President Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un
was held on 12 June 2018 in Singapore.
South Korea hailed it as a success.
South Korea announced on 23 June 2018

that it would not conduct annual military
exercises with the US in September, and
would also stop its own drills in the Yellow
Sea, in order to not provoke North Korea
and to continue a peaceful dialog.[123] On 1
July 2018 South and North Korea have
resumed ship-to-ship radio
communication, which could prevent
accidental clashes between South and
North Korean military vessels around the
Northern Limit Line (NLL) in the West
(Yellow) Sea.[124] On 17 July 2018, South
and North Korea fully restored their
military communication line on the
western part of the peninsula.[125]
South Korea and North Korea competed as
"Korea" in some events at the 2018 Asian
Games.[126] The co-operation extended to
the film industry, with South Korea giving
their approval to screen North Korean
movies at the country's local festival while
inviting several moviemakers from the
latter.[127][128][129] In August 2018 reunions
of families divided since the Korean War
took place at Mount Kumgang in North
Korea.[130] In September, at a summit with
Moon in Pyongyang, Kim agreed to
dismantle North Korea's nuclear weapons
facilities if the United States took
reciprocal action. In Pyongyang, an
agreement titled the "Pyongyang Joint
Declaration of September 2018" was
signed by both Korean leaders[131] The
agreement calls for the removal of
landmines, guard posts, weapons, and
personnel in the JSA from both sides of
the North-South Korean border.[132][133][134]
They also agreed that they would establish
buffer zones on their borders to prevent
clashes.[135] Moon became the first South
Korean leader to give a speech to the
North Korean public when he addressed
150,000 spectators at the Arirang Festival
on 19 September.[136] Also during the
September 2018 summit, military leaders
from both countries signed an Agreement
on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression,
Exchanges and Cooperation" (a.k.a. "the
Basic Agreement") to help ensure less
military tension between both countries
and greater arms control.[137][138][139]
On 23 October 2018, Moon ratified the

Basic Agreement and Pyongyang
Declaration just hours after they were
approved by his cabinet.[140]
On 30 November 2018, a South Korean

train crossed the DMZ border with North
Korea and stopped at Panmun Station.
This was the first time a South Korean
train had entered North Korean territory
since 2008.[141]
Moon–Kim diplomacy 2019–
2022
Trump, Kim and Moon at the

demilitarized zone.
2019
On 30 June, Kim and Moon met again in

the DMZ, joined by US President Trump
who initiated the meeting.[142] The three
held a meeting at the Inter-Korean House
of Freedom.[142] Meanwhile, North Korea
conducted a series of short–range missile
tests, and the US and South Korea took
part in joint military drills in August. On 16
August 2019, North Korea's ruling party
made a statement criticizing the South for
participating in the drills and for buying US
military hardware, calling it a "grave
provocation" and saying there would be no
more negotiation.[143]
On 5 August, South Korea's president

Moon Jae-in spoke during a meeting with
his senior aides at the presidential Blue
House in Seoul, discussing Japan's
imposed trade restrictions to Korea as a
result of historical issues.[144] Moon then
withdrew South Korea from an
intelligence-sharing agreement with
Japan, seeking a breakthrough with North
Korea in the process, but opted against it
at the last minute.[145] In a meeting at
Seoul's presidential Blue House in August
2019, amid an escalating trade row
between South Korea and Japan, Moon
expressed his willingness to cooperate
economically with North Korea to overtake
Japan's economy.[144][146]
On 15 October, North and South Korea

played a FIFA World Cup qualifier in
Pyongyang, their first football match in the
North in 30 years. The game was played
behind closed doors with attendance open
only to a total of 100 North Korean
government personnel; no fans or South
Korean media were allowed into the
stadium, and the game was not broadcast
live. No goals were scored.[147] Meanwhile,
Kim and Moon continued to have a close,
respectful relationship.[148]
The 2019 South Korea Defense White

Paper does not label North Korea as an
"enemy" or "threat" for the first time in
history. While not explicitly calling North
Korea an enemy, the paper mentions that
North Korea's weapons of mass
destruction threaten peace and stability on
the Korean Peninsula.[149]
2020
On 9 June 2020, North Korea began

cutting off all of its communication lines
with South Korea. This came after
Pyongyang had repeatedly warned Seoul
regarding matters such as the failure of
the South to stop North Korean expatriate
activists from sending anti-regime
propaganda leaflets across the border. The
Korean Central News Agency described it
as "the first step of the determination to
completely shut down all contact means
with South Korea and get rid of
unnecessary things".[150] The sister of Kim
Jong Un, Kim Yo-jong, as well as the Vice
Chair of the Central Committee of the
ruling Workers' Party of Korea, Kim Yong-
chol, stated that North Korea had begun to
treat South Korea as its enemy.[151] A week
prior to these actions, Kim Yo-Jong had
called North Korean defectors "human
scum" and "mongrel dogs". The severing of
communication lines substantially
diminished the agreements that were
made in 2018.[152]
On 13 June, Kim Yo-jong warned that

"before long, a tragic scene of the useless
North-South joint liaison office completely
collapsed would be seen." On 16 June, the
North threatened to return troops that had
been withdrawn from the border to posts
where they had been previously stationed.
Later that day, the joint liaison office in
Kaesong was blown up by the North
Korean government. Due to the COVID-19
pandemic, the South Korean delegation
had departed from the building in
January.[153] On 5 June 2020, the North
Korean foreign minister Ri Son-gwon said
that prospects for peace between North
and South Korea, and the U.S., had "faded
away into a dark nightmare".[154] On 21
June 2020, South Korea urged North Korea
to not send propaganda leaflets across the
border. The request followed the North's
statement that it was ready to send 12
million leaflets, which could potentially
become the largest psychological
campaign against South Korea.[155]
On 14 December 2020, the South Korean

parliament passed a law which
criminalized the launching of propaganda
leaflets into North Korea.[156] This ban
applies to not only the large amount of
balloon propaganda leaflets which have
been sent into North Korea over the years,
but also leaflets that have been sent in
bottles in rivers which run along the
Korean border.[156] Violators of the law,
which went into effect three months after
it was approved,[156] face up to three years
in prison or 30 million won ($27,400) in
fines.[156]
2021
In February–March 2021, South Korea

continued to omit North Korea's "enemy"
status from the South Korean military's
White Paper after downgrading the status
of Japan.[157][158]
In a statement made on 4 October 2021,

South Korea's Unification Ministry
announced that communication lines
between North and South Korea have been
restored. The reopening followed North
Korean leader Kim Jong Un's vow to
restart communication with South Korea.
The two countries' militaries have also
restored their hotline along the east and
west coasts, according to the South
Korean Defense Ministry.[159]
Artistic depictions
Crash Landing on You (Korean: 사랑의 불시

착; RR: Sarangui Bulsichak; MR: Sarangŭi
pulshich'ak; lit. "Love's Emergency
Landing") was a 2019–2020 South Korean
television series directed by Lee Jeong-
hyeo and featuring Hyun Bin, Son Ye-jin,
Kim Jung-hyun, and Seo Ji-hye. It is about
a South Korean woman who accidentally
crash-lands in North Korea. It aired on tvN
in South Korea and on Netflix worldwide
from 14 December 2019 to 16 February
2020.[160][161]
Ashfall (Korean: 백두산; Hanja: 白頭山;

RR: Baekdusan), also known as: Mount
Paektu, was a 2019 South Korean action
film directed by Lee Hae-jun and Kim
Byung-seo, starring Lee Byung-hun, Ha
Jung-woo, Ma Dong-seok, Bae Suzy and
Jeon Hye-jin. The film was released in
December 2019 in South Korea.[162][163] In
the film, the volcano of Baekdu Mountain
suddenly erupts, causing severe
earthquakes in both North and South
Korea.
Yoon Suk-yeol government

During his election campaign in 2021,
Yoon Suk-yeol said that he would ask that
the United States to redeploy tactical
nuclear weapons in South Korea if there is
a threat from North Korea.[164] U.S. Deputy
Assistant Secretary of State for Japan and
Korea Mark Lambert rejected Yoon's call,
saying said the proposal was against U.S.
policy.[165]
In November 2022, a US-South Korean air

force exercise named Vigilant Storm was
countered by North Korea by missile tests
and an air force exercise.[166]
See also
Korean conflict North
Korea
List of border incidents portal
involving North and South South
Korea
Korea portal
Politics
North Korea–South Korea portal
football rivalry
Cross-Strait relations
Inner German relations
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2022-11-04/north-south-korea-tensions-mili
tary-border/101619542) . ABC. 4
November 2022.
External links
Inter-Korean Relations: Wikimedia
Commons
Past, Present and
has media
Future (Introduction) – related to
cfr.org (https://web.arc Relations
of North
hive.org/web/2006072 Korea and
1051800/http://www.cf South
Korea.
r.org/publication/4642/
interkorean_relations.html)
Inter-Korean Relations: Past, Present
and Future (Panel 1) – cfr.org (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20080209000953/h
ttp://www.cfr.org/publication/12498/int
erkorean_relations.html)
ROK and Inter-Korean relations (https://
web.archive.org/web/20071011170250/
http://vuw.ac.nz/~caplabtb/dprk/NK_S
K.htm)
Eating the Oxen of the Sun – The
Odyssey of Unification (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20071214195842/http://w
ww.fpa.org/newsletter_info2569/newsle
tter_info.htm)
Inter-Korean tensions: ideology first, at
any cost? by Alain Nass (expert on Asia
and Korea), Asia & Pacific Network,
October 2011 (https://web.archive.org/
web/20120402003156/http://www.rese
au-asie.com/article-en/months-articles-
archive/reseau-asie-s-editorial/inter-kor
ean-tensions-alain-nass/)
Research Council on Unification Policy
[1] (http://www.tongmoon.or.kr/main/to
ngmoon)
Korea Institute of national unification [2]
(http://www.kinu.or.kr/main/kinu)
Brookings Institution [3] (https://www.br
ookings.edu/articles/north-korea-the-pr
oblem-that-wont-go-away/)
New York Times on North Korea (https://
www.nytimes.com/topic/destination/no
rth-korea)
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=North_Korea–
South_Korea_relations&oldid=1187007477"
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North Korea–South

Formerly a single nation that was annexed

In 2000, President Kim Dae-jung became

seen a major Revised Nambu

significantly Reischauer kwan'gye

approved the new Hancha 北南關係

Kim Il Sung, amongst other Korean

Syngman Rhee together with US

The Korean peninsula had been occupied

The Allies had originally envisaged a joint

The US government took the issue to the

Both opposing governments considered

Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in

Large numbers of people were displaced

During preparations for US President

North Korea suspended talks in 1973 after

In the late 1970s, US President Jimmy

In 1983, a North Korean proposal for three-

Korean Unification Flag

When Seoul was chosen to host the 1988

There were limits to the thaw in relations,

Sunshine and shadow

Comparison of life expectancy in

The end of the Cold War brought

In 1994, concern over North Korea's

US President George W Bush, however, did

Continuing concerns about North Korea's

The 15 June 2000 Joint Declaration that

Sunshine Policy ends

Lee Myung-bak government

The Korean DMZ in 2012, viewed from

The Sunshine Policy was formally

On 23 November 2010, North Korea's

In 2011 it was revealed that North Korea

Park Geun-hye government

On 12 December 2012, North Korea

The King 2 Hearts (Korean: 더킹 투하츠;

On 24 March 2014, a crashed North

According to a 2014 BBC World Service

In the first week of August 2015, a mine

On 20 August 2015, North Korea fired a

According to a 2017 Korea Institute for

Thaw in 2017 and 2018

Kim Jong Un meeting with South

In May 2017 Moon Jae-in was elected

Following the Olympics, authorities of the

Kim and Moon shake hands in

On 27 April, a summit took place between

On 5 May, North Korea adjusted its time

Moon and Kim met a second time on 26

South Korea announced on 23 June 2018

On 23 October 2018, Moon ratified the

On 30 November 2018, a South Korean

Trump, Kim and Moon at the

On 30 June, Kim and Moon met again in

On 5 August, South Korea's president

On 15 October, North and South Korea