final output:

mensuration
of solids
DANTE M. LLORENTE JR
BS-ARCHITECTURE 1F
SOLID MENSURATION
EDMAR TOLEDO
DANTE M. LLORENTE JR

MENSURATION
BS-ARCHITECTURE 1F
SOLID MENSURATION

OF SOLIDS
EDMAR TOLEDO

Also known as solid geometry, solid mensuration is a

field in mathematics where measurements of three-
dimensional shapes are studied. It deals with geometric
figure calculation and its parameters such as area,
length, volume, lateral surface area, surface area, etc.
In this lecture, we are going to dig deeper into the
different mensuration of solids namely: prisms,
cylinders, pyramids, cones, spheres, etc,

PRISMS (CUBE AND RECTANGULAR PRISM)

A solid bounded by congruent parallel bases or ends and the side

faces (called the lateral faces) are the parallelograms, formed by
joining the corresponding vertices of the bases. It is called a right
prism if the lateral are rectangles. Otherwise an oblique prism. A
common side of the two lateral faces is called a lateral edge. Prism
are named according to the shape of ends. A prism with a square
base, a rectangular base is called a square prism, a rectangular
prism, respectively.
Rectangular Prism Properties
A rectangular prism has 6 faces, 12 edges and 8 vertices
The top and base of the rectangular prism are always a rectangle
Like cuboid, it also has three dimensions, i.e., length width and height
Pairs of opposite faces are identical or congruent
For a right rectangular prism, the lateral faces are rectangle
For an oblique rectangular prims, the lateral faces are parallelogram
It has a rectangular cross-section
It looks exactly like a cuboid
Cube Prism Properties
It has all its faces in a square shape.
All the faces or sides have equal dimensions.
The plane angles of the cube are the right angle.
Each of the faces meets the other four faces.
Each of the vertices meets the three faces and three edges.
The edges opposite to each other are parallel.
 CYLINDERS
A solid surface generated by a line moving
parallel to a fixed line, while its end describes
a closed figure in a plane is called a cylinder.
A cylinder is the limiting case of prism. If the
generating line is perpendicular to the base,
the cylinder is called as Right cylinder,
otherwise oblique. The line joining the centres
of the bases is called the axis of the cylinder.
 PYRAMID

A pyramid is a solid whose base is a plane polygon and sides

are triangles that meet in a common vertex. The triangular
sides are called lateral faces. The common vertex is also called
Apex. A pyramid is named according to the shape of its base. If
the base is a triangle, square, hexagon etc. the pyramid is called
as a triangular pyramid, a square pyramid, a hexagonal pyramid
etc. respectively.

Altitude (or height): The altitude of a pyramid is the

perpendicular distance from the vertex to the base.

Axis: The axis of a pyramid is the distance from the vertex to

the centre of the base..
 CONES
A cone is a solid generated by a
line, one end of which is fixed
and the other end describes a
closed curve in a plane. The
fixed point is called the vertex
or apex.

Axis: The axis of the cone is the

distance from the apex to the
centre of the base.

Altitude: It is the perpendicular distance from the apex to the base of

the cone. It is also called height of the cone.

Circular Cone: A cone whose base is a circle and whose lateral surface
tapers uniformly to the apex, is called a circular cone.

If r is the radius of the base, h is the height and is the slant height,
then since the cone is the limiting case of a pyramid, therefore
volume and surface area of the cone is calculated by the same
formula of pyramid. i.e.,
 SPHERE
A sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface
every point of which is equidistant from a fixed
point called the centre. Most familiar examples
of a sphere are baseball, tennis ball, bowling, and
so forth. Terms such as radius, diameter, chord,
and so forth, as applied to the sphere are defined
in the same sense as for the circle. Thus, a radius
of a sphere is a straight line segment connecting
its centre with any point on the sphere.
Obviously, all radii of the same sphere are equal.
Diameter of the sphere is a straight line drawn
from the surface and after passing through the
centre ending at the surface. The sphere may
also be considered as generated by the complete
rotation of a semicircle about a diameter.
If r is the radius and d is the diameter of a great
circle, then

(i) Surface area of a sphere = 4 times the area of

its great circle
 PRISMATOID
A prismatoid is a polyhedron
having bases containing all its
vertices in two parallel planes.
The lateral faces are triangles or
trapezoids or parallelograms
with one side lying on one of its
two bases
Cubes, cuboids, prisms, pyramids, and pyramidal frustums are
examples of basic prismatoids. Prismatoids having vertices equal
in numbers in both bases are called Prismoids.

The volume of prismatoid is given by this formula:

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