STUDENT NAME: ERAJ MANZOOR

COURSE NAME: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCTION

COURSE CODE: 8609
STUDENT ID: 0000250797
TUTOR NAME: MUAMMAD JAMSHAD KHAN
SEMESTER: Spring, 2023

ASSIGNMENT#2

Q.1 How had Plato classified the curriculum of

education into different parts? Discuss in detail.

Answer

Plato, the ancient Greek philosopher, classified the curriculum of

education into different parts in his work "The Republic." He believed
that education played a crucial role in shaping individuals and society
as a whole. Plato's classification of the curriculum can be understood
through his concept of the "three parts of the soul" and his ideal state.

According to Plato, the soul consists of three parts: the rational part,
the spirited part, and the appetitive part. These three parts correspond
to different aspects of human nature and should be harmonized through
education. Similarly, the ideal state, as described in "The Republic," is
divided into three classes: the rulers (philosopher-kings), the
auxiliaries (warriors or guardians), and the producers (workers and
artisans).

Based on these divisions, Plato classified the curriculum of

education accordingly:

1. Education for the Rulers (Philosopher-Kings):

The primary focus of education for the rulers was the cultivation of
wisdom and knowledge. Plato believed that only those who possess a
love for wisdom and possess intellectual abilities should be selected as
rulers. Their education aimed at developing their rational faculties,
critical thinking skills, and the pursuit of truth. They were trained in
subjects like philosophy, mathematics, metaphysics, and logic. The
goal was to produce individuals who could lead with wisdom, make
just decisions, and have a deep understanding of the ideal forms.

2. Education for the Auxiliaries (Warriors or Guardians):

The education of the auxiliaries aimed at nurturing the spirited part
of the soul. These individuals were responsible for defending the state
and maintaining order. They received physical training, martial arts,
and military education. They learned disciplines like gymnastics and
music, which helped them develop physical strength, discipline, and a
sense of honor. Plato believed that through this education, the
auxiliaries would acquire virtues like courage, resilience, and loyalty.

3. Education for the Producers (Workers and Artisans):

The education of the producers focused on developing practical skills
and providing a basic education. Plato recognized the importance of a
well-functioning society where everyone contributes to the common
good. The producers received vocational training and learned skills
related to their respective trades, such as agriculture, craftsmanship,
and commerce. They were also provided with basic literacy and
numeracy skills to enable them to fulfill their roles effectively.

Plato's classification of education was based on the belief that

individuals should be educated according to their natural abilities and
inclinations. By aligning the education system with the divisions of the
soul and the classes of the ideal state, Plato aimed to create a
harmonious society where each individual fulfills their role and
contributes to the well-being of the whole. His emphasis on
knowledge, virtue, and the cultivation of wisdom remains influential in
educational philosophy to this day.

Q.2 Discuss the main focus of John Dewey in making

teaching methods effective.

Answer
John Dewey, an influential American philosopher and educator,
emphasized the importance of active learning and experiential
education. His main focus in making teaching methods effective was to
shift the traditional teacher-centered approach to a student-centered
approach that promotes active engagement, critical thinking, and
problem-solving skills.

Dewey believed that education should be relevant to students' lives and

should prepare them for active participation in a democratic society.
He argued that passive rote learning and memorization were
ineffective in cultivating deep understanding and meaningful learning
experiences. Instead, he advocated for an educational philosophy that
encouraged students to actively construct knowledge through hands-on
experiences and reflection.

The main focus of John Dewey in making teaching methods

effective:

I. Student-Centered Approach:
John Dewey's main focus in making teaching methods effective was
shifting from a traditional teacher-centered approach to a student-
centered approach. He believed that education should be tailored to the
needs and interests of the students, promoting their active engagement
in the learning process.

II. Learning by Doing:

Dewey advocated for "learning by doing" as a key method for effective
teaching. He emphasized that students learn best when they are
actively engaged in hands-on experiences and real-world activities. By
actively participating and experimenting, students develop practical
skills, critical thinking abilities, and a deeper understanding of
concepts.

III. Integration of Curriculum:

Another important focus of Dewey was the integration of curriculum.
He believed that subjects should not be taught in isolation but should
be interconnected to demonstrate the relationships and
interconnectedness of knowledge. By integrating the curriculum,
students can see the relevance and connections between different
disciplines, fostering a holistic understanding.

IV. Relevance and Meaningfulness:

Dewey stressed the importance of making education relevant and
meaningful to students' lives. He advocated for a curriculum that
reflects students' interests, experiences, and societal contexts. When
students perceive the relevance of what they are learning to their own
lives, they become more motivated and engaged in the learning
process.
V. Teacher as a Facilitator:
Dewey believed that the role of the teacher should be that of a
facilitator and guide. Rather than being a mere transmitter of
knowledge, the teacher should create a supportive and democratic
classroom environment that encourages student participation,
collaboration, and independent thinking. The teacher's role is to
provide guidance, ask thought-provoking questions, and facilitate
meaningful discussions that promote deeper understanding and critical
thinking.
VI. Reflection and Inquiry:
Dewey emphasized the importance of reflection and inquiry in the
learning process. He believed that students should be encouraged to
reflect on their experiences, analyze their observations, and draw
conclusions. This reflective thinking allows students to make
connections, identify patterns, and develop a deeper understanding of
the subject matter.
In summary, John Dewey's main focus in making teaching methods
effective was centered around student engagement, hands-on
experiences, integration of curriculum, relevance, teacher facilitation,
and reflective thinking. By implementing these principles, Dewey
aimed to create a dynamic and meaningful learning environment that
fosters active participation, critical thinking, and a deeper
understanding of concepts.

Q.3 Give the principles of education psychology

framed by Allama Iqbal
Answer

Allama Iqbal, a renowned philosopher, poet, and educational thinker

from the Indian subcontinent, provided principles of educational
psychology that reflect his views on education. Here are the principles
of educational psychology framed by Allama Iqbal, briefly discussed
with headings:

I. Development of Selfhood:
Allama Iqbal emphasized the development of selfhood as a
foundational principle of educational psychology. He believed that
education should aim to nurture and cultivate the individual's sense of
self, self-awareness, and self-realization. Iqbal stressed the importance
of helping individuals discover their unique talents, potentials, and
aspirations, allowing them to develop a strong sense of identity and
purpose.

II. Integration of Knowledge and Action:

Another principle highlighted by Iqbal is the integration of knowledge
and action. He emphasized that education should not remain limited to
theoretical knowledge but should also involve practical application and
action. Iqbal believed that true education is not only about acquiring
information but also about applying that knowledge in real-life
situations to solve problems, contribute to society, and bring positive
change.

III. Development of Critical Thinking:

Allama Iqbal emphasized the development of critical thinking as an
essential principle of educational psychology. He believed that
education should encourage individuals to question, analyze, and
evaluate information and ideas. Iqbal advocated for a curriculum that
promotes independent thinking, logical reasoning, and the ability to
make informed judgments. Critical thinking skills enable individuals to
understand complex issues, challenge existing norms, and generate
creative solutions.

IV. Connection with Universal Values:

Iqbal stressed the importance of connecting education with universal
values. He believed that education should not only focus on intellectual
growth but also on the development of moral and ethical values. Iqbal's
principles of educational psychology emphasize the significance of
fostering qualities such as compassion, justice, integrity, and empathy
in individuals. By instilling universal values, education can contribute
to the well-being of individuals and society as a whole.
V. Personalization and Individual Differences:
Iqbal recognized the importance of personalization and acknowledged
the individual differences among learners. He believed that education
should be tailored to the unique needs, interests, and capabilities of
each individual. Iqbal's principles of educational psychology advocate
for providing personalized learning experiences that consider the
diverse learning styles, strengths, and weaknesses of students.
Personalized education allows for greater engagement, motivation, and
the unleashing of individual potential.

VI. Harmonization of Science and Spirituality:

One distinctive principle highlighted by Iqbal is the harmonization of
science and spirituality. He believed that education should not neglect
the spiritual dimension of human existence. Iqbal emphasized the
integration of scientific knowledge with a deep understanding of
spiritual and moral dimensions. According to Iqbal, this integration
creates a holistic approach to education that nurtures individuals'
intellectual, emotional, and spiritual growth.

In summary, Allama Iqbal's principles of educational psychology

emphasize the development of selfhood, integration of knowledge and
action, critical thinking, connection with universal values,
personalization, and the harmonization of science and spirituality.
These principles reflect his vision of education as a transformative
process that empowers individuals to realize their full potential,
contribute to society, and strive for a balanced and meaningful life.

Q.4 Elaborate the educational philosophy of

Progressivism.

Answer

Certainly! Here's an elaboration of the educational philosophy of

Progressivism.
I. Overview of Progressivism:
Progressivism is an educational philosophy that emerged in the late
19th and early 20th centuries. It emphasizes active learning, student-
centered approaches, and the belief that education should be relevant to
the needs and interests of students. Progressivism advocates for a
democratic and experiential approach to education, aiming to prepare
students for active participation in a rapidly changing society.

II. Experiential and Active Learning:

Progressivism places a strong emphasis on experiential and active
learning methods. Students are encouraged to engage in hands-on
activities, practical experiences, and real-world problem-solving. For
example, instead of solely reading about historical events, students
might participate in simulations or create projects that involve
researching and analyzing primary sources. This approach allows
students to actively construct knowledge and develop critical thinking,
problem-solving, and decision-making skills.

III. Student-Centered Approach:

Progressivism promotes a student-centered approach to education. It
recognizes that students come to the classroom with different
backgrounds, interests, and learning styles. Teachers, therefore, play
the role of facilitators who guide and support students in their learning
journey. For instance, teachers may encourage student-led discussions,
group projects, and individualized learning plans to accommodate
diverse needs and foster autonomy.

IV. Relevance and Contextualization:

A key aspect of progressivism is making education relevant to
students' lives and interests. Progressivist educators strive to connect
learning to real-world contexts and current issues. For example, a
science class might explore environmental problems and engage
students in activities to develop sustainable solutions. By linking
education to students' experiences and concerns, progressivism aims to
enhance student engagement, motivation, and application of
knowledge.
V. Collaboration and Social Skills:
Progressivism promotes collaboration and the development of social
skills. Cooperative learning activities, group projects, and discussions
are integral parts of the progressivist classroom. These activities
encourage students to work together, communicate effectively, and
respect diverse perspectives. For instance, students may collaborate on
designing and executing a community service project, fostering
teamwork, empathy, and civic responsibility.

VI. Democratic Education and Citizenship:

Progressivism aligns with the principles of democratic education,
emphasizing the importance of preparing students to be active and
responsible citizens. It values democratic participation, social justice,
and equality. In a progressivist classroom, students may engage in
democratic decision-making processes, discuss societal issues, and
explore concepts like equity and fairness. By fostering democratic
values, progressivism seeks to create socially conscious and
empowered individuals.

VII. Individual Growth and Development:

Progressivism recognizes the individual growth and development of
students as central to education. It acknowledges that learners have
unique interests, talents, and needs. Progressivist educators tailor
instruction to accommodate individual differences and promote
personal growth. For example, students may have opportunities for
self-reflection, goal-setting, and pursuing personalized projects that
align with their passions and aspirations.
In summary, the educational philosophy of Progressivism emphasizes
experiential and active learning, a student-centered approach,
relevance and contextualization, collaboration and social skills,
democratic education, and individual growth and development. By
incorporating these principles, progressivism aims to create engaging
and meaningful learning experiences that prepare students for active
participation in a democratic society and their personal growth as well.

Q.5 Who was the founder of kindergarten? Discuss the

salient features Kindergarten system of education

Answer

The founder of kindergarten, a system of education for young children,

was Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel, commonly known as Friedrich
Fröbel. Fröbel was a German educator who developed the concept of
kindergarten in the early 19th century. Here are the salient features of
the kindergarten system of education:

1. Play-Based Learning: Kindergarten emphasizes play as the primary

mode of learning. Fröbel believed that children learn best through
hands-on, interactive activities and imaginative play. Play allows
children to explore their environment, develop social skills, enhance
creativity, and acquire cognitive and motor skills.

2. Holistic Development: The kindergarten system focuses on the

holistic development of children, encompassing their intellectual,
social, emotional, and physical growth. Fröbel recognized the
interconnectedness of different aspects of development and aimed to
nurture each dimension through a balanced approach.

3. Self-Activity and Creativity: Kindergarten values children's self-

activity and encourages them to actively engage with materials,
objects, and the environment. Children are given opportunities to
freely express their thoughts, ideas, and creativity through various art
forms, storytelling, music, and movement activities.

4. Nature and Outdoor Education: Fröbel emphasized the

importance of nature in children's education. Kindergartens often
incorporate outdoor experiences, such as gardening, nature walks, and
exploration of the natural world. Fröbel believed that connecting with
nature nurtures children's curiosity, observation skills, and appreciation
for the environment.

5. Developmentally Appropriate Practices: Kindergarten employs

developmentally appropriate practices that align with children's
abilities and needs. Activities and materials are designed to suit their
age, interests, and stages of development. Teachers provide a nurturing
and supportive environment that fosters a sense of belonging, security,
and positive relationships.

6. Social Interaction and Cooperation: Kindergarten places great

emphasis on social interaction and cooperation. Children engage in
collaborative play, group activities, and projects that promote
teamwork, communication skills, empathy, and respect for others. The
kindergarten environment encourages the development of social skills,
conflict resolution, and the understanding of societal norms and values.
7. Structured Curriculum: Kindergarten follows a structured
curriculum that encompasses a wide range of subjects and activities. It
includes elements such as early literacy, numeracy, science, arts,
music, physical education, and social studies. The curriculum is
designed to provide a well-rounded education and prepare children for
further schooling.

8. Teacher as a Facilitator: Kindergarten teachers serve as facilitators

who guide and support children's learning. They create a nurturing and
stimulating environment, observe children's interests and abilities,
provide appropriate resources and materials, and offer guidance when
needed. Teachers foster a love of learning and encourage children's
natural curiosity and exploration.

The kindergarten system of education, founded by Friedrich Fröbel,

has had a significant impact on early childhood education worldwide.
Its emphasis on play, holistic development, self-activity, nature, social
interaction, and developmentally appropriate practices continues to
shape the educational experiences of young children today.