QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS GENERAL PROCEDURE

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colour
Noted the colour of the salt Colourless/White Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Ni2+, and Mn2+ salts
2. Action of heat White salt turns yellow. Presence of Zn2+
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test tube Colourless gas turning limewater Presence of CO32
milky. Presence of NO3
Reddish brown vapour are formed. Presence of NH4Cl
White sublimate is formed on the
inner sides of the test tube.
3. Flame Test
To a Pinch of salt taken in a watch glass, Bluish Green flame Presence of Cu2+
add a drop of concentrated HCl is and
Apple green Flame Presence of Ba2+
make into a paste. The paste is
introduced into the non- luminous flame. Brick Red Flame Presence of Ca2+
4. Ash Test
To a little bit of the salt solution in the Blue colour Ash Presence of Al3+
test tube added concentrated HNO3, and
Green Colour Ash Presence of Zn2+
cobalt nitrate. A filter paper ii dipped in
the solution and ignited. Pink colour Ash Presence of Mg2+
5. Action of HCl
To a little of the salt in the test tube Brisk effervescence is seen. A Presence of CO32
added diluted HCl. colourless gas turning lime water
milky. Presence of S2
Colourless gas with the smell of rotten
egg. Presence of NO3
Reddish brown vapours.
Colourless vapours with smell of Presence of CH3COO
vinegar. Vapours turn blue litmus red.
6. Barium Chloride Test
To a little of the salt solution added White precipitate soluble in conc.HCl Presence of CO32 is confirmed.
Barium chloride solution. A white precipitate insoluble in
conc.HCl Presence of SO42 is confirmed.
7. Silver nitrate test
To a little of salt solution added dil. A Curdly white precipitate is obtained Presence of Cl is confirmed.
HNO3, and silver nitrate solution. which is soluble in NH4OH.
8. Brown ring test
To a little of the salt solution added A dark brown ring is formed at the Presence of NO3 is confirmed
freshly prepared FeSO4, solution and junction of two liquids.
then added concentrated H2SO4, along
the sides of the test tube.
9. Lead acetate test
To a little of the salt solution added Lead A white precipitate is obtained. Presence of SO42 is confirmed.
acetate solution.
10. Magnesium sulphate test
To a little of the salt solution added A white precipitate is obtained. Presence of CO32 is confirmed.
Magnesium Sulphate Solution.
11. Neutral ferric chloride test
To a little of salt solution added neutral Deep red colour appears which Presence of CH3COO
ferric chloride solution. disappears on boiling and a brown-red confirmed
precipitate is formed.

EXPERIMENT
Preparation of original salt solution.
1. To a little of original salt solution
added NaOH.
2. To a little of the original salt soln.
dil. HCl, added.
3.To a little of the original salt soln.
added dil. HCl and then passed H2S
gas.
4. A little of the original salt soln.
added NH4Cl and NH4OH.
5. To a little of the original salt soln.
added NH4Cl, NH4OH and H2S gas
is passed (yellow (NH4)2S).
6. To a little of orginal salt soln.
added NH4Cl, NH4OH and
(NH4)2CO3.
7. To a little of original salt soln.
added NH4Cl, NH4OH and
Na2HPO4.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
EXPERIMENT
1. Confirmatory test for Pb2+
1. To a little of the original salt soln.
added potassium chromate soln.
2. To a little of original slat soln.
added KI soln.
2. Confirmatory test of Al3+
1. To a little of the original salt
solution added NaOH.
2. To a little of the original salt soln.
added aluminon reagent.
3. Confirmatory test of Zn2+
1. To a little original salt soln, added
NaOH.
2. To a little of original salt soln,
added K4(Fe(CN)6
4. Confirmatory test for Ba2+
To a little of original salt solution,
added K2CrO4
5. Confirmatory test for Ca2+
To a little of original salt soln. added
(NH4)2CO3.
6. Confirmatory Test for Mg2+
To a little of original salt soln. added
dil. HCl and a few drops of
Magneson reagent.
7. Confirmatory Test for NH4+
To a little of original salt soln. added
NaOH and Nesslers reagent.
BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS
OBSERVATION
To a little of the given salt added water
and dissolved.
A pungent smelling gas is evolved.
Dense white fumed are observed when a
glass rod dipped in conc.HCl is brought
to mouth of the test tube.
A white precipitate is obtained.
No characteristic precipitate is obtained
A black precipitate is obtained.
Yellow precipitate is obtained.
No characteristic precipitate is obtained.
A gelatinuous white Precipitate is
obtained
A white precipitate is obtained.
No characteristic precipitate is obtained.
A white precipitate is obtained.
No characteristic precipitate is obtained.
A crystalline white precipitate is
obtained on scratching the rides of the
test tube with a glass rod.
No characteristic precipitate is obtained.
OBSERVATION
A yellow precipitate is obtained.
A yellow precipitate is obtained.
A white precipitate is formed which
dissolves in excess of NaOH.
Bright red lake is observed.
White precipitate in excess of NaOH.
Bluish white precipitate is obtained.
Yellow precipitate is obtained.
A white precipitate is obtained.
Blue precipitate is obtained.
Reddish brown precipitate is obtained.
INFERENCE
Presence of group zero radical
(NH4+)
Presence of Group I radical (Pb2+).
Absence of Group I radical (Pb2+).
Presence of Group I radical (Cu2+)
Presence of group radical (Cd2+)
Absence of Group II radical.
Presence of Group III radical
(Al3+)
Presence of Group IV radical
(Zn2+).
Absence of group IV radical.
Presence of Group V radical
(Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+)
Absence of group V radicals.
Presence of group VI radical
(Mg2+).
Absence of Group VI radical
INFERENCE
Presence of Pb2+.
Presence of Pb2+ is confirmed.
Presence of Al3+ is confirmed.
Presence of Al3+ is confirmed.
Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed.
Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed.
Presence of Ba2+ is confirmed.
Presence of Ca2+ is confirmed.
Presence Mg2+ is confirmed.
Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.