The identity dilemma of youth groups, particularly in the context of China,

presents a complex and evolving phenomenon influenced by various social, cul-

tural, and technological factors. As Chinese society undergoes rapid transfor-
mations, young individuals face difficulties in establishing their group identities
and often find themselves grappling with uncertainty and a sense of dislocation
(Fu, 2018). It is important to clarify the understanding of identity as a complex
phenomenon shaped by psychological, sociological, and cultural factors. Schol-
ars such as Freud, Erikson, Tajfel, and Marcia have contributed to the under-
standing of identity formation and development (De Levita, 2019). Additionally,
the concept of subculture, defined as a distinct group within a larger society
with unique values and practices, plays a crucial role in the exploration of
youth identity (Yinger, 1960). Approaching the topic, this essay will examine
the difficulties faced by Chinese youth in realizing their group identity within a
rapidly changing social environment. It will discuss the impact of technological
advancements, urbanization, and cultural shifts on the establishment of group
affiliations. Furthermore, the essay will explore the concept of subculture as an
alternative avenue for self-expression and belonging, highlighting its signifi-
cance in the context of Chinese youth.

Research on identity has evolved over time, with scholars exploring different
dimensions and aspects of this complex phenomenon. In the early 20th cen-
tury, researchers such as Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson laid the foundation
for understanding identity. Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized the role
of unconscious drives and early childhood experiences in shaping identity (May,
2018), while Erikson's psychosocial theory focused on the stages of identity de-
velopment throughout the lifespan (Erikson, 1968). In the 1970s, Tajfel and
Turner developed social identity theory, which examines how individuals define
their identity based on membership in social groups. The theory highlights the
significance of social categorization, social comparison, and self-esteem in
shaping identity (Tajfel and Turner, 2010). In the late 20th century and early
21st century, scholars like Kimberlé Crenshaw introduced the concept of inter-
sectionality, recognizing that individuals hold multiple identities that intersect
and interact (Cho et al., 2013). This perspective highlights the importance of
considering factors such as race, gender, class, and sexuality in understanding
identity. In recent years, postmodern and narrative approaches to identity have
gained prominence. These approaches view identity as fluid, socially con-
structed, and shaped by individual narratives and discourses. Scholars like
Kenneth Gergen and Paul Ricoeur have emphasized the role of language, story-
telling, and social interactions in identity formation (Ezzy, 1998). The chrono-
logical progression of research on identity reflects an evolving understanding
of this complex concept, incorporating psychological, sociological, and cultural
perspectives. It highlights the multidimensionality of identity and the diverse
factors that influence its formation and expression.

The rapidly changing social environment presents difficulties for Chinese youth
in realizing their group identity. For example, social media platforms like
WeChat and Weibo have created virtual communities that transcend geographi-
cal boundaries, diluting traditional group affiliations. This fragmentation of in-
teractions across various online communities makes it challenging for young
individuals to establish a sense of belonging within a specific group (Lin et al.,
2017).Additionally, the rapid urbanization and migration in China contribute to
the identity dilemma. As young people move from rural areas to cities, they en -
counter cultural differences that can lead to feelings of isolation and alien-
ation. Navigating between the values and norms of their rural upbringing and
the urban lifestyle poses challenges in developing a strong group identity (Liu,
2011). These examples highlight the complexities faced by Chinese youth in es-
tablishing their group identities. The influence of media technology and urban-
ization disrupts traditional notions of group affiliation, leaving young individuals
navigating through virtual and physical communities in search of where they
truly belong. This struggle to define their group identity not only impacts their
sense of self but also affects their social interactions, relationships, and overall
well-being.

The dilemma of uncertain group identity is a significant challenge faced by Chi-

nese youth due to the rapidly changing social environment. They struggle with
identifying which group they truly belong to, which complicates their sense of
self and belonging. One example is the impact of globalization and exposure to
diverse cultures. Chinese youth are exposed to a wide range of cultural influ-
ences from around the world, leading to confusion and a sense of cultural dislo-
cation. They find it challenging to determine which cultural group aligns with
their values and aspirations, resulting in an uncertain group identity (Fu, 2018).
Another factor is the rapid economic development in China, creating social mo-
bility and new opportunities. This introduces tensions for young individuals as
they navigate between different social groups, reconciling their family's tradi-
tional values with their aspirations for upward mobility. The conflict between
these expectations generates ambiguity and uncertainty regarding their group
identity (Sun, 2023). The uncertainty surrounding group identity among Chinese
youth reflects the complexities of societal changes and cultural dynamics they
experience. The globalization of cultures and social mobility present numerous
possibilities, making it difficult for young individuals to establish a definitive
group identity. This uncertainty can lead to feelings of disorientation, self-
doubt, and an ongoing search for belonging. To address this, support systems
and opportunities for self-exploration are essential in helping young people nav-
igate through this dilemma and develop a more cohesive sense of self and
group identity.

The concept of subculture refers to a distinct group or community within a

larger society that shares unique values, behaviors, and cultural practices that
differentiate them from the dominant or mainstream culture. Subcultures often
develop as a response to the cultural, social, and economic conditions of a par-
ticular time and place (Yinger, 1960). The study of subculture has evolved over
time. It can be traced back to the early 1930s when the Chicago School of soci -
ology initiated research on subcultures. Scholars such as Robert E. Park and
Louis Wirth examined how marginalized groups, such as gangs and ethnic en-
claves, developed their own distinctive subcultures as a means of survival and
resistance within urban environments. In the 1960s, the Birmingham School,
led by scholars like Stuart Hall and Dick Hebdige, further developed the field of
subcultural studies. They focused on youth subcultures and analyzed how sub-
cultures emerged as a form of resistance to dominant social norms and ideolo-
gies. This approach emphasized the relationship between subcultures and is-
sues of class, race, and gender. In the present-day, with the rise of postmod-
ernism and the fragmentation of cultural identities, the study of subculture has
entered a "post-subculture" period. This perspective recognizes the fluidity and
hybridity of contemporary cultural practices, where boundaries between sub-
cultures and mainstream culture become blurred. The concept of subculture is
now viewed as more fluid and less fixed, as individuals can participate in multi-
ple subcultural identities simultaneously (Blackman, 2005).

The identity dilemma faced by Chinese youth often leads to a shift towards sub-
cultures as alternative avenues for self-expression and belonging, accompanied
by a sense of aphasia within mainstream society. One example is the emer-
gence of underground music subcultures such as punk, metal, and indie genres.
These subcultures provide a platform for self-expression and belonging for indi-
viduals disconnected from the mainstream. However, their unique styles, mu-
sic, and ideologies create a communication barrier with mainstream society ad-
hering to different cultural norms (Liu, 2014). Researching underground music
subcultures offers an opportunity for in-depth exploration of their unique styles
and ideologies, providing insights into self-expression and belonging. Neverthe-
less, the limited representativeness of small and specialized subcultural groups
may hinder generalization, while potential biases and subjectivity could affect
data interpretation, emphasizing the need for researchers to maintain objectiv-
ity and address access challenges. Furthermore, another example is the rise of
internet subcultures. Online communities allow like-minded individuals to con-
nect and form subcultural groups. These communities, such as otaku or fandom
groups, have their own language, references, and values that may not be read -
ily understood by the mainstream. This creates a linguistic and cultural barrier,
contributing to the aphasia between subcultural groups and mainstream soci-
ety (Fu, 2018). The shift to subcultures and resulting aphasia highlights the di -
vergence between the values and identities of Chinese youth and mainstream
cultural norms. It represents a desire for alternative spaces of individuality and
acceptance. Bridging the gap between subcultures and the mainstream re-
quires fostering understanding and acceptance of diverse identities and cul-
tural expressions.

In conclusion, the identity dilemma faced by youth groups in China reflects the
complexities of a rapidly changing social environment. The influence of social
media, urbanization, globalization, and economic development creates chal-
lenges for young individuals in realizing and defining their group identities. The
emergence of subcultures provides alternative avenues for self-expression and
belonging, allowing young people to navigate their identity dilemmas and find
acceptance within like-minded communities. However, this shift towards sub-
cultures also highlights a communication barrier and sense of disconnection
with mainstream society. To address these challenges, it is crucial to foster un-
derstanding and acceptance of diverse identities, promote opportunities for
self-exploration, and bridge the gap between subcultures and the mainstream.
By recognizing the multidimensionality of identity and the significance of sub-
cultures, we can better support the youth in their journey of self-discovery and
identity formation.
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