Name: Mohamed Salah

Dr: Hossam Elden Talaat

 Load Frequency Control of 1-Area and 2-Area Systems
Single-Area
A-The p.u. parameters.

𝐇𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 ∗ 𝐒𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝟑 ∗ 𝟐
𝐇𝟏 𝐧𝐞𝐰 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒔
𝐒𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝟏𝟎

𝐃𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 ∗ 𝐒𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟐
𝐃𝟏 𝐧𝐞𝐰 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝒑𝒖
𝐒𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝟏𝟎

𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔

𝐃𝐩𝐃𝟏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒑𝒖
𝐒𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗

𝟏
𝜷= + 𝑫𝟏
𝑹𝟏

Capacity Capacity Area1 Area2

Student Tg1 Tt1 H1 D1
of Area1 of Area2 TLB TLB
ID (s) (s) (s) (pu)
(GVA) (GVA) Control? Control?

20170740 2 0.2 1 3 0.8 8 N Y

  Single area 1 uncontrolled.

B-The data file (Data_1A.m) according to the p.u. parameters.

The main file (Main_1A.m).
C-Selecting a suitable value of the Regulation Constant to achieve
best steady-state and transient responses subject to a generation
outage of 100 MW.

Steady State Settling

R Undershoot Overshoot
Error Time
0.05 - - - -

0.15 -0.2376 0.07197 - >>30

0.2 -0.2681 0.03073 -0.0975 >30

0.3 -0.3195 -0.04284 -0.1433 23.99

0.4 -0.3633 -0.1080 -0.188 18.66

0.5 -0.4024 -0.1671 -0.2315 18.21

1-Try R = 0.05

The mentioned regulation value (1) makes the system unstable (unstable response),
So we will not use this regulation value. (X)
2-Try R = 0.15

Unlike the previous case, the mentioned regulation value (2) makes the system
stable (stable response) but is not the best option because its high oscillations.
3-Try R = 0.2

The mentioned regulation value (3) makes the system stable also and gives less
oscillations and less settling time, but it is not the best option.

4-Try R = 0.3

Like the previous regulation value this is not the best option to choose because the
settling time is high, and it has more oscillations.
5-Try R = 0.4

The mentioned regulation value makes the system table and give better response,
great oscillations, better settling time and better first undershoot than the next
regulation value. So, we select the regulation value (0.4). (√)
6-Try R = 0.5

In this case the regulation value gives better settling time and great oscillations, but
it gives very high first undershoot so we couldn’t choose it.
D- Modifying the Simulink model to obtain Automatic generation
control (AGC).

 Single area 1 controlled

E- Selecting a suitable value of the Integral Gain Constant to

achieve best transient response subject to a generation outage of 100
MW.

Steady Settling
Ki Undershoot Overshoot
State Error Time (s)
0.5 -0.3522 0.04869 0.000 >30

0.9 -0.3447 0.1509 0.000 30

1 -0.3429 0.1736 0.000 >30

1.2 -0.3397 0.2159 0.000 >30

1- Try Ki = 0.5

The settling time is very high

2-Try Ki = 1

Like the previous value, the settling time is very high

3-Try Ki = 0.9

We will select Ki = 0.9 (suitable value to achieve best transient response)

4-Try Ki = 1.2

In this case, the settling time is good, but it is not good as the previous case. (X)
F- Checking the obtained steady state frequency as studied
in the course.

R = 0.4
𝐷 = 0.16

𝟏 𝟏
⸪𝜷= + 𝑫𝟏 = + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔
𝑹𝟏 𝟎.𝟒

the frequency deviation at the steady state is given by:

∆𝑷𝒍
⸪ ∆𝑭𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 = −
𝜷
𝟎.𝟎𝟏
⸫ ∆𝑭𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 = − ∗ 50 = −0.1879 Hz (√)
𝟐.𝟔𝟔

G- Comment on the results.

Comments are already there after every completed part.
Two-Area
The p.u. parameters.

S = 8 GVA S = 10 GVA

S 10
R =R ∗ = 0.05 ∗ = 0.0625
S 8

S 8
D =D ∗ = 0.8 ∗ = 0.64
S 10

S 8
H =H ∗ =3∗ = 2.4
S 10

T = 0.05 T =2
A- Running the model for 2 uncontrolled areas.
Two Area uncontrolled

The Data file (Data_2A.m) modified.

The main file (Main_2A.m).

Area 1 is subjected to a generation outage of 100 MW.

Generation outage of 100 MW at area 1 (uncontrolled case)

Tie line power flow at generation outage of 100 MW at area 1 (uncontrolled case).

Steady State Settling Time

Area Undershoot Overshoot
Error (s)

1 -0.28190 0.06101 -0.02578 29.97

2 -0.05487 0.005652 -0.02591 28.32

Area 2 is subjected to a generation outage of 100 MW.

Generation outage of 100 MW at area 2 (uncontrolled case).

Tie line power flow at generation outage of 100 MW at area 2 (uncontrolled case).

Steady State
Area Undershoot Overshoot Settling Time
Error
1 -0.05487 0.005775 -0.02597 28.65
2 -0.07869 -0.000957 -0.02593 27.08
The frequency deviation at the steady state in case of the two
uncontrolled areas
𝑅 = 0.4
𝑅 = 0.0625
𝐷 = 0.16
𝐷 =0.64

1 1
𝛽 = +𝐷 = + 0.16 = 2.66
𝑅 0.4
1 1
𝛽 = +𝐷 = + 0.64 = 16.64
𝑅 0.0625

∆
⸪
∆ .
⸫
. .
B- Modify the Simulink model according to your control case study
by adding the TLB control block (ACE = Ptie + B F and
Integrator).

Area 1 is uncontrolled, and Area 2 is controlled

Checking the obtained steady state frequency with manual calculation

as studied in the course.

∆
⸪

∆ .
⸫
. .
The outage occurred in area 1 (uncontrolled area)

C- Repeat A- for different values of controller gain so as to obtain

the best performance.

Steady State Settling

KI1 Undershoot Overshoot
Error Time

0.01 -0.28190 0.06123 -0.02000 28.61

0.02 -0.28191 0.06142 -0.00200 28.85
0.025 -0.28192 0.0615 0.00001 28.58

0.03 -0.28193 0.06157 0.00300 28.82

1- KI1=0.01
2- KI1=0.02

3- KI1=0.025
4- KI1=0.03

Area 1 is subjected to a generation outage of 100 MW.

Steady State Settling Time

Area Undershoot Overshoot
Error (s)
1 -0.28192 0.0615 0.00001 28.58
2 -0.05373 0.01252 0.00010 26.67
Tie line power flow at generation outage of 100 MW at area 1 (controlled case).

In this case, the system will not be able to catch up with zero axes
(Steady State Error ≠ 0) because Area 1 is uncontrolled (there is no
integrator).

Area 2 is subjected to a generation outage of 100 MW.

 Steady State Settling Time
Area Undershoot Overshoot
Error (s)
1 -0.05408 0.01101 -0.009746 28.65
2 -0.07817 0.006314 -0.009034 27.78

Tie line power flow at generation outage of 100 MW at area 2 (controlled

case).

In this case, the system will be able to catch up with zero axes (Steady
State Error = 0) because Area 2 is controlled (there is integrator).