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Glaucoma
Presented by
Saher Ayman
Nourhan Ghalab
Malak yahia
Habeba Yasser
Seham Hossam
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.. Introduction

.. Prevalence of the disease

Risk factors

.. Symptoms
Genetics and pathophysiology
Presentation
outline .. Diagnosis
Treatment
References
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What is glaucoma?
The optic nerve is irreversibly
damaged by the eye condition
glaucoma.

It is caused by an increase in
eye pressure.
Fig1:The difference between the (Arturo et al., 2022)
normal eye and the injured
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Primary open angle glaucoma

Acute angle closure glaucoma

Secondary glaucoma
Types of
Congenital glaucoma
glaucoma
(Arturo et al., 2022)
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How can Glaucoma affect the eye?

A clear fluid termed as "aqueous humour" fills the front

portion of the eye. A consistent pressure inside the eye is
maintained by the continuous production and flow of this
fluid.

The "drainage angle" of the eye is where fluid exits the eye. It is
centered between the cornea and the iris, the coloured part of the eye.
The IOP will increase and glaucoma may develop if the fluid is still not
able to exit your eye correctly.
(Arturo et al., 2022)
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Prevalence of glaucoma in 2018

30%

20%

10%

Glaucoma 0%
29.76% 22.74% 19.80% 18.04% 17.50%

Prevalence
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(Allison et al., 2020)
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SYSTEMIC
HYPOTENSION
VASOSPASM AND
HYPERTENSION

AGE AND FRAILTY

RACE

MYOPIA
RISK GENDER
FACTORS
GENETICS AND
DIABETES FAMILY HISTORY

SMOKING MIGRAINE
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. Age and Flrailty

People over 55 have a higher
risk of getting glaucoma

. Myopia
The risk of glaucoma progression
and development increases in
the people with Myopia
(National Library of Medicine, 2017)
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. Migraine
migraine is one of the risk factors that
increase the of developing glaucoma in
people between 70-79 years

. Diabetes
According to a study by Zhou, Diabetes is a risk
factor that increases the risk of developing
glaucoma
(National Library of Medicine, 2017)
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. Systemic hypotension and

hypertension
Acute hypotension and systemic
hypertension have both been classified as
potential glaucoma risk factors.

. Smoking
Being a smoker increases the risk with
glaucoma

(National Library of medicine, 2017)

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Symptoms of Open-Angle Glaucoma

. The majority of people don't have any
symptoms.
. Once the damage is severe, you will suffer
of vision loss
. Blindness in advanced glaucoma
. Slow loss of side vision (Penn Medicine, no date)
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Symptoms of Angle-Closure Glaucoma

. severe, sudden pain in one eye
. Decreased or cloudy (steamy) vision
. Vomiting and nausea
. Red eye
. swollen eye
. Rainbow-like halos around lights (Penn Medicine, no date)
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Symptoms of Congenital Glaucoma

. Light sensitivity
. Tearing
. Red eye
. cloudiness in the front of the eye
. Increasing the size of one or both eyes
(Penn Medicine, no date)
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Genetics of Glaucoma
• Complex multifactorial trait

• Autosomal-recessive trait
• Mendelian autosomal-dominant

(Robert N. Weinreb, 2014)

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Diagnosis
VISUAL FIELD TEST TONOMETRY TEST
Check the area of vision loss Measure intraocular pressure

(MFMER, 2022)

Fig 3: visual field examination Fig7 : Tonometry examination (MFMER, no

(Turbert,2022) date)

PACHYMETRY TEST GONIOSCOPY TEST OPTIC NERVE TEST

Measure corneal thickness Inspecting the drainage angle Measure the optic nerve damage

First Event Theme Suggestion

Fig 4:Pachymetry examination (AAO, Fig5 :Gonioscopy examination (Kathryn E. Fig 6: Optic nerve examination by slit
2021) Bollinger & Michael D. Westafer, 2022) lamp (glaucoma patients,2018)
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Eye drops and Laser treatment Surgery

oral medication
Treatment

They all function Used to make Used to protect

by preventing the fluid drain the vision and
the damage to out of the eye stop it from
the optic nerve to make the getting worse
and reducing eye eye pressure and helping the
pressure. lower. fluid drain out
of the eye.
(National Eye Institute, 2022)
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McMonnies, C.W. (2017) Glaucoma history and risk factors, Journal of

optometry. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383456/ (Accessed:
March 11, 2023).
Penn Medicine (no date) Pennmedicine.org. Available at:
https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-
information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/glaucoma (Accessed: March 11,
2023).

MFMER (2022) Glaucoma, Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical

Education and Research. Available at:

References https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20372846 (Accessed: March 11, 2023).

MFMER (no date) Applanation tonometry, Mayo Clinic. Mayo

Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Available at:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/eye-
exam/multimedia/applanation-tonometry/img-20006176 (Accessed:
March 12, 2023).
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AAO (2022) Visual field test, American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Available at: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/visual-
field-testing (Accessed: March 12, 2023).
Kathryn E. Bollinger, M.D. and Michael D. Westafer, M.D. (2022)
Gonioscopy: What is it and why is it needed?, glaucoma.org.
Available at: https://glaucoma.org/gonioscopy-what-is-it-and-why-
is-it-needed/ (Accessed: March 12, 2023).

AAO (2021) Ultrasound Pachymetry, American Academy of

Ophthalmology. Available at:
https://www.aao.org/education/image/ultrasound-pachymetry-2

References (Accessed: March 12, 2023).

willem3bergen (2018) How is the optic nerve examined?, Glaucoma

Information. Available at:
https://www.glaucomapatients.org/examination/how-is-the-optic-
nerve-examined/ (Accessed: March 12, 2023).
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Allison, K., Patel, D. and Alabi, O. (2020) Epidemiology of glaucoma:

The past, present, and predictions for the future, Cureus. U.S.
National Library of Medicine. Available at:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7769798/
(Accessed: March 12, 2023).

Robert N. Weinreb, M.D. (2014) Pathophysiology and treatment of

glaucoma, JAMA. JAMA Network. Available at:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1869215
(Accessed: March 14, 2023).

Arturo , S.L.de N., Somani, A.N. and Salini, B. (2022) Physiology,

References
vision - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. Available at:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538493/ (Accessed: March
14, 2023).
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