Literature

The study examines shared patterns and factors influencing sect formation across diverse
religious traditions. Through an analysis of historical context and motivations driving sect
emergence, this article illuminates the dynamic nature of religious movements and their impact
on religious landscapes. Sectarian division is evident in Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam, with examples such as the emergence of major sects within Buddhism
and the subdivision of Hinduism into various sects. Christianity is categorized into three primary
sects: Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestant. In Islam, after the passing of the Holy
Prophet (SAW), the religion divided into two major sub-sects, Sunni and Shia. Sectarianism,
present in various religions, frequently originates from narrow interpretations of religious
doctrines and intolerant behavior. The escalating nature of sectarianism, now taking on a militant
character, poses a threat to societal peace.

Dr. Farmanullah, et al. (2023). View of A Comparative Study Of The Emergence And
Development Of Sects In Five Major World Religions: A Historical Overview.
https://www.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/16484/10482

Research

This study finds that individuals with stronger religious beliefs, particularly within the Muslim
community, often hold more negative views about homosexuality. A nation's level of
industrialization and its focus on self-expression versus survival can influence tolerance for non-
conventional behaviors like homosexuality. To comprehensively explore the impact of religion
and culture, researchers analyze data from the fourth wave of the World Values Surveys,
involving adults from 40 societies, totaling 60,047 cases.

Applying these findings to global attitudes toward homosexuality, the hypothesis suggests that in
countries with a strong self-expression orientation (e.g., the United States), personal religious
beliefs strongly influence disapproving views due to clear religious directives. Conversely, in
nations with a survivalist culture, where disapproval of homosexuality is common, personal
religious beliefs may have a lesser impact as religion is just one of many authorities expressing
disapproval.

Adamczyk, A., & Pitt, C. M. (2009). Shaping attitudes about homosexuality: The role of religion
and cultural context. Social Science Research, 38(2), 338–351.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.01.002