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Emerging Technologies in Construction Safety and Health Management

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Emerging Technologies in Construction Safety and Health
Management

Theo C. Haupt1, Mariam Akinlolu2 and Mohlomi Terah Raliile2

1Mangosuthu University of Technology and University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
2University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Abstract

Safety on construction job sites has become a subject of primary concern across construction industries
worldwide. Construction work is widely perceived to be dangerous, exposing workers to high risks of
injuries and illnesses. The application of technology is considered as an effective approach to improve site
worker’s health and safety conditions and ensure construction safety management in general. Various
types of technologies and interventions have been implemented for construction job site safety such as
Virtual Reality (VR), online databases, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Building Information
Modelling (BIM), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), 4D Computer Aided Design (4D CAD), wearable robotics,
laser scanning, photogrammetry and sensor-based technologies. This study provides an overview of the
various types of emerging technologies available for construction health and safety management. A
comprehensive traditional literature review focusing on innovative technology applications for construction
safety was conducted. This study provides an overview of the various types of advanced technologies
available for construction health and safety management. Relevant publications in the areas of advanced
and emerging technologies for construction health and safety management was obtained from research
databases. The keywords ‘technology’ and ‘construction site safety’ were used to search the databases.
Findings from the study identify research gaps and emerging future trends of technology application for
construction safety.

Keywords: advanced technology, construction, health and safety, literature review, safety technology

1. Introduction

Globally, the construction industry is perceived to have one of the poorest occupational health and safety
records (Donaghy, 2009); (Hinze and Teizer, 2011). Construction work is known to be executed in hazardous,
clumsy environments and under poor and unhealthy working conditions (Welch, Russel, Weinstock and
Betit, 2015); (Li and Ng, 2017); (Zou, Irizarry and Li, 2013); (Zhou, Ding and Chen, 2013); (Li, 2018). Despite
stringent health and safety regulations, no significant decline in the number of construction accidents has
been recorded (Azmy and Zain, 2016). Defective equipment, dangerous work areas and unsafe working
conditions are cited as common causes of construction site injuries and fatalities (Li, 2015); (Hinze and
Teizer, 2011). In light of these, various types of technologies and interventions have been developed to
prevent worker’s injuries, accidents and enhance construction job site safety (Welch et al., 2015); (Dodge
Data and Analytics, 2017); (Zhou, Whyte and Sacks, 2011).
With the emergence of novel technologies, numerous studies have identified that the adoption of these
technologies could provide a lasting solution to the problem of construction health and safety (Zhou et al.,
2013); (Zhang, Cao and Zhao, 2017). Several studies have concentrated on the application of digital
technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), online databases, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Building
Information Modelling (BIM), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), 4D Computer Aided Design (4D CAD),
wearable robotics, laser scanning, photogrammetry and sensor-based technologies for accident
prevention and onsite safety (Dodge Data and Analytics, 2017); (Zhou et al., 2011).
Li and Ng (2017); Li (2018) considered the application of wearable robotics and industrial robots, such as
exoskeleton, robotic arms and the Assist Suit AWN-03 as a practical approach to improve site worker’s
health issues and safety conditions. Zhang et al. (2017) argued that sensor-based technologies including
sensor-based location, vision-based sensing and wireless sensor networks are considered to provide
innovative methods for the advancement of real-time construction safety. As a viable technique, the
application of wireless sensor networks which is widely used for forecasting and environmental monitoring
could assist in the avoidance of accidents and improve construction site safety performance (Wang, Luo

413
 and Zhang, 2010). Teizer (2015); Kim and Cho (2010); Teizer, Caldas, and Haas (2007); Navon and Sacks
(2006) argued that automation is a significant alternative that can enhance up-to-date gathering of safety
data and improving the construction environment with the objective of ensuring better safety performance.
This paper aims to explore the various emerging technologies available for the management of
construction health and safety. An in-depth and comprehensive review of previous literature is conducted
to ascertain the innovative technology adoptions and implementations as reported in numerous studies
and captures emerging future trends that have potential to impact construction safety in future.

2. Health and Safety Problems in the Construction Industry

Safety in the workplace is an important aspect, and efforts to create its awareness continue to gain
momentum in the construction industry with the aim of recording zero injuries and fatalities (Hinze and
Teizer, 2011). The construction industry is one of the highest risk industries, with about 50% of accidents
and worker’s deaths occurring on construction sites (Dupre, 2001);( Abdulkadir and Godfaurd, 2015) . The
consequences of poor safety practices on construction sites are usually accidents or loss of lives (Teizer,
2015). Therefore, implementing construction site health and safety significantly reduces site risks and cost
overruns resulting from site accidents (Swallow and Zulu, 2019); (Zhou, et al., 2013).
Although over the years there has been a slow improvement in the number of injuries and fatalities
within the construction industry, accidents as well as worker’s deaths resulting from site injuries are
inexcusable (Heinz and Teizer, 2011). The occurrence of accidents and near misses on construction sites
has proven that all facets of health and safety in construction require further improvement (Azmy and Zain,
2016). Swallow and Zulu (2019) stated the major reasons for the construction industry’s poor safety are
cultural and human behavioural factors with cost and training influencing these factors. Azmy and Zain
(2016) reported causes of construction-related accidents as overexertion and strenuous movement, mode
of lifting and transporting equipment and being caught-in between objects. Saurin, Formoso and
Cambraia (2014); Teizer (2015) considered reasons for these incidents as poor site conditions, human error,
failure on the part of the organization to provide a safe environment for workers identified negligence and
lack of awareness as a major cause of jobsite accidents. Through investments in safety equipment,
communication, workers training and leadership, organisations positive safety culture should be reinforced.
Additionally, combining advanced digital technologies and techniques with these factors assist in solving
the issues of construction health and safety (Abdulkadir and Godfaurd, 2015).

3. Digital Technologies and Trends in Construction Health and Safety Management

Digital technologies in construction have been in existence since hard hats and protective glasses. In recent
times, the combination of big data, tech genius and construction has improved the safety of workers on
construction sites (Azmy and Zain, 2016). With the development of new technologies, the use of technology
continues to attention (Zhou, et al., 2013). A variety of tools have been developed to assist contractors
achieve safety on their construction projects. Numerous studies have identified the use of digital
technologies such as BIM, VR and AR, drones, GIS, automation and robotics, unmanned machinery, sensing
and warning technologies, 4DCAD as effective technologies for accident, prevention and safe project
delivery (Zhou, et al., 2011). These technologies are discussed in detail in the following subsections;

3.1 Robotics and Automation

Numerous studies have considered robotics and automation to have potential to solve health and safety
issues in construction. Robotic technologies are presently used in the execution of dangerous and
strenuous tasks. Li (2018) concluded that robotics and automation are most effectively used in activities
undertaken in hostile environments and require speed and repetition. These activities put construction
workers at the highest risk of overexertion illnesses and injuries (ibid).
Adopting robotic systems is a current trend for accelerating and automating construction tasks (Chu,
2013); (Pereira, Santos, Pires, 2002); (Bock, Linner and Ikeda, 2012). Several types of robotic systems have
been developed to improve quality of construction projects, productivity, health issues of workers as well
as other safety problems (Ruggiero, Salvo and St. Laurent, 2016). Controlled by computers on site and
dependent on advanced detection and control, robots are employed in the autonomous installation and
gathering of heavy construction materials, which usually require enormous labor, and to construct

414
 structures such as skyscraper towers (Niu, Lu and Liu, 2017); (Jung, Chu and Hong, 2013) ; (Li and Leung,
2018).
Recently, numerous emerging robotic technologies such as exoskeletons, welding robots and forklift
robots have been developed and can be implemented in construction (Ruggiero, et al., 2016). Wearable
Robotics such as exoskeletons for reducing lower back stress, are applied when lifting and handling heavy
objects, and usually benefits older workers (Balaguer and Abderrahim, 2018). The Suit AWN-03 senses
workers motion and provides a support for workers back, shoulder and thigh (Kyodo, 2015). Signals are
sent to the motors, which rotate the gears when there is movement, and reduce energy required at the
hip and spine. The FORTIS Exoskeleton is another wearable robotics tool that enhances users strength and
endurance (Li and Ng, 2015); (Frane, 2016). These exoskeletons come in power assist and unpowered forms.
The power assist exoskeletons are configured to transfer energy through the skeleton of the wearer. The
unpowered form provides a feeling of weightlessness redistributes weight and improves the posture of the
wearer when carrying heavy objects (Dude, 2014).
Robotic arms are composed of aluminium servo brackets and have a similar look to the human arms
(Yusoff, Samin and Ibrahim, 2012). Its ergonomic tool arms are made up of infrared sensors for radial
distance and a USB camera, which captures angles and provides the arms with feedback on whether it can
lift an object (Li and Ng, 2017). Vatsal and Hoffman (2017) study developed elbow-mounted robotic arms
with a third forearm and a gripping beneath. The study explored the prospects for application of the robotic
arm in construction. Robotic arms were found to be possibly used for enhance workers comfort and safety
through stabilisation and bracing; reaching and transfers; and reducing effort in repetitive activities.

3.2 Online databases

Online systems have been used to improve several aspects of construction safety such as safety training
and education, risk identification, safety monitoring and evaluation and safety inspections (Dodge Data
and Analytics, 2017). Online databases can be utilized to detect potential site hazards and evaluate
competence (Zhou, et al., 2012). Yu (2009) designed a prototype web tool to assist in the evaluation of
potential designers, contractors and coordinators. The online system applies Artificial Intelligence during
the evaluation process to support decision making through risk identification and assessment, and
information capture and analysis (Zhou, et al., 2012).
The Construction Safety and Health System (CSHM) is a web-safety monitoring system that detects
potential site risks and gives warning signals for activities that need immediate interventions (Cheung,
Cheung and Suen, 2004). The system enhances prompt data search, upload, collection and documentation
through remote internet access (Amzy and Zain, 2016). Safety indicators from diverse projects are
understood and valuable information is obtained to improve construction health and safety management.
Project performance is monitored over a specified period by analyzing scores assigned to certain
parameters (Yu, 2009). Azmy and Zain (2016) identified the development of a real-time communication
system for monitoring construction safety on diverse projects. A centralized database is used to store
transmitted data and is analysed by site managers to inform decisions on construction sites (ibid). This
system is an alternative platform for sourcing construction health and safety reports and statistics.

3.3 Building Information Modelling (BIM)

To address the issues arising because of the complex nature of construction projects, Suermann (2009)
indicated that BIM could be applied to efficiently accomplish construction tasks. The BIM system is applied
as a supporting technology for the planning and management of health and safety on construction sites
(Zhou, et al., 2011); (Ganah and John, 2015). Implementing BIM enables visual assessment of construction
site and identify potential hazards (Azhar, Behringer, Khalfan, Sattineni and Magsood, 2012); (Watson,
2010). A result of incorporating BIM in construction activities is developing safety-training videos for
workers (Azhar, et al., 2012). Using the BIM model to conduct visual safety trainings enables site workers
develop a better understanding of the actual site conditions (Watson, 2010).Construction workers are
provided with sufficient time and information for safety planning and management before executing
construction activities. With the use of sensors for data collection, the BIM can adequately reduce the
likelihood of site accidents by checking procedure of data acquisition (Druley, Musick and Trotto, 2016);
(Ganah and John, 2015).
Ganah and John (2015); Kim and Ahn (2010) identified one of the major advantages of adopting BIM as
its capacity to represent and manage graphics as well as automatically analyse designs, generate
illustrations, reports, design schedules and manage facilities. Additionally, the BIM technology has proven

415
 to be effective not only in the design phase, but also in the operation stages particularly for simulation of
the construction process (Watson, 2010); (Ku and Mills, 2010). Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks and Liston (2011)
described two instances where BIM was used in construction health and safety management. To test rides
in an amusement park project, envelopes were modelled to ensure that there were no activities during the
testing period. Conflicts were identified within the testing period and 4D simulations were applied to
resolve the issues. The second project used massing cylinders to model spaces occupied by activities in the
construction of a steel frame building. Possible risks that worker might be exposed to were identified with
clash detections between cylinders.

3.4 3D and 4D CAD

Health and Safety experts use 3D CAD for safety planning, accident investigation and facility maintenance
safety (Rajendran and Clarke, 2011). Additionally, 4D CAD is utilized to simulate safety processes to display
safety components and high-risk areas during the projects life cycle (Azhar, et al., 2012). Rwamamara,
Norberg, Olofsson and Lagerqvist (2010) concluded that the use of 3D and 4D technologies in the early
stages of construction projects allows the project team identify potential risks. Identifying risks at an early
stage minimizes cost over-runs that occur because of design changes (Amzy and Zain, 2016).
CAD systems currently used by contractors to plan safety represent a stagnant and inaccessible design
process (Lappalainen, Mäkelä, Piispanen, Rantanen and Sauni, 2007). Malassi (2016) indicated that
although, with CAD systems, buildings are displayed topologically with explicit design features and
attributes, they are not an appropriate tool for identifying safety risks on construction sites. Rozenfeld,
Sacks and Rosenfeld (2009) developed CHASTE which is an automated tool for detailed and reliable
forecasting and analysis of safety hazards in construction projects. CHASTE clearly indicates that the
dangers construction workers face are frequently caused by activities executed by teams other than theirs
(Tang, Lee and Wong, 1997). Mallasi (2006) applied 4D visualisation technology to detect and analyse
workplace time-space congestion. Critical Space-Time Analysis (CSA) was used to analyse competition
between various construction activities sharing similar execution space (Zhou, et al., 2012).
Zhou, et al. (2013) proposed the application of a 4D visualization framework for site safety management
in a metro construction environment. 3D models were fabricated from architectural drawings and
geographical survey plans. The study demonstrated that the 3D and 4D visualization technology is a virtual
tool that effectively facilitates communication between site workers and project managers. The technology
presents a novel approach to safety monitoring by providing proactive data such as safety photographs,
to aid decisions concerning unstable structural components and practices to be avoided (Zhou, et al., 2013)
; (Hu, Zhang and Lu, 2010) ; (Bansal, 2011) ; ( Merivirta , Ma¨kela¨, Ka¨hko¨nen , Sulankivi and Koppinen,
2011).

3.5 Smart sensors and wireless networks

The application of sensors plays a significant role in implementing construction safety through real-time
monitoring of buildings or building components (Zhang, et al., 2017). Sensor based technologies have been
applied to prevent accidents and prevent worker – equipment collisions by monitoring the entire
environment on construction sites. Ahsan, El-Hamalawi, Bouchlaghem and Ahmad (2007) highlighted
sensor-based location, vision-based sensing and wireless sensor networks as the various types of sensor
technologies applied to construction safety management.
Wireless sensor networks have been found to enhance and facilitate information flow among design
teams on construction sites (Ward, Thorpe, Price and Wren, 2004); (Brilakis, 2007). Complexities of the
construction environment makes the circulation of a network a difficult task; however wireless networks
present solutions to this problem (Ahsan, et al., 2007). Brilakis (2006) found that visual inspection methods
employed to monitor bridge construction projects do not provide detailed and reliable information. New
technologies such as wireless radio transmitters have been developed to monitor and inspect bridge
construction projects (reference). GSM, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Terrestrial Trunked Radio
(TETRA) are the various types of wireless technologies that have been tested on construction site operations
(Zhang et al., 2017). Ahsan, et al. (2007) identified a wireless network known as Wi-MESH to provide remote
backend access and connection to the internet on construction sites where telephone access is restricted
(Brilakis, 2007).

3.6 Virtual Reality

416
 Virtual Reality is an artificial, computer-generated experience of a real-life situation or environment
(Bouchlaghem, Shang and Whyte and Ganah, 2005). It generates realistic imagery and hearing making the
user feel like they are experiencing the simulated reality firsthand. In construction, virtual reality has been
used by the safety team to review safety tie-off points and coordinate major crane picks over occupied
facilities that cannot be disrupted, allowing for effective means to visualize and communicate the impact
of major construction activities in existing facilities that could possibly be overlooked when viewing through
traditional techniques (Zhang et al, 2017). Virtual Reality also creates a genuine safety work experience
viable for construction safety training (Li and Leung, 2017). These benefits safety training as exercises on
safety can be carried out in the absence of a qualified safety administer by simply simulating the training
environment on a personal computer (ibid).
Zhou et al. (2014) argued that traditional paper-based handouts, video tapes or slide shows hardly
present electric hazards vividly to the trainees and furthermore do not provide sufficient opportunities for
trainees to interact in activities. This form of participatory training brings a real life situation into the training
in an “it can happen to you” scenario and allows the trainee to relate these regulations and conditions to
real life situations of with life and death significance.

3.7 Augmented Reality

As opposed to virtual reality which uses computer generated imagery to simulate real life scenarios,
augmented reality enhances reality through the use of technology (Bouchlaghem et al, 2005). However,
the enhancements can be distinguished where such interactions are developed into applications and
mobile devices (Patrucco, Bursano, Cigna and Fissore, 2010). Augmented Reality projects 3D imagery on a
person’s physical surroundings as they walk through construction sites with mobile devices or special
helmets and using GPS and cameras to present real-time data geospatially giving updated user feedback
(Bouchlaghem et al., 2005). Safety trainings may be conducted with this technology by enabling workers
to wear augmented reality headsets to give virtual drills, instructions and safety scenarios at minimal
training costs and downtimes (ibid).

3.8 RFID

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) uses radio frequency waves to transmit data, retrieve data and store
data to identify the status of workers and objects (Yin , Tserng, Wang and Tsai, 2009; Lo and Lin, 2013).
RFID systems are composed of an RFID tag and RFID reader, with RFID tags consisting of a small microchip
and antenna. Data are stored in the tag, generally as a unique serial number. RFID tags can either be active
(using battery) or passive (no battery) or have a read range of 10 to 100 meter (Yin et al. 2009).
In construction safety applications, RFID technology has been used to demonstrate real-time data
gathering (Lo and Lin, 2013). RFID tags have been used in simulated construction environment to track the
movement of workers, equipment and materials and the resulting tag data examined to determine if a
near- miss accident has occurred (Zhou et al,203). This information can further be used to prevent future
occurrences be used to prevent such occurrences in the future (ibid).
Chae (2009) designed a Collision Accident Prevention Device (CAPS) that uses RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification) technology to estimate the size of the working area. The device supports accident
prevention involving vehicles, heavy equipment and workers using data from working area of each object.
CAPS estimates and calculates the positional relation of heavy equipment and workers and once
determined that a worker is in the restricted area of heavy equipment, a message warning message is send
to the worker and concerned parties (ibid).

4. Conclusion

This paper has provided a comprehensive and traditional review of previous literature on technology
adoptions and implementations in construction health and safety management. Numerous studies have
been conducted on the application of various types of technologies in aspects of construction health and
safety such as site safety education and training, safety communication and information and site

417
 monitoring and control. The adoption of various safety technologies like 3D and 4D CAD, RFID, augmented
reality, virtual reality, Building Information Modelling, smart sensor and wireless technology, online
databases, robotics and automation have significantly increased the effectiveness of health and safety
management on construction sites. In addition, it was found that standard safety practices and policies
combined with the implementation of digital health and safety tools and techniques could assist site
managers, supervisors and co-ordinators ensure efficiency of their construction projects. Therefore,
investing in emerging technologies enhances the safety performance on construction sites.

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