CC0003

ETHICS AND CIVICS NOTES

 LECTURE 9-

What even are

'
ethics '
and
'
civics
'
?

ETHICS
= live
study of how one should

study of morality
→

how should live

morality one
=

Approached
→ THEORY -
LED APPROACH ( normative ethics)

→ CIRCUMSTANCES -
LED APPROACH ( applied ethics

THEORY -
LED APPROACH ( normative ethics)

involves that
theory usually principles apply
An ethical set meant to
of are
→
a

universally to
anyone
and what
they should do in
general
UTILITARIANISM overall
principle of utility act in that maximise
:

way
: =
a
eg
pleasure
right thing to do is always to ensure that the action that
the takes has one

consequence of increasing the total amount

the
of pleasure in the universe
most reasonable and what makes the most sense
Pick the
theory that is the
→
of our
individual & collective lived justified and most explanatory
experiences of the world most

power
{ Best
approach theory Led
Approach
+ circumstance led
approach
}
= -
-

CIRCUMSTANCES -
LED APPROACH ( applied ethics
→ Attends
closely to who
,
what ,
where ,
when , why of a
given ethical scenario
provides
whether should certain such
reasons
for someone act a
way in a scenario
WHO actors
of a
gwin scenario and ones acted upon
-

WHAT that
aspects a
given scenario
morally relevant
-

of are

WHERE WHEN time and which

&
place during the
person acts
-

WHY causes and conditions the

of scenario
-

should
→ care not
only about the act that should be
performed ,
but the reason behind why it

whether
be done and
they a re
good / bad

CIVICS

of how should live

→
study one as a citizen

the state and to

study each other the state in
→
duties to citizens
of our
rights and as
of
relation to which we draw
benefits and
protection
→
concerns our
everyday lives and how the
rights and duties
of
citizens
might
be
found in
basis
the structures we encounter on a
daily

Ethics and quantity of

☆ civics
exchange of reasons ; currency of any discussion ; quality >

reasons

② Normative darius → what we

ought/ should do

⑨ Descriptive claims particular state

of affairs
→ a

relevant for
☆ Morally relevant reason
supporting normative claims
 :

topic why ethics and civics matter

for everyone ?
to allowed to live
trying lives the
when convince others
why we should be our
way we want,

must think
we
therefore give them reasons to
justify or
explain why we -

societies with other individuals & each individual likely has

Everyone of us lives in very
ideas and
conceptions how they should lie whether individuals
different of ,
as or as

citizens
born in / find always made
society that we are ourselves in are
up of various diverse cultures
and subcultures

the
fact of globalisation in the world
today also makes it such that so much of our

participation in the
economy
has
implications for societies and cultures all over the world

multicultural because :
constantly engaging in an
exchange of reasons with others who are

dissimilar and actions

culturally or
different from us -
and we need to
adapt our
beliefs
as a result
of such an
exchange .

LECTURE 2

clarity of Reasons
:

providing supporting
→ when reasons : -

☆ rationally understand how

rationally arrive at a certain
Ensure that
you help others
you
position
☆ Never assume that
they should make the
argumentative connections themselves

☆ Have in mind a
fellow student who is
unfamiliar with the content when presenting /
writing
/ as contextual information
argument for your beliefs
☆ Provide an with as much little

as required
concepts common
ground for
•
:

> discussion
should
How
anyone be convinced
•

.
allow to be more accurate/
• How can there be
clarity in where
precise
lie ?
disagreements •
need to rationally support
beliefs in
exchange
yourreasons
an
to that others understand
• How ensure

? of
reasons understood in terms of their
your
-

conditions

conditions
→ :

[ logical ]
"
"

]q
"
①
if p [ is
sufficient for notation
"

Sufficiency
then or
p q :p
→
or
-
.

]
"

only if p [then] [ logical (or )

"
② Necessity -
,
q notation :
Ip → 7g q
→
p
③ Bi conditionals -

stating the
necessary
and sufficient conditions is
just
to define the

concept
⑥ define concepts
i. TO have a
productive discussion :
clearly
① and sufficient conditions
provide the
necessary

Topic2_2 cogency of Reasons

:

=
convincing ness of the argument
☆ cogent argument relations
:
between
premises
① Soundness ≤ conclusion conforms to a
logical structure

② premises a re true

③ does not commit

any informal fallacies
 :
How certain standard CD not
/ External criticism
a a re met

☆
Types of criticism
:

\
Internal criticism : How the claims made / actions performed a re contradictory
A the
because not and at same
something cannot be A

time

Topic2_3
Two
types
:
reasons
of

Individual match reference to

properties / attributes of s
reason : as

☆
why is s a certain
way
?
{ structural reason :
sufficient
makes
conditions

reference
to 5 's
position
in a structure as

sufficient conditions
structure elements
☆ has that are
systematically related to each other
according to principles
:

to it
particular
structure because
Argument is a :

① has
premise & conclusion = its elements

② has a set
of grammatical sentences
=

systematic relation
③ to
conforms logical laws principles
:

LEC.TV/2E--3 Human Rights Part 9-

Human
topic-3.nl
:

Rights
what are
rights
? :
☆
something that is owed to us / something that should be our natural

entitlement that we can exercise in our

country
.

freedom to do
something
exercise
power
being the recipient of some
benefit/ programme
-

☆
Responsibilities / duties
to
refrain from interfering with others freedom
to
refrain from interfering with others
ability to exercise a
power
provide others with some sort
of benefit
LegalRighh_ :

Described in
legal jurisdiction
the laws 's
country
→
of a

/ interpret / enforce
to
→
Government has the
power create the laws

which and time

subject the laws
specific countries
depending
→

place
to
of vary on

HUMANRlGHB_
☆ ( UN) rights because we exist as humans

☆ 3 dimensions : LEGAL MORAL ,

UNIVERSAL
,

entitlements
☆ Define and
protect fundamental freedoms and for all humans

M0RAlR'GH☐- conventional morality

MORALITY = critical morality
•
refer to a system of
rules that are
free of biases ,
mistaken beliefs or
irrationality
without being legal right
moral
right may exist
•
a

UNIVERSALRIGHB.ie '

dignity of
'

Respect for the inherent ALL humans ,

and
equality
•
Embodied
by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR)

UDHR:- Statement of moral

Rights
any legal rights
→ does not enact

→
asserts a number of moral rights
→
proclaims
that these
nights should be
respected by all Nations
 International Human Treatie
Universal -

Rights
Holocaust for
* Atrocitiesof the and subsequent
Nuremburg was crimes trial
prompted call

International
protection of fundamental rights
A Human
rights were
incorporated into the Charter
of
the United Nations (UN) in 1945

EUDHR}

ADVANTAGES OF UDAR: ·
Avoich disamination
·

improves the
quality of human
beings
the standard for individual to be treated
equally
·
set

procedure and
framework for governments to
protect and
promote
human
·

rights

DISADVANTAGES OF UDAR: not an international law

directure
lack the power
to
legally enforce any
·

Why nights not enforced and

protected in vanoi
jurisdictions?"
-

are some

->
political context -> limited resources -- cultural differences

cultural relativism:What to be important in culture be

going against
is seen seen
may
one on

cultural
the
grain of propriety and worms in another

3.2:Human
Topic
--e Trafficking
The recruitment, transportation, trameful, harbouring or
receipt of persons by means
of
threat

or use
of force or other
forms of coercion, or a
position of vulnerability on
of the
giving or

benefits achieve
receivingof payments
the consent
person having control over another
or to
of a

(United
against Transnational Organized
Nations convention
purpose of exploitation
the
person for
Crime)
AND
ACTION PURPOSE
O
I

: means
of reaniment
Recruits
commercial sea acti

& How it is done Fraud Labor services

Transport
③ End purpose Provides
Coercion

Obtains / Attempts
Trade" -
-old's oldest
manfficking
South East Asia in

How did one become a slave?

& staration and trade

Debts, punishment, wa s
captivity,
slave
raiding and

②
Debt/bonded labour -

employed close
to their areas
of origin; inter-regional slave trade

<kings, counties, merchant)

slaver and in:P Agriculture
② Manufacturing
⑤
Industry
 ·
Asia-Pacific region [Major of origin,
countries transit and
destination3
from Asia-Pacific
~
40%
migrants
come

Human
>Highly Gendered Labour migration patterns and trends such as se
trafficking
Trafficking and Dometic Labous

Forced
>millions of unaccounted workers who
pay through borders -
illegal
victims all kinds
Modern

slavery
Labour
mignant workers such as human
trafficking are
subject to
of
abuse and exploitationsince no
protection laws

Leading causes of Human Trafficking?

Almed Conflict and Natural Disasters
Displacement
-

and
-> Flee to
safety search
of better
jobs
-

verry vulnerable to human

trafficking syndicates
Underpaid/
=) overworked

Implications for Nation States

Threats of human
trafficking:
Criminal:Use
of Force, Coercion, Fraud, Exploitation
>

National
->
security:Terrorism, drugs, political larmed conflict; border security
- Human/social aspects: physical and mental health
consequences
-Human
rights:protection, prosecution, legislation, advocacy

Impact of COVID-19 On Human

Trafficking
intensified drivers and root cause
of human
trafficking:
A increased abuse Domestic sexual
A child labour A
a labour
increased
trafficking
I
irregular 5 Online
grooming
migration a
exploitation
to the less to
Victims
equipped healthcare
to
have
greater exposure view, less prevent it, access

3.3: Related Ethical considerations

Topic
(Immanuel Kant)
--e

Human Dignity Humanity Principle

-

=) Article 2 of the Universal Declaration

of
Human
Right states that "All human
beings a re born

fire and equal in

dignity and rights"
rationale for all
Principle Humanity provide this shared
by beings
human
-> the of equal dignity
rational equal
= All human
beings are and autonomous
beings, they're entitled to respect
=Rights to
life, liberty, security, and other
things a re owed to all human
beings, because the

that
people have human
rights to are needed to
preserve
their
nationality and
autonomy
Rationality:Using figure
S
to
reason out what to do in a
morally acceptable way
Autonomous:To be in control of one's own
life
these make
>According to Kant, them
worthy of respect
Kant: To
always treat end,
= a
person on an n eve r
merely as a means

=> Commitment impartiality:All persons

to deserve an equal respect due to their
rationality and

autonomy
-

regardless of their sea, race, age, etc.

Human
Trafficking-Treating people as mere means

A Principle of Humanity:prohibits treating someone as mere means

*
Treating person a mere as a means: to use them in a
way that they could not
rationally
consent to
being used
A Amount to
treating people as mere means:

·
deception exploitation
Coercion violations
of privacy
 Human
Flourishing
-
Indaimonia (Aristote)
->
"Happiness". "Flourishing" - the exercise
of reason

Reflects "pursuit of virtue, excellence,

"
·
and the best within us

-> A
good life can be attained
by practicing
virtuel like
courage, wisdom, good humour,

moderation, kindness etc.

attain;
intrinsically good
Indaimonia that human
highest good beings
·
-
can

Golden Rule
* Treat others want to be treated
as
you
"Rule
commitment to human
dignity, in the
form of the
"Golden rule", the
of Reciprocity"
or Universal ethics for humans

eRE4 Human eightPartsability

=>
& Goal of UDUR was to
protect the economic, social and
political rights of
all
persons; emphaic
on the inherent dignity and
equality of
all human beings
5 UDAR resulted human do children and migrant
in 3 core
rights treaties to with women,

world's disabilities
workers; does not cover the
largest minority ->
people with

A United Nations Convention on the

Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPC), est 200s

$ 80% of disabled live in

poor/developing
countries -

A less to amenities
access
physical
A less infrastructure
A less
financial support
A
less social policies

with social exclusion; increases

⑧
Disability involves issues to do and
to
exposure abuses

vulnerability
⑧ Medical model
of disability
which focusses on
physical/medical defects or
impairments
⑧ social model
of disability which focusses on
discriminatory barriers
in the
society
of the

environment

UNCRPD

-mpted by UN in 2000

rights treaty developed for

disabled
->
first human
sabled
UDHR
years after
->
60

+
goal of UNCRPD:promote protect and to ensure the
full and equal enjoyment of
all human
right,
well
fundamental freedoms by promote respect
the to
as on the all
persons with disabilities, and

for the inherent dignity

① shift in the societies and treat

Marks a
way view
person with disabilities compared to
past
& Emphasises holders and
the
eights of PWDs as
eight subjects of law
③ puts them in the center with
rights to
fully participate in
formulating and
implementing
affect them
policies that

⑪ Reflects the social

perspective that sees
disability as a universal human experience
⑤ Eliminate social
legal and barriers that
prevent PDs from fully participating in
society
 shift in social model of
disability:in the past, they would try to medicalise it and fin the
problem. Now, we're to respect dignity, sanctity & individuality of children with disabilitie
the

30th
A
Singapore signed UNCRPD on Nov 2012, ratified on 18
July 2013

*
Singapore
is an inclusive
society where
persons
with disabilities are
empowered, recognised
and giview full opportunity to become
integral and contributing members
of society

Topic
--e
Disability in Singapore
G.2:

>
Developmental disability: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Down syndrome, cerebral
Palsy
-> those whose
prospects of advancing in education, employment a recreation as
equal members
of
the
community are
substantially reduced as a result
of physical, sensing, Intellectual and

Developmental impairments

in
Demographics Singapore:
population
3
--> 2.1% of
student

Prevalence 3.4% 18-49

->
of years
Rate
-> 13.3% of 50
years
+
L

of persons with disability expected

increase
Upward projection of persons disability:
* with no to

significantly by 2030
strengthened the argument for inclusion in 5G
-

SOCIAL INCLUSION
- e

shapes three main domains

person's life, social, and political
->
economic
of
a

+defined by UNESCO as:A

society for all in which each individual, each with
right and

responsibilities, has an active role to

play

~ AtExclusionantage/discrimination of an individual based on their

identity
-> an issue because: -

① Unequal accen to resources

② Onequal
participation
③ Denial of
opportunities
Long-term implications:
- -

(i) breakdown of society due to poor social cohesion

(2) worsen the

marginalized conditions/segments of society
(3) face unemployment, poor educational
socially excluded communities outcomes, low income,

poor housing conditions, poor health family breakdown

barriers inclusion
->ed
Disabled ->
they face physical to their

not included in
legislations
s financial struggles due to their inability to
get
education &
employment
s attitudinal barriers
 societal in SG
shift in Government and Mindset Towards Disabled
persons
national
-> interest
of developing human resource to maximize
potential
=> to train & develop all segments of society such that
they'll be
productive and
contributing
members
of the
society

SOCIAL INCLUSION IN SG

being left behind"

"no is
inclusive society:
one

I >Basic

s social
needs

mobility
such

so
as

the
healthcare, public housing that

ability to
progress
in
life, get
all

an
persons
education,
in
Singapore
make a
are

better
entitled to

living
a to
support one's
family

h.3: Related Ethical considerations

-

· All
beings regardless of ability, physical appearance, race, religion, gender, age, sexual
human

orientation are human

persons with dignity and have innate value and worth beings
as

↳ the
principle about the inherent
dignity and worth of human
being encapsulated
is

in the UNCRPD which emphasises the importance of human

dignity
main
protection of dignity
↳ one
of the
goals of human rights is the

Dignity protected by: -

① Prohibition of all
types of inhuman treatment, humiliation, or
degradation by on e
person
over another

② Assurance of possibility for individual choice of

the the conditions each individual's
for
self-fulfillment', autonomy self-realisation or

③ protection of group identity and culture be essential

for
Recognition that protection
the the
may
of personal dignity
creation of the conditions for individual to have their essential needs satisfied
necessary each

disabled and should not

*
Protecting and
upholding rights of the disadvantaged just be seen a
-

just a concern
of philanthropy,
but as a
duty and
responsibility at individual, societal and state
level

laws:
inations with
- > regards
to
companies in Thailand and
Japan pay the
fine to the

rather than there is

governments for not
hiring PWDs hire them because
they
think a
bigger
social
government legislation
cost involved societal attitude not be in with
-

may sync
environment accessible to PWDs
-> lack
of physical
persisting issues:

ITAttudinal
barriesare

↓
participation in
society
~discrimination a
stigma
isolation and social exclusion
 =RE5 Reproduction
the
sit

--e

that
fall under it => Abortion, contraception, IVF, Egg donation, surrogacy
Topice
Ethical that arise:
questions may
① What is the moral status
of an
embayo?
② is it ethical to
experiment on
embryos?
③ Is it
morally acceptable to
reproductive processes through IVF,
interfere in
egg donation,
etc?

④ What are the

right of women/pregnant people eights of the foetus?
is

③ is
surrogacy a
commodification of woman's/person's body? a

RoevWade Law in US a
-
1973 ruling that
recognised a woman's
right
to an abortion and
nationwide
legalised it

↳ The
overlivening has made abortion illegal in some states, which affects the
poor
and

minorities the most

it blues the distinction between church and state, which is

key
*
Argued that to

preventing religious conflict

*
Argued
that it is a
sign of deepening conservation in the US, which
impacts on other

issues such as control and healthcare

gun
=> could be a
"guide" for using of the tactics to
some limit access to abortion elsewhere in the

world, and increase

stigma around abortion even in
place
where it is legal

i
-
S.2: Empirical background
Rate Abortion
decreasing married than teams want abortions
* of more
people
-

A causes for Abortion:

① want to postpone/stop childbearing

② Disruption of education/job
③ inability to afford additional
children

A occur
mostly with the first 5-12 weeks of pregnancy
to increase
A
Banning
abortions cause the no
of unsafe abortions

· done within
Abortion is one
of the safect surgical procedure for women, if the
first
trimester and done
by a
professional. Giving birth can be more
dangerous than abortion
abortion
⑧
support the
idea that
There is no
scientific evidence to having an is
any
m o re

dangerous to woman's (medical health than

parenting unwanted child/
long-term
a an

placing the baby for adoption.

⑧
Early studies suggesting increase an in breast cancer
among
women who had abortions

have been
found to be flawed and widely discredited

⑧ Having an abortion will not usually affect your fertility.

S.3: Ethical concerns

i
-

Judith Janis thouson [Argues in

favour of abortion]
abortion
for writings trolley problem thought experiment
I known her on a

-main
objection to abortion foetus is
person
=

POPULAR ARGUMENT COUNTERARGUMENT

 the
having right to life does not
guarante having either a
right to be
given the use
of or

the continued
right to of another's body
use

is
5 Abortion
morally permissible when
pregnancy stems from rape
->

mother the
>necessary to save the
life of

1:
A*NALOGY pregnancy stemming from rape
Premise 1:
Every person has
right to life
Premise 2: The violinist is a
person
3:
Premise So, the
person has a
right to
life
conclusion:it is impermissible violinist
upling
to the

Arguement:"Can oppose ground,

those who abortion on these

make an
exception for a
pregnancy
due to rape?"
ANALOGY Abortion is to the life of
necessary
2: save the mother

Premise 1: In
⑱ killing the
foetus, one would be directly killing an

inno cent
person
Directly person is
Premise 2:
killing an innocent murder

Premise
morally impermissible
Murder is
3:

conclusion:killing the foetus is morally impermissible

Sections
Anne includes
Mary Waven
"autonomy"

Don Marquis [Argue against Abortion]

-
Academic interests in medical ethics
-- main
objection ->
killing is
wrong

removal of life support: modified reason:

killing someone
deprives them
of a "future
also be
may considered 11I

as murder
like ours; everything they will ever have or

V
experience
with
modified
reason,
not

modified reason morally

it's
obliged to do so

explains why
to kill an animal
wrong
 Objections:
-er

s
both an older and younger person
could have happiness and
good
experiences
either is morally
:killing wrong

5.4: Virtue Ethics

-

Vistie family of
Ethics: moral theories
according
to which morally right actions are
explained
life, time charachter traits (visitives) needed to live
by the nature
of a
good and
good
such a
life

ARISTOTLE
- e
"mean" between
X
Reasoning involves
identifying the -
found
excess" and "the
"the
deficiency"
theoretical wisdom
↓
pReasoning
->

well to
Practical wisdom: ability to reason about how one
ought
circumstance
act in
particular

AL -
FARABI Practical freedom broken down: -

- - -

① Deliberative virtue/foresight-ability to work out how to

get what
you
want

② Moral virtue -
the ability to discover what is
morally good
③ Natural visture
-
enables a
person to want a
morally good end
world
⑪ iheoretical victure ability
to
gain knowledge about the
-
=RES Euthananand the
concept of death

Relevance of Euthanasia and abortion

Draw and ideas various aspects of life

- out our
deepest strongest about

Understand what value and value it

why
- we we

-Lead more
meaningful lives
intuitions
-
Reflect on

- Process the beliefs and attitudes

What is
happy / good death
suthanasia? -

Robert
Young (Philosophel)=> "When a person performs an act of euthanasia, she
brings
about

latter's bad that

the death
of
another
person
because she believes the
present existence is so

he would be better
off dead, or believes that unless she intervene and ends his life, his

life will
very
soon become so bad that he would be better off dead.
Accordingly, the motive of
enthanasia to whose death is
the
person
who
performs an act
of
is
benefit the one
brought
about

types of Euthanasia
VOLUNTARY:requested
by the
person undergoing it

I
-
>

person undergoing it
> INVOLUNTARU: does not want it

-NON-VOLUNTARY:
person
who
undergoes it cannot indicate if he/she wants to
undergo
euthanasia or not

Active Euthanasia -
main cause of death is human action

Passive Euthanasia -
main cause
of death is not human action, but
injury/disease
>leads to death
longer and more
painful
6.2:Ethical considerations
-

and
TRADITIONAL VIEW:Passive Suthanasia is morally permissible should be
legally permitted.
Active Suthanasia is morally impermissible a should be
illegal.

where active euthanaria is

RADICAL VIEW: - WEAK VERSION:some cases
morally
permissible (it's okay
active enthanasia is
~
STRONG VERSION:Some cases where
morally obligatory
Ethical considerations for Traditional view:

suicide
theological reasons:same as
against
those

Non-theological reasons:
appealing to moral feelings/intuitions
IS LETTING DIE BETTER THAN KILLING??

CASE I:
KILLING CASE II: LETTING DIE

the base difference between

killing and letting die doesn't make a moral
difference. People
are not necessarily
think
killing is worse than letting diet ou r moral
felings and intuitions

always well supported

 did? antiated with
Why do
people think
killing is worse than
letting I killing is
gory
but
murders letting die; not
often heard about

difference and in
~ It's not the between
killing letting die that make a difference
these cases, but rather the other
factors such as the murderer's motrin
of personal gain
contrasted with the doctor's humanitarian
motivation

Are Active a
passive euthanasia morally different?

3 the
relation

VOLUNTARY ACTIVE SUTHANASIA

support S &objections 3

NON-VOLUNTARY EUTHANASI A

I support 3
Eobjections 3

Ethical theories
i6.3.
#

Utilitarianism: consequentialist theory-what is moral/immoral is decided based on the

couse quences

consequentialism: family of moral theories that "share the idea that the
morality of actions,
policies, motives and rules depends on their
producing the best actual expected
results
overall
According to utilitarianism, an action is
morally required if it maximise
well-being
than other action could have done in the circumstance
any

Well-being
individuals
Overall
·

well-being: the net wellbeing of all affected by the action

losses to well-being produced by action

of benefits
Net
·
well-being: not balance a an

Everyone's well-being count equally

utilitarianism asks to avoid absence of well-being and
opposite of well-being suffering)
OBJECTIONS TO EUTHANASIA
REPLIES TO OBJECTIONS
 i
Euthanasia in Netherlands Futhanasia and the Hindu ethics

① Dharma -
the
ethical/moral actions
(duty)
&
Artha- economic wealth

③
Kama-pleasure

!
④
Moksa -

liberation
from rebirth & imperfection
- - - e m e - - - - - - - - - m -

Hindu
philosophy and Euthanasia

Karma LiberationAhimsa (non-violence)

Not
morally permissible because: "will
bring bad Karma, violation
of ahimsa, person has a

lesser chance
of attaining moksha

·
some schools of thought believe that the
body and soul are 2
separate entities (duality) =

need to be separated at the

right
time = unnatural
untimely separation can affect moksha

counterargument: ending life of

a
suffering person
who has chosen it for themselves or others'

well-being-person committing euthanasia is

doing good deed
good Karma
for moral
duty
-

person choosing good Karma if choice was

for others' well-being
->
even
may get made

choice arise from companion -

sign of spiritual enlightenment

untimely separation of mind and soul -> wouldn't

prolonging
it artificially also do the same

carried out with awareness a care ... is not

committing "violence" on another

Ahims a creature

(non-violence) and
Allowing suffering, preventing autonomy in cases where a
person
is able

to make a sound decision can be construed as "violence" and therefore

least, is in adherence
voluntary euthanasia at with chimsa

REFEquality
#
and Meritocracy -

Two
forthe
opposing

(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) -

correspondance between a
group of different objects,
circumstances respect,
persons, processes
or that have the same
qualities in at least one with

in other features.
differences
L ↓
V
FORMAL EQUALITY PROPORTONAL EQUALIM MORAL EQUANTY
deserves the
when 2
persons have equal A
way oftreating others or a
Everyone
same

distribution is proportional respect

status in at least one or
dignity and

normatively relevant respect, relatively equal when it treats substantiative moral

they must be treated equally all relevant

persons in relation equality
with
regard
in this
respect to their due

Golden rule-Treat others as

you
would like others to treat
you
·

· The three forms of equality align with the

principle of humanity a
golden rules
applicable in

real life.
 @ Equality of
of equality? DEquality of opportunities;
what kind outcomes

solutions
the above 2
help understand the root drivers of socioeconomic
inequality a brainstorm

to address them as a
society.

good if individual
of attaining
seeks
Equality of opportunity: equality it
chances a an
of
·
equitable just society secure for all its members equal chances to achieve their caved

outcomes difficult
-
to
practice in real life due to different socioeconomic
backgrounds
duspite intervention
heavy by groups
FLAW: When the equality of opportunity is not
practiced effectively
in a
given society, it can

further entrench these social divisions

Equality of approximately have/experience

outcomes: a situation in which individuals the

[REBUKE: individuals however have

personal goals; why should
same
living outcomes
set
of
they have the same outcomes -

Phillips 2004)
Ronald Dworkin -
there are
many ways to describe "the but life"

#i7.2: Meritocracy
aim
social
system (various ways degrees)
& to advance
particular society's socioeconomic
-

development; eg education, job training

schemes

KIMGCHO1 2016:
social in which advancement
society is based on an individual's capabilities
= a
system in

wealth o r social
and merit rather than on the basis
of family, background
individual's to and therefore
different
=> socioeconomic circumstances can
impact an acces

ability to take
advantage of opportunities
factor distribute rewards individuals in society
meritocracy prioritise merit to to
=>

as a a

aristocratic system
-
rewards individuals based on inheritance
reward
=> merit: quality/achievement which
entitles/gives one the right to a

- -

PLATONIC MERITOCRACY PROCEDURAL MERITOCRACY

I

Based
on Plato's account of an ideal
· Based
"The
on Law

Meritocracy Trap"
Professor, Daniel Mallorits

:
 7.3:
#min Equality &
Meritocracy
divisive fault line
class has been found to be
singapore's most

Equality and
heritocracy in 34 tuition industry

Another condition:

Multiculturalism
#

1:
RE Multiculturalism

interaction
G lobalisation (Mussa 28837: the increasing integration
a
activities
among of the
(economic
s
key driver of
multiculturalism of human societies around the world

MULRULTURALISM Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy):

an ideal in which members
of minority groups
can maintain their distinctive, collective identities

immigrants, proponents emphasize that multiculturalism

is
and practices. In the case of

compatible with, not opposed to, the integration of immigrants into society; multiculturalism
policies provide fairer of integration for immigrant
teams

potentially lead to tensions between

I

groups
can

CRITIQUES OF MULHCULTURALISM

better enable
Multiculturalism moreopportunities people => more diesare
= - = more
to understand other vinovative
cultures a norms
socety society a
economy
 8.thulticetoralismfrom
at

mic the perspectiveofMoralthose

impactiality: Everyone's happiness counts the same
"The overall
Agent Neutrality:
-
I have to
re a s o n
promote the good is the same reason
anyone
else has to promote the good"

8.3: Case study of the Global Workforce

#min

OECD: international organization that works to build better policies for better lives

World Economic Form international organization for Public-Private cooperation; engages

the
foremost leaders of society
to
shape global, regional and
industry
agendas
v morale financial justification to
enforce workplace diversity
~ leads to innovation

(Type, Moral

RE9
Features, Justifications, as
Politicalsystem
Problematic
#

Illiberal Totalitationt e
Authoritarian
Liberal Limited
Democracy,
-

Regime
-

Democracy
-

Democracy

Types of Political system

 92:
#hi Features
of Political systems

Political systems &

ideologies
#min
9.3:

(compatibility with ideologies)

(Threatened by intellectuals)

Problematics 'Best's 'Worst' political

Tm
9.4:
of the
systems

combination
Dangers of Totalitarian Regimes Toxic
-

between
The fundamental difference
the level control asserted
authoritarian totalitarian
by Government.
is
a
regimes of the
 limitations, Implicationis
#

RE10 Freespeech(Meanings,

· For the above reasons

- undemocratic states

respecially totalitatin states) prohibit free speech

level
All allow
democracies some of free speech
·

Universal
Topic
-
10.2:
Regulations of Free
speech

Harm Principle

Problematics of harm Principle (case of neo-nazi march)

offence principles

Universal regulations of speech

10.3: Dangers
#
of Unregulated Free
speech