check whether the theory is right.
This
LESSON 1: “THE
NATURE, GOALS
AND PERSPECTIVE
IN/OF
ANTHROPOLOGY,
ANTHROPOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE
Anthropology is the study, analysis, and
description of humanity’s past and
present. Questions about the past
include prehistoric origins and human
evolution. The study of contemporary
humanity focuses on biological and
cultural diversity, including language.
All in all Anthropology, "the study of
humankind," which examines people in
viewpoints going from the science and
transformative history of Homo sapiens
to the provisions of society and culture
that unequivocally recognize people
from other creature species.
Contrasted with different disciplines that
address humankind like history, social
science, or brain research, human
studies is more extensive two ways. As
far as mankind's past, human sciences
think about a more noteworthy
profundity of time.
As far as contemporary people, human
sciences covers a more extensive
variety of points than different
disciplines, from sub-atomic DNA to
intellectual turn of events and religious
beliefs.
Anthropologists might direct
examinations in a research facility
concentrating how tooth enamel
uncovers a person's eating diet, or they
might work in an exhibition hall, looking
at plans on ancient earthenware.
Research Method in anthropology range
from logical to humanistic. They plan a
speculation, or examination question,
and afterward mention objective facts to
methodology creates both quantitative
(numeric) information and subjective
(elucidating) information.
In the humanistic methodology,
anthropologists continue inductively,
seeking after an abstract strategy for
understanding humankind through the
investigation of individuals' specialty,
music, verse, language, and other forms
of symbolic expression.
NATURE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
The nature of anthropology can be
viewed from its historical perspective
because it is a global discipline involving
humanities, social sciences and natural
sciences.
Its foundations return to the scholarly
Enlightenment of the eighteenth and mid
nineteenth hundreds of years in Europe
and North America. As European
countries created states in far off pieces
of the world and Americans extended
west and south into the regions of
Indians, it became evident to them that
humankind was amazingly changed.
Anthropology started, partially, as an
endeavor by individuals from logical
social orders to unbiasedly record and
grasp this variety. Curiosity in bizarre
individuals and customs in distant
pieces of the world is the thing that
principally roused these early beginner
anthropologists.
By profession, they frequently were
naturalists, medical doctors, Christian
ministers, or educated adventurers.
They posed such essential inquiries as
regardless of whether the contrasts
between human societies are the after
effect of genetic inheritance and in case
there is a connection between the size
of a human brain and intelligence.
It was late nineteenth century that
anthropology at last turned into a
different scholastic discipline in
 American and Western European
colleges.
In North America anthropology is
characterized as a discipline containing
four fields that emphasis on separated
yet interrelated subjects. The subjects
are archaeology, biological anthropology
(or actual human sciences), linguistic
anthropology and cultural anthropology
(or social human studies).
GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
-to comprehend the fossil record of early
people and their precursors just as the
archaeological record of later ancient
social orders.
-to understand how we adapt to different
environmental conditions and how we
vary as a species.
-to comprehend the conduct of monkeys
and gorillas in their regular settings.
-to find out about both the natural and
social parts of humankind all throughout
the planet and all through time.
-to apply anthropological information to
help forestall or take care of issues of
living people groups, including
destitution, substance addiction, and
HIV/AIDS.
PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Holism
Anthropologists are keen all in all
of mankind, in how different parts
of life connect. One can't
completely see the value in being
human by contemplating a
solitary part of our mindboggling
narratives, dialects, bodies, or
social orders. By utilizing a
comprehensive methodology,
anthropologists request how
various angles from human
existence impact each other.
Cultural Relativism
The possibility that we should try
to comprehend someone else's
convictions and practices
according to the viewpoint of their
way of life as opposed to our
own. Anthropologists don't pass
judgment on different societies
dependent on their qualities nor
do they see alternate methods of
getting things done as second
rate. All things being equal,
anthropologists try to
comprehend individuals'
convictions inside the framework
they have for clarifying things.
Comparison
In cultural anthropology, we
compare ideas, morals, practices,
and systems within or between
cultures. We might compare the
roles of men and women in
different societies, or contrast
how different religious groups
conflict within a given society.
Fieldwork
In Cultural Anthropology, field
work is alluded to as
ethnography, which is both the
interaction and aftereffect of
social anthropological
examination. The Greek
expression "ethno" alludes to
individuals, and "graphy" alludes
to composing. The ethnographic
interaction includes the
exploration technique for member
perception hands on work: you
partake in individuals' lives, while
noticing them and taking field
takes note of that, alongside
interviews and reviews, establish
the examination information.
SOCIOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE
Sociology is the scientific investigation
of human culture and social behavior.
Sociology is a discipline in social
sciences concerned about human
society and human social activities.
Generally acknowledged meanings of
social science concur that it is the
logical or efficient investigation of
human culture. The attention is on
comprehension and clarifying, and goes
from the person in friendly collaboration
to gatherings to social orders and
worldwide social process.
 Exceptional to social science is its
accentuation upon the complementary
connection among people and social
orders as they impact and shape one
another.
Auguste Comte, a French social
scholar, is generally known as the
"Father of Sociology" as he instituted
the term 'Humanism' in 1839.
NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY
As a discipline, sociology arose early in
the nineteenth century in response to
rapid social change. Major
transformations in the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries, such as rapid
industrialization resulting in a large,
anonymous workforce.
With laborers investing the greater part
of their energy away from families and
customs; huge scope urbanization all
through Europe and the industrializing
scene; and a political upset of novel
thoughts (singular rights and majority
rule government), coordinated a focus
on the idea of social orders and social
change.
The French social thinker Auguste
Comte (1798– 1857) first coined the
term sociology to describe a new way of
thinking about societies as systems
governed by principles of organization
and change.
Most agree that Émile Durkheim (1858–
1917), the French humanist, made the
biggest commitment to the development
of social science as a social scientific
Discipline.
Sociology has created as a worth free
discipline. It is concerned with is, not
with what should be. Sociology is an
empirical discipline like Physics,
Chemistry, or Mathematics, and not as
an applied science like Engineering or
Computer Science.
A Sociologist examines society from
various points and obtains information
about society and examples of social
associations.
GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY
The ultimate goal of sociology is to
acquire knowledge about society like all
the other social sciences discipline, as
Samuel Koenig has pointed out the
ultimate aim of sociology is ” to improve
man’s adjustment to life by developing
objective knowledge concerning social
phenomena which can be used to deal
effectively with social problems”.
1. To understand how membership in
one’s social group affects individual be.
2. To understand how cultures and
institutions interact in different societies.
3. To understand the meaning and
consequences of modernity,
postmodernity and the new
globalization.
4. To understand the causes and
consequences of social change in terms
of general causes and effects as well as
unique historical circumstances.
5. To understand the causes and
consequences of population
composition and pressures and how
population affects the environment and
development of societies.
6. To provide information that reflects
upon different policy initiatives.
PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY
The fundamental knowledge of
sociology is that human conduct is
molded by the gatherings to which
individuals have a place and by the
social communication that happens
inside those gatherings. We are what
our identity is and we act the manner in
which we do in light of the fact that we
end up living in a specific culture at a
specific point in reality. Individuals will in
general acknowledge their social world
unquestioningly, as something "regular."
But the sociological perspective
empowers us to consider society to be a
brief social item, made by people and fit
for being changed by them also.
 The sociological perspective welcomes
us to take a look at our recognizable
environmental factors in a new manner.
It urges us to investigate the world we
have consistently underestimated, to
analyze our social climate with the very
interest that we may bring to an
extraordinarily unfamiliar culture.
The study of Sociology drives us into
spaces of society that we may somehow
have disregarded or misunderstood.
Since our perspective is formed by our
own experience and since individuals
with various social encounters have
various meanings of social reality,
sociology assists us with liking
perspectives other than our own and to
see how these perspectives appeared.
Sociology likewise assists us with
understanding ourselves better. Without
the sociological perspective (which has
been known as the "sociological
imagination"), individuals see the world
through their restricted insight of a little
circle of family, companions, colleagues.
The sociological imagination permits us
to stand separated intellectually from
our restricted insight and see the
connection between private concerns
and social issues. It grants us to follow
the connection between the patterns
and events of our own and the patterns
and events of our society.
POLITICAL SCIENCE AS A DISCIPLINE
Political Science is the study of the
nature, causes, and consequences of
collective decisions and actions taken
by groups of people embedded in
cultures and institutions that structure
power and authority.
In other words, Political Science is a
social science discipline that deals with
systems of governance, and the
analysis of political activities, political
thoughts, associated constitutions and
political behavior.
NATURE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Politics is not only a mere institution of
governance but also a mechanism for
achieving societal goals. Nature of
Political Science is a social science
concerned with the theory and practice
of politics and the description and
analysis of political systems and political
behavior.
It incorporates matters concerning the
portion and move of power in making
decision, the jobs and frameworks of
administration including governments
and worldwide associations, political
behavior and public policies.
Political Science is in this way an
investigation of the state in the past,
present and future of the political
organization, political cycles and political
functions of political establishments and
political theories. Political Science has a
few subfields, including political
hypothesis, public policy, public
legislative issues, worldwide relations,
human rights, natural governmental
issues and near legislative issues.
The forerunners of Western legislative
issues can follow their underlying
foundations back to Greek scholars
Socrates, Plato (427–347 BC) and
Aristotle (384–322 BC). The
investigations were theory arranged.
Plato composed The Republic and
Aristotle composed the Politics.
Aristotle is known as the Father of
Political Science. He is well known for
his assertion "Man is a political animal".
GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. is the concern with the process of
growth, industrialization and change and
the impact on government forms and
policies.
2. is to describe how various political
systems function, and to find more
effective political systems.
3. is to measure the success of
governance and specific policies by
examining many factors, including
stability, justice, and material wealth.
PERSPECTIVE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
 Methodologically diverse and
appropriates many methods originating
in psychology, social research, and
cognitive neuroscience.
Approaches include positivism,
interpretivism, rational choice theory,
behaviouralism, structuralism, post-
structuralism, realism, institutionalism,
and pluralism.
As one of the social sciences, uses
methods and techniques that relate to
the kinds of inquiries sought: primary
sources, such as historical documents
LESSON 2: “THE
CONCEPT, ASPECTS
AND CHANGES IN/OF
CULTURE, SOCIETY
AND POLITICS”
Culture, society and politics are
major terms of Social Sciences. These
terminologies are used to explain the
other disciplines such as political
science, history, psychology, and
economics to mention a few. In this
module, the topics are broadly
conceptualized as a skeleton of
sociological, anthropological, political
perspective.
As exploring the lessons, culture,
society and politics are emphasized as
“intertextual concepts”, indicating the
interrelationship between fundamental
ideas of their origins, researched and
explained by sociologist and
anthropologist. Whereas, political views
are being presented in terms of
standardized culture which transform as
time changes. Illustrated by political
changes, happen when a national
leader has been replaced by opposition
or invaded by other nation. Therefore,
acquisition of knowledge needs a
thorough understanding and this
explains that culture and society is
complex.
CONCEPT OF CULTURE
Cultural anthropologists study all
aspects of culture, but what exactly is
“culture”? When asking students about
introductory to cultural anthropology,
what culture means to them, students
typically say that culture is food,
clothing, religion, language, traditions,
art, music, and so forth. Indeed, culture
includes many of these observable
characteristics, but culture is also
something deeper. Culture is a powerful
defining characteristic of human groups
that shapes our perceptions, behaviors,
and relationships.
The English word 'Culture' is gotten
from the Latin expression 'clique or
cultus' significance plowing, or
developing or refining and love. In total it
implies developing and refining.
Culture is a lifestyle. The food you eat,
the garments you wear, the language
you talk in what's more, the God you
love, all are parts of culture. In
extremely straightforward terms, we can
say that culture is the epitome of the
manner by which we think and get
things done. It is likewise the things that
we have acquired as citizenry. Every
one of the accomplishments of
individuals as individuals from
gatherings of people can be called
culture. Workmanship, music, writing,
engineering, design, reasoning, religion
and science can be viewed as parts of
culture. Notwithstanding, culture
likewise incorporates the traditions,
customs, celebrations, methods of living
and one's attitude toward different
issues of life.
Culture thus refers to a human-made
environment which includes all the
material and nonmaterial products of
group life that are transmitted from one
generation to the next. There is a
general agreement among social
scientists that culture consists of explicit
and implicit patterns of behavior
acquired by human beings. These may
be transmitted through symbols,
constituting the distinctive achievements
of human groups, including their
embodiment as artefacts. The essential
core of culture thus lies in those finer
ideas which are transmitted within a
group-both historically derived as well
as selected with their attached value.
More recently, culture denotes
historically transmitted patterns of
meanings embodied in symbols, by
means of which people communicate,
perpetuate and develop their knowledge
about and express their attitudes toward
life.
Moreover, Culture is the declaration of
our temperament in our methods of
living and thinking. It could be seen in
our writing, in strict practices, in
amusement and happiness. Culture has
two unmistakable segments,
specifically, material and non-material.
Material culture comprises of articles
that are identified with the material part
of our life like our dress, food, and family
products. Non-material culture alludes
to thoughts, standards, musings and
conviction.
Additionally, culture changes from one
spot to another and country to country.
Its advancement depends on the
authentic cycle working in a nearby,
provincial or public setting. For instance,
we vary in our methods of hello others,
our apparel, food propensities, social
and strict traditions and practices from
the West. All in all, individuals of any
nation are portrayed by their particular
social customs.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
1. Culture is learned and acquired
2. Culture is shared by a group of people
3. Culture is cumulative
4. Culture changes
5. Culture is dynamic
6. Culture gives us a scope of passable
standards of conduct
7. Culture is diverse
8. Culture is ideational
CONCEPT OF SOCIETY
-Society is an organization of
connections between individuals or
between gatherings.
-Society is an assortment of individuals
or an association of people.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOCIETY
1. Society is abstract.
2. Likeness and difference in society.
3. Cooperation & conflict in society.
4. Society is a process not a product.
5. Society is a system of stratification
CONCEPT OF POLITICS
-The term “politics”, is gotten from the
Greek word “Polis”, which implies the
city state.
-According to Greek Rationalists,
Politics was a subject which managed
all the exercises and undertakings of the
city state.
-Politics is the art of government, the
activity of control inside the society
through the settling on and authorization
of aggregate choices.
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICS
 1. USE OF LEGAL FORCE
- It allows the legal authority to
use force. If David Easton speaks
of “authoritative allocation of
values”, Dahl of “Power, “rule”
and authority”.
2. INTERACTIONS
- Political system is that system
of interactions to be found in all
independent societies which
perform the functions of
integration and adaptation (both
internally and vis-a-vis other
societies) by means of the
employment or threat of
employment or more or less
legitimate physical compulsion.
- The political system not only
includes governmental
institutions such as legislatures,
executives, courts, administrative
agencies but all structures in their
political aspect.
3. INTERDEPENDENCE OF PARTS
- When the properties of one
component in a system change,
all the other components and the
system as a whole are affected.
- In political system the political
parties having a wider base and
mass media (Television, radio
and newspapers) change the
performance of all other
structures of the system and
affect the general working of the
system.
LESSON 3:
“CULTURAL
DIVERSITY
Lesson 1- Human Biocultural and Social
Evolution
Lesson 2 - Human Cultural Variation
Learning Objectives:
- Define Human Biocultural and Social
Evolution;
- Discuss the stages of human evolution;
- Explain the cultural and social-political
evolution: from hunting and gathering to
post-industrial revolutions;
- Understand human cultural variation;
and
- Understand biological and cultural
evolution: from Homo habilis to Homo
sapiens
“HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL
EVOLUTION”
A. STAGES OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
1. Hominid (Manlike Primates) –
evolve 40 million years ago
A. “Ramapithecus” – lived 14
million years
-Remains found in Siwalik
Hills in India.
-Could stand upright and
used stones and sticks to
frighten his enemies.
-Found by Mrs. Mary
Leakey at the volcanic ash
of Laetolil, Tanzania, East
Africa in 1975.
B. “Lucy” – a whole skeleton
teenage girl
- Discovered by Donald C.
Johanson at Hadar, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopa.
C. “Australopitecus” – believed
to have lived in Africa about 5
million years ago.
- Had a small brain, could
walk straight and used
simple tools.
2. Homo habilis (“Handy Man”) –
apelike men used stone tools as
weapons and protection.
A. “Zinjanthropus” – about 4 feet
tall, could walk upright with small
brain.
-He used crude stone
weapons for protections
against predator.
-Discovered by Dr. Louis
S.B. Leakey (husband of
Mrs. Mary Leakey) in
Olduva Gorge, Tanzania,
 East Africa in 1999. -Had similar descriptions with modern
Believed to lived about man.
1.75 million years ago. -They originated as the primitive men.
-Largely dependent on hunting, fishing,
B. “Lake Turkana” man (“1470 and agriculture.
Man”) – about 5 feet tall and -They buried their dead, used hand tools
walked upright. and had religion.
-He used more refined
stone with a brain double A. Neanderthal Man
the size of a chimpanzee. -Discovered in the cave of
-Excavated in Lake Neanderthal Valley near
Turkana, Kenya, East Dusseldorf, Germany in
Africa by Dr. Richard 1856.
Leakey (son of Dr. and -Believed to appear in the
Mrs. Leakey) in 1972. high temperate zone in
-The remains consist of Europe and Asia about
shattered skull and leg 70,000 years ago.
bones. -Heavily built with powerful
jaws, brutish and
3. Homo erectus (“Upright Man”) – primitively intelligent.
believed to be the first manlike creature -Usually lived in cave and
that lived 500,000 years ago in Asia, dependent on hunting and
Africa and Europe. fishing.
-Could walk straight. -Had religious beliefs and
-With almost the same brain of a more advanced than
modern man. Homo erectus.
- He made refined stone tools for
hunting and weapons for the protection B. Cro Magnon Man
of the enemies. -More stronger Homo
sapien discovered by
A. “Pithecanthropus Erectus” French achielogists Louis
(“Java Man”) Discovered by Dr. Lartet in the Cro Magnon
Eugene Dubios at Trinil, Java, Cave at Ley Eyzies in
Indonesia in 1891. About 5 feet southern France.
tall, could walk erect; heavy and -Believed to lived in
chinless jaw; hairy body of Europe, Asia and Africa.
modern man. -Specifically their remains
have been found in
B. “Sinanthropus Pekinensis” western Asia, Italy, Spain,
(“Peking Man”) Discovered at France, and Russia and all
Choukoutien Village, Beijing, areas over Africa.
China in 1921. Discovered by -5’ 11” tall with developed
Johnn Gunnar Anderson, a brain than their
Swedish geologist. 5’ 2” tall, predecessor.
could walk upright, and brain -They had stone
almost as large as the modern implements, art objects
man. Was believed to lived and consistent hunting
500,000 years ago. skills.

4. Homo sapiens (“Wise Man”) B. THE EVOLUTION OF THE PRIMITIVE

-Believed to be the direct descendant of MAN
the modern man which lived about
250,000 years ago. 1. Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age)
- 3 million years to 8000 BC
 - Homo erectus (Java Man and Peking
Man), Homo sapiens (Neanderthal Man,
Cro Magnon Man)
Characteristics of this period:
- The rough stone tools were used as
main weapons and tools such as chisel,
knives, spears and others.
- Lived in hunting, fishing, and gathering
fruits in the forest.
- Able to use fire which was used to cook
their food and protect them from cold.
- Lived in a cave and later learned to build
primitive shelter.
- Developed primitive arts, personal
ornaments and other art forms.
2. Neolithic Period (New Stone Age)
8000 – 4000 BC
- Disappearance of Cro Magnon and start
of the new people which was considered
as modern man
Characteristics of this period:
- Development of refined stone tools and
weapons.
- Made their own house.
- Learned domesticating animals such as
horses, pigs, dogs, cattle, and etc.
- Learned to use wove clothes as
protection of their skin.
- Begun to cut trees for boats as a
means of transportation and
fishing in the rivers.
3.Age of Metals 4000 – 1500 BC
Characteristics of this period:
- Used of metals such as bronze, copper,
and iron produced a new historical
development.
- Birth of the cradles of civilization: Egypt,
Mesopotamia, Persia, India and China,
later spreading to Asia.
- More developed social, cultural, political
and economic systems.
- Have direct contact to tribes, kingdoms
and empire through conquest, wars and
trades.
C. CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL
EVOLUTION
1. The Neolithic Revolution
A. Agricultural and The Origins
of Civilization: The Neolithic
Revolution (Guisepi, 2012)
- Agriculture was not natural or
inevitable. Cultivation of plants
requires more labor.
- Stone Age humans are reluctant
and slowly giving up their old
ways of hunting and gathering. In
fact, the Bushmen of Southwest
Africa still follow it today.
- Between 8000-3500 BC, an
increasing number of humans
shifted to agricultural and
domestication of animals.
- About 7000 BC tools and skills
advanced sufficiently for
cultivating peoples such as
Jericho in the valley of Jordan
River and Catal Huyuk in
present-day Turkey.
- By 3500 BC, agricultural peoples
in the Middle East could support
non cultivating specialists to give
rise to the first civilizations
B. Causes of The Agrarian
Transformation
- There are no written records of
the transition period between
8000 and 5000 BC when animals
were domesticated and plants
were cultivated on a regular
basis.
- Climatic changes at the end of
the last Ice Age (about 12000
BC) may have played an
important role.
- Climatic shifts promoted
migration going to the north.
- Left dwindling supply in the
Middle East where agriculture
first arose.
- Also led to changes in the
distribution and growing patterns
grains.
- Shift to sedentary farming was
prompted by this climate change.
C. The Domestication of Plants
and Animals
- From wild cereal grains hunting
people gradually collected their
seed.
 - Wild barley and wheat are - Humans from Africa developed
abundant in present-day Turkey, speech and fire before the
Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Neolithic.
Israel. - Substantial evidence on the belief
- Hunting-and-gathering bands of afterlife.
may have consciously - Some societies in the late
experimented with planting and Paleolithic appear to have social
nurturing seeds around their structures and hierarchies.
campsites. - Cave paintings, burials and tools
- Agricultural evidence suggests are leftover relics from this
that the first agriculturists period.
retained their hunting-and- - Several thousand years, these
gathering activities as a hedge developments and other factors
against starvation. led to what is known as the
Neolithic Revolution or the
D. The Spread of the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution.
Revolution
- The greater labor involved in B. Civilization Makes Its Debut
cultivation did not at first greatly (8000-3000 BC)
enhance peoples’ security or - Civilization debut in Neolithic
living standards. (means “new stone”) Age
- Sedentary agricultural - Civilization started out small.
communities coexisted with more Agriculture tended to tie only
numerous bands of hunters and small groups.
gatherers, migratory cultivators, - Settled along rivers as an
and fishers. important reliable and predictable
source of water.
2. Early Civilization and the Rise of - Families work on the same plot of
The State land over generations, leading to
the concept of ownership.
A. Before the Rise of - Agriculture became more and
Civilization more widespread, people began
- Early people were nomadic to accumulate surpluses of food.
hunter-gatherers, over time, they - Growing tendency to remain in
began to settle down. single location putting pressure
- Pastoral society helped to further on groups to defend and protect
tie groups to specific areas of themselves from other still
land. nomadic peoples.
- Raising animals find large and - Thus, people stayed near one
reliable sources of food. another, and cultural and social
- Drawbacks were usually bonds began to form.
aggressive, babies greatly - Thus, people began to do similar
dependent for many years on ways.
adult care, and the inevitability of - These factors, especially food
death. surplus, people began to become
- Several advantages are artisans and craftsmen.
opposable thumbs, ease of - It also brought trade and a class
reproduction, adaptability to of merchants.
varying physical environments, - Merchants caused further
advanced brain and eventually interaction and exchange, known
speech. as Cultural Diffusion.
- In the Paleolithic (means “old - Religion evolved from nomadic
stone”) Age Homo sapiens “religions”, to unified polytheism
evolved.
 led to further bond. Priest - Individual differences are an
became a class. essential part of self-identity.
Specialization of labor was a
direct offshoot of an *Individual differences are essential
agricultural surplus. part of self-identity.
- Membership and status in a
“HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION” social group.
- Male-Female Differences.
Human Variability/Variation - Amplify or exaggeration of
is the range of possible values for differences.
any measurable characteristics, - Concealing or minimizing
physical or mental, of human differences.
beings. - Tanning, hair straightening, skin
bleaching, plastic surgery,
Individual differences is essential orthodontia, and growth
part of human experience. hormone.
Difference can be:
Trivial or important COMMON HUMAN VARIATIONS
Transient or permanent 1. Sexual orientation
Voluntary or involuntary 2. Human genetic variation
Congenital or acquired - Sex (Male, female)
Genetic or environmental - Skin or eye coloring,
complexion
Sources of Human Variability - Hair color, baldness,
* Biological Inheritance, shaped by hirsutism, body hair
Mutations, allelic differences - Supernumerary body part
Genetic drift (polydactylism,
Natural selection supernumerary nipples,
Prenatal environment and fetal hyperdontia) or missing
“programming” body parts (Hypogenesis)
Artificial or cultural selection 3. Body shape and size
Nutrition and malnutrition - Height
Quality of life and health - Body shape, thinness,
Pollution and toxin exposure and obesity
other stressors - Motor skills, dexterity
Education - Physical disabilities
Cultural and social environment - Reproductive attributes
Family environment and - Human development
upbringing - Other aspects of human
Child abuse or neglect physical appearance
Change of the body (highly subjective)
- Psychological and
Social Significance and Valuation of personality traits
Human Variability - Musical, creative,
- Variability have relative value or performance
ranking:
Darker / lighter skin color
Thinness / fatness
- Abilities that are valued mostly:
Ability to learn
Musical aptitude
Strength, endurance,
agility
Resilience