STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Third Quarter

Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

ANSWER SHEET 1
Lesson 1: Exploring Random Variables

Exercise 1:

Possible Outcomes Value of Random Variable Z

HHHHHH 6
HHHHHT, HHHHTH, HHHTHH, HHTHHH, HTHHHH, THHHHH 5
HHHHTT, HHHTHT, HHHTTH, HHTHHT, HHTHTH, HHTTHH, HTHHHT, 4
HTHHTH, HTHTHH, HTTHHH, THHHHT, THHHTH, THHTHH, THTHHH,
TTHHHH
HHHTTT, HHTHTT, HHTTHT, HHTTTH, HTHHTT, HTHTHT, HTHTTH, 3
HTTHHT, HTTHTH, HTTTHH, THHHTT, THHTHT, THHTTH, THTHHT,
THTHTH, THTTHH, TTHHHT, TTHHTH, TTHTHH, TTTHHH,
HHTTTT, HTHTTT, HTTHTT, HTTTHT, HTTTTH, THHTTT, THTHTT, 2
THTTHT, THTTTH, TTHHTT, TTHTHT, TTHTTH, TTTHHT, TTTHTH,
TTTTHH
HTTTTT, THTTTT, TTHTTT, TTTHTT, TTTTHT, TTTTTH 1
TTTTTT 0

Sample Space = {HHHHHH, HHHHHT, HHHHHTH, … , TTTTTT}

The possible values of the random variable Z are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Z = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Exercise 2:

S X
DDN 2
NDD 2
DND 2
NND 1
DNN 1
NDN 1
NNN 0

s X ={0 ,1 , 2}

Exercise 3:

Possible Outcomes Value of Random Variable T

HHH 3
HHT 3
HTH 3
HTT 3
 THH 3
THT 3
TTH 3
TTT 3

Sample Space = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
Solution:
HHH  3 Heads + 0 Tail = 3
HHT  2 Heads + 1 Tail = 3
HTH  2 Heads + 1 Tail = 3
HTT  I Head + 2 Tails = 3
THH  2 Heads + 1 Tail = 3
THT  1 Head + 2 Tails = 3
TTH  1 Head + 2 Tails = 3
TTT  0 Head + 3 Tails = 3

Exercise 4:

a) Discrete random variable

b) Continuous random variable

c) Discrete random variable

d) Continuous random variable

e) Discrete random variable

Reflection 1:

In this lesson, I have explored and learned to illustrate the random variables that associates a
real number to each element in the sample space. It may be viewed as a way to determine the
outcomes of the random phenomena in which the values are possibly guess by coincidence. We do
not know which of the possible outcomes will occur, but we do know what is on the list of future
result. The outcome might be strong but not have a certain chance of occurring. There are some
statistical experiments regarding random variable such as tossing a coin three times and count the
number of heads, three cards drawn from a deck, two balls drawn in succession, rolling a dice twice,
and etc. Moreover, the values of it are usually denoted by a capital letter T, X or Z.

To properly group the sample space and the possible values, we have to use table of columns
and place the corresponding letter given in the problem. On the other hand, random variable can be
classified as discrete and continuous. Discrete random variable is a finite number of a distinct values
that is represent a countable data such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Meanwhile, continuous random variable is
an infinite uncountable number of possible values which represented by measured data/quantities
such as height, weight, and temperature.

Lastly, I did not actually understand the lesson when I tried to read it multiple times, but as
time goes by, I learned how to find out the exact answer gradually because I’m willing to gained
knowledge about it. If we explore and drive our curiosity to something we want to know, we will get
a lecture which we can use in the next journey of our life.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

 Third Quarter

Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

ANSWER SHEET 2
Lesson 2: Constructing Probability Distribution

Exercise 1:

The illustration given below represents a discrete probability contribution because the sum of all
values of the random variable is equal to one (1).

Exercise 2:

Possible Outcomes Value of Random Variable Z Probability P(Z)

HHHH 4 1
16
HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH 3 4 1
∨
16 4
HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, 2 6 3
∨
TTHH 16 8
HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH 1 4 1
∨
16 4
TTTT 0 1
16

Histogram:

0 = 0.0625
1 = 0.25
2 = 0.375
3 = 0.25
4 = 0.0625
Exercise 3:

Possible Outcomes Values of Random Variable T Probability P(T)

HHH 3 1
8
HHT, HTH, THH 2 3
8
HTT, THT, TTH 1 3
8
TTT 0 1
8

Sample Space = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
Histogram:

0 = 0.125
1 = 0.375
2 = 0.375
3 = 0.125

Exercise 4:

From the three illustrations of probabilities given in the module, the third example is the only
one that can serve as the values of a probability distribution. The first set of probabilities is not a
probability distribution because if we add the values 0.08, 0.12, and 1.03, it is equal to 1.23, which is
not exactly equal to 1 or 0. The second set is not also a distribution because if we add the values 0.42,
0.31, and 0.37, the will be 1.10. The third set defined as a values of probability distribution of the
random variable x, because if we add the values 9/14, 4/14, and 1/14, the result will be exactly equal
to one (1). We should always remember that a probability distribution must between or equal to 1 or
0.
Exercise 5:

a.
Number of Bias Die Fall X Probability P(X)
1 1 0.5
2
2 1 1.16666667 or 1.17
6
3 1 0.08333333 or 0.08
12
4 1 0.08333333 or 0.08
12
5 1 0.08333333 or 0.08
12
6 1 0.08333333 or 0.08
12

Histogram:

b.
Number of Patients X Probability P(X)
3 0.15 3
20
4 0.20 1
5
5 0.25 1
4
6 0.20 1
5
7 0.20 1
5
Histogram:

Reflection 2:

In lesson 2, I learned how to illustrate and compute the probability for discrete random
variables also, the properties enclose to it. According to the learning material, a discrete probability is
consists of the values a random variable can assume and the corresponding probability of the values.
This is also called probability mass function because we are distributing quantities or masses to all
possible observations or values of the random variable. Moreover, it is represented in two ways which
is the table and the histogram. To know the value of the random variable, we should write first the
possible outcomes then, get the values of it and proceed to obtain the probability written in fraction.
After that, turn the fraction into decimal to construct a graphical representation or histogram. With
the area of rectangles responding to the probability of each value, we should always remember that
each area must be non-negative value. In addition, the area of all rectangles must equal to 1.
Let us now proceed to the properties of a probability distribution to understand more on this
topic. First, the probabilities of each value should be confined between or equal to 0 and 1 in which it
is denoted as 0 ≤ P(X )≤ 1. Second, the sum of all the probabilities must be equal to 1 and denoted as
∑ P ( X )=1. With these properties given, we can answer the problem and can create a histogram
correctly.
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Third Quarter

Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

ANSWER SHEET 3
Lesson 3: Computing the Mean of a Discrete Probability Distribution

Exercise 1:
X P(X) X  P(X) X2  P(X)
1 3/10 3 2 3
1 3 /10=
10 10
2 1/10 2 1 2 4
∨ 2 1/10=
10 5 10
3 2/10 6 3 2 18
∨ 3 2/10=
10 5 10
4 2/10 8 4 2 32
∨ 4 2/10=
10 5 10
5 2/10 10 2 50
∨1 5 2/10=
10 10
29
∑ X P (X )= 10 =2.9

0.3+ 0.2+ 0.6+0.8+1=2.9

Exercise 2:
X P(X) X  P(X) X2  P(X)
1 10/33 10 2 10
1 10 /33=
33 33
2 1/33 2 2 4
2 1/3=¿ ¿
33 3
3 12/33 36 2 108
3 12/33=¿ ¿
33 33
48
∑ X P (X )= 33 =1.45

Exercise 3:
X P(X) X  P(X) X2  P(X)
0 0.75 0 2
0 0.75=0
1 0.17 0.17 2
1 0.17=0.17
2 0.04 0.08 2
2 0.04=0.16
3 0.025 0.075 2
3 0.025=0.225
4 0.01 0.04 2
4 0.01=0.16
5 0.005 0.025 2
5 0.005=0.125
∑ X P (X )=0.39

Exercise 4:
 X P(X) X  P(X) X2  P(X)
22 0.08 1.76 2
22 0.08=38.72
23 0.19 4.37 2
23 0.19=100.51
24 0.36 8.64 2
24 0.36=207.36
25 0.25 6.25 2
25 0.25=156.25
26 0.07 1.82 2
26 0.07=47.32
27 0.05 1.35 2
27 0.05=36.45
∑ X P (X )=24.19

Reflection 3:

This lesson I have tackled by myself is a continuation of probability distribution but this time, I
will get the mean of discrete random variable. I learned how to further calculate and interpret the
problems involving mean then solve it. In addition, I had been already knew the symbol of mean and
use it when the answer has finally come out. To find the mean of the probability contribution,
acknowledge first the formula specified in the lesson which is μ=∑ X · P ( X ) that can use in getting
the average value. Then, create a table with 3 columns and place the X, P(X), and X ·P(X) symbol in the
first row. The X will be the weighted average of the possible values that the given data can attain.
Moreover, P(X) represents the corresponding probabilities of a set and µ is the result of the solution.
Next, list down the values of the random variable X and multiply it by corresponding probabilities.
Lastly, compute the product of the two by adding the result vertically and divide the numerator to the
denominator if the probable answer is written in fraction. If the probability is written in decimal,
directly add up all the numbers to get the right mean. The total can determine without the use of
estimator. If you want to identify it quickly and you are doubting your capabilities in computing small
digits, use scientific calculator.
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Third Quarter

Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

ANSWER SHEET 4
Lesson 4: Computing the Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution

Exercise 1:

X P(X) X P(X) 2
X P(X )
1 1/7 1/7 21 1
1 =
7 7
6 1/7 6 /7 21 36
6 =
7 7
11 3/7 33/7 2 3 363
11 =
7 7
16 1/7 16 /7 2 1 256
16 =
7 7
21 1/7 21/7 21 441
21 =
7 7
77 1097
μ=∑ X P ( X )= =11 ∑ X 2 P ( X ) = 7 =156.71
7

Variance:
σ =∑ X P ( X )−μ
2 2 2

2
156.71−(11)
156.71−121
¿ 35.71
Standard deviation:
σ =√ 35.71
¿ 5.98
Exercise 2:

X P(X) X P(X) 2
X P(X )
3 7 /30 21/30 2 7 63
3 =
30 30
5 1/3 0 5/30 2 1 25
5 =
30 30
7 13/30 91/30 2 13 637
7 =
30 30
117 725
μ=∑ X P ( X )= =3.9 ∑ X 2 P ( X ) = 30 =24.17
30

Variance:
σ =∑ X P ( X )−μ
2 2 2

2
24.17−(3.9)
24.17−15.21
¿ 8.96
Standard deviation:
σ =√ 8.96
¿ 2.99∨3

Exercise 3:

X P(X) X P(X) 2
X P( X )
0 0.75 0 2
0 0.75=0
1 0.17 0.17 2
1 0.17=0.17
2 0.04 0.08 2
2 0.04=0.16
3 0.025 0.075 2
3 0.025=0.225
4 0.01 0.04 2
4 0.01=0.16
5 0.005 0.025 2
5 0.005=0.125
μ=∑ X P ( X )=0.39 ∑ X 2 P ( X ) =0.84
Variance:
σ =∑ X P ( X )−μ
2 2 2

2
0.84−(0.39)
0.84−0.1521
¿ 0.6879
Standard deviation:
σ =√ 0.6879
¿ 0.83

Exercise 4:

X P(X) X P(X) X P(X )

2

35 0.10 3.5 2
35 0.10=122.5
36 0.20 7.2 2
36 0.20=259.2
37 0.30 11.1 2
37 0.30=410.7
38 0.30 11.4 2
38 0.30=433.2
39 0.10 3.9 2
39 0.10=152.1
μ=∑ X P ( X )=37.1 ∑ X 2 P ( X ) =1377.7
Variance:
σ =∑ X P ( X )−μ
2 2 2

2
1377.7−(37.1)
1377.7−1376.41
¿ 1.29
Standard deviation:
σ =√ 1.29
¿ 1.14

Reflection 4:
 I learned how to calculate the variance and standard deviation of discrete random variable
wherein it summarizes the set of a data. The variance is defined as the weighted average of deviations
of the values of X from the mean, where weights are the respective probabilities. Meanwhile, standard
deviation is defined as the square root of the variance of X. In addition, we should always remember
that it measures the amount of spread or variability of the items in a distribution.
There are formulas given in the module for both application: σ 2=∑ ( X −μ ) P ( X ) for variance

then, σ =√ ( X−μ )2 P( X) for standard deviation. The X is the value of the random variable, P(X) is the
probability of the random variable X, and µ is the mean of the probability distribution which we have
been discussed in the previous lesson. List down the random variable x given in the problem and
probability of X in the table. To get the answer, we should follow the steps in finding the variance and
standard deviation of discrete. First, find the mean of the distribution using the formula,
μ=∑ X P(X ). Second, multiply the square of the value of the random variable X by its corresponding
probability. Third, get the sum of the results obtained in the second process wherein it used the
formula, X 2 P(X ). Then, subtract the mean from the result obtained in the third step to get the
variance and square the variance to get the standard deviation. To conclude, I must say that a simple
steps in finding an answer in mathematical problem is a bit easier to follow and it is fun to solve.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Third Quarter

Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

 ANSWER SHEET 5
Lesson 5: Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution

Exercises:

1) Z = 0.96

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2994 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389

The area of z = 0.94 is .3315.

2) Z= 1.74

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767

The area of z = 1.74 is .4591.

3) Z = 2.18

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4768 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4924 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936

The area of z = 2.18 is .4854.

4) Z = 2.69

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4961 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986
3.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990

The area of z = 2.69 is .4964.

5) Z = 3.00

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952
 2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4961 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986
3.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990

The area of z = 3.00 is .4987.

Reflection 5:

For all the topic I have discovered, this is the easiest lesson I’ve seen in Statistics and
Probability. I learned to understand the properties of normal curve distribution and how it is
recognized as the most important curve in statistics inference. First, the variables are at least
approximately normally distributed such as heights, weights, etc. Second, the number of hypothesis
tests and regression model are based on the assumption that the underlying data have normal
distributions, that is why it is easy for mathematicians to work with curves. On the other hand, there
are a few properties that the normal probability distribution has including the curve is bell-shaped
and symmetrical to its centre. Moreover, the mean, median, and mode are coincide at the centre
and the width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution. Equally
important, the tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis but never touch it,
the curve is asymptotic to the base line. Also, the area under the curve must be 1 to represents the
probability or the percentage associated with specific sets of measurement values. Always
remember that the standard deviation determines the shape of the graph. If it has a large total, the
normal curve is short but wide and if the value is small, the curve is tall but slim.

The copy of the table of areas under normal curve given by our subject teacher is also called z-
table. The score of it is a measure of relative standing. It is calculated by subtracting x−(¿ μ) from
the measurement x and then, divide the result by s ( ¿ σ ) . The result or the z-score represents the
distance a given measurement x and the mean which is expressed in standard deviation. To end the
topic, there are further steps in finding the areas under normal curve: Step 1. Express the z-value
into a three-digit form; Step 2. Using the z- table, find the first two digits on the left column; Step 3.
Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the right; Step 4. Read the area or probability
at the intersection of the row and the column because that is the required area. These procedures
are practically stated in the module. All in all, the process are quick to follow so, we won’t have a
hard time finding what we are looking for.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Third Quarter

Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

 ANSWER SHEET 6
Lesson 6: Understanding the Z-Scores

Exercises:

A. State whether the z-score locates the raw score X within a sample or within a population.

1) x=50 , s=5 , x ¿ 4 0
x−x
z=
s
50−40 10
z= = =2
5 5
 The z - score locates the raw score X within a sample.
2) x=40 , σ=8 , μ=52
x−μ
z=
σ
40−52 −12
z= = =−1.5
8 8
 The z – score locates the raw score X within a population.
3) x=36 , s=6 , x =28
x−x
z=
s
36−28 8
z= = =1.33
6 6
 The z – score locates the raw score X within a sample.
4) x=74 , s=10 , x=60
x−x
z=
s
74−60 14
z= = =1.4
10 10
 The z – score locates the raw score X within a sample.
5) x=82 , σ =15 , μ=75
x−μ
z=
σ
82−75 7
z= = =0.47
15 15
 The z – score locates the raw score X within a population.

B. Given X = 62 and s = 8. Find the z-score value that corresponds to each of the following scores up
to two decimal places:
x−x
formula: z=
s

1) X = 70

X =70
x=62
s=8

70−62 8
z= = =1
8 8
2) X = 78

X =78
x=62
s=8
78−62 16
z= = =2
8 8

3) X = 82

X =82
x=62
s=8
82−62 20
z= = =2.5
8 8

4) X = 50

X =50
x=62
s=8
50−62 −12
z= = =−1.5
8 8

5) X = 42

X =42
x=62
s=8
42−62 −20
z= = =−2.5
8 8

Reflection 6:

In this lesson, I learned how to solve problems involving random and normal variable
distribution. Also, I understand more about the z – scores that is describes the position of a raw scores
in terms of its distance from the mean, when measured in standard deviation units. If the score is
positive, the value will lies above the mean and when the result is negative, it lies below the mean.
There are six z – scores at the base line of the normal curve: three z – scores to the left of the mean
and three z – scores to the right of the mean.
The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of z – values. Either the z – scores locates
X within a sample or within a population. For calculating a z and find the percentage associated with x,
X−μ X− x
use the formula z= for population data and z= for sample data. The meaning of the
σ s
symbols stated in the module is: X is for given measurement, µ stands for population mean, σ is for
population standard deviation, x for sample mean, and s for sample standard deviation. When the
population mean and the population standard deviation are unknown, the standard score may be
calculated using the sample mean data mentioned above. Moreover, the z – value leads to the area
under the curve found in the normal curve table, which is a probability and that probability gives the
desired percentage for X. For any population, the mean and the deviation are fixed. Thus, the z -
formula matches the z – values one-to-one with x values (raw scores). That is, for every x value there is
corresponds a z – value and for z – value, there is an exactly on x value.
To conclude, raw scores may be composed of large values, but large values cannot be
accommodated at the base line of the normal curve. So, they have to be transformed into scores for
convenience without sacrificing meaning related to raw scores.
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Third Quarter
Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

ANSWER SHEET 7
Lesson 6: Identifying Regions of Areas Under the Normal Curve

Exercises:

A. Use the z-table to find the area that corresponds to each of the following:

1) Z = .562

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2994 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389

The area that corresponds to Z = .562 is 0.2123

2) Z = 1.323

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .2643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319

The area that corresponds to Z = 1.323 is 0.4066

3) Z = -1.054

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .2643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319

The area that corresponds to Z = 1.054 is 0.3531

4) Z = -2.185

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4768 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4924 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936

The area that corresponds to Z = -2.185 is 0.4854

5) Z = -2.58
 Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4961 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986
3.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990

The area that corresponds to Z = -2.58 is 0.4951

B. Do the indicate tasks.

1) Explain why the proportion of the area to the left of z = - 2.58 is .49%.
 The proportion of the area to the left of z = -2.58 is .49% because we subtract .4951,
which is the value obtained in z – table from 0.5 and get the result of 0.0049.

2) Explain why the total area of the region between z = - 3 and z = 3 is 0.9974 or 99.74%.
 The total area of the region between z = -3 and z = 3 is 0.9974 because we add the both
values we got in z – table which is the area of 0.4987 and 0.4987 since they have similar
z – values but with different sign.

Reflection 7:

In this lesson, I found out how to identify the regions of the area under normal curve given in z
– values. The z – table provides the proportion of the area between any two specific values under the
curve, regions of it can be described in terms of area. In using z – table, write down first the given z –
value into a three-digit form. Next, find the first two digits in a row. Then, locate the third digit in
column. Finally, take the area of value at the intersection of row and column.
We must consider that if the problem has greater than, less than, to the right, to the left, at
least, more than, above, etc., there are other things we need to do in order to get the result. If the
problem is ‘right’ and the z – value is negative, add 0.5 to the area. If the problem mention ‘to the left’
and the z – value is negative, subtract the area obtained in z – table from 0.5. Lastly, in getting the area
between two specific values under the curve, we should always look for the sign of both. If the z –
values are same sign, subtract the biggest area to the smallest area and if they have different ign, add
the two areas.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Third Quarter
Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

ANSWER SHEET 8
Lesson 8: Determining Probabilities

Exercises:

A. Find the area between z = -1.32 and z = 2.37. Complete the table:

1) Draw a normal curve.

2) Locate the given z - values.
3) Draw a line through the z - values.
4) Shade the required region.

5) Consult the z - Table and find the area that
corresponds to z = -1.32 and z = 2.37.
6) Examine the graph and use probability notation
to form an equation showing the appropriate
operation to get the required area.
7) Make a statement indicating the required area.
Z = -1.32 corresponds to an area of .4066
Z = 2.37 corresponds to an area of .4911
The graph suggests addition.
The required area is equal to .4066 + .4911=
0.8977 or 89.77%.
Thus, P ( -1.32 < z < 2.37 ) = .4066 + .4911=
0.8977.
The required area between z = -1.32 and z = 2.37
is equal to 0.8977.

B. Determine each of the follwing areas and show these graphically. Use probability notation in your
final answer.

1) Above z = 1.46 4) Between z = 0.76 and z = 2.88

2) Below z = -0.58 5) Between z = - 0.92 and z = 1.75

3) Between z = - 0.78 and z = - 1.95

Reflection 8:
 This taught me to find areas and probabilities for the standard normal random variable z. in
addition, I learned how to express areas under normal curve using probability notation. These
following notations for a random variable are used in varied solutions regarding the normal curve.
First, P (a < z < b) denotes the probability that the z – score is between a and b. Second, P (z > a)
denotes the probability that the z – score is less than a. The a and b letter represents the z – score
values in a distribution.
Like I mentioned in the lesson 7, it is important to look for the sign for each value. It helps us to
determine whether we subtract or add the areas found in z – table. To end the lesson, there are steps
in determining under areas under the normal curve: (1) use a cardboard model to draw a normal
curve; (2) locate the given z – value/s at the base line; (3) draw a vertical line through these values; (4)
shade the required region; (5) consult the z – table to find the areas that correspond to the given z –
values; (6) examine the graph and use probability notation to form an equation showing an
appropriate operation to get the required area; and (7) make a statement indicating the required area.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Third Quarter
Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

ANSWER SHEET 9
Lesson 9: Locating Percentiles Under the Normal Curve

Exercises:

A. Find each of the following percentile points under the normal curve.

1) P99

99% is equal to 0.9900. Split 0.9900 into 0.5000 + 0.4900.

Find the area of 0.4900 in the z – table. If the area is not present in the body of
table, try to get the closest value instead. The nearest value of 0.4900 is
0.4901.
The z – score that corresponds to the area 0.4901 is 2.33.
P99=2.33

2) P90

90% is equal to 0.9000. Split 0.9000 into 0.5000 + 0.4000.

Find the area of 0.4000 in the z – table. The nearest value of 0.4000 is 0.3997.
The z – score that corresponds to the area 0.4000 is 1.38.
P90=1.28

3) P68

68% is equal to 0.6800. Split 0.6800 into 0.5000 + 0.1800.

The nearest value of 0.1800 is 0.1808.
The z – score that corresponds to the area 0.1808 is 0.47.
P68=0.47
4) P40

40% is equal to 0.4000. Subtract 0.4000 from 0.5000 since the value is lower
than 0.5, the result is 0.1000.
The nearest value of 0.1000 is 0.0987.
The z – score that corresponds to the area 0.1000 is 0.25.
P40=0.25

5) P32

32% is equal to 0.3200. Subtract 0.3200 from 0.5000 since the value is lower
than 0.5, the result is 0.1800.
The nearest value of 0.1800 is 0.1808.
The z – score that corresponds to the area 0.1808 is 0.47.
P32=0.47

Reflection 9:

I learned how to locate the percentile under the normal curve and find the z – scores when
probability are given in the problem. Percentile is defined as the point in the distribution such that a
given number of cases is below it. Moreover, it is a descriptive measure of the relationship of a
measurement to the rest of the data. A probability value corresponds to an area under the normal
curve. In addition, in the table of areas, the number in the extreme left and across the top are z –
scores, which are distances along the horizontal scale. The numbers in the body of the table area areas
or probabilities and the z – scores to the left of the mean are negative values.
In finding the probability, divide the given percentage to 100 and split it into two. Make sure
that the other value is 0.5000 and the rest will be the second value. If the decimal is lower than 0.5, we
subtract the decimal from 0.5. After that, draw a normal curve and shade the half of it then, locate the
second value in the body of z – table. When we are given the area and we wish to find the
corresponding z – value, we locate the given area at the body of the table. If the exact area is not
present or available, we tend to take the nearest value. Then, we look up to the corresponding z –
value in the z – table. Lastly, locate the area in the normal curve and shade the region.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Third Quarter
Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

ANSWER SHEET 10
Lesson 10: Sampling Distribution of Sampling Means

Exercise 1:

a. There are 56 possible samples can be drawn at random from a population of eight cards
numbered 1 to 8.
Given: N = 8 n = 3
N!
Formula: NC n=
n ! ( N −n ) !
8! 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 87 65 4 336
Solution: = = = =56
3! ( 8−3 ) ! 3 21 ( 5 ) ! 54321 6

b. Sampling distribution of Sample Means

Sample Mean Frequency Probability

2.00 1 1/56=0.018
2.33 1 1/56=0.018
2.67 2 2/56=0.036
3.00 3 3/56=0.054
3.33 4 4 /56=0.071
3.67 5 5/56=0.089
4.00 6 6 /56=0.107
4.33 6 6 /56=0.107
4.67 6 6 /56=0.107
5.00 6 6 /56=0.107
5.33 5 5/56=0.089
5.67 4 4 /56=0.071
6.00 3 3/56=0.054
6.33 2 2/56=0.036
6.67 1 1/56=0.018
7 1 1/56=0.018
Total N = 56 1.00

Exercise 2:

a.
Sample Mean
6, 9, 12 9
6, 9, 15 10
6, 9, 18 11
6, 9, 21 12
6, 12, 15 11
6, 12, 18 12
6, 12, 21 13
6, 15, 18 13
6, 15, 21 14
6, 18, 21 15
9, 12, 15 12
9, 12, 18 13
 9, 12, 21 14
9, 15, 18 14
9, 15, 21 15
9, 18, 21 16
12, 15, 18 15
12, 18, 21 16
15, 18, 21 18
b.

Sample Mean Frequency Probability

9 1 1/19=0.053
10 1 1/19=0.053
11 2 2/19=0.105
12 3 3/19=0.158
13 3 3/19=0.158
14 3 3/19=0.158
15 3 3/19=0.158
16 2 2/19=0.105
18 1 1/19=0.053
Total N = 19 1.00

Exercise 3:

a. Given: N = 4 n=2
N!
Formula: nC n=
n ! ( N−n ) !
4! 4 3 2 1 4 3 12
Solution: = = = =6
2! ( 4−2 ) ! 2 1 ( 2 ) ! 2 1 2

b.
S ample Means
10, 12 11
10, 18 19
10, 40 25
12, 18 15
12, 40 26
18, 40 29

c.
Samp le mean Frequency Probability
11 1 1/6=0.167
14 1 1/6=0.167
15 1 1/6=0.167
25 1 1/6=0.167
26 1 1/6=0.167
29 1 1/6=0.167
T otal n=6 1.00

Reflection 10:
 I learned how to construct and distinguish between the parameter and statistic from the topic s
ampling distribution of sample means. A random variable is a function that associates a real number to
each element in the sample space. It is a variable whose values are determined by chance like I
particularly stated at the previous reflection. The sampling distribution is the set of all possible
estimates generates. Researchers use sampling if taking a census of the entire population is
impractical. Data from the sample are used to calculate statistics, which are estimates of the
corresponding parameters. In addition, it defines as a fraction and might be drawn from the
population being studied. Thus, descriptive measures computed from a population is called
parameters, while the descriptive measures computed from a sample is called statistics. The number
of samples of size N is given by nCn. On the other hand, a sampling distribution of sample means is a
frequency distribution using the means computed from all possible random samples of a specific size
taken from a population and it is called probability distribution.
This list written below is a steps in constructing the sampling distribution of the means. First,
determine the number of possible samples that can drawn from the population using the formula: nCn
where capital letter N is the size of the population and small letter n is the size of the sample. Second,
list all the possible samples and compute the mean of each. Third, construct a frequency distribution
of the sample means obtained in the second step.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Third Quarter

Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

 ANSWER SHEET 11
Lesson 11: Finding the Mean an d Variance of the Sampling Distribution of Means

Exercise 1:

a. μ=
∑ x μ= 2+5+ 6+8+10+12+13 = 56 μ=8
N 7 7

( 2−8 )2 + ( 5−8 )2 + ( 6−8 )2 + ( 8−8 )2+ ( 10−80 )2+ (12−8 )2 + ( 13−8 )2

σ 2=
7
36 +9+ 4+0+ 4+16 +25 94
√ σ 2= √13.43 σ =3.66
2 2
σ = σ = =13.43
7 7
b. N = 7 n = 5
N! 7! 7 6 5 ! 7 6 42
nc n= = = = = =21
n ! ( N−n ) ! 5 ! ( 7−5 ) ! 5 ! 2 ! 2 1 2
There are 21 possible samples of sizes that can be drawn.
Sample Mean Sample Mean

2, 5, 6, 8, 10 6.2 2, 6, 8, 10, 12 7.6

2, 5, 6, 8, 12 6.6 2, 6, 8, 10, 13 7.8

2, 5, 6, 8, 13 6.8 2, 6, 8, 12, 13 8.2

2, 5, 6, 10, 12 7 2, 6, 10, 12, 13 8.6

2, 5, 6, 10, 13 7.2 2, 8, 10, 12, 13 9

2, 5, 6, 12, 13 7.6 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 8.2

2, 5, 8, 10, 12 7.4 5, 6, 8, 10, 13 8.4

2, 5, 8, 12, 13 8 5, 6, 8, 12, 13 8.8

2, 5, 10, 12, 13 8.4 5, 6, 10, 12, 13 9.2

2, 5, 8, 10, 13 7.6 5, 8, 10, 12, 13 9.6

6, 8, 10, 12, 13 9.8

c.
Sample mean Frequency Probability
6.2 1 1/21 = 0.05
6.6 1 1/21 = 0.05
6.8 1 1/21 = 0.05
7 1 1/21 = 0.05
7.2 1 1/21 = 0.05
7.4 3 3/21 = 0.15
7.6 1 1/21 = 0.05
7.8 1 1/21 = 0.05
8 2 2/21 = 0.10
8.2 2 2/21 = 0.10
8.4 1 1/21 = 0.05
8.6 1 1/21 = 0.05
8.8 1 1/21 = 0.05
9 1 1/21 = 0.05
 9.2 1 1/21 = 0.05
9.6 1 1/21 = 0.05
9.8 1 1/21 = 0.05
Total 21 1.00
d. μ=∑ [ x ¿ P (x)]¿
x=¿ 6.2 (0.05) + 6.6 (0.05) + 6.8 (0.05) + 7 (0.05) + 7.2 (0.05) + 7.4 (0.05) + 7.6 (0.15) + 7.8
(0.05) + 8 (0.05) + 8.2 (0.10) + 8.4 (0.10) + 8.6 (0.05) + 8.8 (0.05) + 9 (0.05) + 9.2 (0.05) + 9.6
(0.05) + 9.8 (0.05)
x=¿0.31 + 0.33 + 0.34 + 0.35 + 0.36 + 0.37 + 1.11 + 0.39 + 0.40 + 0.82 + 0.84 + 0.43 + 0.44 +
0.45 + 0.46 + 0.48 + 0.49
μ=8
Therefore, the mean of the population is equal to the sampling distribution of sample mean
μ x =μ.

e. N = 7 n=5 σ = 13.43
2

√ √
2
σ N −n 13.43 7−5 13.43
σ x= = = 0.58 σ x =3.47
√n N −1 √ 5 7−1 2.24

Exercise 2:

μ=¿18.6 σ =5.9 n=76 μ x =18.6 μ x =μ

σ 5.9 5.9
σ x= σ x= = σ x =0.6768∨0.68
√n √76 8.72
The standard deviation of the sample mean for 76 students is 0.68.
Exercise 3:

μ=3.5 % σ =26 % n=5 μx =3.5 % μx =μ

σ 0.26 0.26
σ x= σ x= = σ x =0.1163∨0.12
√n √ 5 2.24
The standard deviation of portfolio returned is 0.12
Reflection 11:

I learned how to find the mean and the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
means. I also found out the meaning of Central Limit Theorem. The reasons why the normal curve is
important in statistical applications is that under some fairly regular conditions, the normal curve can
be used to approximate sampling distributions of sample averages and sample proportions regardless
of the original shape of the parent distributions provided that the sample sizes are rather large. To be
more specific, if the random samples of size n are drawn from a population, then as n becomes larger,
the sampling distribution of the mean approaches the normal distribution, regardless of the shape of
the population distribution and that is the definition of Central Limit Theorem.
If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a population of size N with mean μ and variance
σ
2
, then the sampling distribution of the sample means has the following properties. First, the mean of
the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to the population mean μ ,which is μ x =μ.
Second, the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means σ is given by two formulas:

√
2 2
2 σ N −n σ
σ x= for finite population and σ 2x = for infinite population. Third, the standard deviation
n N −1 n

√
2
σ N −n
of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given also by two formulas: σ x = for
√ n N −1

√ N −n σ
finite population where is the finite population correction factor and σ x = is for infinite
N −1 √n
population. There are steps in constructing the sampling distributions of the means: (1) compute the
population mean; (2) compute the population variance; (3) determine the possible samples; (4) list all
possible samples and their corresponding means; (5) construct the sampling distribution of the sample
means; (6) compute the mean of sampling distribution of the sample means; (7) and compute the
variance.
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Third Quarter

Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

ANSWER SHEET 12
Lesson 12: Computing the Point Estimate of a Population

Exercise 1:

Column Sum of scores Means

1 482 80.33
2 514 85.7
3 497 82.83
4 501 83.5
5 484 80.7
6 533 88.83
7 503 83.83
8 507 84.5
Overall mean 83.77
Solution:
78+ 80+90+75+ 83+76 482
x c 1= = =80.33
6 6
75+ 92+88+85+ 86+88 514
x c 2= = =85.67
6 6
86+82+90+77 +83+76 497
x c 3= = =82.83
6 6
82+85+78+ 88+84+ 84 501
x c 4= = =83.5
6 6
70+ 80+83+85+ 86+80 484
x c 5= = =80.67
6 6
85+88+90 +90+92+ 88 533
x c 6= = =88.83
6 6
83+84+ 86+85+ 80+85 503
x c 7= = =83.83
6 6
86+86+ 84+83+ 80+88 507
x c 8= = =84.5
6 6
Overall mean:

80.33+85.7+ 82.83+83.5+80.7 +88.83+83.83+ 84.5 670.22

= =83.77∨83.8
8 8

Exercise 2:

Column Sum of scores Means

1 51.5 8.6
2 49.2 8.2
 3 54.4 9.1
4 51.4 8.6
5 55.7 9.3
6 56.8 9.5
7 52.3 8.72
8 56.2 9.4
Overall mean 8.93
Solution:
8+ 8.6+7.5+10.4 +7+10 54.4
x c 1= = =8.58
6 6
8.6+10.5+8+7 +8.3+6.8 49.2
x c 2= = =8.2
6 6
12+7.4 +11+6.8+ 7+10.2 54.4
x c 3= = =9.06
6 6
10+6.4 +8.5+7+13.5+ 6 51.4
x c 4= = =8.56
6 6
8+12.2+9.5+7=12.5+6.5 55.7
x c 5= = =9.28
6 6
10.5+ 6.5+12+10.5+7+10.3 56.8
x c 6= = =9.46
6 6
8+12+11.5+7 +7+6.8 52.3
x c 7= = =8.72
6 6
10.6+6.8+12.5+7+ 12.5+6.8 56.2
x c 8= = =9.36
6 6
Overall mean:
8.6+8.2+ 9.1+ 8.6+9.3+ 9.5+8.72+9.4 71.42
= =8.93
8 8

Reflection 12:

In this lesson, I understand the concept of estimation of parameters and identify the possible
point estimators of the population mean. In addition, I became knowledgeable on how to compute the
point estimates of the population mean and proportion. To start the lesson, let us first review the
difference between a parameter and statistic. A parameter is a characteristic of the population, which
is usually unknown and needs to be estimated. On the other hand, a statistic is computed from a
random sample and hence, it is known and is used to estimate the unknown parameter. We say that
the sample mean is an estimate of the population mean μ . Estimation defined as the process of
determining the parameter values. There are two types of estimation: point and interval estimation. A
point estimate is a specific value of a population parameter. The sample mean x – is the best point
estimate of the population mean, while an interval estimate is a range of values that may contain the
parameter of a population. In estimating a parameter, the mathematical expression or formula used in
coming up with the estimate is referred to as estimator while the estimate is a numeral value or range
that arrived at when we apply the estimator using the sample data.
A good estimator has the following has the following properties: First, when the mean of a
sample statistic from a large number of different random samples equals the true population
parameter, then the sample is an unbiased estimate of the population parameter and second, across
the many repeated samples, the estimates are not very far from the true parameter value. If, on the
average, the estimates are greater than the parameter value or the bias is positive, then we say that
the estimator overestimates the parameter. On the other hand, if on the average, the estimates are
less than the parameter value or bias is negative, then we say that the estimator underestimates the
parameter. When bias is equal to zero, the estimator is unbiased.
When dealing with a large number of values, the mean of small samples may be obtained.
These means constitute a sampling distribution of means. To find the overall mean, simply find the
sum of the mean values. Then, divide this sum by the total number of sample means.
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Third Quarter

Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

ANSWER SHEET 13
Lesson 13: Understanding Confidence Interval Estimates for the Sample Mean

Exercises:

1) A sample mean is an average of a set of data, which can be used to calculate the central tendency,
standard deviation and the variance of a data. It can also be applied to a variety of uses, including the
calculating population averages.

2) An interval estimate is a preferred value for the population parameter because it is used to express
accuracy and precision, which are both measures the closeness of the estimates.

3) On the sample size of 20, which is the population is based on it, we can conclude that the 95%
confidence interval estimated is between 35.19 and 37.81.
a. Solution:
x=36.5 σ =3 n=20. The confidence coefficient is 1.96

( )
E=z α / 2
σ
√n
=1.96
3
( )
√ 20
=1.96 ( 0.671 ) E=1.3148∨1.31

( )
x=z α /2
σ
√n ( )
< μ<+ x + z α / 2
σ
√n
x=1.96
( √320 )< μ <+ x+ 1.96( √320 )
36.5−1.96 ( 0.67 ) ¿ 36.5+1.96 ( 0.67 )
36.5−1.31¿ 36.5+1.31
35.19 ¿ 37.81
b. The assumptions satisfied because the set of data are normally distributed. It is already enough
for the central limit to hold, resulting in normal distribution and the confidence interval applies
to the sample mean.

4)
Point Estimate 95% Confidence Interval
1. The proportion of interest is the mean age of a. The confidence coefficient of 98% is 1.96.
all Grade 9 students.
2. a. The sample size of 60 Grade 9 students is ( )
b. E=z α / 2
σ
√n
=1.96
( )
4
√ 60
=1.96 ( 0.52 )=1.01

large enough for the Central Limit Theorem to

hold. The sampling distribution is normal.
c. x−z α /2( )
σ
√n ( )
< μ<+ x + z α / 2
σ
√n
 b. The test statistics is z σ / 2=16 σ =4
c. For 95% confidence interval, 1.00 – 0.95 = 0.05
For 99% confidence interval, 1.00 – 0.99 = 0.01
3. a. x=15.3 n=60 σ=4
b. The point estimate for the population mean is
15.3 years. (the sample mean)
x−1.96 ( 0.52 ) < μ<+ x+1.96 ( 0.52 )
13.5−1.01+ 13.5+ 1.01
12.49 ¿ 14.51
d. Therefore, the interval between 12.49 to
14.51 hold the population mean based on 60
students.

99% Confidence Interval

a. The confidence coefficient of 99% is 2.576.

( )
b. E=z α / 2
σ
√n
=2.576
( ) 4
√ 60
=2.567 ( 0.52 )=1.34

c. ( )
x−z α /2
σ
√n ( )
< μ<+ x + z α / 2
σ
√n

( )
x=2.576
4
√60
< μ< x +2.576
( )
4
√ 60
13.5−2.576 ( 0.52 ) < μ<13.5+2.576 ( 0.52 )
13.5−1.34 ¿ 13.5+1.34
12.16 ¿ 14.84
d. Therefore, the interval between 12.56 to 14.84 hold the population
mean μbased on 60 students in Grade 9.

Reflection 13:

I now understand the confidence estimates for the same mean, which is the topic discussed in
this lesson. I also recognized the definition of confidence level and confidence interval then, learned
how to compute it. An interval estimate which is also called a confidence interval is a range of values
that is used to estimate a parameter. This estimate may or may not contain the true parameter value.
The confidence level of an interval estimate of a parameter is the probability that the interval estimate
contains the parameter. It describes what percentage of intervals from many different sample contain

the unknown population parameter. There is formula for confidence interval, E=z α / 2 ( √σn ) .However,
when σ is not known as is often the case), the sample standard deviation s is used to approximate σ .

So, the formula for E is modified, which is E ≈ z α/ 2 ( )

s
√n
.

In computing interval for a population mean by using raw data, round off to one more decimal
place than the number of decimal places in the original data. In computing a confidence interval for a
population mean by using a sample mean and a standard deviation, round off to the same number of
decimal places as given for the mean. There are four step processes in computing the interval
estimate: Step 1. Describe the population parameter of interest. Step 2. Specify the confidence interval
criteria: a) check the assumptions; b) determine the test statistic to be used; c) state the level of
confidence. Step 3. Collect and present sample evidence: a) collect the sample information; b) find the
point estimate. Step 4. Determine the confidence interval: a) determine the confidence coefficients; b)
find the maximum error E of the estimate; c) find the lower and the upper confidence limits; and d)
describe or interpret the results.
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Third Quarter

Name: Darnie Loi A. Taule Grade 11 – Hephaestus (STEM)

ANSWER SHEET 14
Lesson 14: Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean When Ơ is Unknown

Exercises:

1)
n Degrees of Freedom Confidence Coefficient
12 11 95% = 2.201
15 14 95% = 2.145
21 20 99% = 2.845
23 22 95% = 2.074
25 24 99% = 2.797

2)
Point Estimate 95% Confidence Interval
1. The parameter of interest is the 4. a. For the t – table for n = 17 df = 16. The 95% (.95)
mean μ score of students who took confidence coefficient for this value from the t – table is t
special test. = 2.120.
2. a. The random sample of a student
that comes from an approximately ( )
b. E=t σ 2
s
√n
=2.120
( ) 41
√17
=2.120 ( 0.99 ) =4.47

normal distribution.
b. The c test statistic is the t, s = 4.1 ( )
c. x−t σ 2
s
√n ( )
< μ< x+ t
s
√n
c. For a 95% confidence, a = 1.00 –
0.95 = 0.05
x−2.120
( ) 41
√17 ( )
< μ < x+ 2.120
4
√17
3. a. The sample information consist 83.5−2.210 ( 0.99 ) < μ<83.5+ 2.120 ( 0.99 )
of 17 students with x=83.5 and s=4.1 79.03 ¿ 87.97
. The highest lowest confidence limits are 79.03 to 87.97,
b. The point estimate for the respectively.
population mean µ is 83.5. d. Thus, the interval between 79,03 and 87.97 holds the
true mean scores of students who took special test
based on the sample of 17 students.

3)
Point of Estimate
1. The average of youth volunteers
in a common project is the
parameter of interest.
99% Confidence Interval
4. a. From the t – table, for n = 20 df = 17.
The 99% or 0.99 confidence coefficient for this value from
the t – table is 2.861.
 2. a. The sample size of 20 youth is
drawn from a roughly normal
b. E=t σ 2
s
√n( )
=2.861
( ) 2
√20
=2.861 ( 0.45 )=1.28

distribution.
b. The c test statistics t, and s = 2
c. x−t σ 2
s
√n( ) ( )
< μ< x+ t
s
√n
c. For a 99% confidence, a = 1.00 –
0.99 = 0.01 ( )
x−2.861
2
√ 20
< μ< x+2.861 ¿

3. a. The sample information 17.5−2.861 ( 0.45 )< μ <17.5+2.861(0.45)

consists of 20 youths with
x=17.5∧s=2
b. The point estimate for the
population mean is 1.5. (the
sample mean)
17.5−1.28¿ 17.5+1.28
16.22 ¿ 18.78
The highest and lowest confidence limits are 16.22 to 18.78,
respectively.
d. Thus, the interval between 16.72 and 18.78 holds the
true mean age the population of youth volunteers in a
community project based on the sample of 20 youth.

4)
Point of Estimation 95% Confidence Interval
1. The parameter of interest is the 4. a. From the t – table, for n = 25 df = 24.
average weight µ of chocolate bars. The 95% or 0.95 confidence coefficient for this values from
2. a. The sample size of 25 chocolate the t – table is 2.064.
bars selected from a normally
distributed population.
b. E=t σ 2
√n( )
s
=2.064
( ) 10
√ 25
=2.064 ( 2 )=4.128

b. The c test statistics are t and s =

10 (g)
c. x−t σ 2 ( )
s
√n ( )
< μ< x+ t
s
√n
c. For a 95% confidence, a = 1.00 –
0.95 = 0.05
x−2.064
( ) 10
√25 ( )
< μ< x +2.064
10
√25
3. a. The sample information 200−2..064 ( 2 )< μ <200+2.064 ( 2 )
consists of 25 chocolate bars with 200−4.128 ¿ 200+ 4.128
x=200 (g) and s=¿ 10 (g) 195.87 to 204.13
b. The point estimate for the The highest and lowest confidence limits are 195.87g to
weighted mean µ is 200 g (the 204.13g, respectively.
sample mean) d. Therefore, the interval between 195.87 and 204.13
holds the true average weight of the chocolate bars based
on the sample of 25 chocolate bars.

Reflection 14:

In this lesson, I learned how to identify the appropriate distribution when the population σ is
unknown and I understand the t – distribution. I also discovered the difference between a z –
distribution and a t – distribution and compute t from the copy of t – table given by our subject
teacher. The assumptions in computing for the population mean is that when n ≥ 30, and σ is
unknown, the standard deviation s can be substituted for σ . However, the following assumptions
should be met: first, the sample is a random sample and second, either n ≥ 30 or the population is
normally distributed when n<30 .

On the other hand, the degrees of freedom, which is denoted by df are the number of values
that are to vary after a sample statistic has been computed. In addition, it indicates the specific curve
to use when a distribution consists of a family of curves. The general expression for the confidence
interval when σ is unknown is, x=± ( √sn ). The distribution of values is called t – distribution. The
formula for computing the confidence interval using the t – distribution is, x−t ( )< μ< x +t ( ).
s s
√n √n
There are steps in computing the interval estimate of the population mean when σ is unknown:
Step 1. Describe the population parameter of interest. Step 2. Specify the confidence interval criteria:
a) check the assumptions; b) determine the test statistic to be used. In this case, it is the t statistic; c)
state the level of confidence. Step 3. Collect and present sample evidence: a) collect the sample
information; b) find the point estimate. Step 4. Determine the confidence interval: a) determine the
confidence coefficients(t a /2) form the t – table; b) find ( )
s
√n
; c) find the lower and the upper
confidence limits; and d) describe the results. If we noticed, the steps are similar to the previous
lesson.