Introductory Mathematical Analysis

For Business, Economics, and The Life and Social Sciences

Fourteenth Canadian Edition

Chapter 2

Functions and Graphs

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Chapter Objectives
• To understand what functions and domains are.
• To introduce different types of functions.
• To introduce addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
and multiplication by a constant.
• To introduce inverse functions and properties.
• To graph equations and functions.
.

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Chapter Outline
2.1) Functions
2.2) Special Functions
2.3) Combinations of Functions
2.4) Inverse Functions
2.5) Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates

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2.1 Functions (1 of 5)
• A function assigns each input number to one output
number.
• The set of all input numbers is the domain of the function.
• The set of all output numbers is the range.

To say that two functions f , g : X ® Y are equal, denoted f = g,

is to say that
1. The domain of f is equal to the domain of g.
2. For every x in the domain of f and g, f (x) = g(x).

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2.1 Functions (2 of 5)
Example 1 – Determining Equality of Functions
Determine which of the following functions are equal.

( x + 2)( x − 1)
a. f ( x) =
( x − 1)
b. g ( x) = x + 2


c. h( x) = x + 2 if x  1
0 if x = 1

d. k ( x) = x + 2 if x  1
3 if x = 1

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2.1 Functions (3 of 5)
Example 1 – Continued

Solution: Observe that the domains of g, h, and k are

equal to each other, but that of f is different. So by
requirement 1 for equality, f ¹ g, f ¹ h and f ¹ k.

By definition, g(x) = h(x) = k(x) for all x ¹ 1.

Note that g (1) = 3, h(1) = 0, and k(1) = 3.
We conclude that g = k and g ¹ h (and h ¹ k).

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2.1 Functions (4 of 5)
Example 3 – Finding Domain and Function Values
Let g ( x) = 3x 2 − x + 5. Note that the domain of g is all real numbers.
a. Find g ( z ).
Solution: g ( z ) = 3z 2 − z + 5
b. Find g (r 2 ).
Solution: g (r 2 ) = 3(r 2 ) 2 − r 2 + 5 = 3r 4 − r 2 + 5
c. Find g ( x + h).
Solution: g ( x + h) = 3( x + h) 2 − ( x + h) + 5
= 3( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) − x − h + 5
= 3x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 − x − h + 5

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2.2 Special Functions (1 of 4)
Example 1 – Constant Function

Let h : (−, ) → (, ) be given by h( x) = 2. The domain of

h is (−, ), the set of all real numbers. All function values
are 2. For example, h(10) = 2, h( −387) = 2, h( x + 3) = 2.

We call h a constant function. More generally, a function

of the form h( x) = c, where c is a constant, is called a
constant function .

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2.2 Special Functions (2 of 4)
Example 3 – Rational Functions
x2 − 6x
a. f ( x) = is a rational function, since the numerator and
x+5
denominator are each polynomials.
2x + 3
b. g ( x) = 2 x + 3 is a rational function, since 2 x + 3 = .
1
Example 5 – Absolute-Value Function
The function f ( x) = x is called the absolute-value function.

x =  x if x  0
− x if x  0

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2.3 Combinations of Functions (1 of 5)
In general, for any functions f , g : X → (−, ), we define the
sum f + g , the difference f − g , the product fg , and the
f
quotient as follows:
g

( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
( f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x)
( fg )( x) = f ( x)  g ( x)
f f ( x)
( x) = for g ( x)  0
g g ( x)

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2.3 Combinations of Functions (2 of 5)
Example 1 – Combining Functions

If f ( x) = 3x − 1 and g ( x) = x 2 + 3x, find a. ( f + g )( x),

f
b. ( f − g )( x), c. ( fg )( x), d. ( x), e. ((1 / 2) f )( x)
g
Solution

a. ( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = (3x − 1) + ( x 2 + 3x) = x 2 + 6 x − 1

b. ( f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x) = (3x − 1) − ( x 2 + 3x) = −1 − x 2

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2.3 Combinations of Functions (3 of 5)
Example 1 – Continued
Solution, continued
c. ( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = (3x − 1)( x 2 + 3x) = 3 x 3 + 8 x 2 − 3 x
f f ( x) 3x − 1
d. ( x) = = 2
g g ( x) x + 3x
e. ((1 / 2) f )( x) = (1 / 2)( f ( x)) = (1 / 2)(3 x − 1)

• We can also combine two functions by first applying one

function to an input and then applying the other function to
the output of the first.
• This is called composition.
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2.3 Combinations of Functions (4 of 5)

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2.4 Inverse Functions (1 of 4)
A function that satisfies, for all a and b,
if f (a ) = f (b) then a = b,
is called a one - to - one function.

A function has an inverse, written f −1 ( x), precisely if it is one-to-one.

In general,
f −1 ( f ( x)) = x for all x in the domain of f
and
f ( f −1 ( y )) = y for all y in the range of f

Note that the range of f can be different from the domain of f .

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2.4 Inverse Functions (4 of 4)
Example 5 – Finding the Inverse of a Function

To find the inverse of a one-to-one function f , solve the equation

y = f ( x) for x in terms of y, obtaining x = g ( y ).
Then f −1 ( x) = g ( x). Find f −1 ( x) if f ( x) = ( x − 1) 2 , for x  1.

Solution: Let y = ( x − 1) 2 , for x  1. Then x − 1 = y and hence,

x= y + 1. It follows that f −1 ( x) = x + 1.

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates (1 of 5)
• A rectangular coordinate system allows us to specify
and locate points in a plane. It also provides a geometric
way to graph equations in two variables.

An x-intercept of the graph of an

equation in x and y is a point where
the graph intersects the x-axis.

A y -intercept is a point where the

graph intersects the y -axis.

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates (2 of 5)
Example 1 – Intercepts of a Graph

Find the x- and y -intercepts of the graph of y = 2 x + 3,

and sketch the graph.
Solution: If y = 0,
3
then 0 = 2 x + 3 so that x = − .
2
 3 
Thus, the x-intercept is  − , 0  .
 2 
If x = 0, then
y = 2(0) + 3 = 3, so the y -intercept is (0, 3).

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates (3 of 5)
Example 3 – Intercepts of a Graph

Determine the intercepts of the graph x = 3, and

sketch the graph.
Solution: We can write x = 3 as x = 3 + 0 y.
Here y can be any value, but x must be 3.
The x-intercept is (3, 0),
and there is no y -intercept
because x cannot be 0.

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates (4 of 5)
Example 5 – Graph of the Absolute-Value Function
Graph p = G (q ) = q .
Solution: We use the independent variable q to label the
horizontal axis. The function-value axis can be labeled
either G (q ) or p. Note the sharp corner at the origin.

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates (5 of 5)
Example 7 – Graph of a Case-Defined Function
Graph the case-defined function

 x if 0  x < 3

f ( x) =  x − 1 if 3  x  5
 4 if 5 < x  7


Solution:

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