BIOMED Aug 30, 2023 ‭-‬ ‭ iagnostic interpretation via signal-processing‬

D
‭Lesson 1: Historical Perspective‬ ‭techniques of bioelectric data‬
‭-‬ ‭Therapeutic and rehabilitation procedures and devices‬
‭Evolution of the Modern Health Care System‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Rehabilitation engineering‬
‭-‬ ‭America hospitals a century ago were rather simple in‬ ‭-‬ ‭Devices for replacement or augmentation of bodily‬
‭that their organization required no special provisions‬ ‭functions‬
‭for research or technology and demanded only‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Artificial organs‬
‭cooking and washing facilities‬ ‭-‬ ‭Computer analysis of patient-related data and clinical‬
‭-‬ ‭Since the attending and consulting physicians were‬ ‭decision-making‬
‭normally unsalaried, and the nursing costs were quite‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Medical informatics‬
‭modest, the great bulk of the hospital’s normal‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Artificial intelligence‬
‭operating expense were for food, drugs, and utilities‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Medical Imaging‬
‭➢‬ ‭Stem Cell Research‬ ‭-‬ ‭The graphics display of anatomic detail or‬
‭-‬ ‭Potential applications made possible‬ ‭physiologic function‬
‭➢‬ ‭Robotic Surgery‬ -‭ ‬ ‭The creation of new biological products‬
‭-‬ ‭A new tool in the arsenal of the physician‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Biotechnology‬
‭➢‬ ‭Tissue engineering‬
‭Healthcare 1.0 (1970-1991)‬
‭-‬ ‭The emergence of modular IT systems‬ ‭Typical pursuits of biomedical engineers include the following‬
‭-‬ ‭No digital systems‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Research in new materials for implanted artificial‬
‭-‬ ‭Paper-based prescriptions and reports‬ ‭organs‬
‭2.‬ ‭Development of new diagnostic instruments for blood‬
‭Healthcare 2.0 (1991-2005)‬ ‭analysis‬
‭-‬ ‭Health and information technologies integration‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Writing software for analysis of medical research data‬
‭-‬ ‭Digital tracking‬ ‭4.‬ ‭Analysis of medical device hazards for safety and‬
‭-‬ ‭Documents and patient records via mobile devices‬ ‭efficacy‬
‭-‬ ‭New user-enabled‬ ‭5.‬ ‭Development of new diagnostic imaging systems‬
‭6.‬ ‭Design of telemetry systems for patient monitoring‬
‭Healthcare 3.0 (2005-2016)‬ ‭7.‬ ‭Design of biomedical sensors‬
‭-‬ ‭Electronic healthcare records systems‬ ‭8.‬ ‭Development of expert systems for the diagnosis and‬
‭-‬ ‭Wearable and implantable systems‬ ‭treatment of diseases‬
‭-‬ ‭Arrival of web 3.0‬ ‭9.‬ ‭Design of closed-loop control systems for drug‬
‭-‬ ‭Real-time tracking of patient‬ ‭administration‬
‭10.‬ ‭Modeling of the psychological systems of the human‬
‭Healthcare 4.0 (2016-Today)‬ ‭body‬
‭-‬ ‭Hi-tech and hi-touch systems‬ ‭11.‬ ‭Design of instrumentation for sports medicine‬
‭-‬ ‭Real-time access to patients’ clinical data‬ ‭12.‬ ‭Design of communication aids for individuals with‬
‭-‬ ‭Personalized healthcare in real-time‬ ‭disabilities‬
‭-‬ ‭Use integral of disruptive technologies such as IoT, AI,‬ ‭13.‬ ‭Study of biomechanics of the human body‬
‭VR/AR, CPS, and Big data‬ ‭14.‬ ‭Development of material to be used as replacement‬
‭for human skin‬
‭Biomedical Engineering‬
‭-‬ ‭Application of the principles and problem-solving‬ ‭Clinical Engineer‬
‭techniques of engineering to biology and medicine‬ ‭-‬ ‭When a biomedical engineer works within a hospital or‬
‭-‬ ‭Focuses on the advances that improve human health‬ ‭clinic‬
‭and health care at all levels‬ -
‭ ‬ ‭Essentially responsible for‬
‭-‬ ‭Applies electrical, chemical, optical, mechanical, and‬ ‭●‬ ‭All the high-technology instruments and‬
‭other engineering principles to understand, modify, or‬ ‭systems used in hospitals today‬
‭control biological systems (i.e., human and animal)‬ ‭●‬ ‭The training of medical personnel in‬
‭-‬ ‭Significantly concerned primarily with the development‬ ‭equipment safety‬
‭of medical devices in the 1950s and 1960s‬ ‭●‬ ‭The design, selection, and use of technology‬
‭-‬ ‭Application of engineering system analysis‬ ‭to deliver safe and effective healthcare‬
‭➢‬ ‭Physiologic modeling‬
‭➢‬ ‭Simulation‬
‭➢‬ ‭Control to biological problems‬
‭-‬ ‭Detection, measurement, and monitoring of‬
‭physiologic signals‬
‭➢‬ ‭Biosensors and biomedical instrumentation‬
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 ‭-‬ I‭ncreased understanding of a biological‬
‭mechanism results from this iterative process‬
‭-‬ ‭Mathematical models ay be created to model‬
‭the kinematics of the heart during contraction‬
‭and equations to define the behavior of fluid‬
‭flow which can also predict the effect of‬
‭these changes on a biological system in‬
‭cases where the actual experiments may be‬
‭tedious, very difficult, or dangerous‬

‭Ultimate Role of Biomedical Engineers‬

‭-‬ ‭Serve the society‬
‭-‬ ‭Healthcare practitioners and administrators‬
‭should be aware of the needs and the roles‬
‭-‬ ‭The great potential, challenge, and promise in‬
‭Roles of Biomedical Engineers‬ ‭this endeavor offer not only significant‬
‭1.‬ ‭Clinical engineer in healthcare‬ ‭technological benefits but humanitarian as‬
‭2.‬ ‭Biomedical design engineer for industry‬ ‭well‬
‭3.‬ ‭Research scientist‬
‭Recent Advances in Biomedical Engineering‬
‭The Problem Solvers‬ ‭●‬ ‭Prosthetics‬
‭●‬ ‭Clinical engineer in healthcare‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Replacement limb for the human body‬
‭●‬ ‭Biomedical design engineer for industry‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Neural prosthetics‬
‭●‬ ‭Tissue Engineering‬
‭-‬ ‭ aintains the traditional service relationship‬
M ‭➢‬ ‭Stem cell research‬
‭with the life scientists who originate a‬
‭problem that can be solved by applying the‬
‭specific expertise of the engineer‬
‭-‬ ‭Must understand the biological situation to‬
‭apply their judgment, and contribute their‬
‭knowledge toward the solution to the given‬
‭problem, as well as to defend their methods‬
‭in terms that the life scientist can understand‬

‭Technological Entrepreneur‬
‭●‬ ‭Biomedical design engineer for industry‬

‭-‬ ‭ xamine some portion of the biological or‬

E
‭medical front and identify areas in which‬
‭advanced technology might be advantageous‬
‭-‬ ‭Assumes that the gap between the‬
‭technological education of the life scientist or‬
‭physician and the present technological‬
‭capability has become so great that the‬
‭scientist cannot pose a problem that will‬
‭incorporate the application of existing‬
‭technology‬

‭Engineer Scientist‬
‭●‬ ‭Academic institutions‬
‭●‬ ‭Industrial research labs‬

‭-‬ I‭nterested in applying engineering concepts‬

‭and techniques to investigate and explore‬
‭biological processes‬
‭-‬ ‭The result of these experiments can be used‬
‭to amend the model‬

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 BIOMED Sep 6, 2023 ‭-‬ ‭ hen the patient/surrogate has provided‬
W
‭Lesson 2: Moral and Ethical Issues‬ ‭specific written consent, the consent form‬
‭should be included in the record‬
‭Morality‬
‭-‬ ‭Represents the codes of conduct of a society‬ ‭ egulation of Medical Device Innovation‬
R
‭Medical Device‬
‭Ethics‬ ‭-‬ ‭Can be any instrument, apparatus, implement,‬
‭-‬ S
‭ tudy of right and wrong, of good and evil in human‬ ‭machine, appliance, implant, reagent for in vitro use,‬
‭conduct‬ ‭software, material or other similar or related article,‬
‭intended by the manufacturer to be used, alone or in‬
‭Purpose of Experimentation‬ ‭combination for a medical purpose‬
‭1.‬ ‭Therapeutic Experiment‬
‭-‬ ‭May have a direct benefit for the patient‬ ‭Medical Device Regulation‬
‭➢‬ ‭Nonconventional Radiotherapy‬ ‭-‬ ‭Purpose for which they were designed, be robust, and‬
‭-‬ ‭To inhibit the progress of a‬ ‭avoid harm to the patient and operator‬
‭malignant cancer‬ ‭-‬ ‭Adverse events are being reported, including severe‬
‭➢‬ ‭Pacemakers‬ ‭and fatal events‬
‭-‬ ‭To provide the necessary‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Medication side effects‬
‭electrical stimulation for‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Injury‬
‭proper heart function‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Psychological harm or trauma‬
‭➢‬ ‭Artificial Kidneys‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Death‬
‭-‬ ‭To mimic nature’s function‬ ‭-‬ ‭Regulation aims to ensure that medical devices‬
‭and remove poisons from‬ ‭become safer, of better quality, and have a better‬
‭the blood‬ ‭design‬
‭2.‬ ‭Nontherapeutic Experiment‬
‭-‬ ‭To provide additional knowledge without‬ ‭Why do we need the following‬
‭direct benefit to the person‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Safety‬
‭➢‬ ‭Study the impact of infection from‬ ‭-‬ ‭Enhance the health of the patient‬
‭the hepatitis virus or the malarial‬ ‭-‬ ‭Medical devices must not harm those who‬
‭parasite‬ ‭use or operate them‬
‭➢‬ ‭Procedures involved in cardiac‬
‭catheterization‬ ‭●‬ ‭High Safety Risk‬
‭➢‬ ‭Implants‬
‭Informed Consent‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Pacemakers‬
‭-‬ ‭Fundamental in both ethics and law‬ ‭●‬ ‭Low Safety Risk‬
‭-‬ ‭Educates a patient about the risks, benefits, and‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Contact lenses‬
‭alternatives of a given procedure or intervention‬ ‭➢‬ ‭Adhesive plasters‬
‭-‬ ‭The patient must be competent to make a voluntary‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Uniform Requirement‬
‭decision about whether to undergo the procedure or‬ ‭-‬ ‭Standardizing the basic design and‬
‭intervention‬ ‭requirements‬
‭-‬ ‭Any technology may be used as long as the‬
‭1.‬ A ‭ ssess the patient’s ability to understand relevant‬ ‭process and final product comply with the‬
‭medical information and the implications of treatment‬ ‭essential requirements‬
‭alternatives and to make an independent, voluntary‬ ‭-‬ ‭Allows the identification of safety issues to‬
‭decision‬ ‭take corrective actions‬
‭2.‬ ‭Present relevant information accurately and sensitively,‬ ‭ .‬ ‭Promote Innovation‬
3
‭in keeping with the patient’s preferences for receiving‬ ‭-‬ ‭Regulatory oversight can shift the emphasis‬
‭medical information, including the following‬ ‭to truly beneficial change in the form of safer,‬
‭information‬ ‭more effective, or less expensive devices‬
‭a.‬ ‭The diagnosis (when known)‬ ‭-‬ ‭Indigenous product development will also be‬
‭b.‬ ‭The nature and purpose of recommended‬ ‭encouraged, for domestic as well as foreign‬
‭interventions‬ ‭sales, if regulations in the manufacturing‬
‭c.‬ ‭The burdens, risks, and expected benefits of‬ ‭country are harmonized with those of the‬
‭all options, including forgoing treatment‬ ‭exporting countries‬
‭3.‬ ‭Document the informed consent conversation and the‬ ‭4.‬ ‭Free Movement of Goods‬
‭patient’s (or surrogate’s) decision in the medical record‬ ‭-‬ ‭Uniform standards allow goods to be‬
‭in some manner‬ ‭imported and exported‬

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 ‭-‬ ‭ ransparency as to device compliance with‬
T
‭regulatory standards and pricing regulation is‬
‭also ensured‬
‭5.‬ ‭Compensation‬
‭-‬ ‭Strict regulation allows patients to be‬
‭compensated for harm caused by device‬
‭defects‬

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 BIOMED Sep 6, 2023
‭Lesson 3: Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Engineering‬
‭Tissue Engineering‬
‭-‬ ‭Integrating biology with engineering to create tissues‬
‭or cellular products outside the body (ex vivo) or to‬
‭use the gained knowledge to better manage the repair‬
‭of tissues within the body (in vivo)‬
‭Required understanding in‬
‭1.‬ ‭Medical‬
‭●‬ ‭Diverse biological field, including cell and‬
‭molecular biology‬
‭●‬ ‭Physiology and systems integration‬
‭●‬ ‭Stem cell proliferation and differentiation‬
‭●‬ ‭Extracellular matrix chemistry and‬
‭compounds, and endocrinology‬
‭2.‬ ‭Engineering‬
‭●‬ ‭Biochemical and mechanical engineering‬
‭●‬ ‭Polymer sciences, bioreactor design and‬
‭application‬
‭●‬ ‭Mass transfer analysis of gas and liquid‬
‭metabolites‬
‭●‬ ‭biomaterials‬
‭ ‬ ‭A pill that you swallow‬
●
‭●‬ ‭A vaccine that is injected‬
-‭ ‬ ‭Unacceptable side effects‬
‭-‬ ‭Side effects occur because drugs interact with healthy‬
‭organs or tissues, and this can limit our ability to treat‬
‭many diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative‬
‭diseases, and infectious diseases‬
‭-‬ ‭Continuing advances will help to facilitate the targeted‬
‭delivery of drugs while also mitigating their side effects‬
‭Current medical practices‬
‭1.‬ ‭A topical (used on the skin) antibacterial ointment for‬
‭the treatment of a localized infection or a cortisone‬
‭injection to relieve pain in a joint can avoid some of the‬
‭systemic side effects of these medications‬
‭2.‬ ‭Vaccines work by providing our immune system with‬
‭instructions to recognize and attack a pathogen‬

‭Regenerative Medicine‬
‭-‬ ‭A broad field that includes tissue engineering but also‬
‭incorporates research on self-healing‬
‭-‬ ‭Where the body uses its own systems, sometimes with‬
‭help foreign biological material to recreate cells and‬
‭rebuild tissues and organs‬

‭Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Engineering‬

‭-‬ ‭Focus on cures instead of treatments for complex,‬
‭often chronic, diseases‬

‭Current medical practices‬

‭1.‬ ‭Small role in patient treatment‬
‭2.‬ ‭Supplemental bladders, small arteries, skin grafts,‬
‭cartilage, and full trachea‬
‭3.‬ ‭Implanter in patients, but the procedures are still‬
‭experimental and very costly‬
‭4.‬ ‭Complex organ tissues (heart, lung, liver tissue)‬
‭5.‬ ‭Successfully recreated in the lab‬
‭6.‬ ‭Long way from being fully reproducible and ready to‬
‭implant into a patient‬
‭7.‬ ‭Help into research on drug development‬
‭8.‬ ‭Using functional human tissue‬
‭-‬ ‭To help screen medication candidates could‬
‭speed up development‬
‭-‬ ‭Provide key tools for facilitating personalized‬
‭medicine while saving money‬
‭-‬ ‭Reducing the number of animals used for‬
‭research‬

‭Drug Delivery System‬

‭-‬ ‭Technologies that carry drug into or throughout the‬
‭body‬
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 BIOMED Sep 15, 2023 ‭6.‬ ‭Quality Control and Calibrating‬
‭ pecial Lecture: Point-of-Care Testing‬
S ‭-‬ ‭Normal and pathologic (abnormal) control‬
‭Lectured by Dean Mark Francisco‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Calibration‬
‭-‬ ‭Adjusting the device for a certain value‬
‭Engineering for Medical Application‬ ‭7.‬ ‭Safety‬
‭-‬ ‭Analyze life phenomena and create future medical care‬ ‭-‬ ‭Patient and analyst‬

‭What is Biomedical Engineering‬ ‭●‬ ‭ dvances in medical, analytical, and engineering‬

A
‭-‬ ‭Combines medicine and technology‬ ‭technologies‬
‭-‬ ‭Involves engineering streams of electrical, chemical,‬ ‭●‬ ‭Analyte portable measuring devices‬
‭mechanical, and materials‬
‭-‬ ‭Invent, design, and build new types of diagnostics,‬ ‭ uality Assurance‬
Q
‭monitoring tools, and therapies‬ ‭Internal Quality Control‬
‭-‬ ‭3D-printed body parts, cardiac pacemakers, 4D‬ ‭-‬ ‭Onboard QC, Internal checks, Electronic QC,‬
‭ultrasound, x-ray machines, brain-machine interfaces‬ ‭Intelligent QC‬
‭and robotic prosthetics‬ ‭-‬ ‭Performed in a specific time interval or daily‬
‭-‬ ‭Also known as subjective quality control‬
‭POCT‬
‭-‬ ‭ nalytical patient-testing performed outside the‬
A ‭External Quality Control‬
‭clinical laboratory‬ ‭-‬ ‭Proficiency testing‬
‭-‬ ‭Also known as‬ ‭-‬ ‭“Blind samples” for participating laboratories‬
‭●‬ ‭Near patient testing‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Blind Samples‬
‭●‬ ‭Extra-laboratory analyses‬ ‭-‬ ‭You do not know the value of the sample‬
‭●‬ ‭Ancillary testing‬ ‭-‬ ‭More objective‬
‭●‬ ‭Bedside testing‬
‭●‬ ‭Physician’s office testing‬ ‭ otal System POCT Quality Assurance (Characteristics of‬
T
‭●‬ ‭Alternative site testing‬ ‭POCT)‬
‭-‬ ‭Most commonly seen in:‬ ‭1.‬ ‭A mechanism to perform a thorough systems‬
‭➢‬ ‭Emergency room‬ ‭validation‬
‭➢‬ ‭Operating room‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Reliable, user-friendly device‬
‭➢‬ ‭ICU‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Training of operators‬
‭➢‬ ‭Phyisician’s clinics‬ ‭4.‬ ‭Competency assessment of all individuals involved in‬
‭➢‬ ‭Nursing home‬ ‭POCT‬
‭➢‬ ‭Pharmacies‬ ‭5.‬ ‭QC testing and monitoring‬
‭➢‬ ‭Counseling centers‬ ‭6.‬ ‭Ensuring required maintenance‬
‭➢‬ ‭Ambulance‬ ‭7.‬ ‭Proficiency testing‬
‭8.‬ ‭Connectivity and bar-coding technologies‬
‭POCT Checklist – Things to Consider‬
‭1.‬ ‭Quality Management‬ ‭Advantages of POCT‬
‭-‬ ‭Goal: POCT providing equivalent results with‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Major: faster delivery of results‬
‭those from the central laboratory‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Work with flow of patient management and care‬
‭-‬ ‭Still accuracy and precision concerns were‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Faster medical decision‬
‭observed in some POCT‬ ‭4.‬ ‭Smaller sample volume requirement‬
‭2.‬ ‭Specimen Handling‬ ‭5.‬ ‭Requires smaller amount of reagent‬
‭3.‬ ‭Reagents‬ ‭6.‬ ‭Requires few steps‬
‭4.‬ ‭Instruments and Equipment‬ ‭7.‬ ‭Portability of the device‬
‭5.‬ ‭Personnel‬ ‭8.‬ ‭Aids in the reduction of preanalytical and post‬
‭-‬ ‭Most critical‬ ‭analytical laboratory related errors‬

‭●‬ ‭Accurate‬ ‭Disadvantages of POCT‬

‭-‬ ‭The measurement is near the target‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Quality of results is a concern since POCT is‬
‭value‬ ‭performed by non laboratory personnel‬
‭2.‬ ‭Training: value of quality control is important‬
‭●‬ ‭Precise‬
‭-‬ T ‭ he measured values are near to‬ ‭POCT Analyzers Desirable Characteristics‬
‭each other‬ ‭●‬ ‭Ease of use‬
‭-‬ ‭Not always accurate‬ ‭●‬ ‭Method accuracy‬
‭●‬ ‭Comparable to central laboratory‬
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 ‭‬
● ‭ ortability‬
P ‭ .‬ E
7 ‭ nd-to-end information tracking‬
‭●‬ ‭Durability‬ ‭8.‬ ‭Quick report delivery‬
‭●‬ ‭Low maintenance‬
‭●‬ ‭Simple quality of control‬ ‭Patient Information‬
‭●‬ ‭Simple sample handling‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Patient, sample, operator, and device IDs‬
‭●‬ ‭Barcode patient ID‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Date and time of specimen collection and analysis‬
‭●‬ ‭Laboratory Information System (LIS) ready‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Type of specimen‬
‭●‬ ‭Electronic Medical Record (EMR)‬ ‭4.‬ ‭Test requested and test result (unit)‬
‭5.‬ ‭Error messages and action messages (if any)‬
‭Analytical Principles‬
‭●‬ ‭Reflectance‬ ‭Other Information‬
‭●‬ ‭Electrochemistry/Electric impedance‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Reference range‬
‭-‬ ‭Size is being considered‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Calibrator‬
‭●‬ ‭Light scattering/Optical motion‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Reagent‬
‭-‬ ‭Depends on laser beams‬ ‭4.‬ ‭QC details (lot number and expiration date)‬
‭●‬ ‭Immunoturbidimetry‬ ‭5.‬ ‭Specific comments and alerts‬
‭-‬ ‭Based on the antibody and antigen reaction‬
‭●‬ ‭Lateral flow‬ ‭Types of Result‬
‭●‬ ‭Spectrophotometry‬ ‭●‬ ‭Qualitative‬
‭-‬ ‭The darker the solution, the higher the‬ ‭●‬ ‭Quantitative‬
‭concentration‬
‭●‬ ‭Fluorescence‬ ‭Tests:‬
‭-‬ ‭Change in bright color‬ ‭1.‬ ‭ CG‬
h
‭●‬ ‭Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Glucose‬
‭-‬ ‭To multiply the strand of DNA‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Hemoglobin (Hb)‬
‭4.‬ ‭Rapid HIV‬
‭ OCT Application and Devices‬
P ‭5.‬ ‭Cardiac markers - Troponin‬
‭Test Strip with 8 Electrodes‬ ‭6.‬ ‭pH and Urinalysis‬
‭1.‬ ‭Code calibration (auto-coding)‬ ‭7.‬ ‭HbA1c‬
‭2.‬ ‭Eliminating hematocrit interference‬ ‭8.‬ ‭Blood gasses (pH, O2, PCO2, HCO3)‬
‭3.‬ ‭Eliminating temperature interference‬ ‭9.‬ ‭Electrolytes‬
‭4.‬ ‭Checking humidity‬
‭5.‬ ‭Checking if the sample is sufficient‬
‭6.‬ ‭Checking if the sample is blood or control solution‬
‭7.‬ ‭Checking for possible damage of the test strip‬

‭Uses a Cartridge‬
‭1.‬ ‭Whole blood chemistry test‬
‭2.‬ ‭Hematology (Hb and Hct)‬
‭3.‬ ‭Blood gasses‬

‭Informatics‬
‭-‬ ‭Analyzers connected to LIS or DM system‬
‭-‬ ‭Modem, internet, display screen, printer‬

‭‬
● ‭ atient and Operator ID‬
P
‭●‬ ‭Reference Range‬
‭-‬ ‭Where we compare our results‬
‭●‬ ‭Result Documentation‬
‭-‬ ‭Permanent record‬

‭8 Advantages of using LMI in your Laboratory‬

‭1.‬ ‭Paperless solution‬
‭2.‬ ‭Ease to handle daily inventory‬
‭3.‬ ‭Clear operational analysis‬
‭4.‬ ‭Electronic notification facility‬
‭5.‬ ‭Error-free process‬
‭6.‬ ‭Seamless sample management cycle‬
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BIOMED Oct 4, 2023 ‭-‬ ‭ roblems must be understood before it can‬
P
‭Lesson 5: Bioinformatics‬ ‭be addressed‬
‭-‬ ‭Understand users’ information needs and‬
‭Biomedical Informatics (BMI)‬ ‭workflows‬
‭-‬ ‭The interdisciplinary field that studies and pursues the‬ ‭-‬ ‭Current tools and technologies‬
‭effective uses of biomedical data, information, and‬ ‭-‬ ‭Social and organizational context of‬
‭knowledge for scientific inquiry, problem solving, and‬ ‭information use‬
‭decision making, driven by efforts to improve human‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Developing and implementing technologies, systems,‬
‭health‬ ‭and resources‬
‭-‬ ‭It develops solutions to address gaps‬
‭The Scales of Biomedical Entities (Molecules to Populations)‬ ‭between the information needs of users and‬
‭the tools available for processing, managing,‬
‭storing, manipulating, retrieving, and‬
‭transmitting data and information‬
‭-‬ ‭Examples of work in this category‬
‭➢‬ ‭Developing computational methods‬
‭to help find meaning in data‬
‭➢‬ ‭Designing information systems to‬
‭provide researchers and clinicians‬
‭with information relevant to their‬
‭current task‬
‭➢‬ ‭Developing information resources‬
‭that integrate disparate data to make‬
‭the data more useful‬
‭➢‬ ‭Developing systems that capture‬
‭patient data in ways that are secure,‬
‭support patient care, and are‬
‭suitable for biomedical research‬
‭ .‬ ‭Evaluating and refining technologies, systems, and‬
3
‭resources‬
‭-‬ ‭BMI is a scientific discipline, and therefore‬
‭inquiry is guided by the development and‬
‭testing of theories‬
‭-‬ ‭BMI draws upon many component‬
‭sciences, including information‬
‭science, computer science,‬
‭statistics, organizational science,‬
‭and cognitive science‬
‭-‬ ‭As a science, the object of study in BMI is‬
‭information‬
‭-‬ ‭BMI also incorporates some‬
‭elements of engineering, where the‬
‭focus is building software tools‬

‭4 Biomedical Informatics Sub-Fields‬

‭1.‬ ‭Public Health‬
‭-‬ ‭ MI bridges the gap between data, information, and‬
B ‭-‬ ‭Convergence of two separate disciplines‬
‭knowledge and those who need this information and‬ ‭●‬ ‭Information and computer science‬
‭knowledge to support decision making, problem‬ ‭technology‬
‭solving, and research‬ ‭●‬ ‭Public health practice, research, and‬
‭-‬ ‭The landscape of biomedical informatics is defined by‬ ‭learning‬
‭biomedical entities (left), people (right), information‬ ‭-‬ ‭A combination of IT and public health to form‬
‭technologies and methods (top), and biomedical data,‬ ‭a system in which an avalanche of data‬
‭information, and knowledge (center)‬ ‭relevant to public health can be managed,‬
‭organized, analyzed and communicated‬
‭BMI addresses all phases of problem solving‬ ‭efficiently‬
‭1.‬ ‭Understanding users’ needs and the context of‬ ‭-‬ ‭It uses information science and technology to‬
‭information use‬ ‭improve health‬
‭xiexie <3‬
 ‭-‬ I‭t utilizes applications that prevent disease‬ ‭ leanup, climate change, antibiotic‬
c
‭and possible injury by changing the‬ ‭resistance and more‬
‭environment or tweaking the conditions that‬ ‭●‬ ‭Agriculture‬
‭put large groups of people at risk‬ ‭-‬ ‭By sequencing the genomes of‬
‭-‬ ‭It considers how to effect prevention at all‬ ‭animals and plants, genetic‬
‭vulnerable points in the path to disease,‬ ‭knowledge can be gleaned to help‬
‭disability or injury‬ ‭produce stronger crops while‬
‭2.‬ ‭Clinical‬ ‭improving the quality of livestock‬
‭-‬ A ‭ study of information technology and how it‬
‭can be applied to the healthcare field‬ ‭Big Data Processing and Analytics‬
‭-‬ ‭A clinical informaticist may serve in a‬ ‭-‬ ‭It uses information science and technology to improve‬
‭multitude of roles, such evaluating the‬ ‭health‬
‭existing information systems and recommend‬ ‭-‬ ‭It utilizes applications that prevent disease and‬
‭improvements to functionality‬ ‭possible injury by changing the environment or‬
‭-‬ ‭It manage the costs while improving patient‬ ‭tweaking the conditions that put large groups of‬
‭outcomes‬ ‭people at risk‬
‭●‬ ‭Study a data entry or visual image‬ ‭-‬ ‭It considers how to effect prevention at all vulnerable‬
‭storage system or interact with those‬ ‭points in the path to disease, disability or injury‬
‭who need access to records‬
‭●‬ ‭Train staff on system use, build‬
‭interfaces, troubleshoot software‬
‭and hardware issues, and work‬
‭across multiple departments to‬
‭integrate the sharing of information‬
‭●‬ ‭Document and report their findings‬
‭and work to implement‬
‭improvements‬
‭3.‬ ‭Imaging‬
‭4.‬ ‭Bioinformatics‬
‭-‬ ‭It involves the application of computer‬
‭technology to manage volumes of biological‬
‭information‬
‭-‬ ‭Computers are used to gather, analyze and‬
‭integrate biological and genetic data that can‬
‭then be applied for such uses as gene-based‬
‭drug discovery and development‬

‭Applications for Bioinformatics‬

‭●‬ ‭Basic research‬
‭-‬ ‭Bioinformatics is relied upon to‬
‭assist with research into such areas‬
‭as comparative and evolutionary‬
‭genomics, functional genomics and‬
‭genome wide association analysis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Biomedicine‬
‭-‬ ‭Human genome has helped unlock‬
‭the genetic components for many‬
‭diseases‬
‭-‬ ‭Potential applications include drug‬
‭discovery, personalized medicine,‬
‭preventative medicine and gene‬
‭therapy‬
‭●‬ ‭Microbiology‬
‭-‬ ‭The potential applications here‬
‭involve the study of microorganism‬
‭genomes to assist with‬
‭biotechnology developments, waste‬

‭xiexie <3‬
 BIOMED ‭-‬ ‭ he current is generally converted into‬
T
‭Lesson 6: Biosensors‬ ‭voltage so that it can be properly analyzed‬
‭and represented‬
‭Biosensors‬ ➢
‭ ‬ ‭Glucometer‬
‭-‬ ‭An analytical device that detects changes in biological‬ ‭-‬ ‭A type biosensors, which measure the‬
‭processes (biological or material elements like‬ ‭concentration of glucose in blood‬
‭enzymes, tissues, microorganisms, cells, acids, etc.)‬ ‭-‬ ‭Consists of a test strip‬
‭and converts them into an electrical signal‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Test Strip‬
‭-‬ ‭A combination of a biological sensing element and a‬ ‭-‬ ‭Collects a small sample of blood to‬
‭transducer, which converts the data into electrical‬ ‭analyze the glucose levels‬
‭signals‬ ‭-‬ ‭Consists of a trigger electrode and a‬
‭-‬ ‭There will be an electronic circuit which consists of a‬ ‭reference electrode‬
‭signal conditioning unit‬ ‭-‬ ‭When blood is placed on the test‬
‭➔‬ ‭Signal Conditioning Unit‬ ‭strip, a simple chemical reaction‬
‭-‬ ‭A processor or microcontroller and a display‬ ‭takes place and an electrical current‬
‭unit‬ ‭is generated, which is directly‬
‭proportional to the concentration of‬
‭glucose‬
‭-‬ ‭This particular sensor implements the‬
‭Electroenzymatic approach‬
‭➔‬ ‭Diabetes‬
‭-‬ ‭Disease characterized by the levels of‬
‭glucose in the blood‬
‭Principle of a Biosensor‬ ‭-‬ ‭Regularly checking the blood glucose‬
‭levels is very important for these patients‬

‭Working of Biosensors‬
‭-‬ ‭The combination of biological sensitive element and‬
‭transducer will convert the biological material into a‬
‭corresponding electrical signal‬
‭-‬ ‭Depending on the type of enzyme, the output of the‬
‭transducer will be either current or voltage‬

‭Electroenzymatic Approach‬ ‭Output‬

‭-‬ ‭A chemical process of converting the enzymes into‬ ‭●‬ ‭Voltage‬
‭corresponding electrical signals (usually current) with‬ ‭-‬ W ‭ ell and good‬
‭the help of a transducer‬ ‭➔‬ ‭Output Voltage Signal‬
‭-‬ ‭Commonly used biological response is the oxidation of‬ ‭-‬ ‭Usually very low in‬
‭the enzyme‬ ‭amplitude and‬
‭➔‬ ‭Oxidation‬ ‭superimposed on a high‬
‭-‬ ‭Acts as a catalyst and alters the pH of the‬ ‭frequency noise signal‬
‭biological material‬ ‭-‬ ‭The signal is amplified‬
‭-‬ ‭The change in pH will directly affect the‬ ‭(using an Op-Amp based‬
‭current carrying capacity of the enzyme,‬ ‭Amplifier) and then passed‬
‭which is once again, in direct relation to the‬ ‭through a Low Pass RC‬
‭enzyme being measured‬ ‭Filter‬
‭-‬ ‭The output of the transducer (i.e. the current) is a‬ ‭●‬ ‭Current‬
‭direct representation of the enzyme being measured‬

‭xiexie <3‬
 ‭-‬ I‭t should be converted into‬
‭equivalent voltage before‬
‭proceeding further‬
➔
‭ ‬ ‭Signal Processing Unit or a Signal Conditioning Unit‬
‭-‬ ‭Process of amplifying and filtering the signal‬
‭-‬ ‭The output is an analog signal that is equivalent to‬
‭the biological quantity being measured‬
‭➔‬ ‭Analog Signal‬
‭-‬ ‭A voltage, current, or physical‬
‭quantity that continuously and‬
‭infinitely varies in accordance with‬
‭some time-varying parameter‬
‭-‬ ‭Where the body uses its own‬
‭-‬ ‭ hen a mechanical force is applied‬
W
‭systems, sometimes with help‬
‭on a piezoelectric biosensor, they‬
‭foreign biological material to‬
‭produce an electrical signal‬
‭recreate cells and rebuild tissues‬
‭○‬ ‭Electrochemical Biosensors‬
‭and organs‬
‭-‬ ‭Biological molecules are coated onto‬
‭➢‬ ‭Radio waves, television, or sound‬
‭a probing surface‬
‭waves‬
‭-‬ ‭The sensing molecules are held in‬
‭place with the help of non-interfering‬
‭Different Types of Biosensors‬
‭membrane‬
‭-‬ ‭The sensing molecules react‬
‭appropriately to the compound to be‬
‭detected and produces an electrical‬
‭signal proportional to the quantity‬
‭being measured‬
‭-‬ ‭Can employ various types of‬
‭transducers (Potentiometric,‬
‭Amperometric, Impedimetric)‬
‭-‬ ‭Converting the chemical information‬
‭into a measurable electrical signal‬
‭●‬ ‭Biological Element‬ ‭○‬ ‭Optical Biosensors‬
‭-‬ ‭Used in the analysis or the method of‬ ‭-‬ ‭Optical fibers allow detection of the‬
‭transduction implemented‬ ‭sensing elements based on the‬
‭-‬ ‭Commonly used biological elements or‬ ‭different properties of light like‬
‭bio-recognition elements are DNA, enzymes,‬ ‭absorption, scattering and‬
‭antibodies, microorganisms, tissues, cell‬ ‭fluorescence‬
‭receptors, etc.‬ ‭-‬ ‭One of the main advantages of using‬
‭●‬ ‭Transducting Method‬ ‭optical biosensors is their‬
‭-‬ ‭Type of physicochemical resulting from the‬ ‭non-electrical nature‬
‭sensing event‬ ‭-‬ ‭The reaction causes changes in‬
‭either of the above mentioned‬
‭○‬ ‭Piezoelectric Biosensors‬ ‭properties as a result of the change‬
‭-‬ ‭Also known as Acoustic Biosensors‬ ‭in the refractive index of the‬
‭-‬ ‭Based on the principle of sound‬ ‭interacting surface‬
‭vibrations (i.e. acoustics)‬ ‭-‬ ‭For example, if the‬
‭-‬ ‭The biological elements are attached‬ ‭biological elements are‬
‭to the surface of the piezoelectric‬ ‭antibodies and are bound‬
‭biosensor.‬ ‭with a metal layer, the‬
‭-‬ ‭Essentially a mass to frequency‬ ‭refractive index of the‬
‭converter‬ ‭medium which comes in‬
‭-‬ ‭Converts the mechanical vibrations‬ ‭contact with this layer will‬
‭of the sensing molecules into‬ ‭be varied‬
‭proportional electrical signals‬
‭Advantage of Biosensors over Lab-Based Equipment‬
‭1.‬ ‭Small size‬

‭xiexie <3‬
 ‭ .‬ L
2 ‭ ow cost‬
‭3.‬ ‭Quick results‬
‭4.‬ ‭Very easy to use‬

‭Application of Biosensors‬
‭1.‬ ‭Medicine, Clinical and Diagnostic Applications‬
‭2.‬ ‭Environmental Monitoring‬
‭3.‬ ‭Industrial Applications‬
‭4.‬ ‭Food Industry‬
‭5.‬ ‭Agriculture Industry‬

‭xiexie <3‬
 BIOMED
‭Lesson 7: Radiation Imaging‬

‭Radiation‬
‭-‬ ‭An energy that moves from one place to another in a‬
‭form that can be described as waves or particles‬

‭○‬ ‭Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)‬

‭-‬ ‭Doesn’t rely on X-rays to see‬
‭projected shadows of patients‬
‭-‬ ‭Sees tissues based upon subatomic‬
‭characteristics (magnetism)‬
‭-‬ ‭Proton nucleus of Hydrogen has‬
‭small magnetic field that can be‬
‭used to detect tissues containing‬
‭hydrogen‬
‭●‬ ‭Health‬
‭-‬ W ‭ e benefit from medical procedures, such as‬ ‭Applications in Different Parts of the Body‬
‭many cancer treatments, and diagnostic‬ ‭●‬ ‭Neuro-Imaging‬
‭imaging methods‬ ‭-‬ ‭Excellent tool due to high‬
‭●‬ ‭Energy‬ ‭soft tissue contrast‬
‭-‬ ‭It allows us to produce electricity via solar‬ ‭resolution‬
‭and nuclear energy‬ ‭-‬ ‭Abundant water content of‬
‭●‬ ‭Environment and Climate Change‬ ‭CNS allows for imaging soft‬
‭-‬ ‭It can be used to treat wastewater or to‬ ‭intracranial tissue‬
‭create new plant varieties that are resistant to‬ ‭●‬ ‭Head and Neck Imaging‬
‭climate change‬ ‭-‬ ‭Multi-planar capability‬
‭●‬ ‭Industry and Science‬ ‭allows for monitoring extent‬
‭-‬ ‭With nuclear techniques based on radiation,‬ ‭of disease‬
‭scientists can examine objects from the past‬ ‭-‬ ‭Differentiating subtle soft‬
‭or produce materials with superior‬ ‭tissue boundaries of head‬
‭characteristics in, for instance, the car‬ ‭and neck‬
‭industry‬ ‭●‬ ‭Body Imaging: Thorax‬
‭-‬ ‭Mediastinal, hilar, and chest‬
‭Imaging Modalities‬ ‭wall abnormalities‬
‭-‬ ‭Limited lung imaging due to‬
‭artifacts‬
‭-‬ ‭New advances in breast‬
‭imaging‬
‭-‬ ‭Potentials for cardiac MRI‬
‭with coronary MR‬
‭angiography‬
‭●‬ ‭MSK Imaging‬
‭●‬ ‭Non-Ionizing Radiation‬ ‭-‬ ‭High sensitivity for‬
‭-‬ ‭Lower energy radiation‬ ‭neoplastic, inflammatory,‬
‭-‬ ‭Its energy can make those molecules vibrate‬ ‭and traumatic conditions of‬
‭and so produce heat‬ ‭bone and soft tissue‬

‭○‬ ‭T1-weighted‬
‭-‬ ‭Fluid collections‬
‭and abnormalities‬
‭in fatty marrow‬
‭○‬ ‭T2-weighted‬

‭xiexie <3‬
 ‭-‬ ‭ esions in both‬
L ‭●‬ ‭Lines‬
‭marrow and soft‬ ‭-‬ ‭ ccur at boundary‬
O
‭tissue‬ ‭of two markedly‬
‭○‬ ‭Ultrasound Imaging‬ ‭different tissue‬
‭-‬ ‭Developed after world war 2‬ ‭reflectors‬
‭-‬ ‭Based upon SONAR‬ ‭“boundary of‬
‭➔‬ ‭SONAR‬ ‭organs”‬
‭-‬ ‭Sound Navigation and‬ ‭Used in:‬
‭Ranging‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Tissues that contain/is‬
‭-‬ ‭Sound wave sent out‬ ‭surrounded by water‬
‭-‬ ‭If sound hits an object, it‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Abdominal organs‬
‭get reflected back‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Gallbladder (gallstones)‬
‭-‬ ‭Measure time for the‬ ‭4.‬ ‭Kidney (kidney stones)‬
‭reflected echo to return‬ ‭5.‬ ‭Blood vessels‬
‭-‬ ‭Works best in water because it‬ ‭6.‬ ‭Blood clots‬
‭transmits sound well‬ ‭7.‬ ‭Pelvic organs‬
‭➔‬ ‭Diagnostic Ultrasound‬ ‭8.‬ ‭Uterus and ovaries‬
‭-‬ ‭Sound waves with frequencies‬ ‭9.‬ ‭Testes‬
‭which are higher than those‬ ‭10.‬ ‭Newborn babies‬
‭audible to humans (> 20, 000‬ ‭11.‬ ‭Obstetric ultrasound‬
‭Hz)‬
‭➔‬ ‭Ultrasonic Images‬ ‭●‬ ‭Ionizing Radiation‬
‭-‬ ‭Also known as sonograms‬ ‭-‬ ‭Can detach electrons from atoms or‬
‭-‬ ‭Made by sending pulses of‬ ‭molecules, which causes changes at the‬
‭ultrasound into tissue using‬ ‭atomic level when interacting with matter,‬
‭a probe‬ ‭including living organisms‬
‭-‬ ‭The sound echoes of different‬
‭tissues reflect varying degrees‬
‭of sound‬
‭-‬ ‭These echoes are recorded and‬
‭displayed as an image to the‬
‭operator‬

‭Image Interpretation‬
‭●‬ ‭White Areas‬
‭-‬ ‭Represent‬
‭“echogenic”‬
‭structures, which‬
‭transmit and‬
‭reflect sound‬
‭waves‬
‭➢‬ ‭Soft tissues, fat,‬
‭vessels, nodes,‬
‭and masses‬
‭●‬ ‭Black Areas‬
‭-‬ ‭Represent areas‬
‭that are‬
‭“anechoic”‬
‭-‬ ‭Fluid transmit but‬
‭does not reflect‬
‭sound waves‬
‭●‬ ‭Grey‬
‭-‬ ‭Helps widen the‬
‭representative‬
‭scale of‬
‭black/white‬
‭brightness‬
‭xiexie <3‬
 BIOMED
‭Lesson 8: Medical Imaging‬
‭Medical Imaging Procedures‬
‭-‬ ‭Deliver X-ray beams to a specific part of the body‬
‭➔‬ ‭X-ray Beams‬
‭-‬ ‭A form of ionization radiation‬
‭-‬ ‭Creating a digital image or film that shows the‬
‭structures inside that area like bones, tissues, and‬
‭organs‬
‭Imaging Procedures Examples‬
‭➢‬ ‭Computed Tomography‬
‭➢‬ ‭Magnetic Resonance Imaging‬
‭➢‬ ‭Nuclear Medicine‬
‭➢‬ ‭Positron Emission Tomography‬
‭➢‬ ‭Ultrasound‬
‭➢‬ ‭X-ray‬
‭➢‬ ‭Radiography‬
‭➢‬ ‭Fluoroscopy‬
‭➢‬ ‭Mammography‬
‭➢‬ ‭Angiography‬
‭➢‬ ‭PET-CT‬
‭➢‬ ‭Chest Radiograph‬
‭➢‬ ‭Bone Scan‬
‭➢‬ ‭Breast Mri‬
‭➢‬ ‭Magnetic Resonance Angiography‬
‭➢‬ ‭Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry‬
‭➢‬ ‭Breast Ultrasound‬
‭➢‬ ‭Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging‬
‭➢‬ ‭Echocardiography‬
‭➢‬ ‭Tomography‬
‭➢‬ ‭Upper Gastrointestinal Series‬
‭➢‬ ‭Digital Mammography‬
‭➢‬ ‭Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging‬
‭➢‬ ‭Endoscopy‬
‭Benefits of Medical Imaging Procedures‬
‭1.‬ ‭Gives healthcare provides a better view of organs,‬
‭blood vessels, tissues, and bones‬
‭2.‬ ‭Provides detailed information to help decide whether‬
‭surgery is a good treatment option‬
‭3.‬ ‭Can be use to guide medical procedures to place‬
‭catheters, stents, or other devices inside the body‬
‭➔‬ ‭Fluoroscopy‬
‭-‬ ‭A type of imaging‬
‭Risks of Medical Imaging Procedures‬
‭1.‬ ‭Each procedure contributes to a slight increase in the‬
‭likelihood that you could develop cancer later in life‬
‭2.‬ ‭Fluoroscopy for guiding surgery uses higher doses of‬
‭radiation than other imaging procedures and may‬
‭cause skin reddening and hair loss‬
‭3.‬ ‭Some imaging procedures require you to drink or‬
‭receive an intravenous (IV) contrast dye‬
‭➔‬ ‭Intravenous (IV) Contrast Dye‬
‭-‬ ‭ his non-radioactive dye helps the‬
T
‭radiologist see specific organs or parts of‬
‭the body‬
‭-‬ ‭Some people can have an allergic‬
‭reaction to the dye‬
‭Recent Advancements Medical Scientist are Adapting‬
‭1.‬ ‭Artificial Intelligence (AI)‬
‭-‬ ‭Operates without direct human intervention‬
‭-‬ ‭Augmented intelligence enhances human‬
‭diagnostic capabilities to provide many of the‬
‭benefits of AI, but with human reasoning‬
‭combined with automated reasoning‬
‭2.‬ ‭Virtual Reality (VR)‬
‭3.‬ ‭Wearable Computers‬
*‭ Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality technologies benefit‬
‭radiology training by creating immersive environments that‬
‭make complex anatomical structures easier to conceptualize‬
‭➢‬ ‭DeepMind‬
‭-‬ ‭Google’s AI system helps to reduce false‬
‭results in breast cancer screening‬
‭➢‬ ‭ProFound AI‬
‭-‬ ‭iCad’s innovation applies machine learning‬
‭and other AI techniques to enhance the‬
‭accuracy of tomosynthesis imaging used to‬
‭detect breast cancer‬
‭➢‬ ‭Augmented Intelligence‬
‭-‬ ‭Automating some of the more mundane‬
‭diagnostic processes provides a way to‬
‭improve communication between radiologists‬
‭and oncologists, for example‬
‭➢‬ ‭True 3D‬
‭-‬ ‭EchoPixel's virtual reality platform assists‬
‭surgeons as they prepare to perform‬
‭procedures to treat congenital heart defects‬
‭-‬ ‭The patient-specific surgical views provided‬
‭by the True 3D software reduce the likelihood‬
‭of encountering unexpected conditions‬
‭during surgery‬
‭➢‬ ‭MRI Reporter Genes‬
‭-‬ ‭Allow molecular processes in living cells to be‬
‭monitored noninvasively, which gives‬
‭researchers and caregivers a better‬
‭understanding of cellular pathology and‬
‭therapy‬
‭➢‬ ‭3D Phase Microscopy‬
‭-‬ ‭Developed by a team led by scientist and‬
‭computer imaging researcher Laura Waller‬
‭-‬ ‭Another technique for Imaging biological‬
‭processes that existing technology can't‬
‭model‬
‭xiexie <3‬