MOTION

CLASS IX

1. Motion: Motion refers to the change in position of an object with respect to its surroundings over time.

2. Reference Point: A reference point is a stationary object or point used to describe the motion of an object. It
helps in determining the position and motion of an object.

3. Distance and Displacement:

 Distance: Distance is the total path covered by an object irrespective of its direction.
 Displacement: Displacement is the shortest distance between the initial and final position of an object,
taking into account its direction.

4. Speed and Velocity:

 Speed: Speed is the rate at which an object covers distance. It is calculated by dividing the total
distance traveled by the time taken.
 Velocity: Velocity is the rate at which an object changes its displacement. It takes into account the
direction of motion. It is calculated by dividing the total displacement by the time taken.
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5. Types of Motion:
 Rectilinear Motion: Motion along a straight line.
 Circular Motion: Motion along a circular path.
 Periodic Motion: Motion that repeats itself after regular intervals of time.
 Oscillatory Motion: Motion characterized by back-and-forth movement around a mean position.
 Rotational Motion: Motion around an axis or center point.
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6. Acceleration: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be calculated by dividing the change in
velocity by the time taken.

7. Graphical Representation of Motion:

 Distance-Time Graph: A graph that represents the relationship between distance and time. The slope
of the graph represents the speed of the object.
 Velocity-Time Graph: A graph that represents the relationship between velocity and time. The slope of
the graph represents the acceleration of the object.

8. Equations of Motion:
 First Equation: v = u + at (final velocity = initial velocity + acceleration × time)
 Second Equation: s = ut + (1/2)at² (displacement = initial velocity × time + (1/2)acceleration × time²)
 Third Equation: v² = u² + 2as (final velocity² = initial velocity² + 2 × acceleration × displacement)

9. Uniform and Non-Uniform Motion:

 Uniform Motion: Motion in which the object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time.
 Non-Uniform Motion: Motion in which the object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time
or equal distances in unequal intervals of time.

10. Newton's Laws of Motion:

 First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay
in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an external force.
 Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force
applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).
 Third Law (Law of Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.