IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?

1. Introduction:

a) Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass.

b) Classification of Matter: Pure substances and mixtures.
c) Pure Substances: Made up of only one type of particle.
d) Mixtures: Made up of two or more substances mixed in any proportion.

2. Pure Substances:

a) Pure substances can be further classified into elements and compounds.

b) Elements: Consist of only one type of atom. Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical
means.
c) Compounds: Composed of two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded. Can be broken down into
simpler substances by chemical reactions.

3. Mixtures:

a) Homogeneous Mixtures: Uniform composition throughout, components not visually distinguishable.

b) Heterogeneous Mixtures: Non-uniform composition, components visually distinguishable.

4. Physical Changes:

a) Changes in physical properties without altering the chemical composition.

b) Examples: Melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, sublimation, etc.

5. Types of Pure Substances:

a) Elements: Represented by symbols (e.g., H for hydrogen, O for oxygen).

b) Compounds: Represented by chemical formulas (e.g., H2O for water, CO2 for carbon dioxide).

6. Characteristics of Pure Substances:

a) Fixed Melting and Boiling Points: Pure substances have specific melting and boiling points.
b) Constant Composition: The composition of a pure substance remains the same throughout.

7. Mixtures:

a) Homogeneous Mixtures (Solution): Particles are evenly distributed, making them visually indistinguishable.
b) Heterogeneous Mixtures: Particles are not evenly distributed and can be seen separately.

8. Separation Techniques:

a) Filtration: Separates insoluble solids from liquids using a filter medium.

b) Distillation: Separates components based on differences in boiling points.
c) Evaporation: Evaporating the liquid to leave behind the solute.
d) Sublimation: Separates substances that sublime directly from solid to vapor.
e) Chromatography: Separates components based on their ability to move with the mobile phase.

9. Physical and Chemical Changes:

a) Physical Changes: Changes in physical properties without altering the composition of the substance.
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b) Chemical Changes: Results in the formation of a new substance with different properties.
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 10. Types of Mixtures:

a) Colloids: Intermediate between solutions and suspensions. Particles do not settle and scatter light.
b) Suspensions: Large particles settle down upon standing.

11. Importance of Pure Substances:

a) Essential for the study and advancement of science and technology.

b) Crucial in various industries like pharmaceuticals, electronics, etc.

12. Adulteration and Its Effects:

a) Adulteration: Mixing impurities to increase the quantity and decrease the quality of a substance.
b) Effects: Can lead to health hazards and economic losses.

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Matter is anything that occupies ______ and has ______.

2. Pure substances can be classified into ______ and ______.
3. ______ consist of only one type of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
4. ______ are composed of two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together.
5. Homogeneous mixtures have ______ composition throughout and their components are not visually distinguishable.
6. ______ mixtures have a non-uniform composition, and their components are visually distinguishable.
7. The process of separating insoluble solids from liquids using a filter medium is called ______.
8. ______ is a separation technique based on differences in boiling points to separate components.
9. ______ is the process of converting a solid directly into vapor without passing through the liquid state.
10. The representation of an element is done using a ______, while a compound is represented using a ______.
11. Colloids are intermediate between ______ and ______, and their particles do not settle down.
12. Adulteration involves mixing impurities to increase ______ and decrease ______ of a substance.
13. Physical changes result in changes in ______ properties without altering the ______ of the substance.
14. Chemical changes lead to the formation of a new substance with different ______.
15. Knowledge of pure substances and mixtures is essential in various fields of ______ and ______.

Answers:
1.space, mass 2.elements, compounds 3.Elements 4.Compounds 5.uniform 6.Heterogeneous
7.Filtration 8.Distillation 9.Sublimation 10.symbol,chemical formula 11.solutions, suspensions
12.quantity, quality 13.physical, composition 14.properties 15.science, technology

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1. What is matter?
Answer: Anything that occupies space and has mass.
2. Define pure substances.
Answer: Pure substances are made up of only one type of particle.
3. Give an example of an element.
Answer: Hydrogen (H) or Oxygen (O).
4. What are compounds?
Answer: Compounds are composed of two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together.
5. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Answer: Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout, while heterogeneous mixtures have a
non-uniform composition.
6. Name a separation technique to separate sand from water.
Answer: Filtration.
7. What is the chemical formula of water?
Answer: H2O.
8. Define a physical change.
Answer: A change in physical properties without altering the chemical composition of the substance.
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9. Give an example of a physical change.

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Answer: Melting of ice.

 10. What is a chemical change?
Answer: A change that results in the formation of a new substance with different properties.
11. Provide an example of a chemical change.
Answer: Burning of paper.
12. What are the two types of pure substances?
Answer: Elements and compounds.
13. What is a solution?
Answer: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
14. Give an example of a suspension.
Answer: Muddy water.
15. Name a method to separate ink into its components.
Answer: Chromatography.
16. Why is air considered a homogeneous mixture?
Answer: Air contains a uniform composition of various gases like oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.
17. Define chromatography.
Answer: Chromatography is a separation technique based on the differential migration of components in a
mixture.
18. Name a colloid and its dispersed phase.
Answer: Milk; dispersed phase: Fat globules.
19. Why is it important to avoid adulteration in food items?
Answer: Adulteration reduces the quality of food, leading to health hazards and economic losses.
20. Name a separation technique used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Answer: Distillation.
MCQs

1. Which of the following is an example of a pure substance?

(a) Saltwater (b) Air (c) Oxygen gas (O2) (d) Muddy water
2. A homogeneous mixture is one that:
(a) Contains only one type of particle (b) Has a non-uniform composition
(c) Has visually distinguishable components (d) Has a uniform composition throughout
3. Which of the following is NOT a physical change?
(a) Melting of ice (b) Boiling of water (c) Burning of paper (d) Dissolving sugar in water
4. Which of the following is a chemical change?
(a) Evaporation of water (b) Freezing of juice (c) Rusting of iron (d) Sublimation of dry ice
5. The process used to separate the components of ink is called:
(a) Filtration (b) Distillation (c) Sublimation (d) Chromatography
6. What is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide?
(a) H2O (b) CO (c) CO2 (d) O2
7. Air is considered a mixture because:
(a) It contains various gases (b) It has a fixed composition
(c) It is always homogeneous (d) It contains only one type of particle
8. Which of the following is an example of a colloid?
(a) Milk (b) Sugar dissolved in water (c) Lemonade (d) Salt dissolved in water
9. Which of the following separation techniques is best suited to separate a mixture of salt and water?
(a) Filtration (b) Distillation (c) Evaporation (d) Chromatography
10. Adulteration in food items can lead to:
(a) Improved quality of food (b) Health hazards and economic losses
(c) Increased nutritional value (d) Better taste and flavor

Answers:
1. (c) Oxygen gas (O2)
2. (d) Has a uniform composition throughout
3. (c) Burning of paper
4. (c) Rusting of iron
5. (d) Chromatography
6. (c) CO2
7. (a) It contains various gases
8. (a) Milk
9. (c) Evaporation
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10. (b) Health hazards and economic losses

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 CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

1. What is the fundamental difference between a pure substance and a mixture? Provide examples of each.
2. Explain the concept of physical change and give three examples of physical changes that commonly occur in
our daily life.
3. Describe the process of separating a mixture of salt and water. Which separation technique would you use, and
why?
4. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Give an example of each.
5. What are the two types of pure substances? How are they different from each other?
6. Explain the significance of fixed melting and boiling points in identifying pure substances.
7. Why is air considered a homogeneous mixture even though it contains various gases like oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, etc.?
8. How can you distinguish between a solution and a suspension? Provide an example of each from your
surroundings.
9. Discuss the importance of chromatography in real-life applications. Provide two examples where
chromatography is used for separation and analysis.
10. Adulteration of food items is a common problem. Describe the potential risks and health hazards associated
with consuming adulterated food products.
11. Differentiate between a physical change and a chemical change. Give examples of chemical changes and
explain the chemical reactions involved.
12. How can you separate a mixture of iron filings and sulfur powder? Suggest a suitable method and justify your
choice.
13. What are colloids? Discuss their unique properties and give two examples of colloidal systems.
14. Explain the significance of knowing the difference between pure substances and mixtures in the context of the
pharmaceutical industry.
15. Why is it essential to have a proper understanding of separation techniques? Provide two real-life scenarios
where separation techniques are crucial.
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