RSM INTERNATIONAL SCHO0L

AFFILATED TOCBSE (AFFILATION NO. 1730584)

SCHOOL CODE:10929

PROJECT FILE
SESSION 2022-2023

R.S.M.
INTERNATIONAL SCHOoL

RS
Knouwledge

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this projects original work done by

class XIIDfor fulfillment of CBSE'S Examination 2022- 2023and has been carried out under my
direct supervision &guidance. This report or asimilar report on the topic hasnot been submitted
for any other xamination and does not form apart of any other course undergone by the
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 RST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Ihough the following project work is an individual work.I couldnever explore

the depths of this report without the guidance of my teacher and classmates.
First of all, Iwish to express my warm and sincere thanks to my
|teacherandupSauajorther valuable support, encouragement, supervision and
continuous guidance during the preparation of this project work. Without her
encouragement and deep knowledge, it would have been impossible for me to finish
this work.

lam very thankful to our Principal/124 Sal hanator her support and
encouragement extended during this work. My special thanks to my classmates and
friends for providing astimulating and fun-filled environment during the whole phase
of my project work.
My thanksare due to allthose who have directly or indirectly helpedme in
preparing this report.
 AIM
Todetermine the Faraday's law
of Electromagnetic Induction
using a copper wire wound
over an iron rod and a strong
magnet.
 Introduction

electromagnetism
Faradav's law of induction is a basic law of
an electric
that predicts how a magnetic field will interact with
(EMF). It is the
circuit to produce an electromotive force
fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors,
generators.
and many types of electrical motors and
by
Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently
however. Faraday
Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831;
experiments. Faraday
his
was the first to publish the results of
using a concept he called
explained electromagnetic induction
electromagnetic are
lines of force. These equation for
important since they provide a means to precisely
extremely
many natural physical phenomena in our unit
describe how quantitatively describe
and behave. The ability to
verse arise to gain a better
not only allows us
physical phenomena also makes possible a host
understanding of our universe, but it
innovations that define modern society.
of technological Electromagnetic Induction can
Understanding Faraday's Law of
many aspects of our daily life function
be beneficial since so Faraday's Law. From natural
behind
because of the principles quality of life such as electric
technologies that improve our
much
Faraday's law has agreat impact on
power generation,
aspect
 whereby an
induction, w
Faraday's law describes electromagnetic magnetic
electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing
is necessary to
it
field. Before expanding upon this description,
understanding of the fields, as well as the related
develop an
concept of potentials.

experimental demonstration of electromagnetic

Faraday's first
wires around
induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two
arrangement
opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an
induce current.
similar to a modern toroidal transformer) to

First Experiment.-Some physicists have remarked

Faraday's two different
equation describing
that Faraday's law is a single by a magnetic force
phenomena.- The motional EMF generated transformer EMF
moving wire (see Lorentz force), and the
on a changing magneticfield
generated by electric force due to a
Maxwell-Faraday equation). James Clerk Maxwell
(due to the physical lines of
in his 1861 paper on
drew attentio to thisfact paper. Maxwell gives a
latter half part Il of that
force. In this of the two phenomena.
explanation for each
separate physica electromagnetic induction
two aspects of
A reference to these textbooks.
mode:
is made in some
ma

ei

Theory
Magnetic flux-The magnetic flux (often denoted ro»)
through a surface is the component of the Bfield passing
through that surface. The S unit of maenetic flux is the Weber
(Wb) (in derived units - volt- second), and the CGS unit is the
Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux-meter,
which contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluates
the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux.

Ifthe mnagnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing

through asurface of vector area S is

O- BS- BS cos 0
Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic
flux density) having the unit of Wb/m² (Tesla).
$is the area of the surface, and is the angle between the
magneticfield lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S.
 consider the magnetic flux
For varying magnetic field,
a we first
where we may
irough an infinitesimal areaelement dS,
condiser the field to be constant
do,- B. ds
and the
Fromthe definition of the magnetic vector potential A
Tundamentaltheorem of the curl, the magnetic flux may also
defined as

boundary of the
Where the line integral is taken over the
surfaceS, which is denoted dS.
1.
Apparatus Required
Insulated copper wire
2. An iron
rod
3. Astrong
magnet, and
4. Alight
emitting diode (LED)

LEDB

Copper We
 Law
The most widespread version of Faraday'slaw states -
"The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to
the time rate of change of the magnetic, flux throughthe
circuit.'"
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed
Circuit isaloop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in other
Circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the
Maxwell-Faradayequation (discussed below), is valid in all
circumstances.
When the flux changes - because Bchanges, or because the
wire loop is moved or deformed, or both Faraday's law of
induction say that the wire loop acquires an EMF e. defined as
the energy available per unit charge that travels once around
the wire loop (the unit of EMF isthe volt). Equivalently, it is the
create
voltage that would be measured by cutting the wire to
open circuit and attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
an
According to the Lorentz force law(in Slunits).

F-qfE+ Vx B)
 The EMF on awire loop is

E.Fdt-.(E +VxB) dl

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field

(aka
magneticflux density, magnetic induction), dl is an infinitesimal
arc length along the wire. and the line
integral is evaluated
along the wire (along the curve the coincident with the
ofthe wire). shape

The Maxwell-Faraday equation

states that a time-varying
magnet field is always accompanied by a
spatially-varying,
Conservative electric fields, and vice-versa. The MaxXwell
non
Faraday equation is
V×E = dB
dT
Where V is the curl operator and again E(r,t) is the
electric field
and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can
generally be
functions position r and time t.
of
The four Maxwell's equation (including the
Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law,are asufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with
these equation. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting
point and usedto "prove" the Maxwell Faraday equation
and/or other laws.
 Conclusion
Faraday's law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published byMichael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes avery important electromagnetic concept. Although
its mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday's is not hardto grasp it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to adynamic magneticfield. This concept
has many far reaching ramifications that touch our lives in
manyways from the shining of the sun to the convenience of
mobile communications, to electricity to power our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound Faraday's law has on us.