Chapter 7 ▪Ethical scientific

practices
Ethical and Social Dimensions of Science and
▪ Ethical use of
Technology
science in Philippine
society
▪ Conflict of interest
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
▪ Intellectual honesty
✓ United Nations General Assembly ▪ Weighing the
✓ December 10, 1948 benefits of science
✓ Contains preamble and 30 Articles vis-à-vis potential
❖ Article 1 – Right to equality harm
❖ Article 2 – Freedom from ▪ Commitment to
discrimination professional
❖ Article 3 – Right to life, liberty, and development as
personal security scientists
❖ Article 4 – Freedom from slavery ▪ Development of
or servitude students and other
❖ Article 5 – Freedom from torture stakeholders
and degrading treatment ▪ Advocacy for
❖ Article 27 of the UDHR states that scientific
“everyone has the right to approaches
participate in the cultural life of o NSPE Code of Ethics for
the community and to share in Engineers
scientific advancement and its o Code of Ethics for the
benefits.” Chemistry Practitioners
❖ Article 15 of the International
7.2 Social Dimensions of Science and
Covenant on Economic, Social and
Technology
Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Covenant
➢ Technology
7.1 Ethical Dimensions of Science and
➢ Albert Borgmann
Technology
o Three essential types of
➢ Nuremberg Trials approaches to technology
➢ Clinical Research Ethics ▪ Substantive view
➢ Applied Ethics ▪ Instrumentalist view
▪ Pluralist view
7.1.1 Ethical Decision-making in Science
o Device paradigm
• Ethical Matrix
7.3 Robotics
• Ben Mepham
➢ Ray Kurzweil
7.1.2. Code of Ethics of Scientists and
❖ Three Technologies
Engineers
▪ Genetics
• Codes of Ethics ▪ Nanotechnology
• Hippocratic Oath ▪ Robotics
• National Academy of Science and 7.3.1 Background on Robotics
Technology (NAST)
o Ethical Principles and • Robotics
Guidelines for Filipino • Artificial Intelligence
Scientist • Karel Capek

Page 1 of 16
 • Robota ➢ Computer Age
• Classification of Robots ➢ Digital Age
o Service Robots ➢ New Media Age
o Industrial Robots ❖ Affect Society in
• Unimate Communications
• George Devol Information transfer
• Joseph Engelberger Entertainment
o “Father of Robotics” Business
Better living
7.3.2 Roboethics and Ethical Issues in ▪ Benefits
Advanced Robotics ✓ James R. Messenger
• Roboethics ➢ “Father of Information Age”
• Gianmarco Veruggio 8.1 History of Information Age
• Isaac Asimov
o Three Laws of Robotics ✓ Information Revolution
1. A robot may not ➢ Digital Era
injure a human ➢ Pre-digital Era
being or, through ➢ Print-based Era
inaction, allow a ➢ First Information Revolution
human being to ❖ Print-based Era
come to harm. ▪ Printing Press by
2. A robot must obey Johannes Gutenberg,
orders given it by 1436
human beings ❖ Pre-digital Era
except where such ▪ Telegraph by Samuel
orders would Morse, 1845
conflict with the ▪ Radio by Guglielmo
First Law. Marconi, 1894
3. A robot must ▪ Telephone by
protect its own Alexander Graham Bell,
existence as long as 1876
such protection Mobile phone
does not conflict Smart phone
with the First or ▪ Computer by Richard
Second Law. Braithwaite, 1613
4. Zeroth Law of ❖ Digital Era
Robotics. ▪ Internet
• Telesurgery ARPANET, 1969
▪ WWW
• Robotic Liability Matrix
August 23, 1991
• Social Robots
Tim Berners-Lee
• ASIMO
HTML
• Sophia
8.2 Computers and Mobile Phones
8.2.1 Computers
Chapter 8
✓ A machine or device that performs
Information Age
processes, calculations and operatins
✓ Information Age
Page 2 of 16
 based on instructions provided by a while the user is moving within a
software or hardware program. telephone service area.
➢ The Young Man’s Gleanings by Richard ➢ First phone call was made by Martin
Braithwaite, 1613 Cooper on April 3, 1973
➢ Charles Babbage, “Father of the ➢ Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, First
Computer”, 1822 Commercial Mobile Phones and
➢ Z1 invented by Konrad Zuse in 1936, released in 1983
First functional Computer ➢ Angler developed by Frank Canova in
➢ Z4 in 1942, First Commercial Digital 1992 at IBM, First Commercial Smart
Computer Phone, refined version marketed in
➢ ENIAC invented by John Mauchly and 1994 by BellSouth under the name
J. Presper Eckert in 1946, First Fully Simon Personal Communicator
Functional Digital Computer
8.3 Social Media and Social Networking Sites
➢ UNIVAC in 1951, First Computer with a
Program Stored in Memory ✓ Social Media “a computer based
➢ Olivetti Programma 101 invented by technology that facilitates the sharing of
Pier Giorgio Perotto in 1964, First ideas, thoughts and information through
Desktop Computer the building of virtual networks and
➢ Altair 8800 invented by Edward communities.”
Roberts in 1975, First Personal ✓ Collective term for websites and
Computer applications which focus on
➢ Osborne 1 invented by Adam Osborne communication and sharing of
in 1981, First Laptop or Portable information, ideas, personal messages,
Computer etc.
➢ Types of computer according to purpose ➢ Most Popular Social Media and
❖ General purpose computers Networking Sites
❖ Specific purpose computers ❖ Friendster
➢ Types of computer according to ❖ LinkedIn
functionality
❖ Myspace
❖ Analog Computer
❖ Skype
❖ Digital Computer
❖ Facebook
❖ Hybrid Computer (Analog +
❖ Youtube
Digital)
❖ Twitter
➢ Types of computer on the basis of size
❖ Tumblr
❖ Super Computer
❖ BizSugar
❖ Mainframe Computer
❖ Messenger
❖ Mini Computer or Server
❖ Instagram
❖ Micro Computer or Personal
❖ Pinterest
Computer
❖ Viber
❖ Workstation
❖ Snapchat
➢ SUMMIT is the fastest supercomputer
❖ Dailymotion
in 2019
❖ Vimeo
➢ “IBM Blue Gene” supercomputer was
❖ Medium
possessed by the Philippines and first
❖ WordPress
in ASEAN Country in May 2013
❖ Google
8.2.2 Mobile Phones ❖ Reddit
❖ Quora
✓ Is a portable telephone that can make and
❖ WhatsApp
receive calls over a radio frequency link
Page 3 of 16
 ❖ WeChat
❖ QQ
❖ Qzone
❖ Douyin/Tik Tok
❖ Sino Weibo
8.4 Issues and Concerns of Information Age
8.4.1 Health Risks
1. Eyestrain and Heating Problems
2. Brain Cancer
3. Depression
4. Accidents (Anti-Distracted Driving Act
of 2016 or R.A. No. 10913)
8.4.2 Information Overloading
✓ Is a situation in which too much
information is given at one time which can
cause the inability to think clearly.
✓ Was coined by Bertram Gross.
✓ Popularized by Alvin Toffler.
8.4.3 Data Privacy
✓ Is the necessity to preserve and protect
any personal information, collected by any
organization from being accessed by a
third party.
✓ Also known as information privacy.
8.4.3.1 Data Privacy Act of the Philippines
❖ Data Privacy Act (DPA) of 2012 or
R.A. No. 10173, signed by Pres.
Benigno Aquino
❖ National Privacy Commision (NPC)
❖ Scope of RA 10173
• all personal information must
be collected for reasons that
are specified, legitimate, and
reasonable
• personal Information must be
kept accurate and relevant,
used only for the stated
purposes, and retained only for
as long as reasonably needed.
• personal information must be
discarded in a way that does
not make it visible and
accessible to unauthorized
third parties.
8.4.4 Cybercrime
✓ “a crime in which a computer is the object
of the crime (hacking, phishing,
spamming) or is used as a tool to commit
an offense (child pornography, hate
crimes)”
✓ Two Categories:
➢ Crimes that target computer networks
or devices. These types of crimes
include viruses and denial-of-service
(DoS)
➢ Crimes that use computer networks to
advance other criminal activities.
These types of crimes include
cyberstalking, phishing and fraud or
identity theft.
✓ Social Engineering
o manipulation of people into
divulging confidential or sensitive
information
o most done over email but regularly
carried out over the phone
8.4.4.1 Cybercrime Prevention Act of the
Philippines
❖ Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
or R.A. No. 10175 was signed by
Pres. Benigno Aquino.
• cybersex, child pornography which
may be committed through a
computer system
• cyber libel which includes posting
defamatory comments on social
networking sites
• unsolicited commercial
communication or content that
advertises or sells products or services.
• offenses against the
confidentiality, integrity and
availability of computer data and
system, such as illegal access, illegal
interference, data interference,
system interference, misuse of devices
• cybersquatting which includes the
acquisition of a domain name on the
internet in bad faith or with the intent
to profit, mislead, destroy one’s
reputation or deprive others from
registering the same domain name
• computer-related forgery, fraud
and identity theft
Page 4 of 16
 ❖ Anti-Transnational Crime Division
of the Criminal Investigation and
Detection Group of the Philippine
National Police
8.4.5 Fake News
✓ Also known as Junk News or Pseudo-News
✓ “type of yellow journalism or propaganda
that consists of deliberate disinformation
of hoaxes. The news is then often
reverberated as misinformation in social
media but occasionally finds its way to the
mainstream media as well”
✓ Stories written with the intent to mislead
in order to damage an entity or person or
gain financially or politically, often using
sensationalist, dishonest or fabricated
headlines to increase readership.
➢ Tips on how to spot fake news
1. Take a closer look.
2. Look beyond the headline.
3. Check other sources.
4. Check the facts.
5. Check your biases.
6. Is it a joke?
➢ Types of Fake News
1. MIS-information
2. DIS-information
3. MAL-information
➢ Effects of the Fake News
1. The illusory effect
2. The impact on the public relations
profession.
3. The impact on consumers’ views of
news media.
➢ CRAP Test (Kunkel, 2018)
1. Currency
2. Relevancy/Reliability
3. Authority
4. Purpose/Point of View
➢ Digital Divide - is a term that refers to
the gap between demographics and
regions that have access to modern
information and communications
technology, and those that don't or
have restricted access.
➢ Technophobia which merely means “a
fear of technology,” including the use
of computers and similar electronic
devices, is one of the most common
anxieties produced by
the information age.
o Technophobic - If a person
shows dread or panic and
uncontrolled reaction in
response to the use of
technology
Chapter 9
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
9.1 Overview of Biodiversity
✓ Biodiversity is a portmanteau of biological
and diversity
✓ biological or bio means life, and diversity
means variety.
✓ This term was coined by Walter Rosen in
1985.
➢ Biodiversity encompasses the variety of all
life on earth, from single-celled to the
largest multi-celled organisms.
➢ It includes the variety of organisms in an
ecosystem.
❖ Variety is commonly measured by
counting all species in an area is
called species richness.
❖ Species count is not the sole
measure of biodiversity and is
weighed differently for each
species.
➢ One way of predicting the sustainability of
an area within the concept of biodiversity
is through indicator species.
➢ Biotic – all living organisms within an
ecosystem
➢ Abiotic – all of the non-living things in an
ecosystem
➢ Ecology – study of organisms in their
house or the place they live in. Derived
from the Greek word oikos which means
“house”.
➢ Ecosystem – encompasses the biotic and
abiotic component in an environment, as
Page 5 of 16
 well as their relationships and
interactions.
➢ Fauna – refers to all the animal life within
a specified region, time period, or both.
➢ Flora – refers to the groups of indigenous
plants in an ecosystem of a geographical
region.
➢ Relative abundance – refers to the
relative proportions of different species in
an ecosystem.
➢ Trophic Structure – basically answers the
question of who eats who?
9.2 Types of Biodiversity
1. Genetic Diversity - refers to the variation
in the genes of a species of individuals as
well as how they are closely related to the
members of a species in an environment.
2. Species Diversity - refers to the variability
of different species represented in a
community.
3. Community Diversity - refers to the
variety of ecosystems in a given region.
4. Functional Diversity - refers to the range
of things an organism does in
communities and ecosystems.
9.3 Importance of Biodiversity
➢ Supports food security, dietary health and
livelihood sustainability
➢ Provides important resources for medical
research
➢ Plays a role in the regulation and control
of infectious diseases
➢ Essential for climate change adaptation
➢ Has social, cultural and spiritual
importance with communities
9.4 Threats to Biodiversity
9.4.1 Habitat Destruction
❖ Habitat destruction or habitat loss
is one of the biggest threats to
biodiversity. In fact, it is the
number one reason species go
extinct.
❖ Anthropogenic activities like
urbanization, construction,
logging, reclamation,
industrialization, and activities that
result to unnatural increase in the
concentration of environmental
compounds destroy habitats –
consequently causing the loss of
biodiversity.
9.4.2 Over-Exploitation
❖ It means harvesting species from
the wild at rates faster than
natural populations can recover.
❖ Overfishing and overhunting are
both types of overexploitation.
• Overhunting – defined as
the relentless chase of wild
animals for the purpose
killing or catching them for
food or game.
• Overfishing – removal of
species of fish from a body
of water, at a rate that
species cannot be
replenished in time,
resulting either becoming
depleted or
underpopulated in that
given area.
9.4.3 Overpopulation
❖ As human population increases,
the demand for human needs and
wants also increases.
❖ Human overpopulation poses a
threat to biodiversity if it is
coupled with unsustainable
pattern of consumption and poor
government policies as regard
food security and conservation.
9.4.4 Invasive Alien Species
❖ Introduction of invasive alien
species accidentally or
deliberately, that is not endemic in
that habitat or not in the normal
distributional range could threaten
other organisms especially if the
species introduced have the same
ecological niche as those naturally
existing in that ecosystem.
❖ Alien or introduced species include
any species that are introduced
into new habitats by human
intervention. These are usually
invasive or aggressive.
Page 6 of 16
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 9.4.5 Global Climate Change
❖ Climate change, specifically global
warming, is causing huge changes
to biodiversity. The increase in
global temperature could be
detrimental to some species.
❖ Climate change and variability
cause biodiversity loss and may
even result to the extinction of
species and population if they are
not provided with enough time to
adapt to the changing climactic
conditions.
9.5 Interrelatedness of Society, Environment,
and Health
9.6 Biodiversity in the Philippines
➢ Nutrition, biodiversity, and health are all
interrelated and intersectional. A healthy
environment means a robust and well-
preserved biodiversity.
➢ An ecosystem with healthy and diverse
species consequently results to a healthy
diet of the population, with the need for
adequate levels of nutrient intake having
been met.
➢ Food production is just one of the
important services the ecosystem
provides.
➢ The needs of living organisms such as air,
water, food, and habitat are provided by
their environment.
➢ Destruction of ecosystems and
environmental hazards increases the risks
of diseases like cancer, heart disease,
respiratory ailments, and many others.
➢ With the significant biodiversity loss we
are now experiencing, human health,
biological biodiversity, and the
environment is greatly compromised.
➢ Climate change poses a serious threat to
human health and subsistence.
➢ In environmental legislations (creation of
law) and formulations of policies, social
justice and human rights issues comes
into play as well.
➢ Legislators (law-makers) and policy-
makers shall always give the utmost
importance to the rights and condition of
the most vulnerable.
➢ Biodiversity loss can be prevented
through:
• Proper legislation
• Implementation of fair,
reasonable, and human rights-
based laws and policies
• Appropriate research with
adequate government support
• Education and awareness
raising
• Sustainable use of biodiversity,
especially by big corporations
and military-industrial
complexes
➢ The country is a biodiversity hotspot and
hosts more than 52,177 described species.
➢ According to the DENR-Biodiversity
Management Bureau, the Philippines
contains two-thirds of the Earth’s
biodiversity and 70 percent of the world’s
plants and animal species due to its
geographical isolation, diverse habitats,
and high rates of endemism.
➢ As of 2019, there is a total of 1, 437
terrestrial mammals, birds, reptiles, and
amphibians that are listed as threatened.
➢ 984 species of wild flora in the Philippines
are also threatened for possible
extinction.
➢ Some Philippine Endangered Species
• Philippiine Forest turtle
(Siebenrockiella leytensis)
• Cebu Brown Dove
(Phapitreron frontalis)
• Negros Fruit-Dove
(Ptilinopus arcanus)
• Philippine Eagle
(Pithecophaga jefferyi)
• Gigante Wrinkled Ground Frog
(Platymantis insulatus)
• Cebu Flowerpecker
(Dicaeum quadricolor)
Page 7 of 16
 •Philippine freshwater crocodile reduction in
(Crocodylus mindorensis) fisheries
productivity
• Visayan warty pig (Sus cebifrons)
• Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis)
• Golden-Capped Fruit Bat Golden apple snail Originally
(Acerodon jubatus) (Pomacea canaliculata) introduced to
increase the
• Philippine Spotted Deer (Cervus
protein source of
alfredi) Filipino diet, but
• Luzon Peacock Swallowtail became a major pest
(Papilio chikae) in the farm rice
➢ Some alien species in the Philippines with Gold fish Can out compete
their effects (Carassius auratus) native species of
fish.
Invasive alien species Effect on the ecosystem Stir up mud when
Forest mangrove Host of unidentified termite they feed, which
(Acacia mangium) species increases the
cloudiness of the
Fire ant Invaded native communities
water and
(Solenopsis geminate) and Affected many or all of
affects the growth of
the animals and plants in the
aquatic plants
community; has fiery and
painful stings; nests in the ➢ Wildlife Resources Conservation and
soil Protection Act (R.A. No. 9147)
Spiraling whitefly Affected vegetables and
(Aleurodicus dispeures) ornamentals. Accidentally
introduced with the
importation of ornamental Chapter 10
kalanchoe in the 1970s
Riceblack bug Accidentally Modern Biotechnology
(Scontiniphora introduced in the
coarctata) importation of
potato planting
materials. Heavily
10.1 Genetic Engineeting
infesting potato
✓ Genetic engineering is one of the many
farms in Benguet in
Northern Philippines tools of biotechnology to produce novel
American cockroach or improved organisms through direct
Ubiquitous house
(Periplaneta gene modification.
pest
americana)
Big headed ant Displaced most 10.1.1 Overview
(Pheidole invertebrate faunas;
megacephalus) pest to agriculture
as it harbours
phytophagous
insects that reduce
crop productivity
Jumping plant lice Introduced by the
(Heterophylla cubana) typhoon in 1980.
Has affected almost
all standing L.
leucocephala
plantations
Water hyacinth Labeled as the
(Eichhornia crassipes) “ecosystem
engineer” or
“invasive habitat
modifier”
Caused clogging
waterways,
impeding boat
transport, and
Page 8 of 16
 10.1.3. GMO in the Philippines

10.1.2. Genetically Modified Organisms

10.1.4 Ethical Issues

10.2. Gene and Cell Therapy

✓ Gene therapy is the modification of an

organism’s gene.

Page 9 of 16
 ✓ Cell therapy, unlike gene therapy, The common types of pluripotent stem cells and
transfers live and intact cells to the their respective examples. (American Society of
patient. The cells may come from a donor Gene & Cell Therapy, n.d.)
(allogeneic cells) or from the patient,
himself (autologous cells)(American
Society of Gene & Cell Therapy, n.d.).
10.2.2. Gene Therapy

The common types of multipotent stem cells and

their respective examples. (American Society of
Gene & Cell Therapy, n.d.)
10.2.4. Cell Therapy

An illustration of the five main types of gene

therapy and the possible disease/s that can be
treated. (“Gene & Cell Therapy FAQs,” by
American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy, n.d.)
10.2.3. Stem Cells
➢ Stem cells are at the forefront of both
gene therapy and cell therapy. Its ability
to self-renew and to mature into
specialized cells of each tissue provide the
patient with a therapeutic technique that
potentially lasts for a lifetime.

An illustration of the main steps in the CAR T cell

therapy. (Baylor Scott & White Health. n.d.;
Hagen, 2018; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Page 10 of 16
 10.2.5. Ethical Issues
11.1 Background of Nanotechnology
➢ Nanoscale
➢ Nanos (Greek word) ‘Dwarf’
➢ 10-9 meter
➢ Nanoscience is the study of phenomena
and manipulation of material at the
nanoscale.
➢ Nanotechnology more specific branch that
caters to nanoparticles
➢ Richard Feynman
➢ Norio Taniguchi
➢ National Nonotechnology Initiative
11.2 Microscopy Tools in Nanotechnology
11.2.2 Electron Microscope

❖ Transmission Electron Microscopy

An illustration to show the four basic principles in (TEM)
medical ethics (Bernstein, 2017) ❖ Scanning Electron Microscopy
❖ Ernst Ruska
❖ Max Knolls
11.2.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscope

❖ Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

11.2.3 Atomic Force Microscope

❖ Gerd Binnig and Calvin Quate

Atomic Transmission Scanning

force emission electron
microscope microscope microscope

Chapter 11 The comparison of the output of the different

microscopy techniques.
The Nano World
Page 11 of 16
11.3 Carbon Nanomaterials
✓ Carbon is a nonmetallic, solid element that
occurs ia all organic life and the basis of
organic chemistry.

1 2 3 4

11.3.3 Graphene
➢ Flat one-atom thick sheet or a single
monolayer of carbon atoms, tightly
bound in a hexagonal lattice.
➢ Sir Andre Geim

Figure 11.3 Classes of nanomaterials

(Contents from Jeevanandam et al., 2018)

11.3.1 Fullerenes
➢ Harold Kroto, Sean O’Brien, Robert Curl
and Richard Smalley
➢ Buckyballs are round 11.4 Issues and Concern in Nanotechnology
➢ Buckminster Fuller
✓ Environmental Effects
➢ Lower recovery and recycling rates
➢ Lack of trained engineers and workers
causing further concerns
➢ Environmental implications of other
life cycle stages not clear
➢ Dissemination of toxic, persistent
nanosubstances originating
environmental harm
➢ High-energy requirements for
11.3.2 Carbon nanotubes synthesizing nanoparticles causing
➢ Have cylindrical shape that has not high-energy demand
folded around to create a sphere.
➢ Carbon atoms are linked in hexagonal
shapes.
➢ Sumio Iijima

Page 12 of 16
 11.4.1 Environmental Concerns
Nanomaterial and
current Application Environmental Concern
(Friends of the Earth,
2014)
Caused behavioral &
physiological changes in water
fleas that are associated with
C60 fullerenes used increased risk of predation &
in cosmetics, reproductive decline
potential use in (Lovern et al., 2007)
medicines, batteries Caused oxidative damage in
and electronics largemouth bass by acting
through the same mechanism of
action found to be beneficial for
their use in drug delivery; can
travel to the brain, bind with
lipids, and cause the production
of oxidative stress compounds
when fish are exposed to
concentrations of only 1 ppm.
(Oberdorster, 2004)
Nanoparticle zinc
oxide used in Toxic to algae and water fleas
electronics, gas (Luo, 2007)
sensors, sunscreens,
cosmetics, food
packaging, paint
Aluminum High levels of exposure caused
nanoparticle used in growth delay in corn, cucumber,
cosmetics, soybean, carrot and cabbage
sunscreens, scratch crops (Yang and Watts, 2005)
resistant coatings
Severe deformities of exposed
Silver nanoparticle fish embryo and larvae (used as
used as antimicrobial the sensitive model for
coatings, sensors, developmental toxicity
optical probes and evaluation in environmental
catalysts toxicology studies) showed
cardiac abnormalities, yolk sac
edema, and eye/head
abnormalities
(Liu, 2016)
Titanium dioxide Can cause the death of a
nano form used in considerable percentage of
sunscreens, self- water fleas (Daphnea magna)
cleaning glass, which are used by regulators as
remediation, widely an ecological indicator species
use in small micro (Lovern and Klaper, 2006)
form in foods and UV-illuminated TiO2 proven to
cosmetics be toxic to algae and water fleas
(Hund-Rinke and Simon, 2006)
11.5 Nanotechnology in the Philippines
11.4.2 Health Concerns
Nanomaterial and
current Application Health concern
(Friends of the Earth,
2016)
Silver nanoparticles Can enter the bloodstream and
used as additive in reach all organs of the body,
baby bottles, food including the brain, heart, liver,
containers, packaging, kidney, spleen, bone marrow
cutting boards, salad (Friends of the Earth, 2011)
bowls, cutlery, ice Placental transfer and fetal
trays, filtration devices uptake cause zebra fish embryos
and collapsible coolers; (used as a model organism for
in agriculture, used in the study of embryological
poultry production and development in humans) to
agricultural and develop with head
aquacultural abnormalities and no eyes
disinfectants (Cheng et al., 2007)
Increase the problem of
antibiotic resistant superbugs
(Friends of the Earth, 2011)
Titanium dioxide used Can damage DNA, disrupt the
as function of cells, interfere with
whitener and the defense activities of immune
brightener cells and, provoke inflammation
(Trouiller et al., 2009)
Toxic when ingested and found
Zinc oxide used as to cause lesions in the liver,
surface coatings pancreas, heart and stomach
(Wang et al., 2006)
Found to be potentially toxic,
Nanohydroxyapatite could be absorbed and enter
used as stabilizer in cells; cited as an inhalation
foods hazard in MSDS
(Merz NA, Inc., 2015)
Can be harmful as asbestos if
inhaled in sufficient quantities,
can cause of mesothelioma
Carbon-based
(Maynard et al., 2006)
nanomaterials
Can cross the blood-brain
barrier and alter cell functions
(Jirasak et al., 2008)
11.4.3 Ethical and Social Concerns
➢ Nanotechnology is not a single technology;
it may become pervasive.
➢ Nanotechnology may introduce new
efficiencies and paradigms, which may
make some natural resources and current
practices uncompetitive or obsolete.
➢ Nanotechnology may be very difficult to
detect its presence unless one has the
specialist tools of nanotechnology.
➢ Dr Fabian Dayrit
➢ Application
Page 13 of 16
 (1) nanostructured solar energy devices,
(2) nanosensor technology to food, agriculture,
and environment,
(3) environmental remediation and water, and
(4) nanocomposite materials using local
minerals and biological resources (Dayrit,
2010).
11.5.1 Nanostructured Solar Devices
❖ Nanotechnology Road Map of DOST in
2008 (Dayrit, 2010)
• nanosensor technology to food,
agriculture and the environment
• environmental remediation and
water
• nanocomposite materials using
local minerals and biological
resources
11.5.2 Nanocomposite Materials
❖ biodegradable, environment friendly
food packaging material
❖ Protects food and extends shelf-life
❖ organoclay (nanoclay) from local
bentonite with thermoplastic starch
made from cornstarch
❖ Dr. Blessie A. Basilia
11.5.3 Nanoparticle TiO2 in Commercial Paint
❖ Boysen KNOxOUTTM
11.5.4 Nanotechnology Against COVID-19
Lipitoids, which self-assemble with DNA and RNA,
can serve as cellular delivery systems for antiviral
therapies that could prevent COVID-19 and other
coronavirus infections.
(IMAGE taken from STATNANO36)
❖ A new mice study looked at how
nanotechnology might help humans
fight off the severe "cytokine storm"
that occurs in severe cases of COVID-
19 (HealthDay, 2020)
Chapter 12
Climate Change and the Energy Crisis
12.1 Climate Change and Global Warming
12.1.1 Climate Change
✓ is any significant long-term change in the
expected patterns of average weather of a
region (or the whole Earth) over a significant
period of time.
➢ The three main categories of climate change
impact on human health are:
1. Direct impact. Examples of this are
heat waves, large-scale air pollution,
natural disasters, etc.
2. Impact on ecosystems and
environmental relationships.
Examples of this are damage to
agricultural crops, over-abundance of
mosquitoes, depletion marine species,
etc.
3. Indirect impact. Examples of this are
poverty, displacement, conflict over
resources such as water, post-disaster
epidemics, etc.
12.1.2 Global Warming
✓ is the slow increase in the average
temperature of the earth’s atmosphere
because an increased amount of the energy
(heat) striking the earth from the sun is being
trapped in the atmosphere and not radiated
out into space.
12.1.2 .1 Causes of Global Warming
❖ Greenhouse Gases
12.1.2.2 How Global Warming Drives Climate
Change
❖ Heat
12.2 Natural Causes of Climate Change
12.2.1 Volcanic Eruptions
❖ discharge carbon dioxide, but they may
also emit aerosols, such as volcanic ash or
dust, and sulfur dioxide.
12.2.2 Ocean Currents
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 ❖ Ocean water is constantly evaporating,
increasing the temperature and
humidity of the surrounding air to
form rain and storms that are then
carried by winds.
12.2.3 Earth’s Orbital Changes
12.2.3.1 Precession
12.2.3.2 Eccentricity
12.2.3.3 Obliquity
12.2.4 Variation in Solar Radiation
❖ A sunspot develops where an intense
magnetic field weakens the flow of gases
that transport heat energy from the sun’s
interior. Sunspots appear dark because
their temperature is lower than the
surrounding area.
❖ The sun emits slightly more radiation
during active periods of sunspots.
12.3 Anthropogenic Causes of Climate Change
1. It occurs in the Pacific basin every 2 to 9
years;
2. It usually starts during the Northern winter
(December to February);
3. Once established, it lasts until the first half
of the following year, although at time , it stays
longer (ex: 1939-1941 and 1989-1992
episodes);
4. It exhibits phase-locking at annual cycles
(El Niño and rainfall fluctuations with it tend to
recur at the same time of the year); and
5. It usually has a biennial cycle (El Niño
events will often be preceded and/ or followed
by La Niña).
12.4.3.2 Climate Indicators of El Niño
Phenomenon
1. Delayed onset of the rainy season
2. Early termination of the rainy season
3. Weak monsoon activity isolated heavy
downpour with short duration
4. Far tropical cyclone track
5. Less number of tropical cyclones entering
the PAR

12.3.1 Greenhous Gases

12.4.4 La Niña
12.3.1.1 Water Vapor
12.5 Climate Change Impact
12.3.1.2 Carbon dioxide
12.5.1 Flooding
12.3.1.3 Methane
12.5.2 Deadliest Typhoons to Hit the
12.3.1.4 Ozone Philippines
12.3.1.5 Nitrous oxide 1. Haiyan
2. Thelma
12.3.1.6 Hydrofluorocarbons
3. Ike
12.3.2 Deforestation 4. Fengshen
5. Washi
12.3.3 Coal Mining
6. Durian
12.3.4 Burning of Fossil Fuels 7. Bopha
8. Amy
12.3.5 Industrial Processes
9. Agnes
12.3.6 Agriculture 10. Nina

12.4 Climate Observations 12.5.3 Ecosystems and Biodiversity

12.4.1 Temperature Trends 12.6 Energy Crisis

12.4.2 Glaciers and the Global Sea Level 12.6.1 Definition of Energy and Energy Crisis

12.4.3 El Niño ➢ Forms of Energy:

12.4.3.1 Characteristic of El Niño 1. Heat (thermal)

2. Light (radiant)

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 3. Motion (kinetic)
4. Electrical
5. Chemical
6. Nuclear energy
7. Gravitational
12.6.2 Sources of Energy
12.6.2.1 Renewable Energy
12.6.2.1.1 Solar Energy

12.6.2.1.2 Geothermal Energy

12.6.2.1.3 Wind Energy
12.6.2.1.4 Biomass Energy
12.6.2.1.5 Hydroelectric Power
12.6.2.2 Nonrenewable Energy
1.Petroleum products
2.Hydrocarbon gas liquids
3.Natural gas
4.Coal
5.Nuclear energy
12.6.3 Energy Crisis
12.6.3.1 Causes of Energy Crisis
1. Oil crisis (Oil-supply demand imbalance)
2. Over-consumption
3. Overpopulation
4. Infrastructure damage from severe weather
5. Aging infrastructure
6. Political events
7. Attacks of terrorists on important
infrastructure
12.6.3.2 Effects of Energy Crisis
1. Electricity consumers may experience rolling
blackouts during periods of insufficient supply
or unexpected power outages.
2. Oil price increase
3. Inflation
4. Economic uncertainty
5. Increase in prices of domestic goods
4. Retrenchment with the resultant increase in
unemployment level
5. Increased general poverty
7. Poor health delivery system resulting to
deaths
8. Absence/poor quality research with
resultant low knowledge production
9. Depletion of foreign reserve
10. Devaluation of local currency
11. Increase in lending rate
12. Slow pace of infrastructural development

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