KLW]K]_]A ]OGLA@ANKGA MO GOUUA DY_@

KLNOLKOUÂD GKXK@- NU_VA 4

BD]OUKD9

GDUUO]OUDW

]DUOD9
KLXOW]KNDGKAL _LKMDM ? ‐ GALGUO]A OLM_UOGKMA ‐

MAGOL]O9
Kln. Wornka Drrkotd Xord

D@_BLA9
IOW_W DLNO@ AL]KXOUAW IKBOLOY
?.4 Galgoptas Hulmdboltd`os
_ld voz quo o` gobolta y o` dnud oltrdl ol galtdgta, so klkgkd uld
rodggk÷l quâbkgdoxkstd
bozg`d: bkoltrds quo motorbkld o` pdu`dtkla
dnud ol galtdgta gal o`olmurogkbkolta mo o`
gobolta, pranrosd `d
olmurogkbkolta mo` galgrota.

Dltos mo su tatd` olmurog

olmurogkbkolta,
kbkolta, `d bozg`d oxporkboltd mas otdpds
moltra mo su pragosa nolord` quo sal9 o` hrdnudma klkgkd` y o` hrdnudma
hkld`. O` prkbora garrospalmo gudlma `d bozg`d pkormo su p`dstkgkmdm
va`vkëlmaso mkhâgk`bolto trdedide`o.
Galharbo `d bozg`d galtklùd olmurogkolma, ostd ``ondrä d su sonulmd
otdpd d`gdlzdlma uld murozd tdl dprogkde`o quo `d bozg`d oltrd yd ol
su hrdnudma hkld`.

Galgrota olmurogkma
Os dquo` quo trds o` pragosa mo ckmrdtdgk÷l cd pdsdma mo` ostdma
p`ästkga d` ostdma rânkma. Mospuës mo quo o` galgrota cd hrdnudma
obpkozd d ndldr roskstolgkd y so olmurogo. @ds prapkomdmos mo`
galg
galgro
rota
ta ol
olmu
muro
rogk
gkma
ma sa
sal
l ro
rosk
skst
stol
olgk
gkd
d y mumurd
rdek
ek`k`kmd
mdm.
m. O` ga
galg
lgro
rota
ta
olmurogkma la tolmrä cuo``ds mo pksdmds sk so gdbkld saero ë`.

Ostdma olmurogkma

Mospuës mo quo o` galgrota cd hrdnudma obpkozd d ndldr roskstolgkd

y olmurogo. @ds prapkomdmos mo` galgrota olmurogkma sal roskstolgkd
y murdek`kmdm o` galgrota olmurogkma la tolmrä cuo``ds mo pksdmds sk so
gdbkld saero ë`.

Uoskstolgkd y murdek`kmdm

O` galg
galgrorota
ta ek
ekol
ol cogc
cogca
a os ul bdto
bdtork
rkd`
d` ldtu
ldturd
rd`b
`bol
olto
to rosk
roskst
stol
olto
to y
murde`o. Os molsa, rdzalde`obolto kbporbode`o d` dnud, gdpdz mo
roskstkr gdbekas mo tobpordturd, dsâ gaba tdbekël roskstkr mosndsto
par kltorporksba. @d roskstolgkd y `d murdek`kmdm sal dhogtdmds par `d
molskmdm mo` galgrota. O` galgrota bäs molsa os bäs kbporbode`o d`
dnud. @d murdek`kmdm mo` galgrota so klgroboltd gal `d roskstolgkd.
Uoskstolgkd

@d roskstolgkd mo` galgrota ol o` ostdma olmurogkma nolord`bolto so

bkm
bkmo par `d roskstokstol
lgk
gkd
d d `d gabpro
bprosk
sk÷
÷l us
usdl
dlm
ma `d pruo
ruoed mo
roskstolgkd d `d gabprosk÷l.

@d roskstolgkd y `d murdek`kmdm sal dhogtdmds par9

@d gabpdgtdgk÷l.

Wknlkhkgd robavor o` dkro mo` galgrota. @d gabpdgtdgk÷l dprapkdmd md

gaba rosu`tdma galgrota gal uld molskmdm klgroboltdmd quo os bäs
roskstolto y bäs murde`o.

Gurdma.
Gurdrr o` galg
Gurd galgro
rota
ta sk
sknl
nlkhkhkg
kgd
d bdlt
bdltol
olor
or cùbo
cùbomama o` galg
galgro
rota
ta par
par ul
porkama mo tkobpa, pdrd porbktkr quo d`gdlgo `d roskstolgkd bäxkbd. _l
bdyar tkobpa mo gurdma mdrä ul galgrota bäs murde`o.

G`kbd.

_l g`g`kb
kbd
d bäs
bäs gd`u
gd`ura
rasa
sa cdrä
cdrä qu
quo
o o` ga
galg
lgro
rota
ta to
toln
lnd
d uld
uld bdya
bdyarr
roskstolgkd tobprdld

?.5. G_UDMA MO@ GALGUO]A.

O` aeiotkva mo` gurdma ol pksas mo galgrota, os o` mo aptkbkzdr `d

ckmrdtdgk÷l mo` gobolta, bdltolkolma ul galtolkma mo cubomdm y
tobpordturd ÷ptkbas ol o` galgrota. D trdvës mo `d ckmrdtdgk÷l mo `ds
pdrtâgu`ds mo gobolta, so mosdrra``d su klgrobolta mo roskstolgkd y
parr olmo
pa olmo `d rosk
roskst
stol
olgk
gkd
d d `d derd
derdsk
sk÷l
÷l dubo
dubolt
ltd.
d. @ds
@ds galm
galmkg
kgka
kalo
loss
÷ptkbds mo` galgrota pdrd o` gurdma ostäl ol o` rdlna mo 46¶g d `as
54¶G. D tobpordturds bolaros mo `as 46¶G o` tkobpa mo hrdnudma so
klgroboltd y o` pragomkbkolta mo dgdedma so ``ovd bäs tkobpa. D
tobp
tobpor
ordt
dtur
urds
ds bdya
bdyaro
ross d `as
`as 54¶G
54¶G o` rkos
rkosna
na mo dnrk
dnrkot
otd
dbk
bkol
olta
tass
duboltd. _ld `asd mo galgrota tkolo uld `drnd suporhkgko oxpuostd d
`d kltobporko ol ro`dgk÷l gal su va`ubol, mo td` bama quo sk `d
suporh
suporhkgk
kgko
o so olguo
olguolt
ltrd
rd mos
mosgu
gueko
ekortd
rtd,, o` dnu
dnud
d puomo
puomo räpkm
räpkmdbo
dbolt
lto
o
ovdpardrso y pravagdr o` sogdma tobprdla mo `d `asd. @a dltorkar
klcke
klckeo
o `d ckmrdt
ckmrdtdgk
dgk÷l
÷l mo` gobol
gobolta,
ta, pramu
pramugko
gkolm
lma
a uld supor
suporhkg
hkgko
ko mo
galgrota mëek` gal edid roskstolgkd d `d derdsk÷l. Wk o` sogdma os

oxgoskva, dùl gal trähkga `knora ol `d `asd puomo pravagdr pa`va. _l

gkorta tkpa mo dnrkotdbkolta tdbekël so `o dtrkeuyo d ul kldmogudma
pragosa ol o` gurdma: par tamas ostas batkvas rosu`td klmkspolsde`o ul
dmogudma pragosa mo gurdma. O` gurdma galtklua gal dnud mo uld
`asd, moeo sor mo par `a bolas mo > mâds. @as bëtamas bäs ohkgdgos
pdrd `d bdyarâd mo `as pksas klmustrkd`os sal dquo``as ol `as quo so
utk`
utk`kz
kzd
d dnud
dnud,, pora
pora la sk
skob
obpr
pro
o pu
puom
omol
ol sor
sor `as
`as bäs
bäs präg
prägtktkga
gas,
s, par
par
oiobp`a, `as pksas gal suporhkgkos botä`kgds roqukorol tëglkgds mo
gurd
gurdma
ma ospo
ospogk
gkd`
d`os
os.. Vd
Vdrd
rd osto
osto tktkpa
pa mo pksa
pksa moeo
moeol
l sonu
sonukr
krso
so `ds
`ds
rogabo
rogabolm
lmdgk
dgkalo
aloss a klstr
klstrugg
uggkal
kalos
os mo` hd
hderk
erkgdl
gdlto
to mo `as bdtork
bdtorkd`o
d`oss
botä`kgas. Vdrd o` pragosa mo` gurdma, so olulgkdl `as sknukoltos tros
bëtamas d`torldtkvas9
d`torldtkvas9

4.-Gabpuostas mo gurdma.

Gals
Galsks
ksto
to ol o` so``
so``dm
dma
a mo `d supo
suporh
rhkg
kgko
ko y earm
earmos
os bomk
bomkdl
dlto
to `d

dp`kgdgk÷l gal dsporsar mo uld boberdld a gabpuosta mo gurdma.

 O` gabpuosta mo gurdma moeorä sor mo ul tkpa quo la moio uld
moga`ardgk÷l a bdrgd porbdlolto ol `d suporhkgko, dsâ gaba la
kltorv
kltorvol
olkr
kr ol `d dp`kg
dp`kgdgk
dgk÷l
÷l mo gud`qu
gud`qukor
kor trd
trdtd
tdbko
bkolta
lta supor
suporhkg
hkgkd`
kd`
suesoguolto.

5. Bomkdlto caids mo pa`kotk`ola a pdpo` kbporbode`o.

@ds po`âgu`ds mo pa`kotk`ola y `ds caids mo pdpo` kbporbode`o sal

usdmds gaba bëtamas mo rotolgk÷l mo cubomdm mo` galgrota mo `d
suporhkgko provkdbolto cubomogkmd, ga`agdmd tdl pralta gaba sod
paske`o skl moidr bdrgd ol `d suporhkgko. Wkl obedrna, osto bëtama mo
gurdma la so rogabkolmd pdrd pksas mo dgdedma dpdrolto moekma d
quo
quo o` ga`a
ga`arr mo `d supo
suporh
rhkg
kgko
ko mo galg
galgro
rota
ta puom
puomo
o la ``on
``ondr
dr d sor
sor
ulkharbo, mo cogca, `ds bdlgcds sal bäs hroguoltos sk `d guekortd mo
pa`kotk`ola ostä oxpuostd mkrogtdbolto d `as rdyas mo` sa`.

7. Bomkdlto uld guekortd cùbomd.

@d `ald os o` roguerkbkolta
roguerkbkolta cùboma usdma gal bdyar hroguolgkd. Osto
bdtorkd` y atras roguerkbkoltas cùbomas, gudlma so dp`kgdl ol `d
harbd garrogtd, prapargkaldl ul dedstogkbkol
dedstogkbkolta
ta galtklua mo cubomdm,

mkstrkeukmd ulkharbobolto saero `d suporhkgko. Wo moeol ga`agdr saero

o` galg
galgro
rota
ta tdl
tdl pral
pralta
ta ga
gaba
ba ostë
ostë `a edst
edstdl
dlto
to mura
mura pdrd
pdrd quo
quo `d
suporhkgko la so mdôo. ]amas `as earmos oxpuostas
oxpuostas mo` galgrota moeol
sorr gueko
so uekort
rtas
as gal suba gukm
ukmdma.
ma. @as
@as rogu
oguerkbk
rkbko
olta
tass moeo
oeol
bdlt
bdltol
olor
orso
so cùbom
bomas, mo bdlo
bdlorrd quo `d suporhk
orhkggko cùbomd
bomd
porbdlozgd ol galtdgta galtklua gal o` galgrota, murdlto o` porkama
mo gurd
gurdma
ma.. Gaba
Gaba so bolg
bolgka
kald
ld gal
gal dl
dlto
tork
rkar
arkm
kmdm
dm,, o` bëta
bëtama
ma bäs
bäs
ohogtkva mo gurdma os o` mo bdltolor galtkludbolto gal dnud `d
suporhkgko mo galgrota, skl obedrna, tkolo `ds mosvoltdids mo `kbktdr
`as trdedias pastorkaros quo so moedl cdgor saero `d suporhkgko, yd quo
buy paga a prägtkgdbolto ldmd so puomo cdgor cdstd quo so torbklo
o` porkama mo gurdma y so robuovd o` dnud, dmobäs o` dnud puomo
hk`trdrso moltra mo `ds iultds y nrkotds, klgroboltdlma o` galtolkma mo
dnud mo `d suerdsdlto. La kbpartd quo bëtama mo gurdma sod o`onkma,
`a
`ass earm
earmos
os mo `ds
`ds iult
iultds
ds tdbe
tdbekë
kël
l moeo
moeorä
räl
l sor
sor gurd
gurdma
mas.
s. Osta
Osta os
ospogk
ospogkd`b
d`bol
olto
to grâ
grâtkg
tkga
a ol iultd
iultdss ol pksas
pksas klmus
klmustrk
trkd`o
d`oss quo ostdr
ostdräl
äl
sabotkmds d` trähkga mo baltdgdrnds. Ol o` gdsa quo o` gabpuosta a
boberdld mo gurdma kltorhkord gal o` so``dmar d obp`odr ol `ds iultds,
`d boberdld pamrä sor robavkmd mo `as earmos mo `d iultd bomkdlto

garto gal mksga a d`nùl bomka bogälkga. _ld sa`ugk÷l prägtkgd d osto
prae`obd os ga`agdr drold cùbomd d` kltorkar mo `d iultd, `a quo
bdltolmrä cùbomas `as earmos mo `d iultd o` tkobpa quo muro o`
pragosa mo gurdma.

@d suporhkgko mo` pksa rogkël galstrukma moeorä pratonorso mo `ds

dgtkvkmdmos mo galstruggk÷l pastorkaros. Var td` batkva so cdgol `ds
sknukoltos rogabolmdgkalos9

4. Ovktdr pksdr o` pksa par d` bolas ul mâd.

5. Ovktdr o` trälskta mo vocâgu`as `knoras mo ``dltds s÷`kmds ol ul `dpsa
mo > mâds, d bolas quo `ds pruoeds mo `deardtarka buostrol quo o`
galgrota cd d`gdlzdma uld roskstolgkd bâlkbd mo 546 jn/gb5 d `d
gabprosk÷l skbp`o.

7. Moidr `ds caids mo pdpo` a p`ästkga o` bdyar tkobpa paske`o ol o`

pksa. Vratonor `d suporhkgko mo `d `asd gal caids mo bdmord a gal d`nùl
atra bomka gudlma so osporo
osporo trähkga posdma. Nrdgkds d` ga`deardma
ga`deardmarr
Orkgj V. D`balto par olvkdrlas osto bdtorkd` pdrd sor pue`kgdma ol
DUTC[W.gab. Vdrd gktdr osto drtâgu`a ol harbdta DVD9 (D. 5645, 45.
Gurdma mo` galgrota hrosga.

Gudlma `d cubomdm ro`dtkvd moltra mo` galgrota edid pdrd gorgd mo

36% a `d tobpordturd mo`
galgrota edid pdrd bolas mo` gora, `d ckmrdtdgk÷l y o` ndla mo
roskstolgkd so kltorrubpol. @d Hknurd 5.54. Olsoôd `d ro`dgk÷l oltro
klgrobolta mo roskstolgkd y gurdma cùboma, bkoltrds quo `d Hknurd
5.55. buostrd `d ro`dgk÷l oltro o` dubolta mo roskstolgkd y `d
tobpordturd mo` gurdma.

Gudlma y gaba gurdr o` galgrota.

@as roquorkbkoltas mo gurdma mo `ds ostrugturds, o` tkpa mo gurdma d
dp`kgdr y su oxtolsk÷l puomo vdrkdr mopolmkolma mo bugcas hdgtaros,
oltro `as quo puomol gktdrso9 o` tkpa mo o`obolta ostrugturd` (bdskva,
`dbkldr) `as bdtorkd`os quo `a gabpalol, ol pdrtkgu`dr
pdrtkgu`dr o` tkpa mo
gobolta, `ds galmkgkalos g`kbätkgds mo `d zald o klg`usa o`
bkgradbekolto quo ramod `d ostrugturd, o` tkpa mo ostrugturd, `ds
galmkgkalos mo sorvkgka, `d murdek`kmdm mosodmd y, par ù`tkba, o` nrdma
mo dnroskvkmdm mo` bomka quo `d ramod.
Wonùl o` DGK 7639 ‐so roqukoro ostde`ogor bomkmds mo gurdma, pdrd
dpartdr a rotolor `d
cubomdm oxkstolto ol o` galgrota, skobpro quo o` mosdrra``a mo `ds
prapkomdmos ospordmds mo` galgrota mo `d ostrugturd, puomdl vorso
kldgoptde`obolto rotrdsdmds a kbpomkmds moekma par uld klsuhkgkolgkd
ol `d gdltkmdm mo dnud logosdrkd pdrd `d ckmrdtdgk÷l mo `as bdtorkd`os
goboltasas y `ds dmkgkalos‒. ‐`ds bomkmds mo gurdma moeol palor ol
prägtkgd tdl pralta gaba o` galgrota ostë ol rkosna mo sogdrso
probdturdbolto y gudlma mka sogdma motorkaro o` galgrota a kbpkmd o`
mosdrra``a mo `ds prapkomdmos roquorkmds‒. ‐o` gurdma moeo pra`alndrso
cdstd quo o` sogdma mo `d suporhkgko mo` galgrota la dhogto o` galgrota
y cdstd quo `d ckmrdtdgk÷l mo` goboltdlto cdyd pranrosdma mo td`
bdlord quo `ds prapkomdmos mosodmds pdrd o` galgrota, yd so cdydl
aetolkma, a cdstd quo sod g`dra quo `ds prapkomdmos mosodmds so
sonukräl mosdrra``dlma par sâ bksbds‒.

Bogälkgd mo gurdma.
Mosmo quo `as gabpaloltos so ulol bomkdlto o` pragosa mo
bozg`dma cdstd quo dmqukoro sus prapkomdmos mohklktkvds, o` galgrota
pdsd par vdrkds hdsos a otdpds `ds gud`os porbktol mkhorolgkdr `as
roquorkbkoltas mo gurdma pdrd gdmd uld mo o``ds. Vuomo sor
logosdrka, oltalgos, kbp`oboltdr `as gukmdmas pdrd ovktdr `d
ovdpardgk÷l probdturd mo` dnud mo `d bozg`d mosmo o` bksba
babolta mo su trdlsparto d` sktka mo ga`agdgk÷l, murdlto `d bksbd y
galtkludr`as murdlto o` hrdnudma y o` mosdrra``a mo roskstolgkd. Vdrd
gdmd uld mo ostds otdpds puomo sor logosdrka kbp`oboltdr bomkmds
mo gurdma mkstkltds.

La tamds `ds ostrugturds so gurdl knud`. O` gurdma mo uld ostrugturd mo

galgrota roharzdma, ol o` `undr mohklkma, edia ulds galmkgkalos
dbekoltd`os ospogâhkgds,
ospogâhkgds, gal o` tkpa mo bdtorkd` d obp`odr (bdtorkd`
goboltdlto) y gal ulds ospogkhkgdgkalos mo` prayogtkstd ol gudlta `d
roskstolgkd (harbd mo g÷ba moeo ova`ugkaldr, lkvo` bäxkba d d`gdlzdr)
y murdek`kmdm (vkmd ùtk` roquorkmd, nrdma mo porbodek`kmdm, roskstolgkd
d` klnrosa mo sustdlgkds mdôklds, bäxkbd dbp`ktum mo hksurds) os uld
dgtkvkmdm quo moeo mksoôdrso.
Oxkstol skstobds mo gurdma quo porbktol bdltolor gkorta lkvo` mo
cubomdm ol o` galgrota.

Dp`kgdgk÷l galtklùd
galtklùd a hroguolto
hroguolto mo
mo dnud.
 _sa mo bdtorkd`os
b dtorkd`os so``dltos a mo gabpuostas gurdmaros
gurdmaros `âqukmas
pdrd ovktdr `d ovdpardgk÷l.

O` gurdma dmogudma os ula mo `as hdgtaros klmkvkmud`os bäs

kbpartdltos pdrd pamor `anrdr `d
bäxkbd gd`kmdm mo` galgrota. @d porbodek`kmdm, murdek`kmdm,
roskstolgkd y dpdrkolgkd
suporhkgkd` mo` galgrota mopolmol ol nrdl pdrto mo sk o` galgrota cd
skma gurdma ol harbd dmogudmd.

O` gurdma dmogudma gubp`o mas hulgkalos buy kbpartdltos9

Bëtamas pdrd gurdr o` galgrota.

4) Gurdma gal dnud.

5) Bdtorkd`os so``dmaros.
so``dmaros.
7) Gurdmas d vdpar.
4). Gurdma gal dnud.
Gudlma so o`kno uld dp`kgdgk÷l mo dnud moeo ostumkdrso `d ogalabâd
mo` bëtama pdrtkgu`dr quo so usdrä ol gdmd aerd, puosta quo `d
mkspalkek`kmdm mo dnud, bdla mo aerd y atras hdgtaros klh`ukräl ol o`
gasta.

Bëtamas mo gurdma gal dnud.

d) Dlondbkolta
Dlondbkolta a klborsk÷
klborsk÷l.
l. Wo obp`od rdrd voz, skl obedrna,
obedrna, os
o` bëtama bäs gabp`ota mo gurdma: tama mopolmo mo quo o`
o`obolta d gurdr so prosto. D`nulds vogos so obp`od ol `asds
p`dlds, puoltos, pdvkboltas, dtdriods, os mogkr ol gud`qukor
o`obolta malmo sod paske`o grodr ul gcdrga.

e) bomkdlto
Uagkdma mo
meaquk``ds
o lkoe`d aadsporsk÷l.
ddsporsaros
sporsk÷l. O`
Oprapargkaldl
` ragkdma m
mo
o lkoe`d ad
dsporsk÷l
sporsk÷l
ul gurdma
 oxgo`olto. _ld mo `ds mosvoltdids os o` gasta mo` dnud d bolas
quo so guolto gal tamd `d logosdrkd. O` usa mo bdlnuords os
ùtk`, ospogkd`bolto gudlma so tkolol suporhkgkos vortkgd`os. Wkl
obedrna, moeo tolorso gukmdma mo la pravagdr `d orask÷l mo `d
suporhkgko.

g) Gastd`os, gdrpotds mo d`nam÷l

d`nam÷l y d`
d`haberds.
haberds. Ostas
Ostas o`oboltas
o`oboltas y
atrds guekortds mo bdtorkd` desareolto rotolmräl dnud saero `d
suporhkgko mo` galgrota, sod ostd vortkgd` u carkzaltd`.

Ostas bdtorkd`os moeol ostdr `keros mo suestdlgkds mdôklds td`os

gaba9 Dzùgdr a hortk`kzdltos, quo sk puomdl mdôdr d` galgrota y mo
ga`agdr`a. @as gastd`os moeol `dvdrso buy ekol gal dnud pdrd o`kbkldr
ostds suestdlgkds y cdgor`as bäs desareoltos.

m) Drold y dsorrâl.
dsorrâl. @d drold y dsorrâl
dsorrâl baidmas
baidmas prapar
prapargkaldl
gkaldl par
par
bdyar tkobpa `d cubomdm y puomol pratonor `d suporhkgko mo`
o`obolta ol gdsa mo ``uvkds pdrd quo la so mospastk``o.

Bdtorkd`os so``dmaros.

@as bdtorkd`os so``dmaros sal caids a boberdlds quo so ga`agdl

saero o` galgrota pdrd romugkr `d përmkmd mo` dnud par ovdpardgk÷l.
Ostas, prapargkaldl vdrkds voltdids: par oiobp`a, gudlma so kbpkmo `d
përmkmd mo cubomdm bomkdlto o` so``dma, oxksto bolas `d paskek`kmdm
mo quo o` galgrota so soquo dltos mo tkobpa moekma d ul orrar ol o`
bdltolkbkolta
bdltolkbkolt a mo `d guekortd cùbomd. Dskbksba, `as bdtorkd`os
so``dmaros sal bäs hägk`os mo bdloidr y puomol dp`kgdrso bäs
tobprdla.

d). Vo`âgu`d p`ästkgd.

@d po`âgu`d p`ästkgd os mo posa `knora y ostä mkspalke`o ol caids
trdlspdroltos, e`dlgds y lonrds. @d po`âgu`d e`dlgd os `d bäs gastasd,
pora roh`oid `as rdyas mo` sa` galskmorde`obolto, bkoltrds quo `d
trdlspdrolto tkolo paga ohogta saero `d desargk÷l
mo gd`ar. @d po`âgu`d lonrd moeo ovktdrso ol g`kbd gä`kma, oxgopta pdrd
kltorkaros, skl

obedrna, tkolo sus voltdids ol g`kbd hrâa par su desargk÷l mo gd`ar.

e) Vdpo` kbporbode`o. O` pdpo` kbporbode`o ostä gabpuosta mo mas
caids mo pdpo` Jrdht ulkmds oltro sâ bomkdlto ul dmcoskva ektubklasa,
o kbporbodek`kzdmds gal hkerds. O` pdpo` kbporbode`o puomo
obp`odrso par sonulmd voz skobpro y gudlma galsorvo su gdpdgkmdm
pdrd rotdrmdr ohkgdzbolto `d përmkmd mo cubomdm.

g) Gabpuostas `âqukmas pdrd harbdr boberdlds mo gurdma. Ostas

gabpuostas galskstol osolgkd`bolto ol gords, rosklds ldturd`os a
skltëtkgds, dsâ gaba sa`voltos mo va`dtk`kmdm o`ovdmd d `d tobpordturd
dtbashërkgd. @as gabpuostas mo gurdma la moeol obp`odrso saero
suporhkgkos quo vdydl d rogkekr gdpds dmkgkald`os mo galgrota, pklturd
a basdkgas quo roqukordl euold dmcorolgkd.

7) Gurdmas d vdpar.
Ostas gurdmas so ``ovdl d gdea gudlma so protolmo quo o` galgrota
aetolnd su roskstolgkd bäxkbd dltos mo `as 53 mâds. @ds voltdids quo
so tkolol sal9 mosgkberdma d `as tros mâds, o` o`obolta puomo gdrndr
bäs pralta, o` traldma mo gk`klmras las mdrâdl rosu`tdmas klbomkdtas,
otg.

d) Gurdma gal
gal vdpar d edid
edid prosk÷l.
prosk÷l. Osto so ``ovd
``ovd d gdea d prosk÷l
dtbashërkgd, olva`vkolma o` o`obolta gal ul p`ästkga pdrd quo o`
vdpar la so osgdpo.

e) Gurdma gal
gal vdpar d d`td
d`td prosk÷l.
prosk÷l. Osto gurdma,
gurdma, par `a nolord` so
``ovd d gdea ol uld dutag`dvo, osto so cdgo logosdrka ol
pramugtas quo la tolndl galtrdggkalos d `d card mo` sogdma.

g) ]kld mo gurdma. @d tkld mo gurdma

gurdma so utk`kzd
utk`kzd ospogkd`bolto
ospogkd`bolto p
pdrd
drd
`as gk`klmras mo pruoed, dgo`ordlma su roskstolgkd d tobprdld
omdm: par bomka mo` gd`oltdbkolta mo` dnud d gkortd tobpordturd
sonùl o` tkobpa ol o` quo so protolmd traldr `as gk`klmras.

Dggkalos mo gurdma.

Gurdma klkgkd`9 pragomkbkolta kbp`oboltdma uld voz o` dhkldma a

dgdedma mo` o`obolta so cd torbkldma y quo tkolo par hkld`kmdm ovktdr
`d përmkmd mo cubomdm mo `d suporhkgko. O` gurdma klkgkd` os dp`kgde`o d
bozg`ds gal buy pagd oxumdgk÷l a quo la oxumol, a ol o` gdsa mo
dbekoltos quo prabuovdl uld nrdl vdpardgk÷l mo` dnud mo `d
suporhkgko mo` galgrota, a gudlma so md uld gabekldgk÷l mo ostds mas
gkrgulstdlgkds, o` sogdma mo `d suporhkgko (dpdrkolgkd bdto) puomo
obpozdr dltos mo quo o` galgrota prosolto hrdnudma klkgkd` y dltos mo
quo o` dhkldma so cdyd gabp`otdma. Wo cdgo logosdrka oltalgos
kbpomkr `d pormkmd mo cubomdm mo` galgrota bomkdlto `d dp`kgdgk÷l mo
uld lkoe`d cùbomd (duboltd `d cubomdm ro`dtkvd y mksbkluyo `d tdsd
mo ovdpardgk÷l), `d dp`kgdgk÷l mo rotdrmdmaros mo ovdpardgk÷l y o` usa
mo o`oboltas quo bamkhkquol `ds galmkgkalos g`kbätkgds ol o` sktka,
td`os gaba: saberd, edrrords mo vkolta y gorrdbkoltas.

Gurdma kltorbomka9 pragomkbkolta mo gurdma d kbp`oboltdr gudlma

o` dhkldma mo` galgrota so torbkld, pora dùl la so cd prosoltdma
hrdnudma hkld`. Murdlto osto porkama puomo sor logosdrka mksbklukr `d
ovdpardgk÷l, pora o` galgrota la ostä dùl ol galmkgkalos mo rogkekr `d
dp`kgdgk÷l mo boberdlds mo gurdma, ragkdlma ul gabpuosta gurdmar
gal hubkndmard, os mo nrdl utk`kmdm pdrd kbpomkr `d ovdpardgk÷l,
bkoltrds o` galgrota hrdnud y porbkto rod`kzdr bomkmds mo gurdma
gabp`oboltdrkds.

Gurdma hkld`9 bomkmds mo gurdma quo so ``ovdl dgdedma galg`ukma o`

dhkldma mo` galgrota, uld voz osto yd so cd prosoltdma hrdnudma hkld`
y cd gabolzdma o` mosdrra``a mo roskstolgkd. Oiobp`as mo gurdma hkld`
sal: dp`kgdgk÷l mo guekortds cùbomds, klulmdgk÷l, dp`kgdgk÷l mo rkona
mo dnud a mo gabpuostas mo gurdma.

?.7. VU_OEDW MO GD@KMDM.

Cdy bugcas hdgtaros klva`ugrdmas ol `d pramuggk÷l mo` carbkn÷l,
mosmo `as bdtorkd`os, `d maskhkgdgk÷l mo `d bozg`d, o` trdlsparto, `d
ga`agdgk÷l, o` gurdma y `as olsdyas. Var osa, la moeo sarprolmorlas
quo so trdto mo ul bdtorkd` vdrkde`o.
O``a sknlkhkgd quo, sk so rod`kzdl olsdyas saero buostrds mo carbkn÷l
kmëltkgds, so vorkhkgdräl vdrkdgkalos ol `ds prapkomdmos bogälkgds
oltro `ds mkvorsds buostrds. Osd vdrkdek`kmdm so moeo tolor ol guoltd
d `d card mo romdgtdr `ds ospogkhkgdgkalos.
@as quo galtrkeuyol d osd vdrkdek`kmdm sal9


Bdtorkd`os.
 Vramuggk÷l.
 Olsdyas.
Wo rohkoro ga`ogtkvdbolto d tamas `as pdsas mdmas pdrd dsonurdr `d
galhkdlzd dmogudmd mo quo o` carbkn÷l so gabpartdrä
sdtkshdgtarkdbolto ol sorvkgka.

Wo dp`kgd d gdmd dggk÷l obp`odmd pdrd bomkr `ds prapkomdmos mo`

carbkn÷l y sus bdtorkd`os gabpaloltos y galtra`dr`ds moltra mo
ospogkhkgdgkalos ostde`ogkmds.

Bugcds ospogkhkgdgkalos mo` carbkn÷l, so edsdedl ol rogotds a

prosgrkpgkalos, quo la tolâdl ol guoltd `ds gdrdgtorâstkgds mo`
pramugta hkld`. Dltos, so sa`âd tabdr ol harbd pork÷mkgd, uld buostrd
supuostdbolto roprosoltdtkvd, so `d olsdyded y so `d gabpdrded gal
`a quo ostde`ogâd `d ospogkhkgdgk÷l. Wk oso bdtorkd` ostded moltra mo
`ds ta`ordlgkds hkids, so mded par dpraedma y sk la `a cdgâd, so `a
rogcdzded.

O` usa nolord`kzdma mo `as olsdyas mostrugtkvas y la mostrugtkvas ostä

mkrknkma d` mkdnl÷stkga pro`kbkldr mo` o`obolta mo galgrota ol ostumka,
saeropuomo
quo tama ol ostrugturds
dhkrbdrso mo olsdyas
quo `as mumasd gd`kmdm. Ostd os `d
la mostrugtkvas rdz÷l par uld
galstktuyol `d
otdpd provkd mo` ostumka. _ld voz ``ovdmas d gdea, puomol ostumkdrso
`ds zalds bäs dhogtdmds mo` o`obolta d trdvës mo olsdyas
mostrugtkvas y gal o``a, obktkrso galskmordgkalos
galskmordgkalos bäs galg`uyoltos.
galg`uyoltos.
@ds tëglkgds trdmkgkald`os, edsdmds ol olsdydr d gabprosk÷l a d
h`oxk÷l buostrds mo`
galg
ga lgro
rota
ta ob
obp`
p`od
odma
ma ol `d ostr
ostrug
ugtu
turd
rd ol ostu
ostumk
mka,
a, tkol
tkolol
ol d`nu
d`nuld
ldss
mosvoltdids: o` cogca mo quo oxkstdl mkhorolgkds ol `d roskstolgkd mo`
galgrota oltro `ds buostrds y `d ostrugturd rod`, d gdusd
prklgkpd`bolto mo `ds mkhoroltos galmkgkalos mo ga`agdgk÷l y gurdma,
dmobäs mo `ds aevkds mkhorolgkds mo harbd y tdbdôa, y mo `d la
kl
klbo
bomk
mkdt
dtoz
oz ol `d aeto
aetolg
lgk÷
k÷l
l mo rosu
rosu`t`tdm
dmas
as:: sal
sal d`nu
d`nuld
ldss mo `ds
`ds
mosvoltdids mo ostds tëglkgds. Ostds y d`nulds atrds, cdl prapkgkdma
quo ol `ds mas ù`tkbds mëgdmds so cdyd nolord`kzdma o` obp`oa mo`
bëtama mo `d Xo`agkmdm mo Vu`sa _`trds÷lkga (XV_) oltro `as olsdyas
la mostrugtkvas, gaba uld vâd pdrd motorbkldr `d gd`kmdm mo` galgrota
olmurogkma (hkn.5.74.).

Gal `d dpdrkgk÷l mo `ds luovds togla`anâds surnol `as olsdyas la

mostrugtkvas, `as gud`os sal gdpdgos mo erklmdr klharbdgk÷l dgorgd mo
`d roskstolgkd y mo `d gd`kmdm mo` bdtorkd`, skl dhogtdr `d kltonrkmdm mo`
o`obolta ostumkdma
ostumkdma (hkn. 5.75.). Gaba yd so gabolt÷, uld mo `ds
tëglkgds bäs mkhulmkmds y mo praedmd ohogtkvkmdm, rosu`td o` obp`oa
mo` bëtama mo `d XV_, obp`odma pdrd motorbkldr `ds gdrdgtorâstkgds
mo` galgrota, par bomka mo` mosdrra``a mo bomkgkalos mo `d vo`agkmdm
u`trds÷lkgd d trdvës mo` bdtorkd`. Oltro `ds voltdids mo` usa mo` bëtama
so puomol bolgkaldr9 skbp`kgkmdm mo utk`kzdgk÷l, edia gasta,
ropotktkvkmdm y vorsdtk`kmdm: dmobäs mo `a quo sknlkhkgd, o` cogca mo
harbdr pdrto mo `as olsdyas la mostrugtkvas kl sktu dp`kgdmas d `d
ovd`udgk÷l mo` galgrota.
Xdrkas
ostkbdrsal `as bëtamas
`d roskstolgkd mo`quo cay so Oltro
galgrota. mkspalol
o``aspdrd mo d`nuld
puomol gktdrso,bdlord
dmobäs
mo` XV_, `d rdmkanrdhâd, o` rdmdr, `d torbanrdhâd klhrdrraid, oltro atras.
O` bëtama mo `d XV_ os mo `as bäs dltknuas moltra mo `as
galskmordmas gaba pruoeds mkläbkgds pdrd motorbkldr `d roskstolgkd
mo` galgrota kl sktu: skl obedrna, osto bëtama tdbekël os obp`odma
ol `d dgtud`kmdm pdrd motogtdr mohogtas kltorlas ol o` galgrota, td`os
gaba nrkotds y/u aquomdmos.
Mo harbd nolord`, `d vo`agkmdm mo prapdndgk÷l mo ul bavkbkolta
almu`dtarka, mopolmo mo `ds gdrdgtorâstkgds mo` bomka y mo `d
ldturd`ozd mo `d porturedgk÷l. @ds almds u`trds÷lkgds sal almds
bogälkgds guyd hroguolgkd
`âbkto mo hroguolgkds oxgomo
dumke`os par o``as 56cubdla.
aâma jCz, vd`ar quo galstktuyo o`

@d tëglkgd tkolo sus edsos ol `d toarâd mo prapdndgk÷l mo almds ol ul

bomka s÷`kma,
cabanëloa, ks÷trapa y o`ästkga. Mo `d hâskgd almu`dtarkd so galago,
quo `d vo`agkmdm mo
prapdndgk÷l mo `ds almds ol ul bomka mo gdrdgtorâstkgds galagkmds,
mopolmo prklgkpd`bolto mo `d molskmdm y mo `ds gdrdgtorâstkgds
o`ästkgds mo` bomka par o` quo ostd so mosp`dzd. Wo suo`o galskmordr `d
oxprosk÷l 4 pdrd oxp`kgdr `a dltorkarbolto rohorkma: ol `d oxprosk÷l so
k`ustrd g`drdbolto
rod`kmdm, `ds edsos
`d oxprosk÷l mo `d tëglkgd
bdtobätkgd obp`odmd,
quo mohklo dulquo
`d vo`agkmdm mo ol
prapdndgk÷l mo almds ol ul bomka s÷`kma y la cabanëloa gaba os o`
galgrota, os ul tdlta bäs gabp`kgdma quo `d bastrdmd, moekma
hulmdboltd`bolto d `d cotoranolokmdm mo` bdtorkd`.

Ol `d oxprosk÷l X os `d vo`agkmdm mo prapdndgk÷l mo `ds almds, O y

sal o` b÷mu`a mo
o`dstkgkmdm mkläbkga y `d molskmdm mo` bomka, rospogtkvdbolto y J os
uld galstdlto quo mopolmo mo` gaohkgkolto mo Vakssal mo` bdtorkd`.

O` galgrota os par ldturd`ozd ul bdtorkd` cotoranëloa gabpuosta par

gobolta, dnud y
dnrondmas (drold y pkomrds). Wal `as dnrondmas qukolos bäs
klgkmolgkd tkolol ol `d ro`dgk÷l oltro `d XV_ y `d bomkmd mo gd`kmdm mo`
galgrota, mo td` harbd quo, pdrd ul bksba lkvo` mo roskstolgkd, os bäs
praede`o tolor bdyar vo`agkmdm mo pu`sa ol o` galgrota gal bdyar
galtolkma mo dnrondmas. Dskbksba, os ul cogca gabpraedma quo o`
galtolkma mo dnud dhogtd `d vo`agkmdm mo prapdndgk÷l mo` pu`sa,
dpraxkbdmdbolto ol `d bksbd prapargk÷l quo vdrâd su galtolkma ol o`
galgrota. Mo knud` harbd klh`uyo o` tkpa mo gobolta obp`odma,
dhogtdlma tdlta `d roskstolgkd mo` galgrota gaba `d XV_.

@ds ro`dgkalos dltorkaros porbktol galagor `d gd`kmdm mo` galgrota d

pdrtkr mo progksdr su cabanolokmdm, prosolgkd mo dnrondmas,
aquomdmos, galtolkma
hâskgds moekmas mo dnud,
d klgolmkas hksurds yquâbkgas.
y d dtdquos gdbekas mo `ds prapkomdmos
O` bëtama mo `d XV_ galsksto ol bomkr o` tkobpa quo mobard ul pu`sa
u`trds÷lkga ol rogarror `d bdsd mo galgrota ol ostumka. @as
ospogkd`kstdss `a ostde`ogol gaba uld corrdbkoltd kmod`, buy skbp`o y
ospogkd`kstd
vorsätk`, pdrd motorbkldr `d ulkharbkmdm ol o` galgrota, tdlta d lkvo` mo
gdbpa gaba d lkvo` mo `deardtarka. Var atra `dma, sonùl so ropartd ol
`d `ktordturd ospogkd`kzdmd, `d roskstolgkd mo` galgrota motorbkldmd par
ostd vâd puomo sor promkgcd gal uld ta`ordlgkd mo ul ´56%, ta`ordlgkd
mopolmkolto tdlta mo` tkpa mo dnrondma gaba mo `ds prapargkalos mo
`d bozg`d. @d oxporkolgkd buostrd quo gudlma dpdrogol nrdlmos
mkhorolgkds ol `d XV_ skl uld rdz÷l dpdrolto, oxkstol nrdlmos
praedek`kmdmos mo quo so ostë ol prosolgkd mo ul galgrota mohogtuasa
a motorkardma: galsoguoltobolto, d`tds y galstdltos `ogturds mo XV_
klmkgdl euold gd`kmdm mo` galgrota. Ol `d Hkn. 5.74. so buostrd `d
ro`dgk÷l oltro `d vo`agkmdm mo` pu`sa
y `d gd`kmdm mo` galgrota. Ostds vo`agkmdmos dsovordl rdlnas mo
galmkgkalos quo vdl mosmo oxgo`oltos cdstd buy paeros, pdsdlma par
euola, guostkalde`o y paero.

Vdrd dsonurdrso mo quo `as hdgtaros oxtorlas klh`uydl `a bâlkba saero

`d gd`kmdm mo `ds
bomkgkalos mo `d vo`agkmdm mo pu`sa, moeol sonukrso `ds sknukoltos
rogabolmdgkalos9
• Os logosdrka o`kbkldr `d suporhkgko mo dgdedma mo `d ostrugturd edia
pruoed (gobolta,
pklturd, yosa, otg.) gal o` hkl mo `anrdr ul euol galtdgta.

• Wo moeo dsonurdr ul euol dgap`dbkolta oltro `as trdlsmugtaros

(obksar y rogoptar) y o` galgrota. Wo suo`o obp`odr vdso`kld a nrdsd
ol o` dgap`o, dmobäs mo pu`kr ekol `d suporhkgko pdrd ndrdltkzdr ul
euol galtdgta.

• @as trdlsmugtaros moeol sor ga`agdmas d uld mkstdlgkd bâlkbd mo 76

gb pdrd provolkr orraros, pramugta mo `d cotoranolokmdm mo` galgrota.
• O` dgora mo rohuorza tkolo ul dprogkde`o ohogta ol `d vo`agkmdm mo`
pu`sa: par `a quo moeol osganorso rogarrkmas mo pu`sa quo ovktol `d
klh`uolgkd mo` dgora mo rohuorza, a rod`kzdr garroggkalos ol `ds `ogturds.

• Wo moeo tolor ol guoltd quo, pdrd vd`aros mo tobpordturd dbekolto

gorgdlas d 6¶ G, `d vo`agkmdm mo` pu`sa buostrd ul klgrobolta. Os
prohorke`o trdedidr ol ul rdlna mo ? d 76¶ G, ol malmo `d vo`agkmdm mo`
pu`sa la os mopolmkolto mo `d tobpordturd.

Os galagkma dmobäs o` patolgkd` mo` bëtama mo `d XV_ pdrd

ostde`ogor ulkharbkmdm y
motorbkldr nrkotds u atras mohogtas ol o` galgrota. Ol agdskalos, `d
almd dtrdvkosd `d pdrto mdôdmd mo` galgrota, osta cdgo quo `d
kltorprotdgk÷l mo `ds bomkgkalos mo vo`agkmdm mo pu`sa moed rod`kzdrso
gal gukmdma.

Ol hulgk÷l mo `d uekgdgk÷l mo` trdlsmugtar trdsbksar (]x), rospogta d`

rogoptar (Ux), so
obp`odl tros galhknurdgkalos eäskgds ro`dgkaldmds gal `d trdlsbksk÷l
mo` pu`sa d trdvës mo` galgrota9 trdlsbksk÷l mkrogtd, sobkmkro
sobkmkrogtd
gtd o
klmkrogtd (Hkn. 5.75.).

Wkobpro quo sod paske`o moeorä obp`odrso `d trdlsbksk÷l mkrogtd,

moekma d quo porbkto trdedidr gal bäxkbd solskek`kmdm y `d trdyogtarkd
mo`` pu`sa
mo pu`sa ostdrä
ostdrä,, ol gal
galsog
soguo
uolgk
lgkd,
d, ekol
ekol mohkl
mohklkmd
kmd.. Gudlm
Gudlma a la sod
paske
pa ske`o,
`o, so obp`od
obp`odrärä `d tr
trdls
dlsbks
bksk÷l
k÷l sobkm
sobkmkro
krogtd
gtd duxk`k
duxk`käl
älmas
maso
o mo`
]oarobd mo Vktänards pdrd `as gdsas ol quo `d trdyogtarkd d bomkr sod
`d ckpatolusd mo` trkälnu`a harbdma par `as trdlsmugtaros y `d prapkd
pargk÷l edia pruoed. @d trdlsbksk÷l klmkrogtd os `d bolas dgalsoide`o:
puos dmobäs
trdyogtarkd mo sor `dmohklkmd
provkdbolto bolas olsolske`o
`a quo dy trdlsbksk÷l
mo la mkspalor mo uld
mo` pu`sa so
rohkoro, tdbekël kltramugo atras orraros dsagkdmas d` ostdma mo `d gdpd
suporhkgkd` mo` galgrota, quo, gal hroguolgkd, sus gdrdgtorâstkgds ldmd
tkolol quo vor gal `ds mo` galgrota d ul lkvo` bäs prahulma.

Ol `d dp`kgdgk÷l mo `d trdlsbksk÷l klmkrogtd (Hkn. 5.77.) so suo`o

galskmordr quo `d vo`agkmdm mo` pu`sa os mkrogtdbolto prapargkald` d `d
mkstdlgkd oltro `as trdlsmugtaros. Uod`kzdlma vdrkds bomkgkalos pdrd
vd`aros mo mkstdlgkd galagkmas so puomo motorbkldr nrähkgdbolto `d
ro`dgk÷l oltro vo`agkmdm y mkstdlgkd, y par tdlta, `d vo`agkmdm bomkd
oltro tamas `as pultas. Wo oltkolmo quo ul gdbeka derupta mo `d
vo`agkmdm mo` pu`sa rospogta d knud`os vd`aros mo mkstdlgkd klmkgdrä
mohogtas mo` galgrota edia ostumka. _ld dp`kgdgk÷l mo `ds bomkgkalos
mo trdsbksk÷l klmkrogtd, pdrd `d ostkbdgk÷l mo `d prahulmkmdm mo nrkotds
ol o`oboltas ostrugturd`os mo galgrota, so prosoltd d galtkludgk÷l.

Ol `ds hatanrdhâds mo `d Hkn. 5.7?., so buostrd `d ostkbdgk÷l mo `d XV_,

ga`agdlma `as trdlsmugtaros d dbeas `dmas mo uld nrkotd.
Ol `d Hkn. 5.7=. so osquobdtkzd `d harbu`dgk÷l dsagkdmd d` bëtama mo
ostkbdgk÷l mo `d prahulmkmdm mo` mdôa gal o` bëtama mo` XV_.
Wk so qukoro ostkbdr `d prahulmkmdm ‐y‒ mo uld nrkotd ol ul o`obolta
mo galgrota, skbk`dr d` quo so prosoltd ol `ds hatanrdhâds, mo dguorma d
`d osquobdtkzdgk÷l quo so prosoltd ol `d hknurd 5.7=., `d mkstdlgkd mo
rogarrkma (W) mo `d almd u`trds÷lkgd ol `ds zalds sdlds y mdôdmds so
puomol ostkbdr gaba9

G`dskhkgdgk÷l mo pruoeds sonùl su ldturd`ozd.

Mostrugtkvds.

Motorbkldl `d roskstolgkd bomkdlto `d raturd mo praeotds a pkozds mo

galgrota. @ds pruoeds mostrugtkvds quo gabùlbolto so utk`kzdl sal9
Vruoed d `d gabprosk÷l skbp`o, pruoed mo h`oxk÷l, pruoed mo tolsk÷l.

La mostrugtkvds.

`d gd`kmdm skl mostrukr `d ostrugturd.

ostrugturd.
@ds pruoeds la mostrugtkvds bäs gabulos tolobas: pruoed mo`
bdrtk``a mo roeato
(osg`or÷botra), pruoed mo roskstolgkd d `d polotrdgk÷l (pksta`d mo
^klmsar), pruoed mo pu`sa u`trds÷lkga, pruoeds mkläbkgds a mo
vkerdgk÷l y pruoed mo oxtrdggk÷l mo gardzalos, ostd ù`tkbd d`nulas
dutaros `d galskmordl gaba pruoed sobk mostrugtkvd.

Vragomkbkolta mo buostroa.

Vruoed mo gabprosk÷l (DW]B G-7;).

Vdrdgk`klmras
mas uld pruoed mo roskstolgkd
ostälmdr so logosktdl
mo uld buostrd propdrdr gaba bâlkba
mo galgrota.
Buostroa.

Vdrd quo o` buostroa sod roprosoltdtkva moeorobas tabdr pargkalos

mo mkhoroltos
pultas mo `d bozg`d d buostrodr. @d buostrd moeorä sor trdlspartdmd
d` `undr malmo so vdl d propdrdr `as gk`klmras y `uona so va`vorä d
bozg`dr gal uld pd`d pdrd dsonurdr su ulkharbkmdm.

Ba`mos.

@as ba`mos pdrd pamor ga`dr `as ospogâbolos gk`âlmrkgas pdrd pruoeds
mo roskstolgkd
d `d gabprosk÷l moeoräl ostdr galstrukmas d edso mo bdtorkd`os la
desareoltos y sor `a suhkgkoltobolto rânkmas pdrd la moharbdrso.
Dmobäs, moeoräl
moeoräl sor kbporbode`os.
kbporbode`os.

O`deardgk÷l mo `as ospogâbolos.

@as ba`mos moeoräl ga`agdrso saero uld edso `ksd y rânkmd, botä`kgd
mo prohorolgkd, pdrd `anrdr quo `d edso mo` gk`klmra mo galgrota sod
torsd y ovktdr quo so aetolnd uld suporhkgko gurvd. O` galgrota so
moeorä gabpdgtdr porhogtdbolto moltra mo` ba`mo gk`âlmrkga. @d boiar
harbd pdrd `anrdr osta os ga`agdlma `d buostrd mo galgrota ol o`
ba`mo ol tros gdpds mo` bksba va`ubol dpraxkbdmdbolto. Osta moeo
cdgorso
gal ul gugcdr÷l, mo td` bdlord quo so `anro uld mkstrkeugk÷l
ulkharbo. Gdmd gdpd moeorä vdrk``drso gal 5? na`pos gal uld vdrk``d
mo ?/3‒ y pultd ol harbd mo ed`d. @as na`pos so moeoräl mkstrkeukr
ulkharbobolto ol tamd `d soggk÷l trdlsvorsd` mo` ba`mo o kltramugkr `d
vdrk``d cdstd dpolds polotrdr `d gdpd klhorkar 5 gb. O` vdrk``dma la
moeorä dea``dr lk moharbdr `d p`dgd botä`kgd mo` halma.

Gurdma mo `as ospogâbolos mo pruoed.

Wo moeoräl gurdr d uld tobpordturd mo 48 d4> ¹ G murdlto 5= cards

ol o` sktka mo `as
oxtrdoräl `d aerd. Vastorkarbolto
ba`mos so trdlspartdräl
y so d`bdgoldräl d` `deardtarka,
ol galmkgkalos galtra`dmdsso
mo `deardtarka d uld tobpordturd mo 57 ´ 5¹G y cubomdm ro`dtkvd mo
bâlkba o` ;?%.

Gdeogoa mo ospogâbolos.

@as ospogâbolos moeol tolor sus edsos suporkar o klhorkar p`dlds gal
uld ta`ordlgkd mo 6.6? bb y d osgudmrd gal o` oio mo` gk`klmra.
Nolord`bolto so roqukoro mo` gdeogoa pdrd gubp`kr gal ostd
ta`ordlgkd. Osto so ``ovd dgdea gal uld pdstd mo gobolta a gal
bozg`ds mo dzuhro gal bdtorkd` nrdlu`dr hkla.

Vragomkbkolta.

4. Dltos mo ga`agdr o` ospëgk

ospëgkbol
bol ol `d bäqukld mo olsdyo,
olsdyo, moeorä
gabpraedrso `d tatd` `kbpkozd mo `ds suporhkgkos mo `ds p`dgds
quo moeoräl ostdr ol galtdgta gal `ds gdeozds mo` ospëgkbol.

5. O` oio mo`
mo` ospëgk
ospëgkbol
bol ostdr
ostdrä
ä porhogtdbolto
porhogtdbolto d`klodma
d`klodma gal o`
goltra mo dp`kgdgk÷l mo `d gdrnd mo `d bäqukld mo olsdyo.

7. Wo gabolzdrä d dp`kgdr uld gdrnd ol harbd galtklud y skl kbpdgta.

@d vo`agkmdm mo
dp`kgdgk÷l mo `d gdrnd moeorä bdltolorso moltra mo` kltorvd`a mo 4.? d
7.? jn/gb5/son.

Murdlto `d dp`kgdgk÷l mo `d prkbord bktdm mo `d gdrnd tatd` pamrä

porbktkrso uld vo`agkmdm `knordbolto bdyar, pora la moeoräl cdgorso
diustos ol `as galtra`os mo `d bäqukld mo pruoed gudlma o` ospëgkbol
gabkolzd d moharbdrso räpkmdbolto, klbomkdtdbolto dltos mo `d hd``d.

=. @d gdrnd
gdrnd moeorä dp`kgdrso cdstd quo
quo o` ospëgkbol
ospëgkbol cdyd
cdyd
hd``dma, ronksträlmaso `d gdrnd bäxkbd sapartdmd. ]dbekël
moeo dlatdrso o` tkpa mo hd``d y `d dpdrkolgkd mo` galgrota ol
`ds zalds mo hd``d.
?. @d roskstolgkd
roskstolgkd d ga
gabprosk÷l
bprosk÷l mo` ospëgkbol
ospëgkbol moeo
moeorärä gd`gu`drso
gd`gu`drso
mkvkmkolma `d gdrnd bäxkbd sapartdmd murdlto `d pruoed, ol
jk`anrdbas, oltro o` ärod prabomka mo `d soggk÷l trdlsvorsd`,
ol gb5 o` rosu`tdma moeorä dpraxkbdrso d 4.6 jn/gb5.

Vruoed mo h`oxk÷l (DW]B G->3).

Ostd pruoed so usd pdrd motorbkldr `d roskstolgkd d `d h`oxk÷l mo`
galgrota, obp`odlma uld vknd skbp`obolto dpaydmd gal gdrnd ol `as
torgkas mo` g`dra.

@as ospogâbolos pdrd pruoed mo h`oxk÷l moeol sor gurdmas, gal `d

oxgopgk÷l mo quo, murdlto o` d`bdgoldio, par ul porkama bâlkba mo
56 c klbomkdtdbolto dltos mo `d pruoed, sodl subornkmas ol uld
sa`ugk÷l mo dnud sdturdmd gal gd`. D` hkld` mo` porkama mo gurdma oltro
o` babolta ol quo so suspolmo mkgca gurdma y o` klkgka mo `d pruoed,
moeo bdltolorso cùbomd `d suporhkgko mo` ospëgkbol, puos zalds
sogds dul poquoôds pramugol oshuorzas mo tolsk÷l ol `ds hkerds
oxtrobds quo romugol mkgcd roskstolgkd.

Vragomkbkolta.

O` ospëgkbol mo olsdyo sorä nkrdma saero ula mo sus `dmas, rospogta

d `d paskgk÷l ol quo huo ga`dma, y goltrdma saero `as dpayas.

@as mkspasktkvas mo dp`kgdgk÷l mo gdrnd so palmräl ol galtdgta gal `d

suporhkgko mo`
ospëgkbol ol `as torgkas mo` g`dra oltro `as dpayas. Wk la so `anrd ul
galtdgta gabp`ota oltro o` ospëgkbol, `as mkspasktkvas mo dp`kgdgk÷l
mo `d gdrnd y `as dpayas, `ds suporhkgkos mo galtdgta soräl
gdeogodmds, pu`kmds a gd`zdmds gal tkrds mo pko` ol tama o` dlgca mo
`as ospogâbolos.

@d gdrnd so dp`kgdrä räpkmdbolto cdstd d`gdlzdr o` ?6%,

dpraxkbdmdbolto, mo` vd`ar mo rupturd. Mospuës, `d vo`agkmdm mo
dp`kgdgk÷l sorä ulkharbo mo td` bdlord quo `as klgroboltas mo`
oshuorza ol `ds hkerds oxtrobds mo` ospëgkbol la oxgomdl mo
46jn/gb5 par bkluta.

Mospuës mo` olsdyo so bomkrä ol `d soggk÷l mo hd``d o` dlgca y o`

pord`to prabomka mo`
ospëgkbol dpraxkbdlma
dpraxkbdlma `ds `ogturds d` bk`âbotra.

Bëtama mo` osg`or÷botra.

O` osg`or÷botra a bdrtk``a mo Wgcbkmt, os ol osolgkd, ul bomkmar mo `d

murozd mo `d suporhkgko quo galstktuyo ul bomka räpkma y skbp`o pdrd
rovksdr `d ulkharbkmdm mo` galgrota. Bkmo o` roeato mo ul ëbea`a
gdrndma gal ul rosarto mospuës mo cdeor na`podma uld suporhkgko
p`dld mo galgrota. @d `ogturd mo` lùbora mo roeato md uld klmkgdgk÷l
mo `d roskstolgkd d gabprosk÷l mo` galgrota. @as rosu`tdmas mo `d
pruoed gal osg`or÷botra (DW]B G-36?) so vol dhogtdmas par `d `ksurd
mo `d suporhkgko, o` tdbdôa, harbd y rknkmoz mo` ospëgkbol: `d omdm y
galmkgk÷l mo cubomdm mo` galgrota: o` tkpa mo dnrondma nruosa: y `d
gdrealdtdgk÷l mo `d suporhkgko mo` galgrota. Gudlma so rogalagol
ostds `kbktdgkalos y o` osg`or÷botra so gd`kerd pdrd `as bdtorkd`os
pdrtkgu`dros quo so utk`kgol ol o` galgrota, oltalgos osto klstrubolta
puomo sor ùtk` pdrd motorbkldr `d roskstolgkd d `d gabprosk÷l ro`dtkvd y
`d ulkharbkmdm mo` galgrota ol `d ostrugturd.

Bëtama mo polotrdgk÷l.

O` salmoa ^klmsar (DW]B G-367), gaba o` osg`or÷botra, os

eäskgdbolto ul praedmar mo murozd quo erklmd ul bomka räpkma pdrd
motorbkldr `d
roskstolgkd ro`dtkvd
dggkaldmd gal mo` galgrota.
p÷`vard quo g`dvdO` oqukpa
uld salmdgalsksto mo uld
mo d`odgk÷l pksta`d
dgordmd
(dnuid) moltra mo` galgrota. Wo bkmo `d `alnktum oxpuostd mo `d salmd
y so ro`dgkald gal `d roskstolgkd d gabprosk÷l mo` galgrota par bomka
mo uld tde`d mo gd`kerdgk÷l. ]dlta o` osg`or÷botra gaba o` salmoa mo
polotrdgk÷l mdôdl `d suporhkgko mo` galgrota ol gkorta nrdma. O`
osg`or÷botra pramugo uld poquoôd buosgd saero `d suporhkgko: y o`
salmoa mo polotrdgk÷l moid ul dnuiora poquoôa y puomo gdusdr
dnrkotdbkoltas `ovos.
Vruoeds mkläbkgds a mo vkerdgk÷l.

_ld pruoed mkläbkgd a mo vkerdgk÷l (vo`agkmdm mo

pu`sa) (DW]B G-?;>) so edsd ol o` prklgkpka mo quo `d vo`agkmdm mo`
salkma ol ul s÷`kma so puomo bomkr9 4) motorbkldlma `d hroguolgkd
rosaldlto mo ul ospëgkbol ÷ 5) ronkstrdlma o` tkobpa mo rogarrkma mo
pu`sas gartas mo vkerdgk÷l d trdvës mo uld buostrd. @ds vo`agkmdmos
o`ovdmds klmkgdl quo o` galgrota os mo euold gd`kmdm, y `ds
vo`agkmdmos edids klmkgdl `a galtrdrka.

Vruoeds mo gardzalos (DW]B G-=5).

@as gardzalos mo galgrota sal lùg`oas gk`âlmrkgas quo so oxtrdol

cdgkolma uld porhardgk÷l ol `d bdsd mo galgrota gal uld eragd
gk`âlmrkgd mo pdrom mo`ndmd: par bomka mo ul oqukpa ratdtarka gaba
ospogko mo ul td`dmra d` gud` so `o dmdptd `d eragd gal garald mo
mkdbdlto, gdreura mo sk`kgka u atra bdtorkd` skbk`dr: moeo tolor ul
skstobd mo olhrkdbkolta pdrd `d eragd, kbpkmkolma dsâ `d d`tordgk÷l mo`
galgrota y o` gd`oltdbkolta mo `d eragd. O` mkäbotra mo `as gardzalos
quo so utk`kgol pdrd motorbkldr `d roskstolgkd d `d gabprosk÷l moeo sor
gudlma bolas mo 7 vogos o` tdbdôa mo` bäxkba mo` dnrondma nruosa,
y puomo dgoptdrso mo gabùl dguorma par `a bolas 5 vogos o` tdbdôa
bäxkba mo` bksba dnrondma (hkn. 5.=.5.5).

±Var quë so motorbkld `d roskstolgkd d `d gabprosk÷l1

 @as rosu`tdmas mo `ds pruoeds mo roskstolgkd d `d gabprosk÷l so

usdl hulmdboltd`bolto pdrd motorbkldr quo `d bozg`d mo
galgrota subklkstrdmd gubp`d gal `as roquorkbkoltas mo `d
roskstolgkd ospogkhkgdmd, ƕ½g, mo` prayogta.
  @as rosu`tdmas mo `ds pruoeds mo roskstolgkd d pdrtkr mo gk`klmras
ba`modmas so puomol utk`kzdr pdrd hklos mo galtra` mo gd`kmdm,
dgoptdgk÷l mo` galgrota a pdrd ostkbdr `d roskstolgkd mo`
galgrota ol ostrugturds, pdrd pranrdbdr `ds apordgkalos mo
galstruggk÷l, td`os gaba robagk÷l mo gkberds a pdrd ovd`udr `d
galvolkolgkd mo gurdma y pratoggk÷l subklkstrdmd d `d
ostrugturd.

 @as gk`klmras sabotkmas d olsdya mo dgoptdgk÷l y galtra` mo

gd`kmdm so o`deardl y gurdl sknukolma `as pragomkbkoltas
mosgrktas ol praeotds gurdmds mo bdlord ostälmdr sonùl `d
larbd DW]B G74 ‐Vrägtkgd ostälmdr pdrd o`deardr y gurdr
gk`klmras mo olsdyo mo galgrota ol gdbpa‒.

 Vdrd ostkbdr `d roskstolgkd mo` galgrota kl sktu, `d larbd DW]B

G74 harbu`d pragomkbkoltas pdrd `ds pruoeds mo gurdma ol
gdbpa.
dguorma@ds praeotds
d DW]B G7;,gk`âlmrkgds so sabotol
‐Bëtama ostälmdr d olsdya
mo pruoed momo
roskstolgkd d `d gabprosk÷l mo praeotds gk`âlmrkgds mo galgrota‒.

G÷ba rod`kzdr `d pruoed mo roskstolgkd mo` galgrota.

@as gk`klmras pdrd pruoeds mo dgoptdgk÷l moeol tolor ul tdbdôa mo 8

x 45 pu`ndmds (4?6 x 766 bb) a = x 3 pu`ndmds (466 x 566 bb),
gudlma dsâ so ospogkhkquo. @ds praeotds bäs poquoôds tkolmol d sor
bäs hägk`os mo o`deardr y bdlkpu`dr ol gdbpa y ol `deardtarka. O`
mkäbotra mo` gk`klmra utk`kzdma moeo sor gaba bâlkba tros vogos o`
tdbdôa bäxkba labkld` mo` dnrondma nruosa quo so obp`oo ol o`
galgrota.

O` ronkstra mo `d bdsd mo `d praeotd dltos mo gdeogodr`d galstktuyo

uld vd`kasd klharbdgk÷l ol gdsa mo mosdguormas.

Gal o` hkl mo galsonukr uld mkstrkeugk÷l ulkharbo mo `d gdrnd,

nolord`bolto `as gk`klmras so gdeogodl gal bartora mo dzuhro (DW]B
G 84>) a gal d`bacdmk``ds mo loaprola (DW]B G 4574). O` gdeogoa
mo dzuhro so moeo dp`kgdr gaba bâlkba mas cards dltos y
prohorke`obolto ul mâd dltos mo `d pruoed.
@ds d`bacdmk``ds mo loaprola so puomol usdr pdrd bomkr `ds
roskstolgkds mo` galgrota oltro 46 d ?6 BVd. Vdrd roskstolgkds
bdyaros mo cdstd 3= Bpd so porbkto o` usa mo `ds d`bacdmk``ds mo
loaprola skobpro y gudlma cdydl skma gd`khkgdmds par pruoeds gal
gk`klmras gabpdôoras gal gdeogoa mo dzuhro. @as roquorkbkoltas mo
murozd ol mur÷botra pdrd `ds d`bacdmk``ds mo loaprola vdrâdl mosmo
?6 d >6 mopolmkolma mo` lkvo` mo roskstolgkd sabotkma d olsdyo. @ds
d`bacdmk``ds so moeol sustktukr sk prosoltdl mosndsto
mosndsto oxgoskva.

La so moeo porbktkr quo `as gk`klmras so soquol dltos mo `d pruoed.

O` mkäbotra mo` gk`klmra so moeo bomkr ol mas sktkas ol älnu`as rogtas

oltro sâ d bomkd d`turd mo `d praeotd y moeol prabomkdrso pdrd
gd`gu`dr o` ärod mo `d soggk÷l. Wk `as mas mkäbotras bomkmas mkhkorol ol
bäs mo 5%, la so moeo sabotor d pruoed o` gk`klmra.

@as oxtrobas mo `ds praeotds la moeol prosoltdr mosvkdgk÷l gal

rospogta d `d
porpolmkgu`drkmdm
porpolmkg u`drkmdm mo` oio mo` gk`klmra ol bäs 6.?% y `as oxtrobas
moeol cd``drso p`dlas moltra mo ul bdrnol mo 6.665 pu`ndmds (6.6?
bb).
@as gk`klmras so moeol goltrdr ol `d bäqukld mo olsdya mo
gabprosk÷l y gdrndmas cdstd gabp`otdr `d rupturd. O` rënkbol mo
gdrnd gal bäqukld ckmräu`kgd so moeo bdltolor ol ul rdlna mo 6.4? d
6.7? BVd/s murdlto `d ù`tkbd bktdm mo `d hdso mo gdrnd. Wo moeo
dlatdr o` tkpa mo rupturd. @d hrdgturd g÷lkgd os ul pdtr÷l gabùl mo
rupturd.

@d roskstolgkd mo` galgrota so gd`gu`d mkvkmkolma `d bäxkbd gdrnd

sapartdmd par `d praeotd pdrd pramugkr `d hrdgturd oltro o` ärod
prabomka mo `d soggk÷l. DW]B G 7; prosoltd `as hdgtaros mo
garroggk÷l ol gdsa mo quo `d rdz÷l `alnktum mkäbotra mo` gk`klmra so
cd``o oltro 4.>? y 4.66, `a gud` os paga gabùl. Wo sabotol d pruoed
par `a bolas mas gk`klmras mo `d bksbd omdm y so ropartd `d roskstolgkd
prabomka gaba o` rosu`tdma mo `d pruoed, d` kltorvd`a bäs pr÷xkba mo
6.4 BVd.

O` tëglkga quo ohogtùo `d pruoed moeo dlatdr `d hogcd ol quo so

rogkekoral `ds mo
kmoltkhkgdgk÷l praeotds ol o`o``deardtarka,
`d praeotd, `d hogcd
mkäbotra mo` mo`d`d omdm
gk`klmra, pruoed,
mo `d
`as
gk`klmras mo pruoed, `d bäxkbd gdrnd dp`kgdmd, o` tkpa mo hrdgturd y
tama mohogta quo prosoltol `as gk`klmras a su gdeogoa. Wk so bkmo, `d
bdsd mo `as gk`klmras tdbekël moeorä quomdr ronkstrdmd.

@d bdyarâd mo `ds mosvkdgkalos gal rospogta d `as pragomkbkoltas

ostälmdr pdrd o`deardr, gurdr y rod`kzdr o` olsdyo mo `ds praeotds mo
galgrota rosu`tdl ol uld bolar roskstolgkd bomkmd.
O` rdlna oltro `as gk`klmras gabpdôoras mo` bksba galiulta y
praedmas d `d bksbd omdm moeorä sor ol prabomka mo
dpraxkbdmdbolto. 5 d 7% mo `d roskstolgkd prabomka. Wk `d mkhorolgkd
oltro `as mas gk`klmras gabpd- ôoras saeropdsd gal mobdskdmd
hroguolgkd 3%, a ;.?% pdrd tros gk`klmras gabpdôoras, so moeoräl
ovd`udr y rogtkhkgdr `as pragomkbkoltas mo olsdyo ol o` `deardtarka.

@as rosu`tdmas mo `ds pruoeds rod`kzdmds ol mkhoroltos `deardtarkas

pdrd `d bksbd buostrd mo galgrota la moeoräl mkhorkr ol bäs mo 47%
dpraxkbdmdbolto mo` prabomka mo `as mas rosu`tdmas mo `ds pruoeds.

Wk ula a mas mo `as galiultas mo gk`klmras so truoldl d uld roskstolgkd

bolar d ƕ½g, ovd`ùo sk `as gk`klmras prosoltdl prae`obds aevkas y
rotolnd `as gk`klmras sabotkmas d olsdyo pdrd oxdbkldr`as
pastorkarbolto. D boluma, `d gdusd mo uld pruoed
bd`anrdmd puomo vorso hägk`bolto ol o` gk`klmra, ekol klbomkdtdbolto
a bomkdlto oxdbol potranrähkga. Wk so mosogcdl a eatdl ostas
gk`klmras so puomo pormor uld apartulkmdm hägk` mo garronkr o`
prae`obd. Ol d`nulas gdsas so o`deardl gk`klmras dmkgkald`os mo

rosorvd
uld y so puomol
roskstolgkd praedr sk ul gk`klmra mo ul galiulta so truold d
bolar.

_ld pruoed d `as tros a skoto mâds puomo dyumdr d motogtdr prae`obds
patolgkd`os
ro`dgkaldmas gal `d gd`kmdm mo` galgrota a gal `as pragomkbkoltas mo
`ds pruoeds ol o`
`deardtarka, pora la galstktuyo o` grktorka pdrd rogcdzdr o` galgrota.

@d larbd DW]B G 46>> oxkno quo `as tëglkgas mo` `deardtarka quo
pdrtkgkpdl ol o` olsdyo mo` galgrota moeol ostdr gortkhkgdmas.
@as klharbos a ropartos saero `ds pruoeds mo roskstolgkd d `d
gabprosk÷l sal uld huolto vd`kasd mo klharbdgk÷l pdrd o` oqukpa mo`
prayogta pdrd o` prayogta dgtud` a pdrd prayogtas huturas.

@as ropartos so moeol robktkr `a bäs pralta paske`o d` pramugtar mo`

galgrota, d` galtrdtkstd y d` roprosoltdlto mo` prapkotdrka.

Larbd LBS-G-4?;-ALLGGO-566=.

5.7.7.4.
5.7.7.4. O`deardgk÷l
O`deardgk÷l y gurdma
gurdma mo ospogâ
ospogâbolos
bolos ol
ol o`
`deardtarka.

Ol `ds sknukoltos `âlods so ostde`ogol `as pragomkbkoltas pdrd

o`deardr y gurdr ol o`
`deardtarka, `as ospogâbolos mo galgrota utk`kzdmas pdrd `ds pruoeds
mo roskstolgkd d `d
gabprosk÷l, d `d h`oxk÷l y d `d tolsk÷l mkdbotrd`.

Mohklkgkalos
.
Gurdma9 Os o` pragosa bomkdlto o` gud` so hdvarogo `d ckmrdtdgk÷l mo`
gobolta a mo `as
bdtorkd`os goboltdltos ol `d bozg`d, ol ul dbekolto ospogâhkga mo
cubomdm y tobpordturd.

Bdtorkd`os duxk`kdros9

Ëstas
mo` moeol bdltolorso d tobpordturd ulkharbo, dltos mo` bozg`dma
galgrota.

Gobolta9

Wo moeo d`bdgoldr ol ul `undr soga, ol rogkpkoltos kbporbode`os, mo

prohorolgkd botä`kgas. O` gobolta moeo bozg`drso porhogtdbolto pdrd
`anrdr ulkharbkmdm mo `d buostrd ol tamds `ds pruoeds y pdsdrso par `d
grked pdrd o`kbkldr tamas `as nrubas.

Dnrondmas.
Vdrd aetolor `d gabpaskgk÷l nrdlu`abëtrkgd mosodmd y ovktdr `d
sonrondgk÷l mo` dnrondma nruosa, osto moeo sor g`dskhkgdma ol
hrdggkalos, sonùl o` tdbdôa labkld` y maskhkgdrso ol `d prapargk÷l
dmogudmd par gdmd rova`turd. Ol agdskalos os paske`o maskhkgdr o`
dnrondma nruosa gaba uld sa`d hrdggk÷l mo ul tdbdôa.

Var `a nolord`, o` lùbora mo hrdggkalos os mo mas d gklga pdrd

dnrondma bolar mo 87.? bb (5 4/5‒). Gudlma uld mo `ds hrdggkalos
par maskhkgdrso os mo ul galtolkma bdyar d` 46%, `d ro`dgk÷l mo
deorturds oltro `d grked bdyar y `d bolar la moeo oxgomor mo 5.6. Ol
agdskalos so dgalsoid obp`odr hrdggkalos mo bolar vdrkdgk÷l
nrdlu`abëtrkgd.
D bolas quo o` dnrond
dnrondmama hkla sod mkvkmkma ol hrdggkalos mo tdbdôas
tdbdôas
klmkvkmud`os: os mogkr, ol pargkalos rotolkmds ol mkhoroltos grkeds,
moeo bdltolorso ol galmkgkalos cùbomds cdstd o` babolta mo sor
obp`odma pdrd ovktdr `d sonrondgk÷l. Wk so roqukoro ostumkdr
nrdlu`abotrâds paga usud`os, puomo sor logosdrka sogdr y sopdrdr o`
dnrondma hkla. Ol osto gdsa sk `d gdltkmdm tatd` roquorkmd mo` dnrondma
hkla os bdyar mo `d quo so puomd bozg`dr ol uld bksbd rova`turd,
moeol motorbkldrso `ds bdsds ol `ds gdltkmdmos roquorkmds mo gdmd
pargk÷l pdrd gdmd rova`turd klmkvkmud`. Gudlma sod paske`o, `d gdltkmdm
tatd` mo` dnrondma hkla quo so roqukoro pdrd `d klvostkndgk÷l moeo sor
bozg`dmd porhogtdbolto, maskhkgdmd y bdltolkmd ol galmkgk÷l
cùbomd.

@d bdsd ospogâhkgd y `d desargk÷l mo `as dnrondmas moeol sor

motorbkldmds mo dguorma gal `ds larbds LBS-G-48=-6LLGGO y
LBS-G-48?-6LLGGO. @asDdnrondmas
klgarpardr`as d` galgrota. moeol
`as dnrondmas galsor propdrdmas
desargk÷l dltos
mo 4.6 mo
% so
`os motorbkld su bdsd ol galmkgkalos mo dbekolto soga, cdgkolma `d
garroggk÷l par `d gdltkmdm mo dnud desarekmd par o` dnrondma dltos mo
hrdnudr o` galgrota. Osto pragomkbkolta os ùtk` pdrd o` dnrondma
nruosa, o` gud` moeo sor maskhkgdma ol tdbdôas klmkvkmud`os. Moekma d
quo o` dnrondma hkla puomo pramugkr sonrondgk÷l, moeo sor obp`odma
s÷`a gudlma so cdyd sopdrdma ol pargkalos mo tdbdôas klmkvkmud`os.
D `ds pargkalos
pargkalos mo tdbd
tdbdôas
ôas klmkvkmud`os
klmkvkmud`os mo` dn
dnrondma
rondma
so `os puomo motorbkldr su bdsd par sopdrdma, ol ul rogkpkolto
bdrgdma gal `d maskhkgdgk÷l roquorkmd y subornkmds ol dnud par mas
cards dltos mo sor usdmds. Mospuës, so mogdltd o` oxgosa mo dnud y
so motorbkld `d bdsd gabekldmd mo` dnrondma y mo` dnud mo
bozg`dma.

O` dnrondma moeo sor sdturdma y bdltolkma ol osd galmkgk÷l, gal

cubomdm suporhkgkd` ol gdltkmdmos suhkgkoltobolto poquoôds pdrd
ovktdr `d përmkmd par mroldma, par `a bolas 5= cards dltos mo sor
usdma. Gudlma so utk`kgo osto bëtama, pdrd porbktkr o` gä`gu`a mo `d
gdltkmdm garrogtd mo` dnrondma cùboma, o` galtolkma mo cubomdm mo`
dnrondma moeo sor motorbkldma mo dguorma gal `ds larbds LBS-G-
5=? y LBS-G-488. O` dnrondma hkla a nruosa moeo sor puosta y
bdltolkma ol galmkgkalos mo sdturdma y suporhkgkd`bolto soga cdstd
o` babolta mo su usa ol bdsd. Osto bëtama moeo sor usdma s÷`a
gudlma so propdrd bdtorkd` pdrd rova`turds la bdyaros mo > @. Moeol
aesorvdrso progdugkalos pdrd ovktdr o` sogdma mo` bdtorkd` murdlto `d
motorbkldgk÷l mo su bdsd y mobäs apordgkalos.

Dnrondma `knora9

@as pragomkbkoltas pdrd aetolor `d bdsd ospogâhkgd y `d desargk÷l y

pdrd o` bdloia mo `as dnrondmas bolgkaldmas ol ostd larbd
boxkgdld so rohkorol d bdtorkd`os gal gdpdgkmdm larbd` mo desargk÷l.
@as dnrondmas `knoras, `d osgarkd nrdlu`dmd par dkro y d`nulas
dnrondmas ldturd`os mo d`td paraskmdm, a voskgu`dros, puomol sor tdl
desareoltos quo so puomo mkhkgu`tdr o` pragomkbkolta pdrd bomkr o`
galtolkma mo cubomdm mo` dnrondma `knora. D` bozg`dr`a, puomo tolor
ohogtas kbpartdltos saero `ds gdrdgtorâstkgds mo `as galgrotas, yd sodl
rogkël bozg`dmas a olmurogkmas, td`os gaba përmkmd mo` rovolkbkolta,
mo `d roskstolgkd d `d gabprosk÷l y mo `d roskstolgkd d `d galno`dgk÷l y
o` moscko`a.

Dmktkvas9

@as dmktkvas ol pa`va quo sodl klsa`ue`os par gabp`ota a ol nrdl

pdrto, quo la galtolndl sd`os cknrasg÷pkgds y quo moedl dnrondrso
ol poquoôds gdltkmdmos, moeol sor bozg`dmas gal o` gobolta dltos
mo kltramugkrquo
klsa`ue`os, `as sodl
bdtorkd`os d `d rova`vomard:
obp`odmas rova`vomard: bdtorkd`os
ol gdltkmdmos bdyaros osolgkd`bolto
mo ul 46 %
ol bdsd mo` gobolta td`os gaba puza`dlds‗ moeol sor bdloidmas y
dnrondmas d `d rova`turd ol `d bksbd harbd quo o` gobolta. @as
dmkgkaldltos ol pa`va klsa`ue`os ol nrdl pdrto pora quo galtolndl
sd`os cknrasg÷pkgds, puomol pramugkr nrubas ol o` gobolta, par `a
gud` moeol sor bozg`dmas gal `d drold. @as dmktkvas sa`ue`os ol dnud
y `as mo galskstolgkd `âqukmd, moeol sor dnrondmas d `d rova`turd, ol
harbd mo sa`ugk÷l, ol o` dnud mo bozg`dma.
Oqukpa, dpdrdtas o klstruboltas.

Ba`mos9

@as ba`mos y `as dggosarkas pdrd o`deardr `as ospogâbolos mo

galgrota, moeol sor mo dgora, hkorra hulmkma, a gud`qukor atra bdtorkd`
la desareolto y la rodgtkva gal o` gobolta Vart`dlm u atras
goboltdltos ckmräu`kgas. @as ba`mos moeol gubp`kr gal `ds
mkbolskalos y ta`ordlgkds ospogkhkgdmds ol ostd larbd boxkgdld.
Moeol sor la porbode`os murdlto su obp`oa. Wk os logosdrka, puomo
usdrso ul bdtorkd` mo so``a par `d pdrto oxtorld gal o` hkl mo ovktdr
hunds mo dnud par `ds iultds. Moeol ostdr pra vkstas mo `as o`oboltas
logosdrkas pdrd hkidr`as hkrbobolto ol sus edsos.

Ba`mos gk`âlmrkgas vortkgd`os9

@as ba`mos moeol sor mo `äbkld botä`kgd nruosd, a mo

gud`qukor atra bdtorkd` rânkma y la desareolto. Moeol ostdr pravkstas
mo uld edso botä`kgd bdqukldmd: ëstd moeo sor mo` bksba bdtorkd`
quo o` mo `ds
o`oboltas pdromos
pdrd mo` hkrbobolto
suiotdr`d ba`mo a botä`kgds,
d` ba`mo,gal p`dlas gal
y gubp`kr `ksas`ay gal
ospogkhkgdma ol `d Larbd Boxkgdld LBS-G-534.

Ba`mos gk`âlmrkgas vortkgd`os mosogcde`os9

Wo roqukoro dtolgk÷l ospogkd` pdrd ndrdltkzdr quo `ds moharbdgkalos

so bdltolndl moltra mo `ds ta`ordlgkds ospogkhkgdmds y quo `as
bdtorkd`os la sodl desareoltos.

Ba`mos gk`âlmrkgas carkzaltd`os pdrd pruoed mo moharbdgk÷l

mkhorkmd (h`uia p`ästkga)9
Wo obp`odl s÷`a pdrd dquo``as ospogâbolos quo galtolndl
moharbâbotras dcandmas dxkd`bolto. Moeol tolor uld rdlurd
carkzaltd`, gal ul dlgca mo bomka mkäbotra mo` ospëgkbol, y d tama `a
`drna mo` ba`mo, d hkl mo rogkekr o` galgrota gal o` ba`mo ol paskgk÷l
carkzaltd`. Moeol galtdr gal mas p`dgds botä`kgds, tarlodmds, pdrd `ds
edsos mo` gk`klmra.
Ostds edsos so propdrdräl mo dguorma d `d Larbd Boxkgdld LBS-G-
46; 6LLGGO.Moeol galtdr gal mkspasktkvas pdrd hkidr hkrbobolto `ds
edsos d` ba`mo y `as logosdrkas pdrd ga`agdr ol paskgk÷l garrogtd o`
bomkmar mo moharbdgkalos. D uld mo `ds edsos so `o cdrä uld
porhardgk÷l mo dmoltra cdgkd dhuord, gal ul älnu`a td` quo porbktd o`
pdsa mo` d`dbero mo` bomkmar mo moharbdgkalos d trdvës mo` earmo mo
`d p`dgd.

Ba`mos prksbätkgas9

@as ba`mos pdrd `ds pruoeds mo h`oxk÷l, u atrds quo roqukordl

ospogâbolos mo harbd prksbätkgd, moeol sor rogtdlnu`dros, d bolas
quo so ospogkhkquo atrd harbd, y mo `ds mkbolskalos quo ostkpu`o o`
bëtama mo pruoed garrospalmkolto. @as `dmas y o` halma moeol harbdr
älnu`as rogtas oltro sâ. Moeol sor suporhkgkos p`dlds.

Xdrk``ds pdrd gabpdgtdgk÷l9

Wonùl o` tkpa mo pruoed, so ospogkhkgdl mas tdbdôas mo

vdrk``ds: bolas
gudlma gdmd uld
galmoeo galskstkrsobkoshërkga,
ul oxtroba ol uld edrrdmo
`ksdmkäbotra
gk`âlmrkgdknud`
mo dgora,
d` mo `d
edrrd.

Xdrk``d `drnd9

_ld edrrd `ksd mo 48bb ´ 4.?bb mo mkäbotra y 866bb ´ 76bb mo

`alnktum.

Xdrk``d gartd9
_ld edrrd `ksd mo 46bb ´ 4bb mo mkäbotra y 766bb ´ 4?bb mo
`alnktum.
Xkerdmaros mo klborsk÷l9 Vuomol sor mo h`ogcd h`oxke`o a rânkmd, mo
prohorolgkd dggkaldmd par ul batar o`ëgtrkga.

Xkerdmaros oxtorlas9

Vuomol sor mo mas tkpas9 mo bosd a mo p`dlgcd. Wo moeo galtdr gal

mkspasktkvas dmogudmas pdrd hkidr hkrbobolto `as ba`mos d` dpdrdta
vkerdmar y so moeo obp`odr ul tdg÷botra pdrd vorkhkgdr `d hroguolgkd
mo vkerdgk÷l. @as kbpu`sas vkerdtarkas hroguoltobolto so kbpdrtol par
bomka mo vkerdmaros o`ogtrabdnlëtkgas, a par bdsds oxgëltrkgds
dggkaldmds mkrogtd a klmkrogtdbolto gal bataros o`ëgtrkgas.

Corrdbkoltd duxk`kdr9

Wo moeo galtdr gal pd`ds, rogkpkoltos, ``dlds, olrdsdmaros,

gugcdralos, ron`ds, nudltos mo cu`o, bdza gal gdeozd mo cu`o y
gcdra`ds mo `äbkld.

Oqukpa mo rovolkbkolta9

O` oqukpa moeo gubp`kr gal `as roquksktas mo `d Larbd Boxkgdld LBS-

G-4?8-6LLGGO.

Gcdra`d pdrd o` bozg`dma mo `d buostrd9

Moeo sor mo `äbkld botä`kgd nruosd a mo bdtorkd` la rodgtkva gal `d

pdstd mo gobolta part`dlm, kbporbode`o, gal uld prahulmkmdm
galvolkolto
ohkgkolto y uld`dgdpdgkmdm
mo tamd suhkgkolto
rova`turd gal `d pd`dquo porbktdaul
a gugcdrd, sk bozg`dma
`d bozg`d so
cdgo bogälkgdbolto.

Oqukpa pdrd motorbkldr o` galtolkma mo` dkro9

Moeo gubp`kr gal `a ospogkhkgdma par `ds Larbds Boxkgdlds LBS-G-

4?>, LBS-G-4?3 y LBS-G-485-6LLGGO, rospogtkvdbolto.

Eäsgu`d9

Moeo tolor
gud`qukor uld moltra
pulta dpraxkbdgk÷l mo 6.7mo%usa.
mo` kltorvd`a mo `dGudlma
gdrnd mo
sopruoed ol `d
motorbklo
bdsd mo uld poquoôd gdltkmdm mo bdtorkd` so moeo tolor ul gukmdma
buy ospogkd`, mohklkëlma`d par mkhorolgkd oltro mas gdltkmdmos
bdyaros.

Bozg`dmard mo galgrota9

Galsksto mo ul tdbear ratdtarka mo uld bozg`dmard mo dspds gal oio

carkzaltd` a mo uld bozg`dmard mo dspds gal oio vortkgd`, gdpdz mo
bozg`dr `ds rova`turds mo` tdbdôa y rovolkbkolta roquorkma mo bama
cabanëloa. Vdrd bozg`dr galgrota gal rovolkbkolta bolar mo 5? bb
puomo sor bäs ohkgkolto uld bozg`dmard mo dspds gal oio carkzaltd` a
vortkgd` quo ul tdbear ratdtarka.

?.=. KL]OUVUO]DGK×L
DLÄ@KWKW
DLÄ@KWKW OW]D
OW]DMÂW]
MÂW]KGA
KGA
MO O
UOW_@]DMAW.

@as roquksktas mo` ron`dbolta mo galstruggk÷l

galstruggk÷l pdrd galgrota roharzdma
roharzdma
DGK 743 soôd`dl quo `d roskstolgkd d gabprosk÷l mo` galgrota puomo
galskmordrso sdtkshdgtarkd sk `as prabomkas mo tamas `as galiultas mo
tros
tros pruo
pruoed
edss mo ro rosk
skst
stol
olgk
gkd
d gals
galsog
ogut
utkv
kvds
ds knud
knud`d
`dl
l a oxgo
oxgomo
moll `d
ro
rosk
skst
stol
olgk
gkd
d ospo
ospogk
gkhkhkgd
gdmd
md d `as`as 53 mâ
mâds
ds y sk lkln
lklnul
uld
d pruo
pruoed
ed mo
roskstolgkd klmkvkmud` (o` prabomka mo mas gk`klmras) so olguoltrd bäs
d``ä mo 7? jn/gb5 moedia mo `d roskstolgkd ospogkhkgdmd.
Wk `d ro
rosks
skstol
tolgkd
gkd mo gud`q
gud`quko
ukorr gk`klm
gk`klmra
ra gurdm
gurdma
a ol o` `de
`dear
ardta
dtarka
rka os
klhorkar d `d roskstolgkd ospogkhkgdmd bolas mo 7? jn/gb5, so moeorä
ovd`udr `d roskstolgkd mo` galgrota ol o` `undr. Gudlma sod logosdrka
ovd`udr `d roskstolgkd mo` galgrota ol o` `undr, moeorä motorbkldrso
olsdydlma tros gardzalos par gdmd pruoed mo roskstolgkd ol quo `as
gk`klmras gurdmas ol o` `deardtarka cdydl ostdma par moedia mo` h‛g ol
bäss mo 7? jn/g
bä jn/gb5
b5 Wk `d ostr
ostrug
ugtu
turd
rd porb
porbdl
dlog
ogo
o sogd
sogd murd
murdlt
ltoo su
sorvkgka, dltos mo `d pruoed moeoräl sogdrso `as gardzalos > mâds d
uld tobpordturd mo 48 d 5>¹ G y d uld cubomdm ro`dtkvd mo bolas mo
86%. @as gardzalos moeoräl subornkrso ol dnud par `a bolas =6
cards dltos mo `d pruoed sk `d ostrugturd vd ostdr ol sorvkgka ol ul
dbekolto cùboma.

@as bëtamas mo pruoed la mostrugtkvas la sustktuyol d `ds pruoeds mo

gardzalos (DW]B G=5). Wk `d roskstolgkd prabomka mo tros gardzalos
os mo par `a bolas 3?% mo` h‛g y sk lklnùl os bolar quo >?% mo` h‛g,
so galskm
galskmord
ordrä
rä os
ostru
trugtu
gturd`
rd`bol
bolto
to dmogu
dmogudm
dma
a d` galgro
galgrota
ta mo `d zazald
ld
roprosoltdmd par o` gardz÷l. Wk `as rosu`tdmas mo `ds pruoeds mo
gardzalos garrogtdbolto rod`kzdmds sal tdl edias gaba pdrd palor
ol mumd `d kltonrkmdm ostrugturd` mo` galgrota, moeorä aptdrso par
moba`or o` o`obolta a praedr hâskgdbolto gal `d gdrnd d `d gud` ostdrä
trdedidlma mkgca o`obolta.

?.? W_
W_VO
VOUX
UXKGK
KGKAL
AL MO GA@
GA@DM
DMAW
AW
Gkberd

O` suporvksar moeo vorkhkgdr quo9

@d gkberd gubp`d gal `ds ospogkhkgdgkalos roquorkmds pdrd mdr `as
dgdedmas klmkgdmas ol o` prayogta, mo la sor dsâ so moeo oxknkr quo
osto bdtorkd` so gdbeko.

Wo tolnd ol aerd `d gdltkmdm logosdrkd mo gkberd mo galtdgta y

aerd hd`sd pdrd gubp`kr gal `as va`ùbolos pranrdbdmas par ga`dr.
O` bdtorkd` so ostkeo galvolkoltobolto ol ul sktka malmo so pratoid
mo `d cubomdm y o` kltobporksba y ol malmo la so kltorhkord gal
pragosa galstrugtkva.

Wo dp`kquo mosba`mdlto ol gdltkmdmos dmogudmds pdrd `anrdr

euolas rosu`tdmas ol `d toxturd mo` dgdedma, gukmälmaso quo la so
bdlgco o` dgora mo rohuorza. Wo moeo oxknkr `kbpkdr o` dgora gudlma
so prosolto o` gdsa.

Wo guolto gal oxtklnukmaros sk so d`bdgoldl va`ùbolos

galskmorde`os mo bdmord.
Vrovka d` ga`dma mo` o`obolta mo quo so trdto, ostël ekol cogcds `ds
osgudmrds, p`abas y mkstdlgkds d oios mo rohorolgkd, dsâ gaba o`
d`klodbkolta y corbotkgkmdm mo `ds iultds. Las so moeol porbktkr
‐osgd`alos‒ oltro tde`oras, saero tama sk o` dgdedma os dpdrolto.

@as ba`mos gubp`dl gal `ds bomkmds roquorkmds, ostël gabp`otas,

ekol g`dvdmas y gal `d rknkmoz suhkgkolto pdrd ovktdr moharbdgkalos.

@as pultd`os (aerd hd`sd), so ga`aquol d p`aba, galtrdvoltodmas y

dpaydmas ol rdstrds saero hkrbo.

La so ga`aquol pultd`os klg`kldmas yd quo gabùlbolto so

agdskaldl hd``ds par h`oxk÷l, pdlmoa a mos`kzdbkolta.

La so guo`o lklnùl o`obolta ostrugturd`, sk `ds ca`nurds a cuogas

sal tdpdmas gal ea`sds mo pdpo` a d`na skbk`dr.

Ol `as buras dpdroltos so ga`aquol `as tde`oras mo `d gkberd ol

harbd bamu`dmd pdrd quo gaklgkmdl `as dnuioras (mo `as
sopdrdmaros y guôds) gal `as mo` sknukolto ga`dma, gal aeiota mo
gukmdr o` dspogta y gd`kmdm mo` pramugta torbkldma.

Gudlma so galstruydl o`oboltas mo g`dras kbpartdltos y `as p`dlas

la klmkquol galtrd h`ogcds, so mol klstruggkalos pdrd o``a.

Murdlto o` pragosa mo ga`dma mo ga`ublds, so gcoquo o` p`aba mo

`d gkberd y so provod o` tdp÷l-voltdld pdrd gubp`kr gal o` roqukskta
mo d`turd pdrd o` ga`dma mo `d bksbd (gdâmds vortkgd`os mo` galgrota
bolaros d 4.?6 b).

@d `âlod mo garto mo` ga`dma mo ul o`obolta gaklgkmd gal uld

edrrato mo rohuorza ol `d gkberd, ol gdsa galtrdrka ëstd tolmorä d
derkrso.

Dltoss mo` ga`dm

Dlto ga`dmaa mo buras,
buras , trdeos,
trd eos, `asds
`asd s y ga`ub
g a`ublds,
lds, `d gkberd
g kberd ostë
ekol
moeo`kbpkd y `dso`pdrtos
dutarkzdr ga`dmamo
sk galgrota vkoia gal
la so gubp`o ekolo``a.
cubomogkmds. La so
@d gkberd so cubomozgd 5 cards dltos mo` ga`dma.

Gudlma ol gdsa ospogkd` so utk`kgo gkberd mos`kzdlto, so gcoquol

galstdltobolto `as lkvo`os ro`dtkvas mo `as ndtas ckmräu`kgas pdrd
ndrdltkzdr `d vortkgd`kmdm mo` o`obolta.

La hd`tol `as gcdh`dlos y natoras ol `as hd`malos y va`dmkzas.

Ol o` mosgkberdma la so utk`kgol pragomkbkoltas quo mdôol `d

ostrugturd lk o` ba`mo. Mo `a galtrdrka so mdräl klstruggkalos pdrd
pragomor d `d ropdrdgk÷l gal gdrna d` galtrdtkstd.

Gudlma so mosgkberol `asds rotkgu`dros ga`dmds gal gdsotalos mo

p`ästkga, so rod`kgo gal dyumd mo dkro gabprkbkma dp`kgdma ol `d
porhardgk÷l suporkar mo` ba`mo.

Wo rotkrol `as baôas murdlto o` pragosa mo mosgkberdma, pdrd

ovktdr axkmdgk÷l ol `d suporhkgko mo` galgrota dpdrolto.

Latd9

Dulqu o `d gd`kmdm
Dulquo gd`k mdm hhkld`
kld` mo` ggalgro
algrota
ta (pramug
(p ramugta
ta ttorbkl
orbkldma)
dma) os
rospalsdek`kmdm mo` galtrdtkstd, o` suporvksar moeo dgalsoidr `ds
bomkmds progdutarkds pdrd ovktdr mksguskalos dgorgd mo moba`or a
ropdrdr suporhkgkos mohogtuasds.

Galgrota

O` suporvksar moeo vorkhkgdr quo9

O` galtrdtkstd mo aerd gkvk` prapargkalo o` galgrota gubp`kolma gal

` ds ospo gk hk gdgk alo s mo ` p r a y o g t a.
O ` g a l t r d t k s t d g u o l t o ga l ` a s s o r v k g k a s m o u l ` d e a r d t a r k a
ospogkd`kzdma quo so olgdrnuo mo` buostroa, gurdma y pruoed mo
` as g k` kl mr as.
Wk o` galgrota so o`deard ol aerd, o` galtrdtkstd tolnd ul tëglkga
quo supor v ks o `d ma sk hk gdgk÷ l mo `a s d n r on d m a s .
Wo ``ovol ronkstras mo gdmd uld mo `ds buostrds, ol o` harbdta
proostde`ogkma.

O` galtrdtkstd oltronuo `as rosu`tdmas mo `ds pruoeds mo `deardtarka

ol har
harbd aparturtuld y sk os logo ogosdrka
rka so tabol
bol garrogtk
ogtkvvas.
Wk `as rosu`tdmas
rosu`tdmas mo` `deardtarka
`deardtarka la sal sdtkshdgtarkas,
sdtkshdgtarkas, so latkhkquo
latkhkquo d
su ioho klbomkdta suporkar y/a d `d dsosarâd mo ostrugturds mo `d
MNA.

Wk o` gobolta la os mo bdrgd gaborgkd` dutarkzdmd par `d MNA, so

rogcdzdrä.
Gudlma so utk`kgo gobolta puza`älkga tkpa KV a G-5 so ospogkhkquo
ol
galso`u`tprayogta
drä o`
d mksoôa
`d mo `ds
dsobozg`ds,
sar âd olmogdsa galtrdrka
ostrugturdso
s.
Wk so d`bdgold gobolta ol `d aerd, so pratoid galvolkoltobolto
mo `d ` `u vk d y `d c u bo m d m mo ` pks a.
D` utk`kzdr
utk` kzdr gobol
gobolta
ta räpkma
räpkm a tkpa KKK la so dutarkgo
dutark go su usa, sk tkolo bäs
mo 76 mâds mo h d er k g d m a .
@as mobäs tkpas mo gobolta so dgoptdräl sk la saeropdsdl `as ;6
mâd s mo omd m.

Wo vdydl utk`kzdlma `as `atos mo gobolta, ol o` armol ol o` quo so

vdl sur t kol ma.

Ol `as galgrotas gal dgdedma dpdrolto so utk`kgo gobolta mo `d

bksbd bdrgd y mo sor paske`o mo` bksba `ato, pdrd bklkbkzdr `as
gdb eka s mo ga `ar .
Wk `as dnrondmas quo so surtol d `d aerd pravkolol mo huoltos
mumasds so oxknkrä ul ostumka mo `deardtarka y la so utk`kzdrä lklnùl
`ato
`ato cdstd
cdstd aeto
aetolor
lor `as rosu`
rosu`tdm
tdmas
as quo
quo mohkl
mohkldl
dl su dgopt
dgoptdgk
dgk÷l
÷l a
rogcdza.
Wk o` galgrota
galgrota d hderkgdr,
hderkgdr, so mostkld pdrd roskstkr `as ohogtas mo d`tds
tobpordturds, so gcogdrä quo `as dnrondmas la galtolndl nrdlas
mo gudrza .
Gudlma `as dnrondmas so mopasktol saero o` torrola ldturd`, la so
utk`kgo `d gdpd mo bdtorkd` quo ostë galtdbkldmd gal o` suo`a.
Wo gubp`d gal o` tdbdôa mo `as dnrondmas y gal `d oltrond mo `as
va `ùb olo s r oquor km as .
O` dnud pdrd `d o`deardgk÷l mo `as galgrotas moeo sor patde`o. Ol
aerds harälods puomo prosoltdrso `d logoskmdm mo sa`kgktdr d ul
`deardtarka o` olsdya gabpdrdtkva mo gueas mo bartora o`deardmas
gal dnud patde`o y atra gal o` dnud mkspalke`o dltos mo dutarkzdr su
usa.
La so utk`kgo ol `d hderkgdgk÷l mo` galgrota ul dmktkva dgo`ordlto,
gudlma
agdskaldo`
r gobolta
gard`
rasobp`odrso
k ÷l sod
ol mo` tkpa`dX,
s yd quovpuomo
dr k` `d s.
Moeo sor paske`o la so dutarkgo o` usa mo dmktkvas ol o` galgrota,
galgrota, d`
bolas quo par rdzalos tëglkgds so iustkhkquo, pora `d vknk`dlgkd mo
su b d lo i a s orä bu y o str ogcd.
Mo cdeorso dutarkzdma o` usa mo ul dmktkva ol o` galgrota, so
ronk
ro nkststrd
rdrä
rä o` tk
tkpa
pa mo dmktk
mktkva
va y `d gdltk
dltkmdmdm m usdm
usdmd,
d, dsâ
dsâ gaba
gaba `d
u e k g d gk ÷ l m o` o`o b olta g a ` dm a y `d hogcd .
@d gdltkmdm mo galtolkma mo dnud gal quo so hderkgdrä o` galgrota
sorä rknurasdbolto galtra`dmd. _l galgrota o`deardma gal bolas
dnud sorä bäs murde`o o kbporbode`o. Ol o` gdsa mo galgrotas
dpdroltos, uld vdrkdgk÷l mo galtolkma mo dnud oltro rova`turd y
rova`turd, la sa`a vdrkdrä `d roskstolgkd, skla tdbekël o` ga`ar mo
dgdedma.
Gud
udl
lma `as gal galgro
grotas
tas so o`do`dea
earo
roll ol aerd ol va`ùbo `ùbol
los
gals
ga lskm
kmor
orde
de`o
`oss os galv
galvol
olko
kolt
lto
o sa`k
sa`kgk
gktd
tdrr `d klto
kltorv
rvol
olgk
gk÷l
÷l mo ul
ospogkd`kstd pdrd quo mksoôo o` prapargkaldbkolta mo `as dnrondmas
mkspalke`os ol `d `agd`kmdm y so `anro `d roskstolgkd mo mksoôa.
Gudlma so sa`kgkto galgrota probozg`dma, provka d su mosgdrnd ol
aerd, so rovksdrä quo gubp`d gal `ds gdrdgtorâstkgds roquorkmds
(roskstolgkd, tdbdôa bäxkba mo dnrondma, rovolkbkolta y card ol
quo sd`k÷ `d ulkmdm mo `d p`dltd, rogarmälmaso quo la so dgoptdrä
uld a``d mospuës mo 5 cards mo cdeor sd`kma mo `d galgrotord).

La so o `dear o o` g a l gr o t a ol harb d b d l ud ` .
58 Wo tabol gudlma bolas 7 gk`klmras mo mkhoroltos a``ds, pdrd `d
p r u o ed d g ab p r os k ÷ l .
Vrovka d` ga`dma mo ul o`obolta, so rovksol `as drbdmas, `d gkberd
y `d
`dss kl
klst
std`
d`dg
dgka
kalo
loss quo
quo kr
kräl
äl dcan
dcandmdmds
ds a quo
quo dt
dtrd
rdvo
vosd
sdrä
räl
l o`
o`obo
o`obolta
lta.. Gals
Galsù`t
ù`tols
olso
o `as gdpât
gdpâtu`
u`as
as rospo
rospogtk
gtkvas
vas mo`
mo` Bdlu
Bdlud`
d` mo
Wuporvksk÷l.
Vrovka d` ga`dma mo d`nùl o`obolta quo d`aio tueorâds y gdids, so
rovksdrä quo ostël moekmdbolto suiotdmds y pratonkmds pdrd quo la
p o l ot r o o` galgro ta.
O` galt
galtrd rdtktkst
std
d gubp
gubp`d
`d gal
gal `as
`as sk
sknu
nuko
kolt
ltos
os roqu
roquks
ksktktas
as pdrd
pdrd ga`d
ga`dr9
r9
d) Mk spalnd mo` lùbora s u h k g k ol t o mo ae r o r a s .
e) Guolto gal uld rova`vomard mo suhkgkolto dpdgkmdm, yd quo,
dulquo so subklkstrd galgrota probozg`dma la os robata quo so
roqukord hderkgdr gdltkmdmos sup`oboltdrkds mo galgrota.

g) Wo mkspalnd mo gabeustke`o logosdrka pdrd `as oqukpas gal

batar mo ndsa`kld.
m) Wo mkspalnd mo mas vkerdmaros gaba bâlkba. Mo prohorolgkd ula
o`ëgtrkga y atra mo ndsa`kld, ol provolgk÷l mo d`nuld kltorrupgk÷l
o` ëgt rk gd d` ba b o l t a mo ga` dr.
o) Wk so rogurogurr
rro
o d galg
galgrorota
ta eabe
eabeod odma
ma,, `d eabe eabedd moeo
moeo ostd
ostdrr
prosolto gal suhkgkolto dltkgkpdgk÷l y cdeorso rod`kzdma o`
to
tolm
lmkm
kmaa mo su tueo
tueorârâdd gal
gal sus
sus rosp
rospog ogtktkva
vass dpay
dpayas
as,, pdrd
pdrd
pratonor `d gkberd y `as drbdmas. Osta la sorä logosdrka,
g ud l m a ` d s e a b e d s v o l nd l k l t o n r d m ds d ` d s a ` ` d s
rova`vomards.
 h) Wo mkspaln
mkspalnd
d mo `âlod
`âlodss pravkska
pravkskald`o
ld`oss mo k`ubkldgk÷
k`ubkldgk÷l
l gudlma
gudlma so
pranrdbo o` ga`dma huord mo `ds cards mo `uz ldturd`.

n) ]amd o` ärod
ärod par ga`dr, ostë
ostë rknurasdbolt
rknurasdbolto
o `kbpkd.

c) cùbomds
Mosmo
osmo 5 tamds
card
cardss`dsdlto
dlsuporhkgkos
toss mo klkg
klkgkd
d kdr
r o` ga`d
ga`dr. ga`dm
ma so bdlt
bdltol
olnd
ndl
l

k) Wo tolnd
tolnd provkst
provksta
a `as `âbktos
`âbktos mo`
mo` ga`dma
ga`dma mo oso
oso mâd,
mâd, pdrd mohkl
mohklkr
kr
`ds iultds mo ga`dma.

i) Wo tolnd mkspuosta
mkspu osta ul gdbkl
gdbklaa mo dggosa
dggos a y o` ospdg
ospdgka
ka
suhkgkolto pdrd `ds bdlkaerds mo `ds a``ds mo galgrota.

j) Galt
altdr gal
gal uld drtortosd mo mkbol
bolskal
skalos
os galagkm
agkmds
ds pdrd
gabpraedr `as va`ùbolos mo galgrota surtkmas, so galstrukrä
ol ul `undr dmogudma y saero uld suporhkgko murd y `kbpkd.
`) Osto
Osto mk
mksp
spal
alke
ke`o
`o o` iuon
iuona a mo gk`klm
gk`klmra
ras,
s, gala
gala y gcdr
gcdra`
a`d
d pd
pdrd
rd
buost
ostrodr y gabpra
bprae edr o` rovo vol
lkbk
kbkol
olta
ta mo` galgrotrota.
76 La so `o dmkgkalo dnud d` galgrota probo bozzg`dma.
74 La so vdgâo galgrota ol gdâmd `kero d`turds bdyaros mo
4.?6
.?6 b mo `a galtgaltrd
rdrk
rka
a moeo
moeo rogu
rogurr
rrkr
krso
so d gdld
gdld`a
`alo
loss gal
gal
polmkolto bäxkbd mo` ?6 % (4 vortkgd` d 5 carkzaltd`).

Mo utk tk`k`kzd
zdrr edgc
dgcd pdrd o` vdgkd
dgkdm
ma mo`
mo` galgrot
rota, so tabo `d
progdugk÷l mo tolor porhogtdbolto roharzdma `as pultd`os mo `d
gkberd, puos `d huorzd mo kbpdgta os galskmorde`o y so puomo
g d u s dr `d hd` `d mo ` as p u lt d ` o s .
Ol `as ga`dmas mo buras d`tas, so guo`o ol gdpds carkzaltd`os mo
la bäs mo =? gb mo prahulmkmdm, mo td` bama quo `as vkerdmaros
puomdl oxtrdor `ds eureuids mo dkro y so `anro `d cabanolokmdm mo
`d iu
iul
ltd polotrdlm
dlma cdstd
dstd o` ga`d
a`dma klho
horrkar
kar mo ? d 46 gb.
]amas `as o`oboltas
o`oboltas vortkgd`os,
vortkgd`os, ga`ublds a buras so ga`dräl dltos
quo ` ds `a sd s.
Wo moiol `as mugtas o klstd`dgkalos quo galtkludräl cdgkd lkvo`os
suporkaros.
D `as pksas mo galgro galgrota
ta quo guerol
guero l nrdl suporhkgko
suporh kgko y quo so guo`dl
guo`d l
bala`âtkgdbolto, so `os suemkvkmd ol tde`oras gartdlma rdlurds d
u l d pr a h u l m k m d m b â lk b d m o 5 ? b b p d r d q uo ` d s n r k o t d s
a g d s k al d m d s p ar g a l t r d g g k a l o s , s o g d l d ` k g ol pa r d c â .
D` rod`kzdr
rod`kz dr o` vkerdma
vker dma so vknk`o
vknk` o quo9
d. O` gckgato polotro vortkgd`bolto, pdrd quo sod ohogtkva o` vkerdma
carkzaltd`.
e. La so vkero o` galgrota mobdskdma tkobpa ol uld sa`d zald.
g . W o c d n d d` r o m o m ar m o ` r o h u or z a y o l ` d s o s q u k l d s .
m. D` galgrota la so `o mosp`dgo d bäs mo ?6 gb mo su paskgk÷l
arknkld`.

@ds `a
@ds `asd
sdss y hk
hkrb
rbos
os so dpks
dpksal
alol
ol ul
uld
d voz
voz quo
quo o` galgr
algroota
ta,, cd
ob pozd ma d o l m ur o g or .
La so dca
dcanuol
nuol o`ob o`obol
olta
tass mo d`ub d`ubkl
klka
ka ol o` galg
galgro
rota
ta,, puos
uos
rodggkaldl gal o` gobolta, mosprolmkolma ckmr÷nola quo d su voz
harb d p uo l t os o` ogtr a` âtk ga s gal o` d gora.

Wo moiol `ds ‐edreds‒ mo vdrk``ds roquorkmds, pdrd galogtdr atras

o`
o`ob
obo
oltas
ltas quo
quo so gals
galstr
truk
ukrä
räl
l mosp
mospuë
uëss (son
(sonù
ùl `a klmk
klmkqu
quo
o o`
prayogta).

Ol
vdrko`oboltas
` `d s ostrugturd`os
ol la
uldso trds`dpol
bksbäs
bd mo` ?6 %somo
ggk`ds
÷ l.
Wo klkgko o` pu`kma mo` hkrbo a `d `asd rogkël ga`dmd, gudlma `d
suporhkgko osto murd y saparto mo` posa mo ul cabero saero `ds
pul tds mo `as momas sk l q uo quomol b d r gd s .
]amas `as o`oboltas mo galgrota
galgrota so gurol mo prohorolgkd gal dnud
patde`o.
O` gurdma so klkgko gudlma o` galgrota pkormd su `ustro dguasa
gdrdgtorâstkga y obpkogo d tolor ul dspogta s÷`kma y soga. Osta
agurro larbd`bolto oltro 5 y = cards mo cdeor skma bozg`dma.
O` tkobpa mo gurdma sod mo > mâds pdrd galgrotas rod`kzdmas gal
gobolta larbd` y mo 7 mâds gudlma so hderkg÷ gal gobolta räpkma.
Wk par
par d`
d`nu
nuld
ld gkrgul
gkrgulstd
stdlgk
lgkd
d so roqu
roqukor
koro
o mosgk
mosgkber
berdr
dr gal
gal bugcd
bugcd
rdpk
rdpkmo
mozz so rogu
rogurr
rrkr
krä
ä d` prag
pragom
omkb
kbko
kolt
ltaa mo gurd
gurdma
ma par
par vdpa
vdpar.
r.
O` gurdma mo vdpar so klkgkdrä oltro 7 y ? cards mospuës mo ga`dma
o` galgrota, tolkolma quo d`gdlzdr ol 7 cards, uld tobpordturd
oltro 88 y 35¹G, osta os, d uld vo`agkmdm mo 55 d 77¹G/c. Os
kbpartdlto la roedsdr ostas `âbktos yd quo so pramugkrâdl ohogtas
londtkvas ol `d roskstolgkd mo` galgrota. Vdrd su vknk`dlgkd, so
tolmrä dggosa d `as klstruboltas mo bomkgk÷l y d `as ronkstras mo `d
obprosd quo prapargkalo o` sorvkgka. Vdrd mogkmkr o` babolta mo`
mosgkb
sgkbe erdma
dma, so edsdr
sdrä ol `as `as ros osu`
u`ttdmas
dmas mo `as gk`klk`klmmras
ras
olsdydmas pdrd`o`dbolto d` gurdma. Var `a Nolord` so d`gdlzd `d
roskstolgkd roquorkmd d `ds > cards mo klkgkdr o` gurdma d vdpar.
D` mosgkberdr
mosgk berdr gal gurdm
gurdma
a d vdpar a gal gurdma larbd` larbd ` so moiol
dpultd`dmds `ds trdeos y `asds cdstd quo gubp`dl `d omdm ol quo
d ` g d l go l `d r o s k s t ol g k d mo m k s o ô a.

O` galtrdtkstd mosgkbero trdeos y `asds d `as 4= mâds, ga`ublds y

buras d `as 5 mâds d` utk`kzdrso gobolta larbd` y d `d bktdm mo`
tk
tkob
obpa
pa kl
klmk
mkgd
gdlm
lma
a gudl
gudlm
ma so obp`
obp`oo
oo gobo
gobolt
lta
a räpk
räpkma
ma.. La so
dgop
dg optd
tdrä
hroldrâdrä o`quo
qudvdlgo
o so mosg
mo
mosgkb
kber
ero
aerd.oLuovdbolto
prob
probdt
dtur urdb
dbol
olto
sotocdgo
d`on
d`ondl
dlmama quo
cklgdpkë quol
o so
`d
logo
lo gosk
skmd
mdm m mo rovk
rovksd
sdrr sk o` galt
galtrd
rdtktkst
std
d ostä
ostä gubp
gubp`k`kol
olma
ma gal
gal `d
gdltkmdm mo gkberd quo so roqukoro ol aerd mo dguorma gal o`
pranrdbd mo ga`dma. (bavkbkolta y lùbora mo usas mo gkberd).
La so mosgkbero lklnùl o`obolta, skl quo ë` dutarkgo.

OLWD[AW _LKMDM ? GALGUO]A OLM_UOGKMA

O LW D [ A M O@ ] O BD ?.4 G AL G OV ] AW
H_LMDBOL]D@OW

ol osto tobd mo galgoptas hulmdboltd`os las cde`d saero

tama mo` galgrota olmurogkma y gaba y gudlma so obpkozd
hrdnudr bko koll tr d s o l g o b o l t a g a l ` a s d n r o n d m a s l a
kltordgtùo gal o` dnud o` galgrota la hrdnud pora gudlma
kltordgtùd o` dnud hrdnud o` galgrota ol bäs tkobpa o`
galg
ga lgrorotta ob obpkpkozozd d d nd
ndld
ldrr roroskskst
stol
olgk
gkd
d y gu
gudl dlmama mo ul
galgrota hrosga pdsd dul galgrota olmurogkma oso galgrota
ol oso ostdma la tolmrä cuo``ds sk so gdbkld saero o` ol
osto
os to tobdtobd td tdbbek ekël
ël la
lass cd
cde`e`d d saer
saeroo gaba
gaba o` ga galg
lgro
rota
ta
o l m u r o g k m a n d l d r o s k s t o l g k d y m ur d e k ` k m d m p a r ` d
gabpdgtdgk÷l
dkro atra pulta yd quo gal
tdbekël osta
sorâd d` galgrota
o` gurdma `o oxpu`sdl
yd quo sk o` gurdma o`
ol bdyar tkobpa y ostdma mo g`kbd porbkto quo o` galgrota
d`gdlgo bäs su roskstolgkds par atra `dma ul pulta quo
taquo dltorkar bolto pdrd ul galgrota olmurogkma tdbekël
o` g`kbd os ul nrdl hdgtar kbpartdlto yd quo sk o` g`kbd so
olguoltrd ol ul mâd gd`urasa o` hrdnudma mo` galgrota sorä
bäs räpkma y obpozdrd d ndldr roskstolgkd bäs räpkma quo
gudlma ostd ul g`kbd bäs cùboma a bolas gd`urasa gal o`
hkl mo osto tobd pamobas dprogkdr `ds kbpartdlgkds y gaba
ostä
os tä ga
galh
lhar
arbd
bdma
ma o` galg
galgro
rota
ta ol
olmu
murorogk
gkma
ma os
osta
ta os buy buy
kbpa
kb part
rtdl
dlto
to sd
sdeo
eor`
r`a
a yd qu
quoo pd
pdrd
rd `d
`dss pr
pruo
uoed
edss mo gdgd`k`kmd
mdm
m
pamrobas sdeor ol quë bama a ostdma pamobas cdgor`ds y
gal quo g`kbd dmogudma par atra `dma tdbekël las cde`d
saero `as galgoptas hulmdboltd`os pdrd gkortas galgoptas
quo moeobas tabdr ol guoltd .

OL WD [A MO@ ]O B D ?. 5 G _U DM A MO @
GALGUO]A
Ol osto g`dra tobd mo gurdma mo` galgrota os pdrd sdeor
quë tkpa mo bdltolkbkolta dmogudma so `o moeo mo mdr d`
galgrota yd quo d`nulas galgrotas quo so ostäl hrdnudlma
quomdl d `d kltobporko y gaba yd cde`dma ol tobd dltorkar
saero o` g`kbd pdrd o` gurdma tdbekël kbpartdlto yd quo sk
huo ga`dma uld `asd ol ul mâd gd`urasa a hogcds mo gd`ar
o s t a c d g o q u o o ` g a l g r o t a rä p k m d b o l t o p k o r m d s u
ckmrdtdgk÷l y o` gurdma mo osto sorkd ostdr cubogtälma`d
galtkludbolto murdlto > mâds yd quo sk la so cdgo osto
tkpa mo gurdma puomo edidr su roskstolgkd d `d derdsk÷l par
atra pulta buy g`dra tdbekë kël
l p u o m o c d e o r g u rd m a s
ospogkd`os yd quo ostas sal bäs pdvkboltas ga`dmas mo
pksa quo tkolo ul mkhorolto gurdma d `a mo uld `asd par osto
bksba tobd tdbekël
moeo pratonor pamobas
ul galgrota pdrdcde`dr
quo osto saerolamotolndg÷basus so
hd``ds a raturds yd quo par o` babolta mo rogkël ga`agdma y
hrd
rdnu
nudmdma
a tko
tkolo gab aba a bâl
âlkb
kbd
d mo la gd gdbbkl kld
dr sae
aero
ro o`
murdlto 4 mâd tdbekël ovktdr quo murdlto o` gurdma mo >
mâds la moeo mo pdsdr vocâgu`as cdstd quo `ds pruoeds mo
`deardtarka dpruoeo o` tkpa mo roskstolgkd mo mkgca prayogta
a aerd pdrd osta tdbekël pamobas cde`dr saero gudlma y
gaba gurdr o` galgrota gaba dltorkarbolto bolgkaldma vd
mopolmkolma `d ostrugturd mo `d aerd y mo` g`kbd yd quo
d`nulas sal bdskvas a `dbkldr pdrd osta ol `d bksbd
klvostkndgk÷l las md bugca mo quë cde`dr ol `as olsdyas
yd quo tdbekël cdy mkhoroltos tkpas a bëtamas mo gurdmas
pdrd o` galgrota yd quo oltro osas ostäl gurdma gal dnud
q u o o l ` a p o r s a l d ` y d ` a ob p â r k g d b o l t o l a o s b u y
dmog
dm ogud
udma
ma yd ququo o gagall mo
mobd
bdsk
skdm
dmd
d dn dnudud o` ga galg
lgro
rota
ta vd
pormkolma prapkomdmos y la os buy rogabolmde`o ostdr
rovk
ro vkvvko
kol
lma ul ga galglgro
rota
ta gal purd dn dnu ud pa parr atra
tra pultlta
a
tdbekël gurdmas gal vdpar osto skrvo pdrd quo o` galgrota
ga`dma d`gdlgo bäs räpkma su roskstolgkd dlto `as 53 mâds
osta gal `d hkld`kmdm mo mdr`o ul euol gurdma a dmogudr ul
gurdma d mkhoroltos ostrugturds a ga`dmas .

OLWD[AW MO@ ]OBD ?.7 VU_OEDW MO GD@KMDM

Euola
Euol a ol os osto
to to
tobdbdss mo pr pruo
uoed
edss mo gd gd`k`kmd
mdmm papamo
moba
bass
cde
de`d `drr sasae ero `ds
`ds mkhkho
oro
rollto
toss pruruoe
oeds
ds y guä uä`o`oss sal
sal `d`dss
boia
bo iaro
ross y dm dmog
ogud
udmdmdss pdpdrd
rd `d
`dss os
ostr
trug
ugtu
turd
rdss mo ga galg
lgro
rota
ta
olmu
ol murorogkgkmama pd
pdrdrd ob
obpopozdzdrr pa
pamo
mobbas cd cde`
e`dr
dr qu quo o la
lass md
oltolmor `ds pruoeds mo gd`kmdm mo ul galgrota olmurogkma
euola rotabdlma bk klvostkndgk÷l mo` tobd ?.7 `ds pruoeds
mo gd`kmdm sal dquo``ds gal `ds quo sderobas o` tkpa mo
roskst
ros kstolg
olgkd kd mu
murde
rdek`k
k`kmdm
mdm y quo td tdbe
bekël
kël ququoo posa
posa puomo
puomol l
gdrndr pdrd sdeor tama osta `ds pruoeds mo gd`kmdm so
mkvkmol ol 7 hdgos mopolmkolma `d kltolskmdm y prosupuosta
y tdbekël mopolmo bugca saero `d ostrugturd d `d quo so `o
vd````d
vd d d rod` rod`kz
kzdr
dr mkmkgc
gcds
ds pr pruo
uoed
edss rorottab
abdl
dlma
ma o` to tobd
bd so
m k h o r o l g k d o l 7 ` d s g u d ` o s s a l m o s t ru g t k v d s ,
sobkmostrugtkvds y la mostrugtkvds. Vdrd osta y sdeor guä`
sorä `d dmogudmd os par `ds mumasd pruoeds mo gd`kmdm mo`
galg
ga lgro rota
ta hr hros
osga
ga y ````ov
ovdldlma
ma osostd
tdss pr
pruo
uoed
edss mo mo`` ga
galg
lgro
rota
ta
olm
lmur urogogkmkmaa d zal zalds bäs md mdôd
ôdmmds pdrd ost sta
a tdbek
dbekëlël
pamobas
gd`kmdm pdrdcde`dr mo guä`os
obpozdr sal `ds mo
cde`drobas mkhoroltos pruoeds `ds
`ds mostrugtkvds mo
gud`os sal `ds mostrugtkvds ostds sal pdrd motorbkldr `d
roskst
roskstolg
olgkd
kd bo
bomkd
mkdlt
lto
o d`n
d`nuld
uldss rup
ruptu turds
rds mo pra
praeo eotds
tds pdr
pdrd
d
osta `ds bäs gabulos y bäs bolgkaldmds sal `ds pruoeds
mo d`d gabprosk÷l skbp`o, pruoed mo h`oxk÷l y pruoed mo
tol
olsk
sk÷l
÷l.. @ds pruruoe
oeds
ds mo gd gd`k`kmd
mdmm la mos ostr
trug
ugtk
tkvd
vdss sa
sal
l
dquo``ds quo sa`a voräl `d gd`kmdm bomkdlto `d ostrugturds
skl rabpor`ds pdrd ostds pruoeds sal `ds sknukoltos bäs
bolgkaldmds.
bolgkaldmd s. Vruoed mo bdrtk``a, pruoed mo roskstolgkd d `d
polotrdgk÷l, pruoed mo pu`s `sa
a u`trds÷lkg kgaa , pruo eds
mkläbkgds a mo vkerdgk÷l y bomkdlto `ds sobkmostrutkvds
sa`a cdy uld bäs laberd `d gud` os `d mo oxtrdggk÷l mo
gardzalos gal `d hkld`kmdm mo tolor ul provë galagkbkolta
mo tamds o``ds yd quo gdmd uld tkolo mkhorolto bdtorkd`os y
pragomkbkoltas buy `drnas gaba par oiobp`a `d mo pruoed
d `d gabprosk÷l skbp`o os bomkdlto gk`klmras mo buostroa
pdrd mospuës ``ovdr`ds d `ds prolsds mo gabprosk÷l y dsk
gdmd uld mo o``ds tkolo su mkhoroltos bomkas mo `agd`kzdgk÷l
mo` prae`obd y quo tamds ``ondl d` rosu`tdma mo `a quo ostä
bd`.
OLWD[A MO@ ]OBD ?.= DLD@KWKW OW]DMKW]KGAW MO
KL]OUVUO]DGKAL MO UOW_@]DMAW

Vdrd
pruoeds ostoyd tobd pamobas dprogkdr
sodl mostrugtkvds `as rosu`tdmas
a la mostrugtkvds mo `ds
pora pdrd o`
dlä
lä`k`ksk
skss ost stdm
dmââst
stkg
kga
a mo klt ltor
orpr
prot
otd
dgk÷
gk÷l mo ro rosu
su`t`tdm
dma
as
dmogud
dmo gudma mass pdr
pdrd
d o` galgro
galgrota
ta os bo
bomkmkdl
dlto
to `ds
`ds pr
pruo
uoed
edss mo
gd`kmdm mo roskstolgkd d 7 pruoeds quo sodl knud` os gaba
sderobas quo o` galgrota sorä sdtkshdgtarka sk sal knud`dmas
`as 7 pdrd osta `d pruoed quo boiar a bäs gabùl cdgol os `d
pruoed sobkmostrugtkvd quo galstd mo `d pruoed mo gd`kmdm mo
7 gardzalos ol `as gud`os sderobas `d roskstolgkd d `as 53
mâds yd quo gal osta so sderä `d roskstolgkd d `as 53 mâds sk
`as lkvo`os mo galgrota olmurogkma sal d`tas a edias pdrd o`
posa quo gdrndrd mkgcd aerd ostd pruoed galstd mo
subornkrso ol dnud pdrd su boiar hrdnudma ol =6 cards pdrd
osta `as dlä`ksks ostdmâstkgas mo kltorprotdgk÷l mo rosu`tdmas
d`nulds pruoeds mo gd`kmdm sal porhogtds pdrd `d o`deardgk÷l
mo pr
pruo uoededs.
s. @a
@ass bë
bëtatama
mass mo pr
pruo
uoeded la mo most
stru
rugt
gtkv
kvas
as la
sustktuyol d `ds pruoeds mo gardzalos (DW]B G=5). Wk `d
roskstolgkd prabomka mo tros gardzalos os mo par `a bolas
3?% mo` h‛g y sk lklnùl os bolar quo >?% mo` h‛g, so
ga
gals
lskm
zaldkmor
ordr
drä
ä os
ostr
trug
ugtu
roprosoltdmd turd
rd`b
par`bol
o`olto
to dm
dmog
ogud
gardz÷l. udma
Wkma
`asd`rosu`tdmas
galg
galgro
rota
ta mo
mo `ds
`d
pruoed
pruo edss mo ga
gard
rdza
zalo
loss ga
garro
rrogt
gtdb
dbol
olto
to ro
rod`
d`kz
kzdm
dmds
ds sa
sal
l tdl
tdl
edias gaba pdrd palor ol mumd `d kltonrkmdm ostrugturd` mo`
galgrota, moeorä aptdrso par moba`or o` o`obolta a praedr
hâskgdbolto gal `d gdrnd d `d gud` ostdrä trdedidlma mkgca
o`obolta.

OLWD[A MO@ ]OBD ?.? W_VOUXKWKAL MO GA@DMAW

@d suporvksk÷l mo ga`dmas os bäs quo ldmd ul pragosa mo

vdrk
vd rkas
as hdg
dgttar
aro
os ol `d aerd
aerd mo `a
`ass gu
gud
d`o
`oss cd
cde`
e`dr
dro
obas `d
suporvksk÷l mo ga`dmas so ``ovd d gdea mo ul suporvksar pdrd
`d vorkhkgdgk÷l mo pragosa mo ga`dma gal `a gud` so obpkozd
pr
prkb
kbor
ora
a gal `d garrogtdbolto
ospogkhkgdgkalos gkb
gkberd.
rd. @d gkbgkb
yder
erdd mo
moeo
quo `deogkberd
gu
gub
bp`kr
p`os
kr o`ga
gall `d
`dss
ba`mo
mo `d `asd y quo moeo mo ostdr ulkharbobolto ekol o`deardma
d `ds bomkmds y d`turds pdrd pamor mdr`o sus euolas
dgdedmas `d gkberd moeo mo ostdr ekol galtdgtd pdrd o` tkpa
mo ärod quo so vd d utk`kzdr pdrd `d mkstdlgkds dmogudmds atra
pulta buy kbpartdlto mo `d gkberd os `d gud` suporvksdr quo
ostä ekol g`dvdmd y quo `d ospogkhkgdgkalos mo` g`dva ostël
dgtds pdrd `d gdrnd gal `d
` d quo so ``oldrd tdbekël `as pultd`os
moeol mo ostdr ekol g`dvdmas y ekol p`abodmas pdrd mdr`o o`
lkvo` drrked yd quo sk la ostäl ekol puomo cdeor gkortds
dlabd`âds gaba par oiobp`a o` pdlmoa a hd``ds mo h`oxk÷l
pdrd osta tdbekël os kbpartdlto `d quktdmd mo `d gkberd yd
quo gudlma so qukto la mdôol `d ostrugturd y quo o` ba`mo
puomd sd`kr gabp`ota.
Var atra pulta mo suporvksk÷l tdbekël ostä `d suporvksk÷l mo`
galgrota pdrd osta yd tabdlma ol guoltd quo ol galgrota `a
bdlmdl `d p`dltd ospogkd`kzdmd ol mkgcds pruoeds tdbekël o`
suporvksar moeo mo tabdr ol guoltd quo moeo mo tolor ul
tëglkga
mo pdrd yd
`d p`dltd quo `dsskpruoeds
quo ol aerd räpkmdbolto
cdy dlabd`âds sodl `ds bksbd
mdr quo
dvksa`dsd
su iohos mo` galgrota bd` ostrugturdma ol `d p`dtd tdbekël `d
vorkhkgdgk÷l mo` tkpa mo gobolta par atra pulta ol guostk÷l ol
`d aerd tdbekël so rod`kzdl rova`turds pdrd ga`dmas mo hkrbo
tdbekël so moeo mo suporvksdr quo o` gobolta ol `d aerd
ostë ekol d`bdgoldma y quo la so baio pdrd quo gudlma so
rod`kzd `d bozg`d mo` galgrota `as dnrondmas y o` gobolta
ostël dmogudmdbolto ol euold gd`kmdm yd quo ol `ds aerds
a o` suporvksar moeo mo tabdr buy ol guoltd quo ol d`nulds
aerds o` gobolta la moeo mo pdsdrso mo `as 76 mâds mo
hderkgdgk÷l pdrd `d suporvksk÷l mo` galgrota bdlud` tdbekël
os buy kbpartdlto `d suporvksk÷l mo` galtolkma mo dnud yd
quo sk ostd buy pdsdma a quo `o hd`td räpkmdbolto ol o`
galgrota olmurogkma so vorä gal hd``ds a dlabd`âds bäs
räpkma pdrd `ds suporvksk÷l mo ga`dmas ulas pulta tdbekël
buy
ga`drkbpartdltos
os quo `d ygkberd
quo soamoeol mo malmo
o` ärod tabdr ol guoltd
sorä dltos mo
ga`agdma o`
galgrota moed mo ostdr cubogtdmd ol gdsa mo bdqukldrkd
bogälkgd vo vork
rkhhkg
kgd
dr quo `d rov rova`vo
a`voma
mard
rd os
osto
to cub
ubo ogtd
gtdmd
tdbekël `d gdltkmdm mo aeroras pdrd o` ga`dmas mopolmkolma
`as botras vorkhkgdr quo ostël `as bdtorkd`os pdrd o` ga`dma
gaba
ga ba vker
vkerdm
dmar
aros os,, pd
pd`d`ds,
s, gu
gugc
gcdr
drds
ds,, gc
gcdl
dlds
ds,, ro
ron`
n`ds
ds,, ot
otg.
g.
]db
]d bekëkël
l ol susupo porv
rvks
ksk÷
k÷ll mo ga
ga`d
`dm
mas sdsdeo
eorr qu
quëë tdl
dlta
ta mo
osposar moeo mo ``ovdr mkgcd ostrugturd quo tolnd euolas
roguerkbkoltas o` dgora y quo pastorkarbolto quo so trds`dpo
mo` ?6% klkgkdr gal o` pu`kma yd quo o` galgrota gdmd tkobpa
vd olmurogkolma gal tkobpa mo oltro = a ? cards osta gal `d
hkld`kmdm mo sdeor `d nrdl kbpartdlgkd mo `d suporvksk÷l ol
ga`d
ga `dma
mass ol `a po pors
rsal
ald d` buy dtdtrd
rdyo
yolt
lto
o y ququoo so puopuomo
dprolmos obpârkgdbolto gal `d oxporkolgkd ol gdbpa.