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Effect of The Combination of Organic and Inorganic Filters On The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) Determined by in Vitro Method
Effect of The Combination of Organic and Inorganic Filters On The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) Determined by in Vitro Method
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Abstract
This paper describes the effect on Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of the combination of inorganic and organic filters in sunscreen products
as determined by an in vitro method. O/W emulsions containing inorganic filters, such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, combined with 18
EU-authorized UV-B organic filters were tested. SPF measurements were carried out using a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating
sphere.
This study observed a synergic effect when titanium dioxide was combined with either anisotriazine or octyldimethylPABA. The combination of
zinc oxide with 11 UV-B organic filters also exhibited a similar synergy; however, the measured SPF was systematically lower than the protection
factor achieved with titanium dioxide.
© 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
0378-5173/$ – see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.05.047
2 S. El-Boury et al. / International Journal of Pharmaceutics 340 (2007) 1–5
Table 1
Characteristics of the organic sunscreens investigated
INCI name Suppliers λmax (nm) Solubility Maximum concentration
authorized (%)
Table 2
Characteristics of the inorganic sunscreens investigated
INCI Name (Trade name) Suppliers Solubility Maximum concentration
authorized (%)
Titanium dioxide, hydrated silica, aluminium hydroxide, BASF, Levallois-Perret, France Liposoluble 25
dimethicone/methicone copolymer (T-Lite SFS)
Zinc oxide, diphenyl capryl methicone (Z-Cote Max) BASF, Levallois-Perret, France Liposoluble –
were purchased from Cooper (Melun, France). Xanthan gum late (PMMA) plates using a cot-coated finger. Plates have both
(Keltrol® BT) was obtained from Kelco (Lille Skensved, Den- a smooth and a rough surface. The roughness was measured
mark). Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates were purchased between 5 and 10. After spreading, 15 mg of the product
from Helioscience (Creil, France). Powder-free latex finger cots remained on the finger cot. The SPF of the creams was then
were obtained from Cooper (Melun, France). measured in vitro. Three plates were prepared for each product
to be tested and nine measurements were performed on each
2.2. Preparation of sunscreen creams plate. Transmission measurements between 290 and 400 nm
Table 4
Combination of UV-B filters and titanium dioxide
Filter (INCI name) SPF (filter) (mean ± S.D.) SPF (filter + titanium Increase or decrease of SPF
dioxide combination) compared to predicted SPF
(mean ± S.D.) (SPF units)
were carried out using a spectrophotometer equipped with an where Eλ is CIE erythemal spectral effectiveness, Sλ is solar
integrating sphere (UV Transmittance Analyzer UV1000S, Lab- spectral irradiance and Tλ is spectral transmittance of the
sphere, North Sutton, US). The SPF were carried out according sample (Ferrero et al., 2003; Villalobos-Hernandez and Müller-
to the following equation: Goymann, 2007).
Table 5
Combination of UV-B filters and zinc oxide
Filter (INCI name) SPF (filter) (mean ± S.D.) SPF (filter + zinc oxide Increase or decrease of SPF
combination) compared to predicted SPF
(mean ± S.D.) (SPF units)
Fig. 2. Increase of effectiveness (%) for the combination between zinc oxide
and diethylhexylbutamidotriazone (DHBT), octyldimethylPABA (OD-PABA),
Fig. 1. Decrease of effectiveness (%) for the combination between titanium octocrylene (OCT), isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate (IMC), octylmethoxycin-
dioxide and methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBTP), namate (OMC), polysilicone-15 (P-15), PEG-25 PABA, octyltriazone (OT),
octyltriazone (OT), benzophenone-5 (BZ-5), 3-benzylidene camphor (3-BC), 3-benzylidene camphor (3-BC), phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (PBSA) and
PEG-25 PABA, benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) and homosalate (HMS). benzophenone-5 (BZ-5).
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Photochem. Photobiol. B 64, 166–175. UV-A protection factors of inorganic sunscreens distributed in aqueous
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