Answer the questions based on what is stated or implied in each passage.

Chile's human history apparently began about 10,000 years ago, when migrating
Indians followed the line of the Andes and settled in fertile valleys and along the coast. The
Incas briefly extended their empire into the north, but the area's remoteness prevented any
significant effect. In 1541, the Spanish, under Pedro de Valdivia, encountered about one
5 million Indians from various cultures who supported themselves principally through slash-
and-burn agriculture and hunting. Although the Spaniards did not find the gold and silver
they sought there, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and
Chile became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
Chilean colonial society was heavily influenced by the latifundio system of large
10 landholdings, kinship politics, the Roman Catholic Church, and an aggressive frontier
attitude stemming from Indian wars. The drive for independence from Spain was
precipitated by usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon's brother Joseph. A national
junta in the name of Ferdinand--heir to the deposed king--was formed on September 18,
1810. Spanish attempts to reimpose arbitrary rule during the Reconquista led to a prolonged
15 struggle under Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile's most renowned patriot. Chilean independence
was formally proclaimed on February 12, 1818.
The political revolution brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean
society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure. The system of
presidential absolutism eventually predominated, but the wealthy landowners continued to
20 control Chile.
Toward the end of the 19th century, Chile consolidated its position in the south by
suppressing the Mapuche Indians. In 1881, it signed a treaty with Argentina confirming
Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. As a result of the War of the Pacific
against Peru and Bolivia (1879-83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-
25 third and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of
national affluence.
Although Chile established a representative democracy in the early 20th century, it
soon became unstable and degenerated into a system protecting the interests of the ruling
oligarchy. By the 1920s, the newly emergent middle and working classes were powerful
30 enough to elect a reformist president, but his program was frustrated by a conservative
congress. Continuing political and economic instability resulted in the quasidictatorial rule
of General Carlos Ibanez (1924-1932).
After constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals,
formed. The Radical Party became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20
35 years. The 1920s saw the emergence of Marxist groups with strong popular support.
Chile's gradual conversion to a free market, export-oriented economy has permitted the
agricultural and forestry sector to double production since 1980. Only a tiny fraction of
Chilean land is arable; nevertheless, it supports more than 300,000 farms, about 50 percent
of which produce wheat. The average farm size is 45 hectares. Although crop production is
40 much more important in Chile than livestock production, cattle production for beef and
dairy is still significant. However, the demand for beef substitutes has led to an explosive
growth of the highly integrated poultry and pork production sectors. The combined
consumption of pork and poultry now exceeds per capita consumption of beef.
Chile is nearly self-sufficient in food production. Imports meet shortfalls in
45 production where the planted area has been diverted to produce crops for the export market.
 Chilean agricultural exports in 1991 were more than 1.4 billion and are nearly four times
greater than imports. Every year, the agricultural trade balance weighs more heavily in
favor of Chile as high-priced fresh and processed fruit exports continue to expand at a rapid
rate. The combined value of table grapes and apple exports make up about 40 percent of
50 yearly agricultural exports. Exports of kiwi fruits and stone fruits (plums, peaches,
nectarines, and apricots) will rapidly increase as trees mature. Fruit variations, such as
chirimoyas, tomatoes, pears, and berries, also will increase the value of exports.
The United States is Chile's main agricultural trading partner, purchasing about half
its agricultural exports and providing about one-third of its imports.