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Muscle System Kd13
Muscle System Kd13
Myofibrils: Myosin:
Myofilament:
structures thick
protein
that make filaments
filaments that
up a muscle make up a Actin: thin
fiber sarcomere filaments
Coverings of a Skeletal Muscle
� Skeletal muscles are
organs
■ They contain muscle
fibers, nerves, and blood
vessels
■ Connective tissue
membranes separate each
muscle structure
� Fascia – layer of fibrous
tissue that separates
muscles from each other
and from the skin
Coverings from largest to smallest
� Epimysium –
covers the entire
skeletal muscle
� Perimysium –
surrounds a
bundle of muscle
fibers (fascicle)
� Endomysium –
surrounds a
single muscle
fiber (cell)
Skeletal Muscle Attachments
� Epimysium blends into a connective tissue
attachment
■ Tendon – cord-like structure
� Sites of muscle attachment
■ Bones
■ Cartilages
■ Connective tissue coverings
Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle
Fiber (muscle cell)
� Cells are multinucleate
� Nuclei are just beneath the membrane
� Sarcolemma – specialized plasma
membrane
� Sarcoplasmic reticulum – specialized
smooth endoplasmic reticulum involved in
muscle contraction
� Myofibril
■ Bundles of myofilaments
■ Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands
� Light band = “I band”
� Dark band = “A band”
� Sarcomere
■ Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
■ Organization of the sarcomere
� Thick filaments = myosin protein
� Myosin filaments
have heads
(extensions) that
can ‘grab’ onto
actin forming a
crossbridge
Physiology of Muscle Contraction
� Skeletal muscles
must be
stimulated by a
nerve (motor
neuron) to
contract
Transmission of Nerve Impulse to
Muscle
� Step 1: Nerve releases a neurotransmitter
(acetylcholine)
� Step 2: Neurotransmitter causes the
muscle cell membrane gates to open
ATP production
for Muscle
Contraction
Fermentation
Creatine Cellular
(Anaerobic
Phosphate Respiration
Respiration)
1. Creatine Phosphate
� Creatine phosphate is a high-energy
compound and is the fastest way to
make ATP available for muscles
� Used for activities lasting < 15
seconds
� Anaerobic (no oxygen needed)
� Reaction:
■ Creatine phosphate + ADP ↔ creatine +
ATP
� Creatine phosphate is made when a
muscle is at rest
2. Cellular Respiration
� Mitochondria use glucose
molecules to make ATP in
the presence of oxygen
■ Provides most of a muscle’s
ATP
� Aerobic (needs oxygen)
� Used for activities lasting
hours
� Reaction
■ C6H12O6 + 6O2 🡪 6CO2 +
6H2O + ATP energy
� 1 glucose = 36 ATP
3. Anaerobic Respiration/
Fermentation
� Reaction that breaks down
glucose without oxygen
� Used for activities lasting
30 – 60 seconds
� Anaerobic (no oxygen)
� Reaction
■ Glucose 🡪 pyruvic acid + 2
ATP 🡪 lactic acid
� Lactic acid is also
produced and causes pain
in the muscle
� Heavy breathing after exercise is a sign of
oxygen deficiency
� A marathon runner is exhausted after crossing
the finish line because they have depleted not
only their oxygen but their glucose as well
� It takes up to two days to replace all of the
glucose in the muscles and glycogen in the liver
Muscles and Body Movements
� Movement is
attained due to a
muscle moving an
attached bone
� Muscles are attached
to at least two points
■ Insertion –
attachment to a
moveable bone
■ Origin – attachment
to an immovable
bone
Types of Ordinary Body Movements
� Flexion –
decreases angle of
joint and brings
two bones closer
together
� Extension-
increases angle of
joint
� Rotation- movement of a
bone in longitudinal axis,
shaking head “no”
� Abduction – moving
away from the midline
� Adduction - moving
toward the midline
� Circumduction - cone-
shaped movement,
proximal end doesn’t
move, while distal end
moves in a circle.
Types of Muscles
� Muscles work in opposing pairs
■ Ex. Biceps (flexion of arm) and Triceps
(extension of arm)
� Prime mover – muscle that does most of
the work
■ Synergist – muscle that helps a prime mover
in a movement
� Antagonist – muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
� Direction of muscle fibers
■ Example: rectus (straight), orbicularis (circular)
� Relative size of the muscle
■ Example: maximus (largest), minimus
(smallest), longus (long), brevis (short)
� Location of the muscle
■ Example: pectoralis (chest), external (outside),
frontalis (frontal)
� Number of origins
■ Example: triceps (three heads)
� Location of the muscles origin and
insertion
■ Example: sterno (on the sternum)
� Shape of the muscle
■ Example: deltoid (triangular)
� Action of the muscle
■ Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
Affects of Aging on Muscles
1. Muscles that are not used are replaced by
connective tissue then by fat
2. With age comes degeneration of
mitochondria due to exposure to oxygen
and free radicals
3. Changes in the nervous system and
endocrine system also effect structure and
function of muscles
4. Muscles become weaker as we age but
exercise can stimulate muscle build-up
� She is 86 years young and a body builder.
� He is 80, and the oldest Iron man triathlon
participant.
(1.2 mile swim, a 56-mile bike and a 13.1 mile
run = 70.3 miles.)
Disorders relating to the
Muscular System
� Muscular Dystrophy: inherited, muscle
enlarge due to increased fat and
connective tissue, but fibers degenerate
and atrophy
� Duchenne MD: lacking a protein to
maintain the sarcolemma
� Myasthen ia Gravis: progressive
weakness due to a shortage of
acetylcholine receptors
Sprain versus Strain
� Strain – overstretching of
a muscle near a joint
� Tendinitis –
inflammation of the
tendon due to strain
of repeated activity