Human Impact on Climate

and Atmosphere
Group 4
CESCI (2599)
 ▪ MEMBERS

▪ INTRODUCTION

▪ WORLD CLIMATES

▪ THE GREENHOUSE GASSES

▪ OZONE DEPLETION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

▪ AEROSOLS

CONTENT ▪

▪
VEGETATION AND THE ALBEDO CHANGE

FOREST, IRRIGATION, AND CLIMATE

▪ URBAN CLIMATES

▪ DELIBERATE CLIMATIC MODIFICATIONS

▪ GEOENGINEERING

▪ URBAN AIR POLLUTION

▪ STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION

▪ REFERENCES
 MEMBERS

ALANES VINCE PUMAREN P. JUSHUA MAINAR, MA. SHIELLA MAE V. SALARDA, MOISES ROBLES

Member Member Leader Member

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meet our extended team

JUNIO, DANE JOSEPH SOGO-AN KENT JAMES

Member Member
 Introduction
Burning fossil fuels, cutting down forest and
farming livestock are increasingly influencing the
climate and the earth’s temperature. This adds
enormous amounts of greenhouse gases to those
naturally occurring in the atmosphere, increasing
the greenhouse effect and global warming.

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 WORLD CLIMATES
The global climate is undergoing
significant changes, with rising
temperatures, more frequent extreme
weather events, and shifts in precipitation
patterns. Human activities, particularly the
emission of greenhouse gases like carbon
dioxide, continue to contribute to these
changes. It's imperative that nations
collaborate to mitigate these impacts,
adopt sustainable practices, and invest in Climate is the average weather conditions
clean energy solutions to safeguard the in a place over a long period of time—30
planet's future. years or more. And as you probably
already know, there are lots of different
types of climates on Earth.
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 DIFFERENT CLIMATE TYPES
Tropical. In this hot and humid zone, the average
temperatures are greater than 64°F (18°C) year-round
and there is more than 59 inches of precipitation each
year.
Dry. These climate zones are so dry because
moisture is rapidly evaporated from the air and there
is very little precipitation.
Temperate. In this zone, there are typically warm
and humid summers with thunderstorms and mild
winters.
Continental. These regions have warm to cool
summers and very cold winters. In the winter, this
zone can experience snowstorms, strong winds, and
very cold temperatures—sometimes falling below -
22°F (-30°C)!
Polar. In the polar climate zones, it’s extremely cold.
Even in summer, the temperatures here never go
higher than 50°F (10°C)!

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 GREENHOUSE GASSES
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to
global warming and climate change. Major GHGs include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases. Human activities, such as burning fossil
fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, significantly increase GHG concentrations.
Addressing this issue requires international cooperation, sustainable practices, and a
transition to cleaner energy sources to reduce emissions and mitigate the adverse effects
on the environment.

Burning fossil fuels and deforestation

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 OZONE DEPLETION AND CLIMATE CHANGE
When chlorine and bromine atoms come in to contact with ozone in the
stratosphere, they destroy ozone molecules. One chlorine atom can destroy over
100,000 ozone molecules before it is removed from the stratosphere. Ozone can
be destroyed more quickly than it is naturally created. Some compounds release
chlorine or bromine when they are exposed to intense UV light in the stratosphere.
These compounds contribute to ozone depletion and are called ozone-depleting
substances (ODS). ODS that release chlorine include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform.
ODS that release bromine include halons and methyl bromide. Although ODS are
emitted at the Earth’s surface, they are eventually carried into the stratosphere in a
process that can take as long as two to five years. In the 1970s, concerns about
the effects of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) on the stratospheric ozone layer
prompted several countries, including the United States, to ban the use of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as aerosol propellants. However, global production of
CFCs and other ODS continued to grow rapidly as new uses were found for these
chemicals in refrigeration, fire suppression, foam insulation, and other applications.
Some natural processes, such as large volcanic eruptions, can have an indirect
effect on ozone levels. For example, Mt. Pinatubo's 1991 eruption did not increase
stratospheric chlorine concentrations, but it did produce large amounts of tiny
particles called aerosols (different from consumer products also known as
aerosols). These aerosols increase chlorine's effectiveness at destroying ozone.
The aerosols in the stratosphere create a surface on which CFC-based chlorine
can destroy ozone. However, the effect from volcanoes is short-lived. Not all
chlorine and bromine sources contribute to ozone layer depletion. For example,
researchers have found that chlorine from swimming pools, industrial plants, sea
salt, and volcanoes does not reach the stratosphere. In contrast, ODS are very
stable and do not dissolve in rain. Thus, there are no natural processes that
remove the ODS from the lower atmosphere.

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 However, the effect from volcanoes is short-lived. Not all chlorine and bromine sources contribute to ozone
layer depletion. For example, researchers have found that chlorine from swimming pools, industrial plants,
sea salt, and volcanoes does not reach the stratosphere. In contrast, ODS are very stable and do not dissolve
in rain. Thus, there are no natural processes that remove the ODS from the lower atmosphere.

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 One example of ozone depletion is the annual ozone "hole" over Antarctica that has
occurred during the Antarctic spring since the early 1980s. This is not really a hole through
the ozone layer, but rather a large area of the stratosphere with extremely low amounts of
ozone.

Ozone depletion is not limited to the area

over the South Pole. Research has shown
that ozone depletion occurs over the
latitudes that include North America,
Europe, Asia, and much of Africa,
Australia, and South America. More
information about the global extent of
ozone depletion can be found in the
Scientific Assessment of Ozone
Depletion: 2018 developed by the United
Nations Environment Programme.

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 AEROSOLS
Aerosol is defined as a suspension system
of solid or liquid particles in a gas. An
aerosol includes both the particles and the
suspending gas, which is usually air.

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 AEROSOLS
Environment
The impact of aerosols on the atmosphere is widely acknowledged as one
of the most significant and uncertain aspects of climate change projections. The
observed global warming trend is considerably less than expected from the increase
in greenhouse gases, and much of the difference can be explained by aerosol
effects. Aerosols impact climate through direct scattering and absorption of
incoming solar radiation and trapping of outgoing long-wave radiation as well as
through alteration of cloud optical properties and the formation of clouds and
precipitation. There is growing concern for the impact of aerosols on human health
and interest by many sectors such as weather prediction, the green energy industry
(regarding their influence on solar energy reaching the ground) and the commercial
aircraft industry (regarding the impact of volcanic ash and dust storms on operations
and aircraft).

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 AEROSOLS

Regional problems include potential impacts on human

health and mortality and environmental impact such as
visibility impairment. Major sources of aerosols include
urban/industrial emissions, smoke from biomass
burning, secondary formation from gaseous aerosol
precursors, sea salt and dust. Outstanding problems
include determining the natural sources of aerosols,
and the organic fraction.

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 VEGETATION AND ALBEDO CHANGE
Human-driven changes in land use and land cover such as
deforestation, urbanization, and shifts in vegetation patterns also
alter the climate, resulting in changes to the reflectivity of the earth
surface(ALBEDO), emissions from burning forests, urban heat
island effects and changes in the natural water cycle. The greatest
changes in albedo occur in regions undergoing desertification and
deforestation. Depending on the albedo of the underlying,
reductions in vegetative land cover may give rise to albedo
increases of as much as 0.2.
URBANIZATION

DEFORESTATION

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 VEGETATION AND ALBEDO
CHANGE
ALBEDO is the fraction of incoming solar energy
that is Reflected back to space by the Earth system
(atmosphere, ocean, land surfaces). Bright, white
surfaces such as clouds and snow, have high
albedos that approach 1.0. Dark surfaces, such as
the ocean have low albedos . Albedo is critical for
Earth's energy balance and climate. Human activity
can impact Earth's albedo by changing the
landscape and releasing small particles to the
atmosphere. Humans impact Earth's albedo and
Earth's energy balance through industry,
transportation and land use change.

Changes in albedo occur as the amount of cloud cover changes. Likewise,

changes in any surface cover, like snow, ice, and vegetation, shift the albedo.

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 VEGETATION AND ALBEDO CHANGE

CAUSES OF ALBEDO CHANGE:

BURNING FOREST

Wildfire, also called forest, bush or vegetation fire,

can be described as any uncontrolled and non-
prescribed combustion or burning of plants in a
natural setting such as a forest, grassland, brush
land or tundra, which consumes the natural fuels
and spreads based on environmental conditions
(e.g., wind, topography).

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 VEGETATION AND ALBEDO CHANGE

"Urban heat islands" occur when cities

replace natural land cover with dense
concentrations of pavement, buildings, and
other surfaces that absorb and retain heat.
This effect increases energy costs (e.g., for
air conditioning), air pollution levels, and
heat-related illness and mortality.

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 VEGETATION AND ALBEDO CHANGE

CHANGES IN NATURAL WATER CYCLE

When water changes state in the water

cycle, the total number of water particles
remains the same. The changes of state
include melting, sublimation, evaporation,
freezing, condensation, and deposition.

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 VEGETATION AND ALBEDO CHANGE

SHIFTS IN VEGETATION
PATTERNS

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 VEGETATION AND ALBEDO CHANGE
VEGETATION CHANGE

All flora, fauna, and microbes are

slowly degrading and disappearing
due to human activities such as
deforestation, intensive use,
inappropriate forest management,
agriculture, encroachment of forest
land, slash burn practices, forest
fires, urbanization, overharvesting,
environmental deterioration, etc.

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 VEGETATION AND ALBEDO CHANGE

Microbes are organisms that

are too small to be seen
without using a microscope,
so they include things like
bacteria, archaea, and single
cell eukaryotes — cells that
have a nucleus, like an
amoeba or a paramecium.
Sometimes we call viruses
microbes too.

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 EXAMPLE CAUSES OF SLOWLY DEGRADING AND DISAPPEARING OF
ALL FLORA, FAUNA, AND MICROBES.

DEFORESTATION Inappropriate forest

management

SLASH BURN PRACTICES AGRICULTURE

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 FOREST, IRRIGATION AND CLIMATE
.We all know that deforestation is a universal problem. And it is so
evident that the main reason for this destruction is because of humans.
Aside of negative impact humans has other positive impact forestry
actions typically Include: Invasive species control, vine control, crop
tree release, timber stand improvement, erosion control, tree planting,
and timber harvests. Humans have converted forest to agricultural and
urban uses, exploited species, fragmented wildlands, changed the
demographic structure of forests, altered habitat, degraded the
environment with atmospheric and soil pollutants, introduced exotic
pests and competitors, and domesticated favored species.

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 FOREST, IRRIGATION AND CLIMATE

Irrigation is a method used to water

farmland. Unfortunately, it removes
water from rivers and can cause surface
run-off and leaching. The problem with
irrigation is that it removes water from
its natural source and often causes
leaching and run-off where it is used.

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 FOREST, IRRIGATION AND CLIMATE

Climate is the long-term pattern

of weather in a particular area.
Weather can change from hour-
to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-
month or even year-to-year. A
region's weather patterns,
usually tracked for at least 30
years, are considered its climate.

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 FOREST, IRRIGATION AND CLIMATE

HUMAN IMPACTS IN CLIMATE

ALSO CAUSES IN CLIMATE
CHANGE- Generating power, Manufacturing
goods, Cutting down forests, Using
transportation, Consuming too much, Powering
buildings, Producing food.

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 URBAN CLIMATE
Urban climates are distinguished
from those of less built-up areas by
differences of air temperature,
humidity, wind speed and direction,
and amount of precipitation. These
differences are attributable in large
part to the altering of the natural
terrain through the construction of
artificial structures and surfaces.

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 URBAN CLIMATE
For example, tall buildings, paved streets, and
parking lots affect wind flow, precipitation
runoff, and the energy balance of a locale.
Foreign matter of this kind is introduced into
the air by industrial processes (e.g., chemical
discharges by oil refineries), fuel combustion
(for the operation of motor vehicles and for
the heating of offices and factories), and the
burning of solid wastes.

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 URBAN CLIMATE
Urban pollution concentrations depend on the magnitude
of local emissions sources and the prevailing
meteorological ventilation of the areas—i.e., the height of
the atmospheric layer through which the pollutants are
being mixed and the average wind speed through that
layer. Heavy concentrations of air pollutants have
considerable impact on temperature, visibility, and
precipitation in and around cities. Pollutants in the air in
urban environments create more cloud cover and
precipitation, giving higher temperatures and reduced
sunlight. drainage floods are typical urban climate
challenges.

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 DELIBERATE CLIMATIC MODIFICATIONS
AND GEOENGINEERING
Abstract: This report provides an overview of deliberate climatic modifications and geoengineering
techniques. It explores the various methods employed to modify the Earth's climate intentionally and
analyzes their potential benefits and risks. The report also examines the ethical and environmental
concerns associated with these practices and discusses the need for careful regulation and international
cooperation.
\

Deliberate climatic modifications refer to intentional actions taken by humans to alter the climate
system on a global or regional scale. Geoengineering, a subset of deliberate climatic modification.

Types of Geoengineering: There are two main types of geoengineering, namely solar radiation
management (SRM) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR). SRM techniques aim to reflect a portion of the
sun's energy back into space, while CDR techniques focus on removing greenhouse gases from the
atmospheres, involves the deliberate manipulation of Earth's climate using technological interventions.

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 DELIBERATE CLIMATIC MODIFICATIONS
AND GEOENGINEERING

a) Solar Radiation Management: SRM b) Carbon Dioxide Removal: CDR techniques

techniques include stratospheric aerosol involve removing carbon dioxide from the
injection, marine cloud brightening, and atmosphere. Some approaches include
space-based methods. Stratospheric afforestation and reforestation programs, direct
aerosol injection involves injecting aerosols air capture of CO2, ocean fertilization, and
into the stratosphere to mimic the cooling enhanced weathering.
effects of volcanic eruptions. Marine cloud
brightening aims to enhance cloud
reflectivity by injecting seawater particles
into marine clouds. Space-based methods
propose deploying reflective surfaces in
orbit to divert sunlight away from Earth.

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 TWO MAIN TYPES OF GEOENGINEERING
(solar radiation management (SRM) and Carbon dioxide removal (CDR))

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 DELIBERATE CLIMATIC MODIFICATIONS
AND GEOENGINEERING

Potential Benefits: Deliberate climatic

modifications and geoengineering
techniques could potentially help
mitigate the impacts of climate change.
SRM techniques, if successful, could
temporarily reduce global temperatures,
helping to offset some warming effects.
CDR methods aim to remove excess CO2
from the atmosphere, potentially
lowering the greenhouse gas
concentration.

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 DELIBERATE CLIMATIC MODIFICATIONS AND
GEOENGINEERING

Risks and Concerns: While deliberate climatic modifications and geoengineering techniques offer
potential benefits, they also come with sec) Lack of International Governance: Currently, there is a lack of
international regulatory frameworks governing deliberate climate modifications. It is necessary to establish
robust governance mechanisms to ensure responsible and transparent experimentation and
implementation. Veral risks and concerns. Some concerns include:

a) Unintended Consequences: Altering natural climate systems may have unintended

and unpredictable consequences, potentially causing harm to ecosystems, weather
patterns, and human societies.
b) Ethical Considerations: The deployment of
geoengineering techniques raises ethical questions
regarding who has the right to make decisions about
altering the Earth's climate and who bears the burden of
potential risks and adverse consequences.

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 DELIBERATE CLIMATIC MODIFICATIONS AND
GEOENGINEERING

c) Lack of International Governance: Currently,

there is a lack of international regulatory
frameworks governing deliberate climate
modifications. It is necessary to establish
robust governance mechanisms to ensure
responsible and transparent experimentation
and implementation.
d) False Sense of Security: Relying heavily on
geoengineering techniques may deflect attention from the
fundamental need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at
their source and could create a false sense of security in
addressing climate change.

Conclusion: Deliberate climatic modifications and geoengineering techniques offer

potential solutions to combating climate change. However, the associated risks,
ethical concerns, and lack of international governance highlight the need for
cautious implementation, further research, and global cooperation. It is crucial to
prioritize efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pursue sustainable
practices alongside any deliberate climate modification strategies.

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 URBAN AIR
POLLUTION

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STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION

Stratospheric ozone depletion,

primarily in the ozone layer located
in the Earth's stratosphere, has
been a significant environmental
concern for several decades. Ozone
depletion refers to the decline in
the concentration of ozone
molecules in the stratosphere,
leading to the thinning of the ozone
layer.

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 Causes of Ozone Depletion:
1.Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): These synthetic compounds,
used in refrigerants, aerosol propellants, and foam-blowing
agents, were found to be major contributors to ozone
depletion. Once released, CFCs can rise into the
stratosphere, where they break down and release chlorine
atoms, which then interact with ozone molecules, leading to
their destruction.

2. Halons and Other Chemicals: Other human-made

chemicals, including halons used in fire extinguishers, methyl
bromide used as a pesticide, and nitrous oxide from industrial
processes, also contribute to ozone depletion.

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 Impact on Environment:
1. UV Radiation: The ozone layer acts as a shield against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from
the sun. Depletion of this layer increases the amount of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface,
leading to various health issues in humans such as skin cancer, cataracts, and suppression of the immune
system. It also impacts terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, affecting plant growth and marine life.
2. Climate Change: Ozone depletion can also influence climate change, altering atmospheric
circulation patterns and contributing to the warming of the stratosphere while cooling the lower
Atmosphere. Global Efforts and Regulations: The international community has taken significant steps to
address ozone depletion through agreements like the Montreal Protocol. This treaty has successfully
phased out or significantly reduced the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances,
leading to gradual recovery of the ozone layer. Current Status and Future Outlook: Studies indicate a
slow but positive recovery of the ozone layer due to the reduction in ozone-depleting substances.
However, continued vigilance and adherence to regulations are essential to ensure complete restoration
of the ozone layer and prevent potential setbacks.

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 Conclusion: Stratospheric ozone depletion remains a critical
environmental issue with far-reaching consequences for human health and
ecosystems. Continued global cooperation and compliance with
regulations are crucial to safeguarding and restoring the Earth's protective
ozone layer.

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 Thank you
REFERENCES:

Ozone depletion | Facts, Effects, & Solutions | Britannica

https://www.britannica.com/science/ozone-de
https://ugc.berkeley.edu/background-content/burni
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environ