COMPARISON OF SKELETAL, CARDIAC, AND

SMOOTH

CHARACTERISTICS SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH

Body location Attached to Walls of the Mostly in walls

MUSCULAR SYSTEM bone or skin heart of visceral
(for some organs (other
facial muscles) than the
FUNCTIONS: heart)

1. Responsible for body movement

2. Maintain posture Cell shape and Single, very Branching Single,
3. Respiration appearance long, chains of cells, fusiform,
4. Production of body heat cylindrical uninucleate, uninucleate,
multinucleate strations, no striations
5. Communication
cells with very intercalated
6. Heartbeat obvious discs
7. Contraction of organs and vessels striations
8. Muscles are responsible for all types of
body movement

Connective Endomysium, Endomysium Endomysium

3 TYPES: tissue Perimysium,
components and
1. Skeletal Epimysium
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth
Regulation of Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
SIMILARITIES OF THESE 3 TYPES: contraction
- Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are
Speed of Slow to fast Slow Very slow
elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber) contraction
- the ability of muscle to shorten, or
contract, depends on two types of Rhythmic No Yes Yes, in some
myofilaments, the muscle cell equivalents contractions
of the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
- share some terminology
 Prefixes myo- and mys refer to “muscle”
 Prefix sarco- refers to “flesh” 1. SKELETAL MUSCLE
- Muscle fibers, which are large,
cigar-shaped, multinucleate cell, are packed
into organs that attach to the skeleton
- most are attached by tendons to bones
- also known as:
  Striated— its fibers have obvious stripe/
have visible banding
 Voluntary—subject to conscious control
- can be activated by reflexes (without our
“willed command
- covers our bone and cartilage framework
- helps form the smooth contours of the body
- its tissue can contract rapidly and with great
force, but it tires easily and must rest after
short periods of activity
- its fibers are soft and fragile
- produce movement
- maintain Posture and Body Position
- Generate Heat
CONNECTIVE TISSUE WRAPPINGS OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
- Cells are surrounded and bundled by
connective tissue:
1. ENDOMYSIUM
- encloses a single muscle fiber
2. PERIMYSIUM
- wraps around a several sheathed muscle
fibers
3. EPIMYSIUM
- covers the entire skeletal muscle
SKELETAL MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS
- the ends of Epimysium blends into a
connective tissue attachment
1. TENDONS
- cord-like structures
- provides durability and conserving
space
- are mostly tough collagen fibers
2. APONEUROSES
- sheet-like structures
- Attach muscles indirectly to bones,
cartilages, or connective tissue covering
SKELETAL MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS
- Sites of muscle attachment
1. Bones
2. Cartilages
3. Connective tissue coverings
2. SMOOTH MUSCLE
- no striations
- Involuntary—no conscious control
- found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
- fibers are spindle-shaped cells, uninucleate,
and surrounded by scant endomysium
- fibers are arranged in layers, and most often
there are two such layers, one running
circularly and the other longitudinally
- contraction is slow and sustained
3. CARDIAC MUSCLE
- Found only in the walls of the heart
- striated, uninucleate, and involuntary
- cardiac cells are cushioned by small amounts
of endomysium and are arranged in spiral or
figure 8–shaped bundles
- fibers are branching cells joined by special
gap junctions called intercalated discs
- usually contracts at a fairly steady rate set
by the heart’s “in-house” pacemaker
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
SARCOLEMMA
- A specialized plasma membrane where
many oval nuclei can be seen beneathe it
MYOFIBRILS
- long ribbonlike organelles inside muscle cell
- pushes nuclei aside
- are aligned to give distinct bands
 I band = light band
- Contains only thin filaments
  A band = dark band
- Contains the entire length of the
thick filaments
SARCOMERE
- contractile unit of a muscle fiber
MYOFILAMENTS
- two types:
1. THICK FILAMENTS
- made mostly of bundled molecules of
myosin filaments
- has ATPase enzymes
- have heads (extensions, or cross bridges)
- Myosin and actin overlap somewhat
2.THIN FILAMENTS
- composed of actin filaments
- anchored to the Z disc
- at rest, within the A band there is a zone
that lacks actin filaments
- called either the H zone or bare zone
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- stores and releases calcium
- surrounds the myofibril
SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY
STIMULATION AND CONTRACTION OF SINGLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS
IRRITABILITY
- responsiveness; the ability to receive and
respond to a stimulus
CONTRACTILITY
- ability to forcibly shorten when an adequate
stimulated
EXTENSIBILITY
- ability of muscle cells to be stretched
ELASTICITY
- ability to recoil and resume resting length
after being stretched
NERVE STIMULUS AND ACTION POTENTIAL
- Skeletal muscle fibers must be stimulated by
a motor neuron (nerve cell) to contract
- Motor unit—one motor neuron and all the
skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that
neuron
- Neuromuscular junction - association site of
axon terminal of the motor neuron and
muscle
- Synaptic cleft - gap between nerve and
muscle
- area between nerve and muscle is
filled with interstitial fluid
- action potential reaches the axon terminal
of the motor neuron
- Calcium channels open and calcium
ions enter the axon terminal
TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE TO MUSCLE
- Calcium ion entry causes some synaptic
vesicles to release their content
(acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter) by
exocytosis
- Neurotransmitter—chemical released by
nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse in the
axon terminal
- neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine (ACh)
- Acetylcholine attaches to receptors on the
sarcolemma of the muscle cell
- In response to the binding of ACh to a
receptor, the sarcolemma becomes
permeable to sodium (Na+)
- Sodium rushes into the cell generating an
action potential and potassium leaves the
cell
- Once started, muscle contraction cannot be
stopped
THE SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
- Activation by nerve causes myosin heads
(cross bridges) to attach to binding sites on
the thin filament
- Myosin heads then bind to the next site of
the thin filament and pull them toward the
center of the sarcomere
- This continued action causes a sliding of the
myosin along the actin
- The result is that the muscle is shortened
(contracted)
CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
GRADED RESPONSES
- different degrees of shortening, which
generate different amounts of force
- can be produced in two ways:
 Changing the he frequency of muscle
stimulation
 Changing the number of muscle cells
being stimulated at one time
- types of graded responses
1. MUSCLE RESPONSE TO INCREASINGLY RAPID
STIMULATION
- Muscle twitches = Single, brief contraction
- sometimes result from certain nervous
system problems
- not a normal muscle function
- Summing of contractions = one contraction
is immediately followed by another
- the muscle does not completely return
to a resting state due to more frequent
stimulations
- the effects are added
- Unfused (incomplete) tetanus - some
relaxation occurs between contractions but
nerve stimuli arrive at an even faster rate
than during summing of contractions
- Unless the muscle contraction is
smooth and sustained, it is said to
be in unfused tetanus
- Fused (complete) tetanus - no evidence of
relaxation before the following contractions
- Frequency of stimulations does not
allow for relaxation between
contractions
- the result is a smooth and sustained
muscle contraction
2. MUSCLE RESPONSE TO STRONG STIMULI
- Muscle force depends upon the number of
fibers stimulated
- More fibers contracting results in greater
muscle tension
- Muscles can continue to contract unless
they run out of energy
TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
1. ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS
- Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions
- The muscle shortens and movement occurs
- Example: bending the knee; rotating the arm
2. ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS
- contraction in which the muscles do not
shorten
- Tension in the muscles increases
- Example: push against a wall with bent
elbows
MUSCLE TONE
- some of the fibers are contracted even in a
relaxed muscle
- Different fibers contract at different times to
provide muscle tone and to be constantly
ready

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON MUSCLES

- it increases muscle size, strength, and
endurance
1. AEROBIC/ ENDURANCE EXERCISE
- results in stronger, more flexible muscles
with greater resistance to fatigue
- makes body metabolism more efficient
- Improves digestion, coordination
- helps us reach a steady rate of ATP
production and improves the efficiency of
aerobic respiration
2. RESISTANCE/ ISOMETRIC EXERCISE
- increases muscle size and strength
MUSCLES AND BODY MOVEMENTS
- Movement is attained due to a muscle
moving an attached bone
- Muscles are attached to at least two points
1. ORIGIN
- attachment to the immovable or less
movable bone
2. INSERTION
- attachment to an movable bone. When the
muscle contracts, the insertion moves
toward the origin
TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENTS
1. FLEXION
- Decreases the angle of the joint
- Brings two bones closer together
- Typical of bending hinge joints or
ball-and-socket joints
2. EXTENSION
- Opposite of flexion
- movement that increases the angle or
distance between two bones or parts of the
body
- Typical of straightening the elbow or knee
- Extension beyond 180° is hypertension
3. ROTATION
- Movement of a bone around its longitudinal
axis
- Common in ball-and-socket joints
- Ex: when you move atlas around the dens
of axis (shake your head “no”)
4. ABDUCTION
- movement of a limb away from the midline
of the body

5. ADDUCTION
- Opposite of abduction
- Movement of a limb toward the midline
6. CIRCUMDUCTION
- Combination of flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction
- Commonly seen n in ball-and-socket joints
 INTERACTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES IN THE
BODY (TYPES OF MUSCLES)

1. PRIME MOVER
- muscle that has the major responsibility for
a certain movement (agonist)

2. ANTAGONIST
- muscle that opposes or reverses a prime
move
- can be prime movers in their own right
SPECIAL MOVEMENT
3. SYNERGISTS
1. DORSIFLEXION
- help prime movers by producing the same
- Lifting the foot so that the superior surface
movement or by reducing undesirable
approaches the shin (toward the dorsum)
movements
- corresponds to extension and
hyperextension of the hand at the wrist
4. FIXATOR
- specialized synerigists
2. PLANTAR FLEXION
- stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
- pointing the toes away from your head
- “Planting” the foot toward the sole
- corresponds to flexion of the hand
NAMING SKELETAL MUSCLES
3. INVERSION
1. BY DIRECTION OF MUSCLE FIBERS
- Turn sole of foot medially
- Example: Rectus (straight)
- When a muscle’s name includes the term
4. EVERSION
rectus (straight), its fibers run parallel to
- Turn sole of foot laterally
that imaginary line
5. SUPINATION
- forearm rotates laterally so palm faces
2. BY RELATIVE SIZE OF THE MUSCLE
anteriorly
- Such terms as maximus (largest), minimus
- Radius and ulna are parallel
(smallest), and longus (long)
6. PRONATION
- Forearm rotates medially so palm faces
3. BY LOCATION OF THE MUSCLE
posteriorly
- Example: Temporalis (temporal bone)
- Radius and ulna cross each other like an X
4. BY NUMBER OF ORIGINS
7. OPPOSITION
- Example:the biceps muscle of the arm has
- Move thumb to touch the tips of other
two heads, or origins, and the triceps muscle
fingers on the same hand
has three
5. BY LOCATION OF THE MUSCLE’S ORIGIN AND
INSERTION
- Example: Sterno (on the sternum) clavicle
(cleido) and inserts on the mastoid process
of the temporal bone
6. BY SHAPE OF THE MUSCLE
- Example: Deltoid (triangular)
7. BY ACTION OF THE MUSCLE
- Example: Flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
GROSS ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES
FACIAL MUSCLES
1. FRONTALIS
- covers the frontal bone
- raises eyebrows and wrinkle your forehead
2. ORBICULARIS OCULI
- run in circles around the eyes
- closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks
3. ORBICULARIS ORIS
- the circular muscle of the lips
- Often called the “kissing” muscle
- closes mouth and protrudes the lips
4. BUCCINATOR
- muscle runs horizontally across the cheek
and inserts into the orbicularis oris
- flattens the cheek, chews
5. ZYGOMATICUS
- extends from the corner of the mouth to the
cheekbone
- raises corners of the mouth
CHEWING MUSCLES
1. MASSETER
- covers the angle of the lower jaw
- closes the jaw and elevates mandible
2. TEMPORALIS
- fan-shaped muscle overlying the temporal
bone
- It inserts into the mandible
- synergist of the masseter, closes jaw
NECK MUSCLES
1. PLATYSMA
- a single sheetlike muscle that covers the
anterolateral neck
- pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly
2. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
- two-headed muscles, one found on each
side of the neck
- of the two heads of each muscle, one arises
from the sternum, and the other arises from
the clavicle
- flexes the neck, rotates the head
MUSCLES OF TRUNK, SHOULDER, ARM
ANTERIOR MUSCLES
1. PECTORALIS MAJOR
- major is a large fan-shaped muscle covering
the upper part of the chest.
- adducts and flexes the humerus
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
1. EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
- raise rib cage during inhalation
2. INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
- depress the rib cage to move air out of the
lungs when you exhale forcibly
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL GIRDLE
1. RECTUS ABDOMINIS
- paired straplike rectus abdominis muscles
- flexes vertebral column and compresses
abdominal contents (defecation, childbirth,
forced breathing)
2. EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
- paired superficial muscles that make
up the lateral walls of the abdomen
- flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend
it laterally
3. INTERNAL OBLIQUE
- paired muscles deep to the external
obliques
- flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend
it laterally
4. TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS
- the deepest muscle of the abdominal wall
- compresses abdominal contents
POSTERIOR MUSCLES
1. TRAPEZIUS
- the most superficial muscles of the posterior
neck and upper trunk
- elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes
the scapula
2. LATISSIMUS DORSI
- two large, flat muscles that cover the lower
back
- extends and adducts the humerus
3. ERECTOR SPINAE
- Each erector spinae is a composite muscle
consisting of three muscle columns
(longissimus, iliocostalis, and spinalis) that
collectively span the entire length of the
vertebral column
- back extension
4. QUADRATUS LUMBORUM
- form part of the posterior abdominal wall
- flexes the spine laterally
5. DELTOID
- fleshy, triangle-shaped muscles that form
the rounded shape of your shoulders
- arm abduction
- Muscles that arise from the shoulder girdle
and cross the shoulder joint to insert into
the humerus include:
 Pectoralis major
 Latissimus dorsi
 Deltoid
MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
1. BICEPS BRACHII
- the most familiar muscle of the arm because
it bulges when you flex your elbow
- supinates forearm, flexes elbow
2. BRACHIALIS
- lies deep to the biceps brachii and, like the
biceps, is a prime mover in elbow flexion
- lifts the ulna as the biceps lifts the radius
3. BRACHIORADIALIS
- a fairly weak muscle that arises on the
humerus and inserts into the distal forearm
- it resides mainly in the forearm
4. TRICEPS BRACHII
- the only muscle fleshing out the posterior
humerus
- elbow extension (antagonist to biceps
brachii)
- straightens the arm—for instance, to
deliver a strong jab in boxing
Muscles of the forearm, which insert on the
hand bones and cause their movement include:
2. GLUTEUS MEDIUS
- runs from the ilium to the femur, beneath
the gluteus maximus for most of its length
- hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking
3. ILIOPSOAS
- a fused muscle composed of two muscles,
the iliacus and the psoas major
- hip flexion, keeps the upper body from
falling backward when standing erect
4. ADDUCTOR MUSCLES
- forms the muscle mass at the medial side of
each thigh
- adduct the thighs
Muscles causing movement at the knee joint:

1. FLEXOR CARPI 1. HAMSTRING GROUP

- wrist flexion - muscles forming the muscle mass of the
posterior thigh
2. FLEXOR DIGITORUM - thigh extension and knee flexion
- finger flexion - consists of three muscles:
 biceps femoris
3. EXTENSOR CARPI  Semimembranosus
- wrist extension  Semitendinosus
which originate on the ischial tuberosity and
4. EXTENSOR DIGITORUM run down the thigh to insert on both sides of
- finger extension the proximal tibia

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB
Muscles causing movement at the hip joint
include:
1. GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
- superficial muscle of the hip that forms most
of the flesh of the buttock
- It is a powerful hip extensor that acts to
bring the thigh in a straight line with the
pelvis
- hip extension
2. SARTORIUS
- . It runs obliquely across the thigh from the
anterior iliac crest to the medial side of the tibia
- It is a weak thigh flexor
- commonly referred to as the “tailor’s”
muscle because it acts as a synergist to help
tailors sit with both legs crossed in front of
them
3. QUADRICEPS GROUP
- group consists of four muscles:
 rectus femoris
 three vastus muscles
that flesh out the anterior thigh
- extends the knee
Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot: REFERENCE:

1. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 12th

- a superficial muscle on the anterior leg Edition. Marieb, E.N & Keller, 2016. S.M. Boston :
- It arises from the upper tibia and then Pearson. (PDF)
parallels the anterior crest as
- it runs to the tarsal bones, where it inserts
by a long tendon
- dorsiflexion, foot inversion

2. EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS

- arises from the lateral tibial condyle and
proximal three-quarters of the fibula and
inserts into the phalanges of toes 2 to 5
- toe extension and dorsiflexion of the foot

3. FIBULARIS MUSCLES
- The three fibularis muscle:
 Longus
 Brevis
 Tertius
are found on the lateral part of the leg
- They arise from the fibula and insert into the
metatarsal bones of the foot
- plantar flexion, foot eversion

4. GASTROCNEMIUS
- a two-bellied muscle that forms the curved
calf of the posterior leg
- a prime mover for plantar flexion of the
foot
- often called the “toe dancer’s” muscle.

5. SOLEUS
- Deep to the gastrocnemius
- it does not affect knee movement
- it inserts into the calcaneal tendon
- plantar flexion