SAL Institute of Technology & Engineering Research

Mechanical / Automobile Engineering Department

Lab Manual

Dynamics of Machinery (3151911)

5TH Sem. - B.E. 3RD Year

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 1
 SAL Institute of Technology & Engineering Research
Mechanical / Automobile Engineering Department
Subject : Dynamics of Machinery Code : 3151911
Index
Sr Page Date of Date of Comp.
Name of Experiment Marks
No. no. Start Comp. Sign

1 To balance the shaft statically and

dynamically with the help of eccentric
weights in different planes
2 To study the oscillations of simple
pendulum.
3 To determine the radius of gyration
of a compound pendulum.
4 To determine the radius of gyration of a
body using bi-filar suspension.
5 To determine radius of gyration of disc
using tri filer suspension
6 To study the torsion vibrations of single
rotor system.
7 To study the torsional vibrations of two
rotor system.
8 To study damped tensional vibrations of
single rotor system.
9 To study undamped free vibrations of a
spring.
10 To study the natural vibrations of a
spring mass system.
11 To study forced damped vibrations of a
spring mass system.
12 To verify Dunkerley's rule for transverse
vibrations.
13 To study the forced damped vibrations
of simply supported beam.
14 To study About Whirling Of Shaft
Apparatus.

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 2
 PRACTICAL : 1 STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCING APPARATUS

Balancing of masses plays an important role in machine design and manufacture. When a mass
is stationary, it can be balanced easily by putting a suitable counter weight acting in the opposite
direction of unbalanced mass. When an unbalanced mass is rotating and it is left unbalanced, then
a centrifugal force is developed, which changes its direction during the rotation. This causes
vibrations of the machine & premature failure of bearings and shaft. Hence, balancing is essential
for satisfactory operation of the machine.
The apparatus consists of a frame which is hung by chains from the main frame. A shaft rotates
within bearings in the frame. Four slotted discs are mounted over the shafts. The weights can be
attached in the slots of discs at different radial distances. An angular scale provided enables the
disc (and consequently the weights) to be fitted at required angular position. Also the discs can
slide over the shaft so that linear distances can be adjusted.
SPECIFICATIONS :
1) Slotted disc - 4 Nos.
2) Revolving shaft with frame & F. H. P. motor. - 1 No.
3) Scales for angular & longitudinal mounting of weights over the shaft.
AIM - To balance the shaft statically and dynamically with the help of eccentric weights in different
planes
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :
For experiment of balancing, it is necessary to have an unbalanced system of known unbalance. For
this, with one or two discs provided, attach the weights in the slots, at known radial distance and
known angle between them. Now, this becomes a known unbalanced system. For solving the
problems, let us assume that the system is to be balanced with two weights whose radial distances
are known.
The maximum and minimum limits are -
1) Minimum radial distance - 25 mm.
2 ) Maximum radial distance - 65 mm.
3 ) Length of shaft - 300 mm.
4 ) Minimum linear distance between weights - 30mm
i ) Minimum weight on disc (with nut-bolt) - 45 gm.
ii ) Maximum weights on disc (with nut-bolt) - 62 gm.
5 ) Minimum mr Value - 1125 gm mm.
6 ) Maximum mr value - 4030 gm mm.

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 3
1 ) Static Balancing :
Let unknown system be m1 r1 & m2 r2 at an angle 1.
This is to be balanced by m3 r3 & m4 r4 .
Draw the position diagram as shown. Draw vector ab Parallel to m1 r1, to some scale. Draw bc
parallel to m2 r2 . From point c, draw an arc with radius of scaled m3 r3 . From point a, draw an arc
with radius of scaled m4 r4. Point of intersection of arcs is d. join cd & ad, from scale, unknown
values of m3 and m4 can be determined as r3 and r4 are known (assumed) values.
Now draw parallel line to cd from origin in position diagram. This gives direction of m 3 r3 . Also
draw parallel line to ad from origin in position diagram. This will give the direction of m4 r4 .
Set the weights over the shaft at required radius and angle. Rotate the shaft by hand, & see that
system is balanced i.e. Static Balancing .
2 ) Dynamic balancing :
Consider the above balanced system to be dynamically balanced. Let distance between m 1 r1 & m2
r2 be a1 , Distance a2 between m1 r1 & m3 r3 and a3 between m1 r1 & m4 r4 is to be determined.
Select the reference plane suitably, let the reference plane be at m1 r1 .
Taking the moments about references plane,

Distances
Mass from ref. Moment
Plane
m1 r1 0 0
m2 r2 a1 m2 r2 a1
m3 r3 a2 m3 r3 a2
m4 r4 a3 m4 r4 a3

Now, draw couple polygon. Draw 'ef'' parallel to m2 r2 to some suitable scale, Proportional to m2 r2
a1 from point e, draw parallel to m3 r3 . From point 'f'', draw parallel to m4 r4 from e to intersect the
previous line at g, eg is couple vector m3 r3 a2 . From the scale & known value of m3 r3 determine a2 .
fg is couple vector parallel to m4 r4 a3. From scale and from known value of m4 r4 determine a3 . (
Note - while drawing the couple polygon, see that couple polygon closes in one direction only, i.e. all
the vectors should be either in clockwise or anticlockwise direction ). Set the weights over the shaft
as calculated by locking the shaft with the locking screw. After setting all the weights in their proper
positions, remove the locking screw, rotate the shaft with the help of motor and see that system is
balanced i.e. Dynamic Balancing

PRECAUTIONS :
1) While fixing the discs and weights, see that they are properly tightened. Under tightened bolts
may loosen during rotation & over tightened bolts may get damaged or break.

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 4
2) Depending upon the initial assumed unbalance, the radial & linear distances will vary. Initially, it
is necessary to understand the limiting sizes of the frame disc. If distances determined from
diagrams are out of the limit of equipment, then it is necessary to modify or change the problem.
SAMPLE CALCULATION: For static balancing :

1) Select the known mass, radius and angle

m1 = 45 gm, r1 = 30 mm &  = 0 0
m2 = 45 gm, r2 = 35 mm & 1 = 20 0
2) Select the known mass and radius for balancing the above masses.
m3 = 65 gm , r3 = 31.3 mm.
m4 = 45 gm , r4 = 33.95 mm.
3) Draw the position of m1 r1 & m2 r2 .
4) Draw the force polygon with some scale say , (1mm = 40 units).
Draw 'ab' parallel to 'm1r1' ( 33.75 mm ) & 'bc' parallel to 'm2r2 '
( 39.37 cm). Draw arc from 'c' and ' a' points. Point of intersection of arcs is d. draw lines 'cd' & 'da' .
a] measure length m3 r3 ( cd ) = 50.87 mm find out m3 r3 values 2034.5 gm-mm { 2034.5 / 40 =
50.87 mm }.
b] measure length m4 r4 ( da ) =38.2 mm. Find out m4 r4 values 1527.75 gm-mm { 1527.75 /
40 = 38.2 mm }. According to product find out m3 r3 ,m4 r4 values.
6) Draw the parallel lines 'cd' & 'ad' on the position diagram .
& find out the angles. [3 160 0 & 4 233 0 ] .
7) Set the weight over the shaft at the radius and angle.
Rotate the shaft by hand & see that system is balanced statically.
FOR DYNAMIC BALANCING :
8) Now, for couple polygon select scale of 1mm = 8800 units.
Draw the 'ef ' parallel to m2 r2 , 'fg' parallel m3 r3 and complete the polygon by ' ge ' parallel to m4 r4 .
m2r2a1 = 37.74
37.74
a1 = ----------- x 8800 ----------(select scale of 1mm = 8800 units.)
45 x 35
a1 = 211 mm.
Same, finding out the lengths of a2= 93.63 mm. & a3 = 145.22 mm
10) According to above values fix the weights on the disc.
For 1st plate , m1 = 45 gm, r1 = 30 mm, 1 = 00 .
2nd plate ,m3 = 65 gm, r3 =31.3 mm , 3 = 160 0
& a2 = 93.63 mm
3rd plate ,m4 = 45 gm, r4 =33.95 mm, 2 = 233 0
& a3 =145.22 mm
4 plate,m2 = 45gm,r2 =35 mm,4=20 0 & a1 =211mm.
th

Rotate the shaft with the help of motor and see that system is balanced Dynamically.

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 5
 m1 - 45 gm m2 - 45 gm m3 - 65 gm m4 -45 gm

r1 - 30 mm r2- 35 mm r3- 31.3 mm r4 - 33.95 mm

1 - 0 2 - 200 3------ 1600 4 --- 2330

a - 0 mm a1 - 211 mm a2 ----- 93.63 mm a3---- 45.22mm

UNIVERSAL VIBRATION APPARATUS

Study of vibrations is an important topic in engineering. Many types of oscillatory motions are
observed under the heading of ‘Vibrations’. In the apparatus, these vibrations are divided under
three major groups, namely, pendulum vibrations, torsional vibrations and spring and transverse
vibrations. Two different modules (or frames) are provided upon which the experiments are
mounted so that two experiments can be conducted simultaneously by two batches. The
experiments, which can be conducted, are as follows-

Module - I
1. Simple pendulum.
2. Compound pendulum.
3. Bi-Filar suspension.
4. Damped torsional vibrations of Single Rotor system.

Module - II
1. Single Rotor system.
2. Double Rotor system.
3. Free Vibrations of Spring.
4. Free Vibrations of Spring mass system.
5. Forced - Damped Vibrations of Spring mass system with viscous damping.
6. Verification of Dunkerley’s Rule.
7. Forced - Damped vibrations of Simply supported Beam.

All the experiments are suitably mounted over the respective modules. Following accessories are
provided along with the unit.
1. Variable speed vibration exciter.
2. Digital RPM Indicator.
3. Piston type variable rate viscous damper.
4. Mechanical vibration recorder.
Note - Paper speed of the recorder is 50 mm / sec.
The experimental procedure for each experiment is described in detail on following pages. A
storage cabinet is also provided to safely store the spares and various accessories.

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 6
PRACTICAL NO: 2 Simple Pendulum

AIM: To Study the oscillations of simple pendulum.

PROCEDURE:
Fix the balls with nylon ropes in to the hooks provided at the top beam of the frame, and measure
the length of pendulum as shown. Oscillate the pendulum and measure the time required for 10
oscillations. Repeat the procedure by changing the ball and changing the length.

OBSERVATIONS:
Sr. Mass of Ball Length 'L' Time for 10
No (gms.) (m) oscillations. 't' (sec)

Weight of Big Ball = 95gms.

Weight of Small Ball = 32gms.

CALCULATIONS:

For simple pendulum,

Let, t = time period sec / osc.

 t = 2  . (L / g )0.5 sec.
Experimentally,
texpt = time for 10 oscillations
10
Compare the values obtained practically and theoretically.

CONCLUSION:

Time period of simple pendulum is proportional to the square root of the length ‘L’ of simple
pendulum
Plot a graph of, t2 V/s. L

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 7
DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 8
PRACTICAL NO: 3 Compound Pendulum

AIM : To Determine the radius of gyration of a compound pendulum.

A rigid body is allowed to oscillate in vertical plane about the axis of suspension under the action of
gravitational force. This body is called a compound pendulum.
The ' MICROTECH' unit is provided with a compound pendulum with a simple design as shown in
figure.

PROCEDURE :

Fix the brass bush in any of the holes of pendulum and mount the pendulum over the suspension
shaft which is fitted at the top disc. Oscillate the pendulum and measure the time required for 10
oscillations. Repeat the procedure by putting the bush in different holes.

OBSERVATION :

h = distance of c.g. from axis of suspension.

Sr. Time for 10

h 'm'
No. oscillations, sec.

CALCULATIONS:

Let ,
m = mass of compound pendulum = 1.610 kg.
k = Radius of gyration about an axis through c.g. perpendicular to plane of oscillation.
Now, Period
t = 2  (k2 + h2 / g.h )0.5 s.

Therefore,
k = [(t / 2 ) 2. g.h - h2] 0.5

And equivalent length of simple pendulum,

( k2 + h2)
L = -------------
h
the equivalent length can be verified by setting the simple pendulum to L .

CONCLUSION: The radius of gyration of a compound pendulum = L / 2 (3)0.5

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 9
DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 10
PRACTICAL NO: 4 Bi-Filar Suspension

AIM: To determine the radius of gyration of a body using bi-filar suspension.

PROCEDURE : Attach the bi-filar suspension strings to the hooks at top beam of the frame. Fix
the weights required over the beam of bi-filar. Oscillate the system about vertical axis passing
through the center of beam . Measure the time required for 10 oscillations.

Repeat the procedure by changing the length of suspension.

OBSERVATIONS :
Length of Distance of weights from Time for 10
Sr. No. string the center. 'a' m oscillations 't'
L (m) 200 gm 400gm sec

CALCULATIONS :

For Bi-Filer Suspension:

Now,
t expt. = Time for 10 oscillations / 10 sec.

Therefore, 1
fn = --------- thus, value of 'k' can be determined
t expt.

1 b g
fn = ------ . --------- . --------
2 k L

Where, fn = Frequency of oscillations. Cps

b = Distance of string from center of gravity = 0.15 m
L= Length of strings, m.
k = Radius of gyration
b
Therefore, k = ------------------. (g / L) 0.5
2.  . fn

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 11
For Beam:
Lb2 hb2
Radius of gyration, kb = ------ + -------
3 12
Where, Lb = 0.175 m
hb = 0.04 m
When weights are added away from center for each weight radius of gyration
kw = [a2 + (r 2/ 2)] 0.5
Where,
Distance of weight from beam center, a = 0.05 or 0.1 m.
Radius of weight, r = 0.02 m
For the weight at the center
kw = r / [ 2 ] 0.5
Where,
r = Radius of the weight = 0.02 m.
Now,
Total moment of inertia of system
IT = I beam + I weights
= ( mbeam x kb2 ) + ( mw1 x k2 w1 x n1 ) + ( mw2 x k2 w2 x n2 ) + ---
Where,
n1 = no. of weights at kw1
n2 = no. of weights at kw2
Now,
IT = m ( keff.) 2
Where,
keff = Effective radius of gyration
m = Total mass of this systems
= Mass of beam + Mass of weights
Mass of beam = 0.54 kg.

CONCLUSION: keff is approximately equal to calculated 'k'.

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 12
DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 13
PRACTICAL NO: 5 Tri-Filar Suspension

AIM- To determine radius of gyration of disc using tri filer suspension.

PROCEDURE :
Fix the disc with nylon ropes to the hooks on the frame. Oscillate the disc so that it oscillates about
vertical axis passing through its center. Note down the time required for 10 oscillations.
Repeat the procedure by changing the length of ropes.

OBSERVATIONS :

Length of Time for 10

Sr.
Rope, Oscillation,
No.
'L' m. 't' sec.

CALCULATIONS :

t expt. = Time for 10 oscillations / 10 sec.

f expt. = 1 / t expt.
For tri - filar suspension,
1 b
f = --------. --------- (g / L) 0.5
2 K expt.
Where,
b = Distance of rope from center = 0.09 m
K = Radius of gyration, m
L = Length of string, m
1 b
K expt. = -------- . --------- . ( g / L) 0.5
2 f expt.
Theoretically, for disc, -
K = r / (2) 0.5

Where, r = radius of disc = 0.11 m.

CONCLUSION: K = 0.077 m.

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 14
PRACTICAL NO: 6 Torsion Vibrations of Single Rotor System

AIM: - To study the torsion vibrations of single rotor system.

PROCEDURE:

Lock the top rotor with the pin. Thread the shaft through the collect from top in to the collate at
lower rotor. Tighten both the collets. Oscillate the lower rotor. Measure time required for 10
oscillations by putting the recorder below the lower rotor. The upper bracket can be shifted in
different holes to change shaft length. For this, loosen the top collect, unscrew the upper rotor
bracket and fix it in different holes provided.

Time for 10
OBSERVATIONS: Sr. Shaft length
oscillations
No. L m
t sec.

CALCULATIONS :
Text. = (time for 10 oscillations) / 10 sec.

Theoretically,

1 C. J
fn = ------- . ----------
2 L. I
Where,
c = modulus of rigidity of shaft = 8.5 x 1010 N/m2
J = Polar moment of inertia = ( /32).d 4 m4
L = Length of shaft m. & I = Mass moment of inertia of disc. = m .k2
d = Dia of the shaft=4mm.
Where,
m = Mass of disc = 4.45 kg
k = Radius of gyration of disc = 0.078 m
ttheo. = 1 / fn sec
CONCLUSION: 1
Frequency  -------------------------------
Length of shaft

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 15
DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 16
PRACTICAL NO: 7 Torsion Vibrations of Two Rotor System

AIM - To study the torsional vibrations of two rotor system.

PROCEDURE:
Remove the lock of upper rotor and make it free. Remove damping arms. Twist the shaft by gently
pulling both the rotors equally in opposite directions. Release the hands. Let the system oscillate.
Record the time required for 10 oscillations of the system.

OBSERVATIONS :
Shaft Time for 10 sec. 't' Sec
Sr. Length , 'L' m
No

CALCULATIONS :
Mass of upper small rotor, ma= 1.6 kg.
Dia.of upper rotor, da. = 0.18 m.
Mass of lower (big) rotor, mb = 4.45 kg.
Dia. of lower rotor, db = 0.22 m
Now, mass moment of inertia of small rotor,
I a = m a. k 2 = m x (r a2 /2) = 0.00648 kg. m2
I b = m b. k 2 = m x (r b2 / 2) = 0.027 kg. m2
To locate the node point, let distance of small rotor from node point be La
And hence, distance of bigger rotor (L - L a)
Therefore,
La. Ia = I b. (L - L a)
Therefore,
L a = I b. L / (Ia + Ib)

Therefore,
L a .I a
t = 2  ------------
C. J

Where, C = modulus of rigidity

= 8.5 x 1010 10 N/m2
J = polar moment of inertia
=  / 32 x d4
= 1 x 10-11 m4
Where, d = shaft dia. = 3.18 x 10-3 m.
DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 17
DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 18
PRACTICAL NO: 8 Damped Tensional Vibrations of Single Rotor System.

AIM: To study damped tensional vibrations of single rotor system.

PROCEDURE:

Use the same set up as described in experiment No.6. Attach the damper arms to rotor. Attach the
paper recorder. While tightening the collects see that pen hole is at center of paper width. Fill up
the required fluid in damping liquid tank. Immerse both the arms in the liquid to required depth
equally. Oscillate the lower rotor and start the recorder. Wait till the oscillations diminish. Repeat
the procedure at different depth of immersion and different shaft length.

OBSERVATIONS:

Damping fluid:

Sr. Depth of immersion of

Length of the shaft, m x1 x2
No. shaft, mm

CALCULATIONS

Let x1 & x2 be amplitudes at successive time intervals t1 and t2.

Then, logarithmic decrement,  = loge (x1 /x2)
As damping is very small (   1 ).
 = 2.  . 
Where,
 = damping factor
Determine  from.
Plot the graph of  vs. Depth of immersion.
Also, plot the graph of  vs. .

CONCLUSION:

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 19
DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 20
PRACTICAL NO: 9 Undamped Free Vibrations of Spring

AIM: To study undamped free vibrations of a spring.

PROCEDURE:

Fix the spring to the stud. Attach the weight holder to the bottom of the spring. Note initial reading.
Attached different weights to spring and note down the deflection respectively. Find out stiffness of
spring ‘k’. Repeat the experiment with different springs. Now with weight attached to the spring, set
the spring vibrating by slightly stretching and leaving the spring and note down the time for 10
oscillations. Repeat the experiment with different springs at different weights.

OBSERVATIONS :

Time for 10
Sr. Spring Attached mass Deflection
oscillations
No turns m kg. m
t sec.

CALCULATIONS :

Spring deflection,  = m
Weight attached, w = mg N
w
Stiffness of spring, k = --------- N/m

Frequency of oscillations,
1 k
fn = -------- . ----- Hz
2 m

t = 2  (m / k) (0.5) sec.
Experimentally,
t = Time for 10 oscillations / 10

CONCLUSION

1. Stiffness of spring, 'k' = w / 

2. For free vibration, 'fn' = 1 / 2  (m / k) 0.5 sec.

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 21
DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 22
PRACTICAL NO: 10 Natural Vibrations of a Spring Mass System

AIM: To study the natural vibrations of a spring mass system.

PROCEDURE:
Attach a thicker beam between the trunion bracket and the spring as shown in figure. Mount the
exciter assembly over it. Adjust the position of the beam in such a way that the beam remains in the
horizontal position (approximately) using the spring supporting screw. Set the system vibrating by
a gentle jerk and record the time required for 10 oscillations by using the paper recorder.

OBSERVATIONS
Time for10
Sr. Exciter position Spring stiffness
oscillations
No. L( m) N/m
t sec.

CALCULATIONS:
Mass of beam = 1.95 kg / m
Length of beam = 0.780 m
Mass of beam is acting at the center, i.e. at 0.39 m.
Let exciter be at ‘L’ meter from the trunion.
Therefore, equivalent weight at beam center, producing same moment about trunion center can be
written as,
m x L = m1 x 0.39
m1 = m x L / 0.39
Where,
m = Mass of exciter = kg.
m1 = Equivalent weight at center
Therefore, total mass acting at beam center,
m2 = m1 + 1.5 kg. ( Mass of the beam = 1.5 kg)

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 23
If the spring is replaced by another spring of stiffness 'k1' acting at center of beam ,
k1 k
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
f1 
L/2 f
L

In the above fig., ‘f ' is the force acting at distances 'l ' on the spring of stiffness 'k'. Now,
f = k.
fxL = f1 x L / 2
f1 = 2.f
Also, 2.f = k1. /2
or, 2k = k1. /2
 k1 = 4k N/m
1 k1
fn = ------ -------- Hz
2 m2
Therefore,
t = 1 / fn sec.
Texpt. = time for 10 oscillations / 10

CONCLUSION: fn (calculated) = fn (expt) (approx.)

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 24
DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 25
PRACTICAL NO: 11 Forced Damped Vibrations of a Spring Mass System

AIM: To study forced damped vibrations of a spring mass system.

PROCEDURE:

Attach the vibration recorder at suitable position, so that pen clamped to the pen holder is lightly
pressed over the paper. Attach the damper unit to stud as shown in figure. Set the damper at
minimum damping position. Start the vibration recorder. Start the exciter motor and set it at a
required speed. Vibrations are recorded over vibration recorder. Increase the speed and again let
the vibrations be noted. Take few readings at speeds higher than resonance speed. Go on noting
down the frequency on recorded vibrations. Increase the damping and again repeat the experiment.
As damping is increased, amplitude of vibrations is reduced. Plot the graph of amplitude V/s.
frequency.

Amplitude

Frequency

OBSERVATION TABLE:

FORCING FREQUENCY AMPLITUDE

CP.S. M M.

CALCULATIONS:
plot the graph of amplittude vs frequncy for each setting.

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 26
PRACTICAL NO: 12 Verify Dunkerley's Rule For Transverse Vibrations

AIM: To verify Dunkerley's rule for transverse vibrations.

PROCEDURE:

Fix the flat beam between the two trunion brackets. Fix the required weight to the stud and tighten
with the help of nut. Set the beam vibrating by a gentle stroke and measure the time required for
10 oscillations.

OBSERVATIONS -

Sr. Length of Weight Weight Time for

a1 a2
No. beam , m w1 w2 10 sec

CALCULATIONS:

texpt. = time for 10 oscillations / 10 sec.

Theoretically, by Dunkerley’s equation.
1 / fn2 = 1 / f2 n1 + 1 / f2 n2 + ----------- + 1 / f2 ns
Where,
fn = frequency of transverse vibration of system = 1 / t
fn1, fn2 = frequency of vibrations with m1, m2 etc. Weights,
fns = frequency of transverse of vibrations beam under its own weight.

fnl = 0.4987 / ( 1) 0.5 ( when 1 is in m..)

Where,
1 = Deflection due to weight m1
= (m. g. a2. b2) / (3 x E x I x L) m
Where,
m = Weight, kg

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 27
a+b = L = Length of beam
g = 9.81 m/sec2
E = 27 x 105 bar = 27 x 105 X 105 N/m2
I = (1 / 12) x bd3
= 2.16 x 10 -10 m4.
fns = 0.5987 /  S ( when  S is in m. )
Where,
S = Deflection due to weight of beam,
= (5 x w x L4) / (384 x E.I)
Where,
w = uniformly distributed load (beam weight)
= 8.75 N/m.

CONCLUSION :

texpt. =
t theo =

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 28
PRACTICAL NO:13 Forced Damped Vibrations of Simply Supported Beam

AIM: To study the forced damped vibrations of simply supported beam.

PROCEDURE:

Attach the thicker beam between the trunion on brackets. Fix the exciter over the beam at the
center position. Attach the damper to the system. Set the damper at required damping. Fix the
vibration recorder. Start the exciter and set the speed. Start vibration recorder. Record vibrations
at different speeds. At resonance speed, the amplitude of vibrations may be large and disturbed.
Hold the beam by hand if amplitude is too large and cross the resonance speed. Note the vibrations
both above and below the resonance speed. Repeat the procedure by changing the damping.

From recorded vibrations, complete observation table as follows -

Damper position- mm

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr
Frequency Amplitude
No

Note - Speed of paper roller is 50 mm /1 sec

CALCULATION:

Plot the graph of Amplitude V/s Frequency at various damping.

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 29
PRACTICAL NO: 14 Whirling Speed of the Shaft

AIM: Whirling Speed of the Shaft with Different end Condition.

Description :
This apparatus is designed for study of whirl phenomenon of shaft for different end conditions. The
apparatus consists of a frame to support driving motor, end fixing blocks, sliding blocks etc.
variable speed motor with speed control unit. The unit will be supplied with the following shafts -
1. 0.4 Cm dia. of length 90 Cm.
2. 0.6 Cm dia. of length 90 Cm.
3. 0.8 Cm dia. of length 90 Cm.

End fixing arrangement:

At Motor end as wel as tail end different end conditions can be developed by making use of
different fixing blocks.
1. Supported end condition - Make use of end block with single self aligning bearing.
2. Fixed end condition - Make use of end block with double bearing.
Guards D1 & D2 -
The guard D1 & D2 can be fixed at any position on the supporting bars.
Seed control and drive motor -
The driving motor is Tullu make, AC/DC, 1/6 HP, 6000 rpm. motor and speed controller is
dimmerstat.

Whirling of Elastic Shaft :

If L = Length of shaft in cms.

E = Young of Modulus kg/cm2

2.06*1012 kg/cm2

I= 2nd moment of area of shaft cm4

W = Weight of the shaft per unit length kg/cm
g = Acceleration due to gravity in cm/sec2 = 981

Then the frequency of vibration for the various nodes is given by the equation -

E.I.g
f = Kx
WL4

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 30
 The Various values for K are given below.

Value of K
End Conditions
1st Mode 2nd Mode
Supported,
1.57 6.28
supported
Fixed, supported 2.45 9.80
Fixed, Fixed 3.56 14.24
Data :

Shaft Dia. I = cm4 W = kg/cm

0.4 Cm. 25.39 x 10 -4 0.15 x 10-2
0.6 Cm. 79.91 x 10 -4 0.28 x 10-2
0.8 Cm. 194.78 x 10 -4 0.424 x 10-2

Precautions to be observed in Experiments :

1. If the revolutions of an unloaded shaft are gradually increased it will be found that a certain
speed will be reached at which violent instability will occur, the shaft deflecting into a single bow
and whirling round like a skipping rope. If this speed is maintained the deflection will be become so
large that the shaft will be fractured, but if this speed is quickly through the shaft will become
straight again and run true un till at another higher speed the same phenomenon will occur, the
deflection now however being double bow and so on. Such speeds are called critical speeds of
whirling.

2. It is advisable to increase the speed of the shaft rapidly and pass through the critical speeds first
rather than observing the 1st critical speed which increases the speed of rotation slowly. In thsi
process there is a possibility that the amplitude of vibration will increase suddenly bringing the
failure of the shaft. If however, the shaft speed is taken to maximum first and then slowly reduced,
(thus not allowing time to build up the amplitude of vibration at resonance) higher mode will be
observed first and corresponding speed noted and then by reducing the speed further the next
mode of lower frequency can be observed without any danger of rise in amplitude as the speed
being decreased and inertia forces are smaller in comparison with the bending spring forces hence
possibility of build up of dangerous amplitudes at resonance or near resonance is avoided.

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 31
 3. Thus it can be seen that it is a destructive test of shafts and it is observed that the elastic behavior
of the shaft material changes a little after testing it for a few times and it is advisable therefore, to
use fresh shaft samples afterwards.
4. Fix the apparatus firmly on suitable foundation.

Typical Test observations :

a) Both ends of shafts free (Supported) 1st and 2nd mode of vibration can be observed on
4mm and 6mm dia. shafts.

b) One end of shaft fixed and other end free - 1st & 2nd mode of vibration can be observed with
4mm dia. shaft.

c) Both ends of shaft fixed - 2nd mode of vibration cannot be observed on any of the shafts as the
speeds are very high and hence beyond the range of the apparatus.

d) There is a difference between theoretical speed of whirl and actual speed observed due to
following reasons -
1. The end conditions are not so exact as assumed in theory.
2. Pressure of damping at the end bearings.
3. Assumptions are made in theoretical predictions.
4. Lack of knowledge of exact properties of shaft material.
5. A uniformly loaded shaft has, theoretically infinite no. of natural frequencies of transverse
vibration for fundamental mode observation of the first mode of whirling is therefore not so
defined and thus difficult, 2nd mode can be very easily observed.

Area (m2) Moment of

Experimen
Shaft inertia (m4) Theoretical
End Node tal critical
diameter ×10- ×10- critical speed
conditions no speed
(mm) 5 11 (rpm)
(rpm)
(m2) (m4)

Fixed – Node-1 6.5 3.318 8.76 1100 1560

supported
Node-2 6.5 3.318 8.76 3940 3600
Node-1
Fixed – fixed
Node-2

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 32
Model calculations (for reference only):

 d2
Area of cross section A=
4
  (6.5  10−3 ) 2
A=
4

A =3.318  10 −3 m2

 d4
Moment of inertia I=
64
  (6.5  10 −3 ) 4
I=
64
I = 8.76  10 −11 m4

Theoretical frequency
 EI
f=
I 2
A

Node I : α = 2.45

2.45 2.06  1011  8.76  10 −11

f = 
(1.05) 2 3.318  10 −5  7991.85

f = 18.332 Hz

Theoretical speed = f ×60

=18.332×60
=1099.92
N=1100 rpm

Node II : α = 7.96
7.97 2.06  1011  8.76  10 −11
f = 
(1.05) 2 3.318  10 −5  7991.85

f = 65.665 Hz

Theoretical speed = f ×60

=65.65×60
=3939.93
N=3940 rpm

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 33
 Result Table:

Area (m2) Moment of

Experimen
Shaft inertia (m4) Theoretical
End Node tal critical
diameter ×10- ×10- critical speed
conditions no speed
(mm) 5 11 (rpm)
(rpm)
(m2) (m4)
Fixed – Node-1
supported Node-2
Node-1
Fixed – fixed
Node-2

Conclusion:

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY 34