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Francis DK Ching A Visual Dictionary of Architecture II
Francis DK Ching A Visual Dictionary of Architecture II
LOAD
Any of the forces to which a
structureis subjected.
static load
A load appl1edslowly tc a structure
f
!
i
I
load
A load substituted by a buildingcoJe for
an actu3lloaJ,derived on the \;.Isisof
<. loAd
»1- ;rindload •• '_"e.
often with rapid ch3ngesIn IIt3gnltuk
st3t1st!cJievidencefor given types of
h;il.:l;rys. For mety. the equivalentload <.,-___L-______ ana IocJtlon.Undera dyNmlc 1oad. a
structur-edevelops forces In
relatlon to Its mass and ttslT13xlm:Jm
Is T.ultlp1eof the load that ...... - mcvingload
""';" 'J failureor unacceptable Akinetic load of short durationdue defOrTT13t1ondoes not necessarily
to If1C.ilngvehicles.equipment.ana corre5roodto the maximum m31nltuae
machinery.6uild1ng codes trtat this of the appliedforce.
Iald
load as a static load. compens.atlng
J
The (]:;d .3 na two or more live loads for tts dyn. mlc I13tureby amplifylng
iSsumed to occur simultaneouslyon a
structu re when their combinedeffectcan
tl-.e stat1c load. Also called Impact I
Pe reasonablyexpectedto be less than
r the sum of their 5ep3l'3teactions.
impact factor
Afactor by which the effect of a
1 1.00 (dad + live + snow (oaJ5) 5t4tlG load Is multlplledto
approximatetM effectof applying
(.75 (dead + five + snow + wfndorsdsmfc103d5) tJ-o.e same load dynamically.
151
LOAD
I3teI'2IJoaa seismic seismicforce
A Io3J on a structure, Of, pertainingto, or caused by an Any of forus C3u$td U1c vrmtcry
as a load. earthqua\:eor vluratlonof the earth. grO'Jrla motlo1'1sof 3n e;; rtru.U.'l(e.
these :r.otlonsare
e.1rthqw Io.td i r..;t;Jt"!,their horizD1Tt41 at"!
The fOlUS exerteaon a structure!1yan con $Ider!d to be t M most 1m portant in
S".. the vert.bllaad-
e.1rthqute dements of a structure
C...?!1skknb!ereserve for resisting t .
Aseriesof 10119ltudlnaI and transverse
vl/1rnlonsInduced In the earth's crust !1y 6<i:!it]cn;J1vertlc3lloads. an
the almlp'lI1OVementof plates along fautt eartnQ:J3te,the m.;ss of .. s-t-rJcture
hnes. The sIIocisof an ea rthquaKe develof,s Inertl;J1force It tries to
the earth's surfaceIn the reslstgrounaacceleration.From
form of and attenuate secorJ 14w, this force ls to the
Iogarft:hmbllyMth distancefrom Its prodoct of mass and accelentlori.For
source. design purposes,a stat:lc3rtye.qclv;ii!em
13ter;;1force, base shear, Is computed by
epicenta' - .. ........... , ....... ......... .. formula.
A point dIrt:ctIy.rovethe hypocenter,from
which the shod:: waves of an ea rthqua I:e - ..
r
of while a IT1OI"e I
-stl"Jei'...uretends to oscillatesJcwly and
Msa period. Alsc
pa-iod of
_.- amplitude
The I!14XllTlumdlsplJc.ementfrom the
mean poslt«Jnduring one per\cJof an
p
oscln.tlon.
drift 1'<------4--.--
The lateraldeflectionor 'T"1--""'-'-1 A S1'ring of 3" oscJllatlt\3body
I I \\ I
to wind, e<lrthquake,or 11
I
I
I
I asymmetricalverticalloading. _.................
\
\ t-- \ !
I I
+
I I I I To swing 00 and forth 1J1:e. pendulum
I I
anteroff1t255 --.
total JeM Ptdght - {!..
- ..
h*-lI ',_ ... -- L .... lnertlalforcueslstlng
\ I .It.enutlng
: I ground;ccelmtJon
An large vlbratlonIn a
I I
1 1 systemC3 used a re!atwe!ysma"
vlmtc.-y force of the sa me or na riy the
0-- same per'w:ld as the naturalperIodof
grouna accefent.lon viUrat Ion of the system.
The In the velocItyof
ground rooremetltwtth respectto tlme.
High acceferatlonsare the most
damagingto a structure,which must try damping - ......................................... .,..!-!·-
..
152
LOAD
1"- Iiquebcticn
function. r The mannerIn wh!ch lr.Jse shear Is
dlstrluute<./ the of structure
! 1M sudden bs5 of srarlng re$lstJnce In a story shear ---------------------------.. -... ----f.----H.....------J accordingto the displacementsthat would
so1. causing the soil mass to The total shear In arry horizontalplane of a : occur an earthquake.For l>olldlng
as 4J structure subject to lateral loads, of regular shape I'Ittn equal
dlstrl!nIteOaccor.dlngto the varlcuslateral floor weightsand and no
force-resistingelementsIn proportionto IrregularitiesIn stiffnessor mass. \7ase
their rigidities. Story shear 15 cumulative shear Is dlstrl17uWto e;lch horizontai
and Increasesfrom tts minimum value at diaphragma\7ove the !rase In proportlcnto
the top to Its maximumat the the floor weightat each level and Its
-
I
/
r puilding &eparation
The requiredto avokJ contact
r- _____ _
distancefrom l7ase. This resultsIn 4J
tri3ngularload ccnflguratlonval)1ng from
zero at the !lase to a maximumvalue 3t the
top. For structures having a I13turalperiod
. separatedstructures under of vll7ratlongreatu than 0.7 sec.on.ds.a
I --,
deflectionfrom selsmlc actionor wind I I
portlOnof the tot4ll7aseshear Is assumed
forces. I I to 3t the top of the
I I structure to accourrtfor the whiplash
I I
I I effect of seismicforces. For structures
I I with Irregularshapes orframlng systems.
I I
I I tne dlstrll>otlonof lateralforces should De
I I determinedaccordingto the relatP.'e
.. stlffnessesof adjaunt floor levels and the
dynamic characteristicsof the structure_
I
I
I
\- overturning moment
An externalmoment generatedat the l7ase
of a structure Dy a IJteralloadapplied at a
distancea\7ovc grJde. For equlllDrlum,the
overturningmoment must Ue
rr wunter\7alancedby an externalrestoring
momentand an Internalresistingmoment
SUlry drift horizontaltorsion restoring moment
provIded Dyforcesdeveloped In column
The rrcrementof one level of a The torsion resultlngfrom a lateral load A resistingmoment provided Dy the dead
meml7ersand shear walls.
structure retztlve to the level above or acting on a struc'ture having noncolncldent load of a structure acting aDout the same
Pelow. centersof mass and resistance.To avoId point of rotationas the overturnIng
destructive torsionaleffects. structures movement.BUildingcodes usuallyrequire
drift Index subject to lateral loads should De arranged that the restoring moment De at least 501.
The maxlmum rJt10 of story drift to story and Draced symmetricallywith centersof greaterthan the overturningmoment. Also
by 3 code In order to mass and resistanceas coincidentas called righting moment.stablllzJng
IMfnlmlu to Pulkilng componentsor possl!7Ie..lnasymmetricallayouts.bracing moment.
adJ3cent Also called drift elementssnauld distributed with
hmIt.atl 011 stlffnes5es that correspondto the
dlstrlbutlon of the mass.
153
LOAD
t. '
. i r--···--1
I
f
__....,_
I \.- exposure5:
or romng krr3ln;
sttes. wooded areas.
wind speed
The wind velocityused In calculatingwind
r
r
pressure:.usuallythe extreme
t---+_-+- .. f...... exposureD: flat, unobstructedterrain fa,u,t-mite wind 'peed - ........._. - - wind speed recordedfor a
• J. f.clng I10dles of water. The mrage of. Iocatlonli"ta starilird heightof
column of air that psses oyer a 33 ft. (10 m) 3rta based on .. 50-year/TIt:ln
o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 The mOrt open 3 s/U. the greaterthe 'Nind point. IT'".e3suredin per hcw.
speed3f1a the resvftingaeslgn iWlapre$tJre.
occurrenceIntetYal.Also called
l'
r r
wir.d veWcfty.
wind 5uction
leeward --- - The pressureexerted wind on
Pertainingto. or the sldesand vertIc.l1lS<Jmusof
racing the "Irectlon toward .. aM roonnal to windwardroof
nT! rrrrrrrrrrTT
r
___ -----;¥IllCh the win" wing. surfacesh..v1ng a less tn.n 30". f
t
r
I
wlndw3rd
Pertainingto, l'Ie!ng ln, or
facing the
which the wind
from
wind pressure
The pressureexertedby wind hOflzontal1y
on the windwardvertlcalsurfaGeSof a
normalforce method
A design methodfor 2pplylngdesign wind
pressure to the primaryfr.1me and !:>racing
systems of ..
slmlo'lt4
which wind
pressuresare assumedto act
normaI t<) all exterior
surfaces.This methcJ may used for any
structure.(,ut Is rqulredfor g3 bled rigid
projected
wind
method
A design methodfor applyingdesign wlr.d
pressureto the primaryfrarr.eand
of a pulkilng.lnwhich the total
Is con5kferedto a
ccmDlnaUonof. single Inwardor positive
presSUit actmg on the-fun
rr
pulldlngand normal to windward roof vertlc31 projectedarea of th.e and
surfaceshaving a slope greaterthan 30°.
frames. an outwardor negativepressureacting 0f1
the full horizontalproJUtedare. of the
r3rt. buliJ/rIg$. i'rf'th unuSU3{
l'>uildlng. This method m.ily for any
or corr:fk:tsh3pes.1tIa fdb{e
structureless than 200 ft. (61 m)
suujecttcfivtter ttrma except for ga!:>led rigid frames.
tunneltd:Ingor C«rf!Mt"fTII)Jaing to
InvtStig'U how tMy rtSfon4to tJ:t .
of 'Nind
154
MASONRY
Building with units ofvarious
field natural or manufactured products.
The expanseof 3 masonrywalll1etween as stene, PricK, or concreU plock,
openIngs ana comers.usuallycomposed usuallywith the use of
primarilyof stretchers. mortar as a ponding agent.
\.
he3djoint --.-- .. --.--.. -.--.---.
The verticaljoInt !letween two
masonryunits. perpend1cular
to the face of a wall.
Aheadjolntfanned I1y
"pplylng mortarto the end of
" IT13SOnryunit and forcing It - course
In posItionag3lnstthe 13st A continuous,usuallyhorizontalrange
masonryunit laid. of brIc1:s.tiles. or shingles.as In a wan
or roof.
range
collarjoint ------------ ---. -- ----- ----- A continuouscourse of masonryunits
Thevertk:.ljolnt retween two having the same heightfrom end to
wythesof masonry. end.
closer
The last masonryunit laid In a course.
-----------.-----.
The horizontaljoint !letween
two masonrycourses.
bed ---.---.-------.-----.--.----.----.
The undersk:leof" brick or ------ cor!1e1
other masonryunit. or the
layerof mortarIn which a
A orstene projectll19from
within a wall. usuallyto supporta
masonryunit I5laki
clipjoint , - coruelio,g
A Joint made thicKer tha n
An overlappingarrangementof
usual I" order to level the
brids or stones In wh ich t'ach
course above.
course steps upward arul outward
from tht; verticalface of a wall_
wythe _________j_. __ .. J
A continuousverticalsectionof II
masonrywall one unit In thickness,
Also. wft.he.
------------... --------. concavejaint
A weather-resistantmortarjoint A ClJrved. hollowed mortarjoint formed
compressedand with any by <I r'O'Jnaea par.
tao! ather than a trowel.
V-joint
An .ngul3r.hollowed mortarJoInt
formed by a V-5hapeajointer.
point weatMredjolnt
To f11 arul flnlsh the surfaceof;l masonry A mortarJoint finishedI1y striking A m0rt3rJoIIItsmoothedI1y pressl"9
I I Joint with mortarafter the masonry has off excess mortarwith a troweL the trowel In at the upper eage of the
I been laid. tither toflnlsh thejoint or to
repair a defectiveJoint.
jolntJormlnga
sheds water re3dlly.
surfacethat
.-- I
I tuck pointing .-.-.----.-----.-.. -------.-.-.-. :..' ".,,:.-... :.:
,I The processof raking out defectivemortar •.'., -. ".
flushjoint
A mortarJoint strud: flush with the
from a IT\3S011I)'joint. filling with fresh masonry.
mortar, ana too11119 thejolnt. _
r-I
wck and pat pointing .------------ ------ ..: '. ':- .. '. '. .' :. ':.-
struckjoint
of :.' .. .- '.' .: .-- :-' A mortarjoint In at the lower
edge and slop1119 In the reverse
I pointing '1 directionfrom a weatheredJoint.
r An Imlt3tlon of tuck and pat pOinting. having ,,1
a fillet made from the mortarof the JOint.
I
, flat-joint pointing .-- --.'. rakeajoint
A mortarJoint made I1y removing
- I PoIntlng having flushjoints of cornman mortar to a given wIth a square-
mortar. edged tool hardening.
I
- I
155
MASONRY
m.1sonty -- ..•.... - ........ _................ " economywatl
Awall constnJcWof brick or other '" A brick wan 4 In. (102 rr.m) thick.
soI1d rrgsonryunitsbid contiguously plasteredand strengthenedAt
with aDpin10solidlyfilled with mortar Intervalswith 8-ln. (20:3-mm) pilasters
aM wythes I10nded by to support roof trusses.
ItI3sonryheadersor Jnetalties.
, '
·'1 •
....... composiUwall
Amasonrywallh3vlngatle<istone
.' wythe d1sslmllarto the other wythe or
c.1vitywall-·-···-·--·---··-·--- .. ·--·---., t •
. '.:' wythes with respectto type or grade
A masonryW2Uh2vtng a ana ' •... .': :'.: ..: of masonryunit or mortar.
"'"
for metal ties ana enclosingan Inner ", ... - tle
space servtng to preventpenetration \', A metaI tie consistingof two
bywater. ". In te rlocklng pa rts whIch et13171eIt to
adapt to Pea Jointsat different
hclng .- '-"---'" -.. -.. -... -- ... -.. -.... -.. -.... elevations.
An ornamentalor protectivelayer. as '.
the outer wythe of a masonrywall.
..... tie
Any of variouscon-oslve-resistarrt
backing --... --._ .. -...... -.-....... - .. - .. . metal devicesfor holding two partsof a
Somethingthat forms the pack or ••••• ""-''''1."''''''- constr-uctlontogether.as the wythes
pr-ovlJesSlIpport.strength.or of a masonrywall
protectlonfrom the !7ack. as the Inner
wythe or of a masonrywall.
uacl: p,-"tel'
r0 pargea part of a waU that Is not
weep hole -.---.---.--------- ..-.-.- -- -.- seen. as Pehlna the ouw wythe of a
A openln4In a wall
cavtty wan In orderto excludeair and
moisturefrom the Interlor of the wall.
""u.or otherconstnJctIon
for ar.lnlll!off a<:cumuiaWmoisture.
as from GOI'Idensatlonor leakage.
panel wall
A veneer sapportedl:>y and securedto a A exterior n-usor.ry
!7acklng by Intansof a bonalng material. wa nwholly 5U pporteJat each story.
veneer -.--- .... -----..... --.......... --.-
Anonstruaural of stone. Adevicefor liftinga dressedstone or
C-OIICI'tte.or tile to a precast panel consistingof a
for the purposeof ornamentation. numt>erof pieces fltt:Ingtogether to flll
a cIovet.a11edrtUSs cut Into the stone
or panel.
156
MASONRY
I
mortar Type M mortar grouted m3sonry
Apt..stlG of lime or cement. or a A hlgh-strengthmortarrecommended A wall constructedof "riel:or concrete
combll14tlonof both. with sand and for use In reinforcedmasonry-pelow I7rIcl: units with all Interiorjoints being
W3ter. used as, Pending agent in grade or in contact with the earth. as fliled with grout as the worl:
const...JCtlon. foundationana retainingwalls subject progresses.
umentmcrt..;r .. ----------
I to frost action or to high lateralor
- -I compressiveIoads_
AIr.ortarmade mixing portland
c.e::1t1'1t.5JM, arid water. II Typ85 mortar
, A medium-hlgh-strengthmortar
cement-limerrwrt.1r recommenaedfor use In masonrywhere
Acementmor-.... r to which lime Is added bond and lateral strengthare more high-lift grouting
to Increasetts Fllstlctty and water- Importantthan compressivestrength. A techniquefor groutInga masonry wall
retentivity_
constructeda story at a time In lifts
Type H mortar not exceeding6 feet (1.8 m).
m3S<lnry A medium-strengthmortar
AproprietaryJr:Cx of portlandcementand recommendedfor generaluse In low-lift grouting
other as hydrated hme. exposedmasonryarove grade where A techniquefor groutinga masonrywall
I plasticizers.alr-rotralnlngagents.and
5Jna
only the additionof
to make cement rrwrtar.
high compressiveand lateralstrength
are nat requlred_
Type 0 mortar
In lifts not exceedlng six tlmes the
width of the grout space or a maximum
of a Inches (203 mm) as the wallis
epc'XY mort.ar I7ullt.
A low-strengthmortarsuitablefor use
A rr.ortar of epoxy resin. a In Interior non-load-bearingwalls and _. --- grout pour
cat31yst.and f.r!C aggregate. partitions. The total height of masonryto be ftlied
nonstaining martar with grout before the erectionof
Type K mortar aadltlonalmasonry.conSistingof one
A mortarhavll\3 3 low free-alkalicontent A very-low-strengthmortarsuitable
to :n1nlmlz.eeff\..--rescenceor the staining or more grout Itfts.
only for use In Interiornon-load-bearing
of 3dJacentmasol1 ry by the migrationof walls where permittedby the "ulldlng --- ------. grout lift
$OIui7'.e code. An Incrementof grout heightwithin a
lime mortar total grout pour.
A mixtureof Ii:r..e. sana. and water that Is grout ------------ ---- -- ------ -- -------'::-_ .. cleanout
mely used of Its slow rate of A fluid cement mortarthat will flow -'" Any of a series of temporaryopenings
hardeningarid compressivestrength. easily withoutsegregationof the at the bottom of a masonlj'wall large
lime IngredIents.use.:! to fill rt3rrowcavftles enough to permit the removalof de"ris
In masonryand consolidatethe or obstructionsfrom a cavttyor cell
A wh Ite or 9r7y':sh white.C3 us tlc.
adjoiningmaterialsInto a solId mass. prior to groutlng.
odortessso!ld by heatlngforms
of C3lclum as shells or lJond
temperature.Also grouted ma50nry
The adhesion"etween mortaror grout
C31\ed QIx. caustic lime. and the masonryunits or steel A masonry wall constructedwtth
'\Ulcklime. reinforcement"elng cemented. horizontaland vertical
"-. reinforcementfully embeddedIn grout
hydrated lime
for Increasedresistanceto buckllng
A soft.CIj'St3k:r.e powderol7talnedby
and lateral wind ana seismic loads.
lime and used In
MI1I9 rncrt¥. p-bster.ana cement. Also
c.olled calcium hydroxide. slaked lime.
grun
Of or to conc:-eteor mortar that
Is freshly set not completelyhardened.
fttmix
A or :r.crtarmix that Is easy to
l¥Cft or spread of a relativelyhigh
or nrrc: :.ootent.Also called rich
mix.
j
ce:nent or adJaunt wythes I70ncled by masonry
headersor metal ties.
plasticizer
An admixturefor a concreteor
mortarmix wIth little water.
//'
-_//
157
MASONRY
gallet
fragmentsof Uroken storie or To emPed small stone chips In the JnOrt.J:-
tht masonry of such stones. joints of rough masonry to wedge I3rger
stones In posltlonor add det.'illto the
appearance.Also. garrtt.
158
II
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MASONRY
capstone
A stone of 3 structure.3S a
copestone.
i?o5S
Astone roughlyformed and set In
pl3ce for 13terC3rv1n9.--- .--------.-.-.---. _____ _____ dripstone
in A 5tOM moi01ng used as a drip. as or. a
r projectlngfrom a wall.
r
short distanceat the sides.
corc:IDn
A stringcourse.esp. one ""vl!!g lIttle ex- no
prcJxtlon.
r
A stone. or one at the stones.formln!! Aprojutlng stringcourse. or led!!e
the 9mb of 3 door or window opening. placed 50 as to divert I"2lnwaterfrocn2
sc.arcement
A footing or ledge formed Dy a setv.;clln •
r
I
thefaceof a wa II.
i
f'"
l
159
MASONRY
concretenuSOM)'unit plock 50lia masonry unit
A precastmsonI')' unit'Of portl3nd A hcllcwor solid A masonryunit having a net cross·
ca-oent.flnc and water. sectionalare3ln arry plane paranel to
II'IOUedInto 't'3rIousshapes. the Dearing surfacethat Is 75%; or more
.."
of the gross cross-sectionafarea
me3suredIn the same plane.
hollow masonry unit
A masonryunit havl"9 a net cross·
sectionalarea In arry plane paraUel to
rne2
partltton •.,--,.....••..• : the bearing surfaceless than 151 of
A concrete unit used In -
'.'. .
".
.. ' the gross cross·sectionalarea
non-wd-l1earingwalls. measuredIn the same plane.
a rlCmlnal thld:nessof 4
or61n. (102 or 152 11m). gross cross-5Utionafare.1
open-end11lock The total cross'sectloll4lare; of;::
Aconcretemasonryunit having one hollow masonryunit perpendicularto
A ll"t;lsonryunit having one or the directionof loading.Including
Ir10re rounded corners. end open In which vertical
reinforcementcan be placedfor cellular3na reentrantspaces.except
embedmeirtIn grout. when these spacesare to !:Ie occupied
by portionsof 3djacentmasonry.
IIntel17lock
A conaretemasonryunit used In net cross-sectionalarea
constructinga lintelor bona l:Ieam. The gross cross-sectlon.darea of a
having a U·shapedsectionIn whlGh hollow masonryunit minus the area of
reinforcingste.elcan !:Ie placedfor ungroutedCOres of cellularspaces.
In grout. thickness 1
The thicknessthat would be obtainedif i
ma,onry unit
wan constructedwith such units.
J
A concretemasonryunit having a solid
top and a slotted shell.ana The by a
sometimesa flbrousfiller.for concretemasonryunit when Immersed I
Increased sounaal:lsorptlon. In water.expresse.:llnpoundsof water
per cul1lc foot of concrete.
II
,'umpvlock
A unit usea In A concretemasonryunit having an Grade N
PIe top or finishing Irregularface and surfacetexture A grade of loaa·l:Ie3rlngconcrete
course ol a 1\1311. caused I:Iy the settlementof a wet fl1fx
during curing.
masonryunit sultal1lefor gener31 use.
as In exteriorwalls a!:lo.'eand l7e1ow
grade.
L
Ac.oncre1eNSOflryunit having an end 'plit-me VIock
sbt or ta rt.ee!vetheJ3mb of a Aconcretemasonfj'unit. split GradeS
dtxr or wfndcw frJme.. Also calledJ.aml7
£,lock.
lengthwiseI7y a machineafter curing to
producea roug h. fracturedface
texture.
A grac:leof loaa·l:Ie3rlngconcrete
masonryunit limitedto use al1o.'e
grade. In exttrIorwalls with weather·
protectivecoaungs.or In walls not
·L
A sofld coocrete unit having a exposed to the weather.
.. .-... unit having a
specialceramic.glazed. or pohshed
face.
Type I
A concretemasonryUI1!t manufactured
to a specifiedhmlt of moisturecootent
L
In orderto minimizethe drying
cap 1110a
Aconcretern<l5Or.tyunit having a solid
.
.
.
."
.
having one or more verticalgrooves
which slmul3terakedJoints.
shrinugethat un cause cracking.
L
used In a vertbl control aggregateand weighing fI'IOrtlthan
\t'--
joint. tropicalarc;hltecture.having a 125 pcf(2000 kglm3 ).
_ ...... _ ...........\ h. decorativepatternof tra nsverse
openingsfor admittingair and trghtwelght17lock
A COI"ICrCteINsonty unit used In \ l--:: excItulingsunlight. A concretemasonryunit mac:le with
a!:ocrld a lightweightaggregate.as cinderor
depressedsectIo!Ilnwhich reinforcing ' .. :::.,:';:::. concreU17rick expandedslag. and weighingless than
stul can be for emUedmentIn :,::::...." .... A solidrectangularconcretemasonry 125 pcf (2000
grout. .. unit.usuallynot larger than 4 x4 x 12 In.
(102 x102 x:305 mm). ,urfau I10nalng
The bondingof a concretemasonrywall
A masonrycoursegrouteaand ,and-limevrick I7y stackl"9the units withoutmortar I
relnforuJ to senoe as a
horizontaltie, or a
a
course for
A hard.llght·coIoredbrick made by
moldinga mixtureof damp sand and
ana trowenngon a
compoundof whIte portlandcement
l
mem!:>ers, slaked nme under high pressureand and glass fiber.
curing In a steam oven.
(
"--
160
..!'...
MATERIAL
matter Matter unique
The force Py which atoms.lans. That which oc<:upleSspace. Can perceIVedby I7y which it m3y C3tegoriud.
er groupsof are bound togetherIn a the senses.and constitutes the of a
moleculeoraystall1nestructure. Also physicalroay.
called chemic.11Pond.
·······-i . ...... shell _.-- .............. --....---....- ....... rtom
Q
ionic pOM ---- .....-- .............
Any of up to seven SPherlcal@' The smallestunit of an element;hat
A chemicalrond characteristicof salts and
surfacescontainingthe can exlst eitheralone or In
ceramic materbls.formed Py the complete or'Pltsof electronsof .... • com!?in3tlon.conslstlngofa nucbls
tra nsferof one or more electrons from ooe
approximatelyequal energy . \. / of neutronsand pw.cns surrour.ded
kind of Ian to another.Also called
al10ut the nucleus of an ". by OM or more electrcns bound to
electrovalent Pond. atom. .... -""" : the nucleus by electricalattraC"..lcxt.
p05itiveion negativeian electron --_.--- .. _..... --.i...-
A posltlvelychargedIan created by A negatlvelycharged Jon createaby A fundamental 0 0
electronloss. Also called crtIon. electl:on
gain. Also called anion. partlc'.eof matter ••
ion valence a negative ..../0 •• 0 • 0
An electricallycharged atom or group A measureof the capacityof an charge. /' r
.. o. atomic numper
of ;rt.omsformed Py the loss or ga In of atom or group to with neutrOn _h_... __ m
___ • I The
one or more electrons. otheratoms or groups,equal to the A funaamentalpartlcle of an atom of a given element.w!rich
of chemicalbonds the atom having.r.o charge. I equals the numPerof
or group can form.
proton ..... ---- ... --- .. .:
i normallysurroundingthe nucleus.
Also caileJ proton numPer.
covaknt bo nd
A' chemlc3lrond formed by the
va lence ekc'tron
An electronlocatedIn the outer
A pasttlvelychargedparticle f6\ element
j{f!f10\
,
that Is a fundamental
01 shell of an atom that can \:Ie consUtuentofan atomic nucleI. (ARBON One of a cl3ss
sh,rl''4 p''''oI_.s I
transferredor sharedIn forming a
betweentwo . cannot Pe separatedi:tto slmrer
chemlcall10ndwith anotheratom. Pychemlc31means.
composedof atoms h.tvlng an
H ® inert g35 configuration periodic 12
, identlcafnum!?erof protonsII e3dI
nucle-JS.
The configurationof an A tal;>ulararrangementof the
elementin which the outershellsof chemicalelementsIn related ....... atomk:; weight
Its atoms or Ions are filled with the groups.formerlyIn the orderof The weight of;in atom of an
maximum num!?erof e!ec;tronpairs. their atomic weightsand now element lr.IseJon V:z the welglrtof
Naturemaves;rt.omsana Ions accordingto their atomIc 12
the carWn· atom.
towardthiS by numPers.•.•... _ ...
.' ® capturlng.surrenderlr.g.or sharing
e!ectronswith ne!ghUorlngatoms or
hydro¥" bond
Ions In an effortto achieve a OO'frfl i group. eief11.(;t1ts
An bond retween an ...
electront9t!ve;rt.omand ;1 hydrogenatom'··.. relativelyInert state of low energy.
amJy linked to anotherelectronegative ..... nol7legas cluncterlstlc5and
atom by a COV3!ent bond. Any of the themlcallyInert b<:h;veIn 3 s1mll3rm3nner
gaseouselements:hehum. neon. way
molecule ---- .. --....... -----.. ----- ... -- ... .:. 3re In
The smalbt partlGleof a sul>stancethat
argon. krypton.xenon.and radon.
Also called g.Js. ooters.l,elts.
dlspbys aRor thech3r3Gter1st1cphyslc3land
chemlc31 of the su!?stance.
conslstlngof one or more I1ke atoms In an
elanent.or two or more clifferent atoms In a met.1nicbond
compound. as a gas or having neitherIndependent . A chemlCJl bond char:tcteristlcof
'g
that Is capal7leof flowing.yields nor volume. possessing metals. producedby t."e sharfngcf
molecularweight easily to pressure.and conforms perfectmolecul3rmo!?1I1tyand the valenu electronswh;Ch rnovefreeiy
The averageWeightof a moleculeof an element to the of Its container. tendencyto expand Indeflnltely. throllilh the latticeof.a usually
or compoundC<llcvbteJas the sum of the j stab-lecrystaHlnc:stn.'Cture.
atomic of the molecuIe's constituent
41toms. Also.C31W formula
mole
The molecubrweight of a su!?stance
:9. '9
In grams: gram 1I'IOIecufe.Also. mel.
'--
1./
!
. .r-' .... firmness.coherenceof ...
r.'"
+ ..
..
-+
CCndeJlse-- ... -..- ......... - .. - ....... "" '- partlcles.orptrslstenceof e
. . . '. , /' ......
orsolldstate.
of liquidor solid Into a vapor. Ir•...
: '. . "1
I Ltttiu
The unit mass : I : A regu Ia r pa ttern of !sc\1ted poin:".s
of gas at Its point as It l . i In space the '.xatlon of
cooaensesto a Ilquld. .' J ..., .. ......,.. ,/ atomS. Ions. or molecu!.esIn a
crjstal:lre solid.
heat ofvaporiutlon solidify ........" .
The quantityof hat to heat of solidification
convert a unit mass of liquid at Its To change or convertfrom a
The hei1t liberatedby a unit maSS of A solid having a reguLJr'y
point Into vapor at the same liquid or gas Into a solid.
at its freezing pollTt as It solidifies. In tern.. I sCructureof a';.Oms. Ions. IX'
temperature:equal to the heat of moiecub and enclOStd'7j
condensatlofl. liquid symmetr.callyarrange..!pi3ne
Matter from the solki or The quantityof heat required to surface:;.
gaseousstates by a characteristic convert a unit mass of a solid at Its
readinessto flow. little or no tendency point Into a Ilquki at the same amorphous
to disperse.and re13tlvelyhigh temperature:equal to the heat of Not cryS1:JllineIn stc.::Jre
IncompreSSibility solid atlon.rx
161
MATERIAL
property
Nt essentblor d'lStlnctNcattr!l?uteor
strength
The capauilltyof a IT13terialto resist
r:::
"-.
«1' ::0'1
i .---- Exhllntlngthe same physicalproperties
qualtty spectfbllylnthe the forces on It. esp. the ..' along all axes.
consmutJonof. or f ou nJ n. the at>itl-tyto sust.ln a stress k:.""
J,
• .:.I
withoutyIeIdlngor rupturing.
Having different physicalpropertles
medlaniut of It1&rials along differentaxes. as wood and other
Any of the of a The stuayof the relationshipl?etween -'" .-=" fl17rous materials.
IT13terialM exhWlt a to appliedexternalforus and the
appliedforces. I effects producedby /'
forus In a body. "'"::d
axbIforce
A tensileor com p-esslveforu actlng The
. _ _ ._._ . _ ._J-:T __
resistthe coll1neartensileforces
of a unit length of
I minimumamountof longitudinals"tfess
reqUired to rupturethe material .
,. elong.nfon
: A measureof the ductmty of a
the of a mattrlalproducedby a tensilestress. material.expresseJas the percewge
1!IemM-and at the centroid IncreaseIn length of a test specimen
G &tr.lin e
of the cross proJucl1\4ax131 after failure In a test.
The deformationof.11cdyunder tM
stress bal.dlng.torsion.or .
- .... --- .-----.---...: action of an applied Strain Is a
dimensionlessquantity.equal to the
to
-me, tensileor stress that the origll12lsize or shape ofa stressed
to res!s; 311 mal force. element.
fa I\?rNI fa anJ uniformly
area of the cross Young',modulu, l
sectSon.!Jsc c.albidirect 5tres s. A coefficientof elasticityof a mattr131.
ftOnft.11 expres$lr.gthe ratio of longltudlnJI
of area
stress to the correspondlng
A measureof the ductlltty of a
Iongltudln.alstralnC3usea by the
expressedas the peruntage
stress.
decreaseIn cross-sectionalarea of a
',. Poi,scn',ratlo test specimenafter rupturingIn a
The ratlo of lateralstrain to the tensiletest.
corres?O"dll19longitudinalstrain In an
ccmprt5*"
The act of shortenin.g or of Pei ng
elastic body unaerIongltudlnalstre5s. compre5sionust
A test for determiningthe of
u
in a a matulal under axial compressk:ln.In
reductionIn size or vo/ur.eof an elastic which a specimen Is crushed untU
fracture or dlslntegr.ltlonoccurs.The i
-- ...-.. -----....-- ... ccmpressk:lntest Is used fer U
materialsslnu their low ten sSe
An appliedforce or t.endln.g
strc"9th Is dIfflcult to IT1e2sure
to pt'OdtU In an ebstlc
I accur.rtely.
f
I
I ,train gauge
- : An Instrumentfor measurl"9mInute
The ax fa I stress that developsat the l deformationsIn a test
cross of an ebstlc body to I
causea by tenslon.compression.
resist the collinearcompressiveforces I
to shortenIt. 11 venJlng.or twisting.Also calf&j
exUnscmeW.
The
----- ....-..--
of a unit length of
materialproducedby a compressIve
:r-
stress.
load.
section.A!sa C41led ecuntric
and
In
fractionalChange In volume produced.
162
r
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'
MATERIAL
shearing force shear
An Internalforce tangentialto the The lateraldefonnatlonprOduua a body
surfau on which It acts. developed a by an externalforce thatcau5esex-.e part of
rolly In response toa shearforce.For the body 1:<> sltJe relativeto an ulJxtnt
,.[L
equihbrlumofarectangularetement part In adirectionE?rallelto their pbne of_
subject1:<> shear. shearingIn avertical
..
-.. shearforce
An appliedforce producingor talding to
produce shear In a Polly.
1
-
..... ... -- .. --_..... .
..._......_....... shearing
The force per unit area developedalang a
of an elasticroay to resista shear
Also called shear stress •
....1 stress.
t-....
I
shearingstr2in
The lateraldeformationdevelopedIn 3,body
.-..' shear modulus
A coefficientof elasticityof a rttrterl3I,
In responseto shearing stresses,defined 'I expressingthe ratio between she3ring
as the tangentof the skew angle of stress and the corresponcl1ngshearing
deformation.Sinu this angle is I strain producedby the stress. Also
always very small, shearing strainIs a ptJre called rtWdulusof ri9laity.modulus
numuerverynearlyequal to the sl:e.w aM.3te , of tcrslon.
In radians. Also called shear strain.
--
benolng and shear. ,AJ.;,o
calledtransverseload.
• 5u forrendlng
r tor,\ue
The momentof a force system Dt3 t causes
or tends to cause rotationor torsion.
tor,ion
The twistingof an elasticrodyaPou'tIts
axis caused by two tqU31 and
opposftetorques,producing
stresses In the Polly.
concentration
An IrcreaseIn stress that developsat
dlsccntlnultlesor flaws In a materl31.
StressconcentrationsIn !1r1ttlertt3terlals
dev&.op crads which propagateunUl failure.
In ductile materials.stress concentrations
dev&.op local deformationswhich serve to
rwlstrlbute and relieve the stresses.
r-
163
MATERIAL
A pPIrk: of the
unit stressvalues .
and the ClrTtSpondll14-l1nltstrainsfor .
U)
eb5tlc limit ......--...............- .......- auctility
.-.- - - - - .- -. .(JD
A of a
aef0r:n4t1onwhen
The maxfmum stress that can !:>e
appl1ed a materialwithout
The prcpertyof 3 material thot et1al11es It
to undergo plasticdeformationafter \1elng i1;-
stresse.d...ithln I;s elastic range. causing permanentdeformation. stressedDeyOnd the elastic nmit and
before DuctilityIs a deslralne
propertyof a structural materialslna
plasticf,ehavlorIs OIn Indicatorof reserve
strengthand can ser;e 3S a visual W3mlng I
of Impendingfailure.
If
,nowm -.............-----
The maxirJJmunit
fc.- a the deslgn of 2 STRAIN(In/m.)
a fractlon
hmit.yleki .....- ebstklty L modulU5of Hooke', L1w
c.- u/tlrrgte5tl'ength.The The propertyof a A C«fficJentof elasticity oh material The law statIng th3t the stress on • Dody
wesses for V3r1ous that enal?lesIt to deform In expressingthe ratio betweena unit directlyproportionalto strain
NteNls art: sp«if,eJ Dulldlng responseto an appll&lforce stressand the correspondIngunit produced. provldeJthe stress ekes not
jlll--.-
cedes. SCodetIes.ana and to recoverIts originalsize straIncaused the stress,as dertved exce&:f the elastic "mit of the mat.t:Nl
t.ndctas:socI;rtlons. Pased on and shape upon retT'lOVlIIof the from Hooke'slaw and I1y
and II'Iethodsof forc:e. the slope of the stralght-bneportionof
the stress-stralndJa9ram.Also caltea
and M;terbls. Nso caltea coefflcltnt of elastlcity. ebstlc
wnit woricln§ - modulus.
- --r-·t
)ield
__ jl._.[-
--.----- -----.. -- .......... "--' .• -- -- -- -- +--+---+--+--+
stres5 necessary producea
penNnentset In a
of Its original
-+-f---4--- -( -+'-+--+--4 Juctl1e;nJ tcugh
M tested !n tension.Yield . .--I·---l-'-1--cf------1
5trengti Is useJ to tkttrmlne.the limit
cf ttSefvi'.essof a materfalhaving a
p<)nt. Also called
proofstr-ess.
-------.--.--.--.... perm.1nentset
The Inelasticstrain remainingIn a
materIalafter completereleaseof the
u>ughne55
The propertyof a materl31that enau!es It
to energy Ddore rupturing.
L
stress producingthe deformation. try the area under the stress-
strain curve derivedfrom a tensIletest of J
the material Ductilematerialsare tougher
than brittle materials.
L
164 J
l .
i.':
MATERIAL
expansion ;'-" coefficientof expansion dimensionalstainUty
An ill the IxIIk of a IT13terIaI : The fractionalchange In length,area, or The propertyof a materialthat enablesIt
caused the a!1sorptlooof water or volume of a materialper unit change In to IT13lntalnIts shape and
V6por. Also C311eJ Uulklng. temperatureat a given constant dimensionswhen subjectedto changesIn
pressure.Also called expanslvtty. temperatureOr humidity.
kinetic theoryof heat
The theory that the temperatureof a
substanceIncreaseswith an Increaseof the
:- thermalexpansion
An IncreaseIn
.
area, or volumeof a
I
materialcaused I1y a rise In temperat.Ure.
thermal contraction
.
A decreaseIn length.area, Of a
=====-================ materialcaused I1y a drop In temperature.
'
i ___.____. thermal5tress
aas-orptlon The tensileor COOlpresslvestress
aevelopedIn a materialconstrainedagainst
The adhesionof 3 thin, condensedlayer
of gas, hquld,or dissolvedsubstanceto thermalexpansionor contraction.
the surfacer:i a solid, usually thermal shock
physicalor chemicalchange In the The sudden stress a rapid change In
ITlJterial temperaturecan produceIn a material
abrasion resistance
The propertyof a mattNl that enablesIt The propertyof a materialthat enaUles
to resist worn away I1yfrlctlonwhen It to resist def0rtn3tlon compression,
rul7l1ed wft.h anotherobject.Amslon Indentation.or penetration.
resl5tanee Is a of toughness
ratherthan hardnessand Is a necessary
qualJtyof flooringmaterialsand surface
wuthero meter ftnlshes.
Adevicefor the weather
re5lstanceof a sul7jectlnga
to accemtea
weathering
Aproc.essfor exposinga materlJlto
uftmlolet r7yS, Vtdtel' sprays.alid
elementsIn order to simulate inkx
the 1ong-tm1effectsof sun. rain, and A me3sureof the abrasionreslst3nceof A scale for measuringthe hardnessof a
temperaturech4nge5.Also C3l1ed a 1TlJterl31.com manly expressedas tM mineraI.Its degrees,In Increasinghardness,
uulerateJ depth of or materialloss (lre: I, talc; 2.l:IYPsum;3, calcite;4, flUOrite;
after testir.g with a abrasive 5, apatite;6, feldspar.7, quartz;a.top3Z:9,
wheel for a speclftednumberof cycles. sapphire;la, diamond.
5rineflnuml1er
A measureof the hardnessof a rruterl3l
etr.ain-rate effea
determined pressl"9a standardstu!
trlttle behavioran Increasedrate
Inllinta a test plea using a standardforce
of load applicationcan cause In a and dlvldlng the load by the area of
nonrully IT13terlal
Indentation.The higherthe numb-er.the
tem pent4reeffect harderthe material.
& ImttIe low temperatures Rockwellnumber
can C3use In a normallyductile
A measureof the hardnessof a material.
ITt3terial
determined Indentinga test piece with a
relaatlon ---.----- ----- conoidaldiamondIndenter,or with a
The decreaseIn -.'-. The l'/e3i:eningorfallureof a IT13ter13l standardsteellr.lll.undertwo sucusslve
stress In 3 COI'Istralnedmaterial at a stress l7efow the elasticlimit loads and measuringthe net IncreaseIn
under .. const3ntload. when sul7jectedto a repeatedseries depth of the Impressions:the higherthe
numb-er,the harderthe material.
creep •. ----.--------.--.-.- ..... --.--.,.
The !r.ldualand permanent ". h-+!---...-!c:.....+ Vickers number
.tkformatlonof a Pody producedby a The IT13xlmum stress to which a A measureof the hardnessof a material.
continuedappllcatloflof stress or IT13terialcan be subJecteclfor an aetermlned Indentinga test piece with
the point of a diamond using a known force
prolongedexposureto heat. Cretp i
--;
Indeflnltenumberof cycles wtthaut
and dividing the load the surface area of
deflectionIn aconcretestructure failing.
continues!:NeT time and can b-e Indentation:the higher the numl7er, the
¥e3ter than the Initial fatigue r.atio harder the material.
elastic def'utlon.
the-ratiob-etween the fatigue limit
and the tensilestrengthof a material.
Also called enduranceratJo.
165
MEASURE
A unit or stand.1rdof measurement
used tc the dimensions,
,\uantlty, or capacity of something.
metric5ymnt conversion sea'" foot
A kcJm31 system of weightsana. A t:al7ul3rarrangementof the equivalent A system of ordered mari:sl3k:.fdown A unit of length originallyderived from
adoptedflrst In France I7ut values of the weightor measure units of at known Intemls alid used as a the length of the human foot. divided
now wldesprtadand universallyused In differentsystems. stanaardreferenceIn measuring. Into 12 Inches and equal to 304..8
millimeters. ft.
InUrn.rtlonaI System of Units 51 unit inch
An aa;eptedsystemof One of the uasle units of the Aunit of length, 'filth of a foot,
c.ofIertntphysblunits,using the IntematlonalSystemof Units. equivalentto 25.41T1I1nmeters.A!7ur.:In.
lneter. klqram.second.ampere. kelvin.
..M c.nJeb as W InsIc unitsof the
quantltlesof length.
1 mil
A unit of length equat to OOOfof an
Inch or 0.0254 mm, used In measuring
tlIM. electriccurrent.
the dl3meterof wires and the
and luminousintensity.
thlcl:nessof vtfy thin shut mat.erl3ls.
meter •...... ; ·-cemmeter yara
measured The I7asle unit of length In the metric A metric unltof length equal to 1/100 of A unit of length equal to 3 feet or:36
along Its dimension. system.equivalentto '39:37Inches, a rneteror 0.39:37Inch. The use of the Inches,and equivalentto 0.9144 meter.
originallydefinedas one ten·millionthof centimeterIs not recommendedfor use AIIPr.:yd. l1
the dlst3nee from the to the pole In construction.AuPr.: em
me3sureaonthe merldbn,bUras the
.• mnlirneter
roa
distanceIIctweentwo nnes on a platinum· A unit of length equal to 51hyaras or
IrldlumI:r.irpreservedat the Int:.em3tlonaI A metric unit of length equal to 16'/2 feet. and equivalentto 5.029
1/1000 of a meter or 0.03937 of an Inch.
Bureau of WeI9htslinaMeasuresne3r
APln-.:mm
meters. tJ
Pa rls.ananow a51/2.99,972.45aof the
distanceI19httravelsIn a vacuum In one micron
second.APIn-.: m The millionthpart of a meter. Also I
kilometer eJlled mIcromeUr'.S:imPolmu, 1 mile
lina A unit of distanceon equal to U
!. . .
A of length dlstancecq,ual to
1000 metersanJ equivalentto 32Ml..8 5200 feet or 1760 yards. and equivalent
................... _....... to 1.609km. Also mile.
O.. 21 milo. Al!>d .. ···-i AI7W.:ml
: .._...... mae
1 A unit of distanceused In sea or air
navlgatlon. to 1.852 kilometersor
arout 6,076 feet. Also eJlledaIr mite.
. mu,ure are
A units for A metric unit of area equal to !fIOO of a
derivedfrom units hectare.100 squaremeters,or 119.6
5'1ual'ej'3rds.APln-.:a ......._......................... .. ure
A unit of land are3 equal to1J6-4-0ofa
square mile, 4640 !Xtuareyards. 43,560
A mt2sureof a pia ne
square fU't. or 4047 square meters.
or surf.Ju.
circulJr mil
A unit used prlnclpallyformeasuring
hect.<lre _................._......................... the area of WIre, eqU31
A metric unit of area equal to 10,000 to the area of a circle haVing a diameter
squart meters or 2.47 acres, Auk: ha of one mil
cuWc 1I1a$UI"e
A unIt or S'J'Stemof unitsfor
ro/ume OI'c.paclty.
liter
Ametric unit of eJpacltyequal to
VIOOD of acuPlc meteror 61.02 cullie
mmnitet'
Ametric unit of eJp3cltyequal to
1f.oooof a I1teror 0.0162 cullle Inch. :
r ....·..
i
fluid ounce
A unit of lIquld capacityequal to
ta05 cuulc Inches or 29.573 mllhbters.
L·
kriYedfroIn unitsof hne.rmeasure. Inches.AUIn-.: L --"1 AIIPr.: ml i Aim.: ft 0%.
vol&m'le .-' ..• pint
The sb:e or extentof a three· A unit of liquid capacityequal to 16
dlmensbt31objector regionof space, \
\ fluid ounces,28.875cuPlc Inches,or
IrUSUredIII cuPic ulWts. 0.473 liter. Auvr.: pt.
I
}-.- quart
•I \! A unit of liquid ca paclty to two
: \H 'j pints,57.75 cubic litChes.or O.946Iit.er.
. }I /' AbI:n-'l\t
...
.L·/1-':
.:
.
.'
gallon
- .
A unit of liquid ca pJclty eqU31 to 4
quarts. 2.31 cubic IncMs. or 3..875 liters.
6-
Al>br.: gal.
"·1.'
ru .. -
166
MEASURE
gram mass
spuific volume II
pounds.Also calted tenne. Al-lk m.t.
/". kilogram
fre rulprocalof densfty. equal to . :' The base 51 unit of mass, equal to the
vclume per untt mass. ! mass of a platinum-IridiumcylInder
gravity I kept at the InternationalBureau of
Weights and Measuresne3r Paris;
densttyof a substanu i
to the densityof anothersu bstJnu I equivalentto 2.205 avoirdupoispounds.
Abk:kg .
a5 iI st3nd3rd,usuallydistilled
WJUr for Bqulclsand solids, and air or
loy,,",.,,,,rO" ,,,... L
I
tld.:.
newton persquar/:meter. Pol
A unttof
ffi
Fi!'Ssure.hJving a value of 29.92 in.
(roo mm) of mercury.
r...mcsp+.erlcpres5Yre
The exerted by the earth's
arry given point. usuar!y
foot..pound energy
ttl terms of the height of a
roumn of ITlercury.Also called
A unit of ener!r{equal to the dane won: The won: a physlc31system Is capal7le
when the point of appt1c3tlonof a force of doing In changl:1gfrom Its actual
pressure. .. -- ----.
of one POUM mO'r'es through a dlstance state to a speclftedreferencest3te.
r
of ont foot In the directionof tht force.
InstrumentfQr Al-lbr.:ft-!17 joule
Jtlr'-05phaicpres'5ure,used In we3ther The 51 unit of won: or energy equal to
Inch-pauna the won: done when the point of
and dettrn1lnlngelevatloo.
One-tweffthof a foot·pound. appllcatlof1of a force of one newton
In-l17 moves through a distanceof one meter
... ,"''''', In the directionof the force:
....'" \
I (. \ approximately0.7375 ft-Ib. Also called
1\ newton-meter. Abbr.: J
'T"
,: \ '( ...
\
\ ...-
;/,
,
:
watt-hour
A unit of energy equal toener!r{ofone
............J
1 \ I
watt for one hour and
J ............ eqUivalentto 3.600 Joules. Abbr.: Wh
power work
of power equal to 550 foot· The amount of wor'( dane or ener!£{ The transfer of energy producedby the
T
,1
,A, 'Jntt
,.:;,.;ndsper secOM or 745.7 watts transferredper unit of time, usually motion of the point of applicationof a
] expressedIn watts cr horsepower. force. equal to the product of the
componentof the force that acts In
mecn.aniCAI equIvalent of heat the of the motion of the point
I"e number of units of iYQr'( or of action and the distance
t:l.;31 to one unit of heat. as 7782 fe·lb. which the point of applicationmoves.
equ31s one Btu. or4.1858Joules
J
"- ch eqJJls one
167
MEMBRANE
A thin. flexiblesurface that carries
IoUs primarilythroughthe
developmentof tensilestresses.
tent 5tructure
reinforcingedge c.1P!e
A memt.ranestructure by
externallyapplleJforces so th3t It Is held A
taut 1ltl00rall anticipated of a prestresseJmemln'ane
stnJct<Jre.
load conditions.fo avoid extremelyhigh
tenslleforus.lI structure cable loop
sMuid W relativelysharp curvaturesIn A reinforcingedqe tied to
opposttetArectb1s. the m3st supportof a membrane
structure. \.
distnlnItlon cap
\ The pr03denedend of a m.st Ofer
.... which a
... st.ructureIs stret.che<i
net 5tructure
A memmne structure a
surbceof cIo5eIyspaced ca Dies
InsWd of a material.
pneum.atJc
A structurethat Is placed In
tensionand sta/:IIIIzeJby the
of wnpressedair.
-=--===---==--:----
structure clible-restrolineapneumatic,truct.<Jre
A structureconsistingof a single An air-supportedstructurethat uses a net of
supportedby an Internalair pressure caUies placed In tension by the foru to
sUght.lyhigherthan no.-malatmospheric restrainthe memDranefromdevelopingIts
and securelyanchoredand sealed naturallnfbtedproflk:.
the perlrnet:ertcprevent Ieakln!3.AIr 1od:s
art: l'eC\ulredat entrancesto maintainthe
tntern.JIair pressure.
Jlr-infUt.ed ,tructure
A pneunutlcstructuresupportedby pressurized
air wtthln Inflated!1ulldingelements.which are
shapedto carryloads In a traditionalmanner.
whIle the enclosedvolume of Dulldlng air remains
at normalatmosphericpressure.The tendency
for a douUle-meml1ranestructureto bulge In the u
middle Is restr.llneaby a compressionrIng or I1y
Internalties or tlaphragms.
168
'.
METAL
Any of a class of elementary
substances,as gold, siIYer,or
ingot bloom
A rNSS of metal cast Into a convenlen! A1m of steel reaucea from an In!lotto copper, all of which are crystalline
for stange or tnnsportatlori dlmenslonssuItablefor further roll1ng. when 50lkf and many of which are
Wfore further processing. ch3racterizedby opacity,
blooming mill
Hank A mill for roll1ng Ingots Into blooms. conductivity,and a unique luster
A piece of metal ready to De drawn. when freshlyfractured.
pressed.or machinedInto a flnlshea billet
object. Anarrow. square. barof steel,
forgea or hot-rolledfrom an In!lotor bloom.
:
·
Ir
I
-
'.
_. ..
I' .]
. .
i
• .
i
•
hot-roll
Torollmetalata
permitreGrystalllzatlon.
hot-rolledfinish
The dark. oxidized.
oi1talneaI1y roiling metal while hot.
flnish
--- hat-working
The working of a metal at a
temperaturehIgh enough to permit
recrystallize
To acqUirea new granularstructure
with new crystals because of pbstlc
S(;ale /-.- ...-.-.-- die casting deformatlon,as when won:ea after
An oxide occurringIn a sea Iy form on
the surf.lceof metal when broughtto a ./
../ The processor productof forcing
molten metal Into a metallk:mold under
being heated. 'l.
I
temperature. hydraul1cpressureto give It a
particularshape odorm. [
mill s.cale
Aloose coatlng of Iron oxk:ie that forms
on Ir"Oi'1 or steel duringhot-roiling.Mill :...; \:". The processor productof forming a
seale the bond between steel rrt3terlalInto a I1y
and In reinforcedconcrete or <: ::}. pouringIt Into a mold In a flukl state
In structural stulwon: enC4sed In and letting It harden.
.---.- mold I 1r
r
A hollowform or rrt3trlxfor giving a
._.. shape to somethingIn 3 I , I f , ,
-1 molten or plasticstak I f I "\
'forge r -r fo
To form metall1yheating and hammering. ! T
I
i
I
r
1r l
tT \
"I
i
hat trutment cold-roll 1
I
The controlled and
metal to dcie'.opcertain desirable
phys1c31 or mechanlc31propertles.
of a
g-e,ialUl,tress
Microscopicstress In metal resulting
from non un tform thermalchanges. plastic ','-- ... -.- .. ----.. die
defornuClan. or otner aside from . A steel block or plate h3vlng small
external forces or applicationsof heat. conical holes throu9h which metal or
plastic Is extrudedor drawn for shaping
To rruke the outside surfaceof an Iron·
bascQ alloy hard by carourizatlonand heat
treatrrent, leaving the interior tough and
duct,!,:
169
METAL
smelt
A metJI Iron as a principal To melt or fuse ore In oraer,to
separatetM metal constituents.
&-oft
A auctlle. magnetlc.
white elementfrom willch pig Amixtu:reof Irm ere.
Iron 2M steel are made. Syml1ot: Fe
cake
safld residue of walleft after
destructlve distOatlon.useJ as a fuel
alloysUd .------------------------------..
CarVen steelto which various
elements.as chromium.coI1alt.
copper.manganese.moIyt7denum.
nwl or vanadium.have
added In a sufflclentamountto
okaln partlcularphysicalor
chemicalproperties. hlglHtrengthIow-al/oyetul
f
alloy
Any of a group of steels
c.?ntalnlngless tn.n ZtalloysIn a
,u
A composedof two or more chemicalcompositionspeclflcatr,.
metal and a nonmetal. for strength.
Intimatelymixed. asl1y fusIng or ductlllty.and resist.nee to corroslo11.
electrodeposltlqn_
Ahlgh-strength.low-l!1oystu! th.. t
princIpalmetal of an alloy or a piece fonns;lnoxide when to
underlyinga coating of anothermetal. rain or moistureIn the lItmosphere.which I
adheresfirmly to the !:rase metal ana
prottctsIt from furthercorrosicn.
Structuresusing watneringsteel should
b
a.rnlledto preventthe small arr.ounts
of oxIde carriedoff rainwaterfrom
staining aajolr.lngmaUr1als.
170
METAL
nople metal corrosion
A metal, as gold, stiver.a!1d mercury, The gradualdeteriorationof metal by
that resistsoxklatlonwhen heated In chemicalaetlan. as when exposed to
air. and solution by Inorganicacids. weather.moisture.or othercorrodlng
agents.
C1thoJe 8 GOLD & PLATINUM galvaniccorrosion
TITANIUM An acceleratedcorrosiveaction that takes
(most noble)
place when dissimilarmetals are In contact
SILVER In the presenceof an electrolyte.
STAINLESS STEEL
8RONZE
galvanicseries
COPPER
A list of meta Is arrangedIn oraerfrom
BRASS least no!11e to most no!1le.
NICKEL apart two metalsareon thenst. the
more susceptl!1lethe least ncl7le one Is to
L TIN corrosivedeterloratlcn.
LEAD
IRON & STEEL
CADMIUM
ALUMINUM
Oeastnoble) ZINC
(
;lf1CM CD MAGNESIUM
L
anode 4-.. ·_ .. ··.. ·· ..·- ._ ... _...-.... _.... cathodicprotection
An anode that Is attachedto a metal The protection of ferrous metals
object su!7jectto electrolysisand Is against attachment
decomposedInsteadof object. of sacrificialanodes. Also called
electrolytlc protectlon.
electroplate
processor productof one To plate with an adherent metalite
rnetJlto another.usuallyto protect coatlng by electrolysis.usuaIly to
the Inner metal fmn ccrroslort Incre35e the hardness.Improve:the
durabHlty.or enhancethe appearance
chrome of the l1ase metal.
pickle To coat or plate a lTletal surface with a
An llGta or otherd1emiG31 solutbn In compounaof chromium.Also calW
which a metal otject Is dipped to The producingof chemicalchangesby
l Ponderlu
oxide
suVstarlUS.
or other
chromium
Alustrous,h41rd.l>rlttlemetallic
used In allay steels for hardnessand
the passageof an electriccurrent
throughan electrolyte.with
migrationof positivelyarid
cha rg&i Ions to the negative
To coat with 3 n a corrosionresistance,and for electroplating
phosplutesolvtlcr1lnpreparrtlon for and positiveelectrodes.
other metals.
appllcatloncfpalnt. enairel,or
lacquer. :'-' ._- g.;alvaniu
.. To (;q.It esp.lronor steel with zinc,
esp. to In zinc to producea
co;rt1ngof zinc-Iron
,- hat--dip
The protectwecoatl"9 of ferrous metal by
i
dipping In a !lath of molten zinc.
I gllvanizediron
Iron co3ted with zJnc to preventrust.
zinc
Aductlle.crystallIne.bluish-whitemetallic
element.us.ed for galvanizingIron and steel
and In making otheralloys. Sym!1& Zn
tinplate
Thin Iron or steel sheet plated with Un for
protection3gJlnstoxld3tlon.
tin
A lustrous,\ow·meltlng.lliulsh·white
metallicelementthat Is malleal1leand
t
ductile at ordinarytemperaturesand used
in plating and In making alloys and soft
solders.Symbol: 5n
I
L
171
METAL
............... --. '1"-'-'--'" structural
.
: . A hollow structuralsteel shape of
A hot-rolledst:ucturalstet! section
rectangular,or circularcross section..It
h3vmf 6ft H-sbptwith wkle p;1r.1lle1
Is designatedPy the preftx TS followed Py
flanges, the prefixW
followeaby the slze of the the sIk dimensionsor diameterand
. Ir'Iemher.AIsoC311edwfda .... -----.-. --- -'-- W3n thickness.
$tandardpipe
A structural steel pipe of stand3rd
A hot·roIIedwuctural steel shape
weightand W311 thickness.designated3S
simnarto M nat classifiedas a W-
Plpe (nomlnallnsk:lediameter)Std.
shape. by the prefix f.A
followedbyt!le slze and extra-,trongpipe
Astructural steel pipe IncreaseJ
W3H thicknessfor greaterstre"!lth,
--
.. ...:. deslgl13kdas PIpe (nomll13I Inside
diameter)X-Strong.
slmibrto J W-slupeI7Ilt having
_ of ec:tU31 thickness double-extn-strongpipe
3114 typIcaRy.sedas A structural steel pipe havfng a wall
lJ
designatedPy the preflxHI' thlcl:nessgreaterthan that of extra-
slze and , . strong designatedas Plpe (nomlll4l
O
member. Insidediameter)xx-Strong.
5-5upts -.--.----------------.-....... -_.-.-. round u
Ahot·rc&a5'ttu:;turalsteelsection • The dlameterofa cIrcle having II
aft with slopedInner .. clrcumfcrenuequal to the perimeterof a
surface.s.desl!!nmdby the nonclrculartube.
prefixS by the size and
of the MnPer. Also calletJ
AmericMl5t.anchrd r:. fbt sheet or piece of metal esp.
oneofuntformthlckness.
u
America"$brWrd chanMl
A hot-rolled steelsectlon checkeredpiau
ha'r'lnsa with
6(... j( j( i:l
A steelor cast-Ironplate havfng a u
S¥ sumces, waffleUkepattern.
prefixcfollowedby
the sIu aM.;.g1ltof the mem\:Ier. &heetmetal
Meblln thin sheetsor plates. use.d III the
clunMl manufactureof ductwori::,flashing.and
A hot-rc&:I steelsectlon
. slmilartoJ C-sNpe by
the preflxI.e by the size and
Sheet metal drawn or rolled IrTto
ridges a!1d furrowsfor addltlol13l
angle mechanicalstrength.
A hot-rolleJWlJeturaI steelsection
having alt Oeslgl13kdby the ' . .... -. -.
prefixl foIIcMejPy thd lengthof e3ch
and tJ!etr;hic[ness.Also calW
Iroft.
stiff, open meSh or lattice,used esp. as
Iath_ lJ·
-.............. . WickpLrt.e
.-
. . - CoId-roIIedsheet steel Defore or
. . -.. ······z::S:,·,··,/
cle3nlng.use.d for coating with zinc. tln,
orterne mruL
;_..--_._--PU96
....-.
the thld:nessor d13meterof a thin
oVject.as theth!d:nessof sheet metal or
the dlamet.erof a wire or Wtw. Also,
flee-
A
P&I96
cahmteJ for aetermlnlngthe
dlameterof wire or thicknessof sheet
A stnIctml staI sectlon cut from a metalconslstlngof a steel plate with .a
W', 50. rx M-sItape having aT· seNs of sta nda ra-slmdnotches.a roo nd
shape. It Is by the prefix
wr, ST, ex Uf. deperJlngon the
froIt whldlltIs cut. followed cloth
by the size 3fI4 of the A fa!nic of woven metallic wire, used In
SCIUl1S. sieves,or the like.
tee
A rolled metal UM having a T-sha ped
hardwarecloth
CI"OS5 sectloll AlsoC3lledT-bar. A galvanizedstull'llre cloth with a
mesh 0.25 and 0.50 In. (6.4 to
zee •.. ------------.------- --... ----- - t2.7mm).
A rolled metal UM h,vlng a Z·shaped
cross sectloa with Internal -, .n .. _ ••• ' of per Inch In wire
'ngles.AlsoC3fk.dZ-par.
cloth.
par •... .............. .
A sand of metal, esp. one wire rope
Oil rect3ngular.or other
5q1r.lr'e.
A heavy rope made of or cont3lnlngwire
Simple cross·sectlon31sh3pe. strands twisted around a centralcore.
172
METAL
fUnge )-beam ,tructur ..r,tee!
Abro3d ridge or palrofridges at A rolled or metal beam Stul that Is hot-railedor cckHormed
a nghtllrI!Jldrom ofa structural havlrI!J a cross section In a varietyof standardshapes ant.!
In order to strengthenor stiffenIt. - .... -.-. -- ... -............. --. --"; the I. fabrlGatedfor use
memrersar elem""ts.
web
An part of a that forms a 5t-eell1eam
flat, rigid connection two broader. Abeam of a Single or built-
parallelparts. 3S the of a up structuralsteel sect1on.
structuralshape.
.. -.... , "pen-websteeIJoist .
AlightWeight,fal:nic3tedsteelJalst
h3vlng an open weU. A !I.-Serfesjoist
Js:.Ij"
has a wel1ccnslstlngof 3 single rent
lr.lr, runnIng In a pattern
!letween the upperand lowerchords.
lH- and DLH-Serlesjalstshave heavier
wel1 ant.! chord meml1ersfar Increased
AIsc,,11ed .. joist-
.....• jol5tglraer
. A trussed girderfor supportingopen-
weu steelJoists. .
cover pLate •..-...,.-... --.....-..... -.......... _-.,
A plate fastened to thcflJngesof a plate
girderto Its section modulus In
areas to hlgh-!lendlngstresses.
•... -........ -..... -.......... - .. -.. .
One of the lIrl!Jlesfonnlng the top or r··--··-·--------· .- -.-.. pIaU girder
rouom fla rI¥ of a pI;rte girder. Asteel9lrderbuIlt up from pL1tes or
wu pLtte ----.- ....-..-..-...-...-..... shapesthllt are wek:/ed or riveted
Asteei pl.1te the web of a plate I ..
I
Apt.te f.tst.enedto the of a plate
to Ir.cre<l5eIts resistanceto
shQrl"!j strtsses.
I·
I
...
I
I70xglrder
WVVVVVVVV\J
A steel beam i1utlt up from shapesand
a hollow. rectangularcross.
section.
...,. c.astellrted I7eam
-··O'O--O··O·O-O-'O-·Oi
Asteel beam fa!1rk;atedby dividingthe
weU of a wide-flangesection with a
lengthwise cut, then
Path halves togetherat the peaks,
thus IncreasingIts depth without
IncreasingIts weIght.
173
-
.< t
[
MOISTURE PROTECTION l
ArTY of variousvl5ccussu17stancesInjected
Into J buildingjoint. curing to form a flexll:lle
I113terUl adheresto the surrounding
surmes ana seals theJoint3g3lnstthe
co nstructtonjoint
AJolnt !?etween two successive
1'a5539"of air and water. 1
placetUntsof concrete.often
or aoweledto prorlde lateral I
sta!?1I1tyacrossthe JoInt- d
caulk
A Iow-rangejoint sealantused for filling or
closinga Se3n1.creviceor craa
In order to
or structurepermittingthermalor
moistureexpansionto occur without
to eltherpart. Exp2nslon
JointsaIso serve as lscbtlonjoints and
J
make It and airtight.Also, controlJoints-
J
.. -----------------------------------------------
------·_-----------1 .--. ----.--.. --.. ----. exp.ansionjointcover
An.a1TOWdepositof sealantappliedto a
joInt_
bond fXlI 0---------------.--.--.. -.-------- --------j ----.-----
i Apref2IuiC41tec.icoverfor protectingan
expansionJoint while allowing relative
connected_
!1etween the two parts I1eIng
J
The surfx.eoh l:Iulldlngcomponentor joint I
thzt se:ves2S asu!1stratefor a 5e21aITt I I I
and to which the sealantIs llonka. !
I
- '- - <\,
contro/joint u
! !'.' . .: ..
Arry nuteltill that underl1esand serves as 3 '", :.. ....... ...: Acontlnuousgrooveor separation
i?ase orfoundatlon_ formed. 53 wed. or tooled In a concrete
or masonrystructure to form a plane
of we3knessand thus regulatethe
locationand amcuntofcraalng
resultingfrom drying shrlnbgeor
U
thermal stresses.
contr.lcttonjoint
AjoInt l:Ietween two parts of a
structure,designedto compensate
U I
for the contr3ctlonof eitherpart.
U
U
uS«! f",
0-- ------------- ---
78
f
r
I. "!,.
six colurInson
011e Ofe3ch front. - ...... _.... - .. ---.-.- ··.-_... -·--r
heptJ5tyle
H30r.g seven c.olumns
on O!'e or each front.
,- pase
oct.astyk ! The lowermostportionof a wall.
cciumns on ; coIumn. pier. or other
or eitherfront. : structure.uSU311y distinctively
___ and as an
Havir.g nine columns on
.J architecturalunit.
one or on e3Ch front.
Also. enne.astyf.ar. ....._ dado
cornfceorC3p
:.
the lower of the
sh3fts.me3s!M"edIn diameters.
systyle
Alsa.3 system for spacing Having an Intercolumnlatlon
of two dIameters.
I
columns In 3 coIonn3Je11ase.don
__ ... ___ ., .. _....... _.. _._._ .. _...... _.
..... - :
... .......• .. Having an Intercolumnlatlon
I
of 2'/4 diameters.
I
.:::: ::::(
•....• ...-.. ..•... -. Having an Intercolumnlatlon
of three diameters. 1
""'- .i-
I I
.. accouplement
Having ihtircolumnlatlon The placementof two columns or
of four diameters.Also. pilasters very close together.
areostyle.
179
ORDER
. -.
Dorlccrder
The o'Jest simplestof the five ci3sslcal
EO OO
orders;&c,.oe1opeJIn Greece In the 7th
J
S.c.;andbter Imitatedby the lOoOOOC 000000 soffit
ftutedcolumn
having no u.se. a plain cushion-shaped
"-.::
I>'A;
.\\11 rvooooc
, oooooe
000000 bOO o· The undersideof an archltecWralelement.
as an arch. beam.cornice.or staircase.
000000 000
oil squareaPacUs. and an
0 .
ent.Vlrntrtconsistingof a plain architrave. 1
0 0 0
oil frlezeoftrlglyphsand naopes.and a 0 0 q ! .. -'-.-....... -. gutta _
cornice.the corona of which h3 s mutules on 0 0 ci One of a series of small droplil:e
Its sofflt.lnthe Roman DorIc order. the 0 0 0 :
ornaments.attachedto the undersides
columns more slenderand usuallyhave 0 0 a : of the mutulesand regulae of a Doric
Pases. the channe!1ngIs altered entaplature.Also called drop.
or omlttd and the caplt.fconsistsof a I J
........ -., ................. -.,.-.-.mutule
Pandllke an echlnus.and a molded
. : A pro.Jectlngflat l7lock under th e CO rona
of a Doric cornice.correspondingto the
rnodllllonof other orders.
I j
i I
____
two vertic.llgroovesor glyphs on Its face.
I
frlez.e.1Jsccalled /ntertrig/yph.
taenia .....--.--- ..... ------.-.-.-.-.- ...... ,
A raised !rand orMet separatln9 the .............. '-
frleufrom the 3rcnltraveona Doric ....... -_ .... - w:;:;:::;uu::;::::;:r
u------"!::::J:;::;:::;u::;u::;:::::;;Ju!
ent.Plature.Also.W1Ca.
regub _____ .. _........__ ... _.. ____. __ ..._.Ji
A fUIa the In a Doric
entaPlature.corresponJingto a trlglyph
and from which guttae
suspenk.d.Also carled futtae Vand. 1
..l1acU5 - ... - .. ---.-.- .....-.---- ...-.--.. - ...-..........-... I
Theflatsl.aUforml1l.3tnetopof a column
Coilpital.plain In the DorIc style, mok:ied ;-...... -.. , .-..
or otherwiseen rlchea In other styles.. trachelium _...•.... - ...... 1
ecl1fnu, .....--.--.-.--.-- ..... -- ... --.......... j ! I That part of the necking
retweenthe hypotrachellum
cOlrcularmoldIngSuPJ'Oltrtllng ar.a the capitalof a classical J
vnc; r
a orlc or uscan a.
1,:, II \
column. 1
hypotrache/ium_- ............i
: I' I Arry retween the
I 'I
capitaland the shaftof a
claSSicalcolumn.
l
II'
enU,l$ ....-...-.-- ... -... -.•-...._-
i A slightconvexitygiven to a
l
Arry of severalcylindrical
stones laid one above 'the other
to form a column or pier.
flutlng -
L
u
180
I
r
1 •
Ionic order
A cl3sslcalorder that tb-ek:JpedIn
Greek coloniesof Asl3 Mln« In the 6th
centuryB.C.. characteriuJesp. by the
egg and dart ..-.- ......-.. --............ spiral volutesof Its capitalThe fluteJ
An ornamentalmotlffor enrichingan ovalo [I D columnstypicallyhad moI.:led b3ses and
supportedan entabl3tureconsIstingof an
or echlnus. of a cbselyset, architraveof three fascias.a.richly .
alternatingserits of oval and pointed
ornamentedfrieze. and acornice
forms. Also C311ed egg ana
tongue.
out on egg-and-dart and dentll rndJIngs.
dentl1 ___ ...._. __ ._._._ .. _._ ..... _.. .;.......J Roman and Renaissanceexamplesare often
Any of a series of closelySp3ced. sm3ll : more elaborate,ana uSU311y set the VQiutes
rectangul3rblocksforml"l! a molding or of the capitals45°to tke architrave.
projecting the caron3Sof ionic,
Corlnthl3n,and Compositecornices. r-t r--···-····- volute
fasci41 ---.---- ..•-...- ..... - ...•- •... ---------,----J:/ Asplral,scroll-Ilkeomament.asonthe
One of the three horizont31Dands making L..; . f / capitalsof the Ionic. Corinthian,and
up the archltr3veIn the ionic order. . . / Compositeorders.
r@ I·:#'.
... -.--.- .•..- .... gulclellnethrough of a
, - ..• modillien
..,. • An om3mentaluracl:et,usu311yIn U-.e form
Yo'
1 ...... helix
I .//.. A spiralornament.as arry of the vOOItes
Issuing from a C3ullculusIn a
-u ,//
, .."
.'. .'1 I A1 11
--- Sprln9·Alsocalledcaulcoie.
....
acanthus _ ...................................
/
order An OI'T13ment,as on the Corlnthi3n Corlnthi2norder
One of the flve classicalorders. popularesp. capital, patternedaftu the I..rge. The most ornateof the flve cl3sslcalorders.
since the of the Renaissancebut toothea leaves of a Mediterranean devek:Jpedby the In the 4th century
Invented the ancient Romans. In which plant of the same name. B.C. used more extensivelyIn Roman
the CorInthl;norder Is modl&d architecture,slmll3rIn most respectsto
supulmposlngfour diagonallyset Ionic the Ionic usuallyof slenderer
volutes on a of Corinthian30nthus proportionsand characterizedesp. by a
leaves. detp bell·shapedcapital decoratedwith
acanthusIe3vesandan al1acus \IIf"...h
concave sides.
181
ORNAMENT
munl
A large picture on or .pplled
dlrectly to a WJfI surface. L
fresco
The.rt or techniqueof on a
freshlyspre3d, moist plaster sUrUce
gl'2ffiti wtth up In water or a
or anwlngsspray'palntedor hmew.termIxture.Also. a picture 01' L
011 •f'\J P/Ic sumce. 35 a slaewa11: design so painted.
CK lII'4§ of a Wilding.
produced cuttingor [1
through 3 sum", layerof paint
or to I'M'4la of contrasUng
ccIcr. ------------_.- .-.- ••••.•._ ..
rd"tef ..:...................
of. orformfrom the Adecomlonorormment by
Ibt on which Is formeO. cuttIngouta design ana fasteningIt t.o
ClVo-rdievo ...........................· ......-.. ·...·.. I .. pleceofrn.T'..erl31.
Sculp'tn In which the highestpoints i Inlay
of n::deiedfOl"lTlSare PeIow or livel wtth To decorm I7y piecesof wood.
SlJrf'3a. AlsocafIeJsunk relief. ivory.or the 11:" Irrto" surface.USU4r1y
level.
:;r
at the
. . . ._. . . . . . . . . .
......_- ..................... _ ..................... - .. -,
Sculpta-alre:IlefIn which the modeled forms L.
projectfroIn the by at least
1
TI. !J ]
h3lf;hefr Also caRed high relief. design In relief.
from
.. -................. ........................
reI1d tit.7tprojectsvery slightly
Also C311ed basso·
,
.
Intaglio
A flgure or design Ir.::lsedInto the
surfar.eof a stone or metal plate so
l
rd£evo.1cwr&d. that an Impressionyieldsa figure In
l
relief.
An C3r1l:J oremrossedIn low openwork
Omamentalor stroctural Work having a
tattlcelJUnature or showing
through Its substance.
f
'tr.:/---.. ·· fjllgru
Omament31openwori::of or
L
Intricate fflagree.
f
i
L
182
·"[
'1;'
grotesq.ue
An artlstJc composltlonconsistlngof forms A decorativestyle char3ctetizedI1y the
or motifs Porrowedfrom different sources. fantastic and comblnln!Jof
Incongruoushuman and animal forms with
foliageor similar often distorting
counterfeit.or false. as an the natuJ"31Into caricatureor al1surdlty.
archttectunl orrurnentthat is added
s uperlluousJyor Ina PPraprlately. ....- .... ntic
A grotesquesculf1tureof animal. human. or
foliatedfOfms. as a gargoyle.
_...... mask
*
An often grotesquerepresentatlonof a
head orfau. used as an architectural
A cormrrtlort31figure uSU311y having flve or
ornament.Alsocalfedmascaron. .
mort: po1ntsr.Jdbtlngfrom a center.often
used as a" ornament3nd symPol
SUr of D3vY
A hex;a;r:amused as a syml70l of Judaism. ..... griffin
Also C4Bed M.1¥n David. Mogen Davk:f.--- ..... A mythologicalanimal typicallyhaving the
head and wings of an eagle and the and
hex3gnm tail of a lion. AlsO. griffon. gryphon.
A slx-pomtedstJrIll:eftgure. formed by
sides of a regular
lntoequil3teJ"31tri3ngles.
+
QL- _____ ---' 0
. .-.-....- GreekcroS5
A ralseJ or suu rectangularpanel on a A cross conSistingof an uprightcrossedIn
O ___. . . ::::1::::
wall tre;rted or ornamented the mk:!dle by a horizontalof the same
wtth lnsaiptlons. or sculpture._.....
G
A flat stab or ptaque h.1vlng a surface ,...n, A cross whose four arms each termlrt3t.eIn
for or an InSCription. 0 r----------j 0 O V a crossb3r.often with a small Greek cross
qU3dmt.
A cross formee having the outer f3ce of
t>earing a figure orom3mentIn \''; 0 / each arm indentedIn 3 Y.
cross formee
cartolJCne ,) A cross haVing arms of equal length.each
An anI 01" 00i0ng. convex surface. expandingoutward from the center.
u!XIally surrotJlIdeawith ornamental
for rec.civ1nga palnud or low·
reliefdea>ntlon.AI.$.J. C3rtouch.• "-'
183
ORNAMENT
motif
A ana l"Uurrlng shape. form.
or cobr In adesign. folima
cMcter ------.---.------.------------.---- Ornamentedwith foils or representatlons
To INrt or dt:tor2tewith a squared of foli3ge. Also. folL1te.
pattern. .... -.. - wruth
i-etlcuLtte-------- .. ------------------ AdecorativePana or garlandof flowers.
or otherornaIt'.entalmateriaL
chevron ..
A v-shapeapattern used In heraldry
ana as
..'
.' dogtcoth
Any of a. series of closely spaced. pyramidal
om.aments.fonned sculpturedleaves
l
rad11tlngfrom a ra!seJcenter. used esp. In
::::- e3r1y EnglishGothicarchitecture.
..,
Acomplexand omm design that employs
L
flowers.foltage.ana sometimesanllNlana
to producean
Venetianderrtl1 •.___ .__ . ___. _______. _______. _.:
Any of a senes of snuH rectang utar
__ ..__._...iI........_ patternof Interlaud 1Int:S.
L
PIocksaftMmlng with slopingsurfaces
on an or moratrtg. . Wllf5-tcngue
5Cr011 A having pendJnt.
elementscarveJ In rellefagainsta flat or
An ornamenthavl"9a spiralor I curvea surface.
convofut.eaformresemuUnga partlyor
Ioosdyrolled parchment. ...
V1ttvvbn&Croll ---'-"'--' -----.-.. -... ----
A of scrollsforming a stylized .
I .' . . .
Any of a seriesof curved projections
formingan ornamental
:._ "'_'_____ ' .,. purfle -
L
.... To a shrineor tal;!ernaclewith
184
Iulfround
pillet
A molding having a semlGlrcularcross
Any of a seriesof closely spaced
section.
cyl1ndrlcalforms omamentlnga
hollow or cornice. -.--- .. --.----- --.--.. -- 'llJ.1rterround
A convex molding whose sectionIs a ,\U3rter
chrcle.
ccve - ..... -.. -.--...... --.--- .. -- .. -...... - ..... ..-. ovow
A COfIC3Ve surfaceor molding.esp. at L ..._...._._...... A convex molding having a profile
the tnnsltlon from W3H to uillng. approxlmatlnga'tuarter section of a circle
C3Vetto •. --- ........... -- ........... - ........ .. or ellipse.
A concavemolding an outline - .......- Po lUI
that approximatesa quarte-:"circle. A convex. rour.ded molding. Also. 17outel.
conge Powtet
A conC3VemoIdlng having the farm of a
quadrantcurvlri'away from a given
surfaceand terminatingperpendicular
to a fillet parallelto that surface.Also. -'- g3droon
COf\9u. --- ......... -..... ''''-' ........................ - ........... - ..
. .- . .- Acanvexmolding elaboratelycarvedwfth
rudlng or lnaented with notches.Also.
09u
A molding having a profole of a double §Odrocn.
CUrie In the shape of an elongated5. - ... -
Alsa called gull....... " ................... .. A convex molding having pointed leaves or
scroU)¥art at regularIntervals.
--. .. _.
cym.1 A wnvex molding having the form of jl rope.
A projectingmoIdlng having the profile
of a douVte curve formed by the union of
a convex line and , concave nne. . convex molding usuallyhaving 3
cyma recta ......................... . continuouscynndrlGalsurface.
A CYm.1 the conC4ve part ..-....- 2SU2g3J
the convex part. Also : "<' . '. . . :/ A small moialng usually semicircular
called DoriG cynu. . . .... .' In sectlon.
'::-;"
cymJl rt:YeN.1I _ .. - ... - ................... _.
. u3gUetU .
A cyma having the convex part A small convex moldingof semicircular
projecting thewr.c.3vepart. . section.sma ller tha n an astraga!.Also.
Also called cynu.
185
C;>RNAMENT
trim
The flnishedwoodwcrlor the lit used to To attach or fasten a molding to a surface.
rordtr,or protta the edges of
openln4sor sumces.
kerfing
...........• crown molding Making a series of parallelsaw cuts
cornice ...... -.... -.- .. -.... - Any Om.-lmental moldl"4 terminatingthe partwaythrough the thicknessof a pieceof
A molded that top of a structureor kcoratlve feature. wood to enaVle the piece to bend toward i
crowns a wan or otherconstructlon.or the kerfea side. j
divides norlzontaflyfor compositional
purposes.
meld •......... - .. -.- ................. !
I
A molding a from j
wtrlch can be Also
c*d picturerail.
;;!f--'- I7and, as one along the top
of an Interiorwa II, Immediately!1e1ow the
cornice,or a sculptureaone In a
pLrteI'3U _ ...•.-._ ...........•... -- ...- ...........
A raM or shelfftxed 3 long a 1'1'311
:, on an outside wall
and to hold platts.esp. for ",
i
01"1UIMTtor displAy.
:
chlirrail--.-- ........... - .. _................. ,
= r
A horiwTt3lmolding on.1n Interior1'1'311 .••. ". i
tMWS of ,ha'"
from '"" \
",,'m and th, "''' '
DO DO r-- r---
An
,-................. _ ........ - ... .
3rove the pUnth
DO. .00
DO
DO
00
DO
DO
DO
I-- I---
I---
i--
f-- ,--
ffi I ;
plfbr.CX'W31l
_ .. -_ .. _....... _- .. _ ... _.. . ...... _........ _...... -}
DO DO "--
-
-
-
A roarJor mcIdI"4 conct;1hngthe
an Interlor1r.I".1ndthe ftoor.
Also mopVo.ard.5kJrt.
A as a qlQrturound.
coveringthe joint betweena baseroard
ancon
l
the ftoor..AJso ca 'b:f N se •...... . ...... -' .....•..... ;
A or consoleused In claSSical
archlt«t.u to su pporta comIce or
broken ptdiment •... "-"" .................. . the enta (Net' a dootwayor
A pecfllrC'!t its cornices window.
it!temJpWat the crown or apex. the
often Peing filled wtth an
or other ornament.
a
l
l
•............ ,----.... ---.. --....... . ·--·----1
A crdecoratlveband
framlria rect4"4u13rdoor or SWJn·5 petIlment
window openlr14. A InUen pedimenthaving an 0U'tl1118 fonnea
I1y a "..!rof S-Curves to the
l·
retw'I
of.1 rnoI.::i1"4.
horizontalcorniceat tM eMs of the
projeGt:lon.or other at an a Ie. ana
pediment rising to a pair of scrollson
to ,",in part. eithersIk of the center,where a finial
often rises between the scrolls.
:ltop
....• plinth
A
molding cr charnfet'.
a
L
/ Apftnthfor stoppingthe architraveof
: a door or window arove the floor.
plinth
Aflat, plain mtmperat the rottomof
an archltr:ave.dado. or
b me coronet
A pedimentalornament wroughtIn relief
A frame 3round a doorwayor niche.
over a Window or door.
two columnsor pilasterson a
base supportinga pediment.
L
186
PAINT
pigment A mixtureof a solid
1M degreeof luster of a dried paint
1.>.. A finelygrouna.lnsolublesubstance
A
suspendedin a liquid vehicle,
film. In order of gloss . t}i::-. suspendedIn a liquidvehicleto Impart
from hlgl! gloss,semigloss.egg shell. to flat. 17inder color ana opacityto a paint.
appliedas' a thin. usuallyopaque
coating to a 5Umct for
The nonvolatilepart of a paintvehicle
a l1r\lliantshun or luster. that ponas particlesof pigmentInto a
coheslvefilm the drying process.
+ protection and decoration.
tfi2mel
Arry p3intorvamfsndrying to a very &Olvent A liquid In which pigmentIs diSpersed
smooth. hard, usuaOy glossy finish. The volatilepart of a paint vehicleth3t before apphed to a surface.to
evaporatesduring the drying process. controlconsistency.adhesIon.gloss.
and duralrliity.
H3Y1ng a I1Oder.1te.satlny luster. thinner
a flnIsh InIdw3J'Detween high A vol2tlleliquid usea to dilutepaint or
loss ;3 nd /JS() called sztIn va rnlsh to the cleslreJor proper . oil _______ --l.) oil paint
finish. COf1slstencyfor e35e In application.
Arryofvarlousolt-.organic liquids. A paint In which the vehicle Is a oiL
eggshe« mineraispirits as Ilnseecl011. that ox/alztsana
HavIng tittlt or no gbss. producinga A vol3tllealstlll3t1onof petroleum.usea ha rdens to form a tough elasticfilm
flnlsh It1Idway semlgloss and as a solventand thinnerfor paintsana when exposedIn a thIn l3yerto aIr.
flat. varnishes. ,
alkyd I't'ln _------4) alkyd paint
fut turpentine Anyofa group of syntheticresins A paInt In which the vehicleIsan alk)ld resin..
Withoutgloss or sheen. A caIorIess.volatileall ol7t3lnedby derivedfrom apolyvalentalcohol In
dlstlllingoleoresinfrom variousconifers reactloo with an organiC acid. usee! ep01:J paint
colorfast ana useJ as a thinnerana solventfor chieflyIn adhesJves ana paints. A paint having an epoxy resin as a
i1lnderforIncreasedresistanceto
Having cdor that will not fade or run '. i .. paintsana varnishes.Also called 011 of
corrosion.and chemlca!s.
with 'tIi'2Sh1/1§.age. 01' exposure to
h
il9 : esp.
utinlcray
-.,
". . .... ".
'"
.. "" ! /'. turpentine. spirits of turpentlM.
latex --------.....\)
A wateremulsionof syntheticrul7ber
IaUxpalnt .
A paint having alate:-cInnder that
A I"4IJ' of Ii9ht,as ultraViolet.th3 t'" ,... ... or pl3stlcglobulesol7t3lnedby coalescesas waterevaporatesfrom
effects.as polymerizationand used In paints the emulsion.Also called ruDDer-pase
ana adhesives. paint. waur-l7ase paint.
dlslrrk.gratlonof paintcoatings.
photocl1emicll A comlrlna'tIonof one or mort:coatll19s dye ------------4)
Of or to the chemical for ccmpatllrllltywfth each ather A coloring materialthat A solutionof ttje or suspensionof plgmerrt
utlon of radlantenergy. esp: light. ana the surfaceto which they art: Impartscolor by a!1sorptlon. In a vehicle.app!1eJ to penetratearJcolor.
as well as suitabilityfor the expected
c.over1¥ and desireddecorativeeffect. W3ter stain -1 wood surfacewtthouto!:>scuril19 the graIn..
A of the are3 over which a
gal\o!1 of p3int ffU'J be spread ;3t a gL1zecoat
A penetrating5"..3ln made I7y t-··· penetnti"9 stain
dissolvingdye In a watervehicle. A staIn that per..etratesa wood sumce,
given thlcknGSS.u$U311yexpressed A thin CC3t of transparentcolor applied to leavinga very thin film on the surface.
In 5<.1uJr6 feet per enhancethe colcrof a paintedsurface. spirit min
A penetratingstain maae I7y
J. .
power dissolvingdye In an alcohol or spirit
The abilityof a p;llotfilm to conceal A thin. sometimespi9inentedcoat awlled
arry naris. p;mem.or color on the to a finish C03t to Improveits luster.
to wfllch It Is applied. Also
topcolt on min. pigmentedstolin
calted power. A stain made I1y dissolvingdye or An 011 stain corrt.lnlngplflmentsc.opableof
The final coat of paint appliedto a surface. suspendingpigmentIn a dryIng 011 or the graIn and texture of a wood
Also called finish C4.1t.
011 varnish vehicle. surface. Also called opa'lue stain.
undercoat
A primeror C03t applied to
hide tM ccforof the substrateand Improve
aaheslonof the topcoat. copal _________ . .!o)
A hard. lustrousresin ol7t3lnedfrom A !'quidpreparationconsIstingof a resin
groundcoat
varioustroplc<lltrees. used chieflyIn dissolvedIn an 011 (olt varnish)01' In
or basecoatof paintIntendedto
makIng varnIshes. alcohol(spirit varnish).that when spread
show througha topcoat.Also callea
and allowedto dry forms a liard, lustrous.
,roundcolor. 'par usuallytransparentcoating.
l1a,ecoat A weather·rtSlstantvarnish
A first coat of paint or other liqUid finish made from dUI7IUleresins and hnseed
appl1edto a surface. or tul19 011. Also called nurfne vamlsh.
primer polyuretUne
A \r.IseGOatappliedto a surfaceto Improve An exceptionallyhard. abraSion·
A paint or
fOrTTltlbt.edw!th ru st·lnnIDltln9 the adhesionof subsequentcoats of paint ana
reSistant. chemlcal·reslstant
pigmentsto pm-entorreduce the or varnish.Also called prime coat. varnishmade from a pl3stlc resin of
corroslOflof 1"e"..4lsm'aces.Also the same name.
cal1eJ paint.
&U1er
A basecoatappliedto a surface to reduce
---------...!o) shellac
paint the of coats of A resinous secretionof the female of A spirit varnish made I1y dissolving
A paint formulatedwith paint or varnish.or to preventbleeding the I3c Insect.used In makIng shellac. purifiedlac flakes I" denatured
slllcOfle.poly.-llTJichloride.orother the finish coat. alcohol.Also called shellacvarnish.
sUP-stJnceto reduct: the flame·
spmd of;3 cocrbust$1ematerial. Chlne,elacquer lacquer
A naturalvarnish outalneafrom an Any of variousclear or colored synthetic
paint Asian sumac. used to produce a highly coatingsconSistingof nItrocelluloseor
A pa Int fonnul3tedwith polished.lustroussurfaceon wood. other cellulosederivativedlssolveJIn a
reslrts to withstandhigh Also called Japaneselac,\uer. solventthat dries by evaporationto
tempv;it<Jres form a high-glossfilm.
187
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lOMoARcPSD|29794750
PLASTER
A compositfonof gypsumor lime. gypsum gypsum Iimepbster
W4iW, sand,.andsornet;imeshair or A I7asecoatplaster of C4 !cir.ea ;.. soft mineral hydratedcalciumsulfate. A of lime. sand. and sometlmes
gypsum mixed with S3nd. as iI retarkr In portlandcement a flPer. used as a plaSkt'.
otherfWtr. appUed in a form variousaaattivesto control:;5 And of gypsum plaster.
to the surfacesof walls or ceilings and wafting1\U3I1tleS. cementtem pu
In .a plasticstate and allowedto The addltlonof portlandcement to Orne
h3rden and dry. calcinedgypsum A fir.e!y of pure p/4sterto ImproveIts strength and
Gypsum heated to drive off of i'; s white and translucent,used for dura!7lltty.
chemicallycom!7lneawaw. orn31T'.entaloPjectsand wort.
plaster of Paris
Calcinedgypsum In white. p""'OeryfC17',
containingno addltIvesto c..:r.t.rolthe
u.seforgyp5'i:r!
as an addltlveIn "me pl3st.tr.2nd as 3
matertllfor arname:':"tJlcasts.
IurawaD
AflnlsJlcoat In plastering.conslstlll!J A lr3seroatof ntat gypsum plaster.
of limeputtyto wfllch plaster
Is to controlthe set1:lngtime
ana Agypsum u.sec.oatplasterhaving no
admixtureexcept hair ar otherftkr.
pbstel' used for on-the·Jobmixing with
A spectal!y gypsum plasterfor
mixing I'I'ftIt Rrne putty.fonnubtedto
providec:Ithera '\uIcl:-setor a slow- wood-fibered pla'ter
set for a. flnIsh coat of plaster. AI:'IIfI-ml.xedgypsum Insecoat
containingcoarse for
gre4W InJIk. strength. ana flre
AftnJs.h of lime and reslst3nee, used nat or mixed with
plaster,troweled to obt3ln a lr.lsecoatof
to a smoot11.elensefinish. hardness. f
188
PLASTER
, .. _ ............. 5tue<:O
l A plaster composedof portlana
Of" masonrycement.sand. and
hydrated mixed with water and
applied In a plastic state to form a
!tard covering for exteriorwalls.
portiand cementstUcc<)
Stuccomade with masonrycementor
with portlandcement mixed with less
renderi09C03t than by volume of lime.
The first co;rtof plasteron A
Nsonry dAIso C31!eJ rough -portland cement-lime stucco
coat. Portlandcement stuccoto which hrr.e.
._ ....- ....................+_ .. +.. _...#" .. -1. Is added In an amountgreaterthan
by volume to Improve the plasticity of
A wet. rich .. of port13nd cement the mix.
ana san.d thrown onto a smooth brick
or surf3Ce and .Itcwedto .Ibarium
h3 rden to prcrt'IJea for a first A stucco used In times. 1113,u
of pbster. from powderedmarble and lime mortar
and often pol1shed.
key
A grooving or rou.:Jhnessappl1e.d to a
surf.;c.eto lItprovetts roM with
.notr.erSiJrbce.
into naco
A finish ccat of plastermade with whfte
I113rbledust to reulve a fresco..
$C3gliola
PlasterworkImitatinggraniteor marole.
sand-flcat finish
A textured flnlsh ccat of plastercontaining
sand. leveled and smoothedwith a &nf
....• &atfinlsh
,:,•. ...i,:·;'.:;':l A fine-texturedstuccofinish produud by
with a C3rpetorrul:rPer·f.ae&:l
float.
me!di"9 plJ:ster
A pl.asterllsc:d In ornamentalworl
conslstfngofflndy ground gypsum and
hydrmJ hire.
running nw&d _ ... _................... .
A tcnplate cut to the
!lacked With wood. and
l>etween temperary
grour.dsor Mes to form 3 plaster
the .ngle a wall
ana ullIr-1-&,0 cartea meld.
hoNe
The supportfor sheet·
1"r1et31 of a running maid.
dau17lng
The processof giving a wan a rough flnlsh
by throwing plaster agaInstIt .
....... pePpledash
An exteriorwall finish producedby
throwingana pressingsmall Into
unset stucco.
_..... roughca5t
An exteriorwall finish composedof a
pargeti"9 stucco mixed with fine pebVlesand dashed.
Fine or:'.3fT1e1rtJ1plasterrrorl:.esp againsta wall. Also called spatur dash.
extd.cr p{3sterrlorl: designs In
low relid. Also. parget
189
metalbtls
The aDsorptionof water from a finish coat
AplasterPasefal1nc.W d exp3Mea
of plasterby the or gypsum 14th.
metal orofm fabric. palnteJor
resultingIn a better Dond. I
galvanlzeMorcorroslonresistance. , '.' ,;
J
!
stiff networtwith diamond-shaped :: r··J-..- ground j
- . . .- .-_. ,..-/ '.', A st,;p of wood or a metal pead used at
>. :..-..,-.. an as a for plasteringto a
.' given thJc1::nessand as a stop for the
n1rlath
An expanaea-met;1Ibth h2v1ng V-5haped
ribs to provide greaterstfffness and
ptnnlt widerspacingof the su pportlng J
fr3 mIng IT1eft1bers. A stripof wood. plaster.or metalappNed
to a surf.1uto plaS'tt:redto serve as 3
lath gUide for making a true surfaceand
A ril1lathusea (}It( stuljolsts 35
plasteringto a given th1cl:ness.
fonnwori:rorconcme s/aj,s, or as lathing
In plaster --------------------.-.--.--."a5e screed
A preformedmetal screed for
------------------------
or woven-
m M Is dimpledto Sp:iCe ltse!f
from the supportingsurfac.e, a
spacefor die keying of plasteror stucco_ AptrforaW metal screedfor venting a
conceaWspace behind a plastered
......
.. wfrebtJa
or woven-wirefaurlc,usuallywith
a pape!'17act1ng.used as a Uase for
pI4ster A prefom-te.dmet.1 screed applied(]m
... ------.-----. Jolnts In gypsum 13th to co:ttrolcl'3Cklng.
up;aMea-met.1lorwire lath having a
of perforatedor in:lkilngpaper, Installedto
used as a nse for pbsUr or stucco. . . rel1eve shrinbge. or
C<lrnet' bth .---------.--------.. ---- .... -. -------------. 1. structuralstrts-seswtthln a large
plasteredor stuccoedarea.
Astripof expanded-metallath!lent to
form a 90 0 angle. use.d at an Intern31
con'oerto cruls III plastering_
Also calledcomer rdnforc.ement.
!tripbth .-......... -. ------.--.- --. --- ·----'r'I'.W-MrW
A
A narrowstrip of expan&ed·rnetallathfor
reinforclngjdntsIn gypsum lath or protectan externalangle In plasterwori:
Junauresbetweenctiferenttypes of or a g:ypsum board surface."Iso called
pbster 1r.1ses.
5Cnm I1
Coarsecotton,flberglass,or metal mesh,
. . . __. ______ .. _._.
for and reinforcingaJointor
as a Inse for plasteringor painting.
gyp,umbth .-.. -------------.. -.. -------.-.
.' .. :
A cormr forfannlngand
reInforcingthe curvedportlonof an
IL
Gypsum roard having an alr-entnlned
3rchedopening.
core bceJ with aj,sorWn-tpaper, used as .<,--"
a !r.Jsefor plaster.Also calledrock bth_ .,/ Apreformedmetalstrip an -
• expandedor and·
perforated9YP'um bth
Gypsum lath punchedwIUt small holes to variouslyshapedends. useJ as a grOuna
provloull1eChanlcalkey for plastu .. and kl5kengthel!2!".d re!llforcethe
edges of pl3st.erwori:or " gypsum Dema
in,ulltlng gyp!um lrth surface.
Gypsum lath having an aluminumfoil
Uacklngthat serves as a vapor retaroer
and ref1ecUvethennallnsulator.
b
venurl:ta5e
Gypsum lath having a spulal paper facing
for receivingveneer plastu.
190
PLASTER
wallpoard
Any of V3rlous sheet matertllsused In
a wall or celling as a for
paneling.
..- gypsum poard
A sheet rruterlalhaving a gypsum core
faced with paperon each side, used for
.....::;. :.:;i)(d .:;/ ':":" :.;.; walls or as 13th. Also called
drj'Wall.plasterboard.
roundededge }5'::.:.. ..-.:......:. '.:.:':': Sheetrock
Trademan:for a of gypsum roard.
&groove -·.·.··:·.. /-.:,:,. '.'; ::.::
......--- backing"oard
An Inexpensivegypsum board usee! as
the lr.Jse layer In a multilayerassemPty
for Incl'e3sedrigidity,sound Insulation,
and ftre resistance.
'-'" card-oard
Agypsum boord I-In. (25.4 mm) thick.
used as a !?ase In solid gypsum-mrd
partitionsand for hnlng shafts.
-.-- - prefinish.ed poard
Agypsum boardlt3;t1nga deco;.atlve
vinyl or prinW papersurface.
·.
PLASTIC
Any of numeroussynthetlc or
n.1tur21organicmaterialsthat are
mostly or
1
"#..
...
'-il
:
thermosettingpolymersof
molecuw-weightand can
mokltd.extruded,or drawn Into resin ( ...-..................................... acrylic rt,i/'I
objects,films, orfitament6.
Arty of numeroLlSsalla or semlsolk:l. Any of a cbss of thermopl3stlcresIns
organicsubstancesprep3redby for or molding plastlc parts
polymerIzatlon ana with fillers. that are except1on.. transp:3re:1t.tough,
stal1illurs.and othercomponentsto and res.lstantto wmnerand chanlcats,
form plastics. or as the main In
filler adhesives.and cau!l:l"1compouMs.
A re!at1vetyInert subsbnceadded to Lucite
modlfythe Pulk. strength.he3t TI'3demarI:: for " m rJ of tra nsp rent
resistance,ele.ctrlcalresistance.or acrylic resin.
wori:lng properties-ofa resin.
Plexiglas
,ta17f1izer fO(';a mnd of light.
AsuVstanceadJed to preventor retard transp-ent. we3ther·reslst3 nt ac ryHc
of a when resin.
exposeJto the ultravioletraalatlonor
other environmentalconditions. polycarWnaU
A tough. thermopl.asUc
plasticizer Its nlgh·fmp3Ctstrength
Any of V2rioussubstancesaaaea to a and use.a for $4fety
resin to IncreaseIts wori:al1illtyand glazlng. arJ h3 rdw41 re.
flexll1iUty.
Lex.an
cat.1ly,t Traaemali:for a !:onrid of h
A sul:lstancethat ca uses or accelerates poIycarro,..te used for
a chemicalreaction withoutItself windows.
undergoinga permanentchange In
casting •..-..... -.. --------- ........... - composition.
A methodof shaping a pbstlcoPjectby A tough.1I.;1rt.and iblble
pouringthe mmnallnto a mold and u5e<J esp. In the form ci sheetlr.g.. nd fllm
allowingIt to harden the use of for dampprooflng.and as a
vapor retarder.Also c.l1ea
!now molal,,! - ... -.. -... ----- ................... -- ... -..... - ... -........... ..... . polyproprieM
A methodof forming hollow W<ll'e by A toIJ4h. U1at Is .. nt
to he;rt .. rJ chemlc.1lsand used for pipe
A methodofforinlri*nnosettlng
.
p/2sUc l!y softeningIt in one cham!1er
kfon, It Is forced Intc an Jc:fjacentmold
I!1adefrotn
polyvinyl
ftexJVIe
resln. l
Any of a cl2ss of thmrcpIastlc res.71s
where It Is cured under aM pressure.. fonned by
vinyf AI5c c. Sed v1nyf resJn.
polyvinylchloride
a
l
thermoforming A'whlte.
A methodof a sheet widely u56d In tM numtu re of 1\Jor I
heatli19and forcing It againstthe
contours of a mold he:at ana pressure.
caverings.insulation,and piping.AZ?r-.:
PVC L
forming -.--- .......-... - .... polyvlny{ ,
A mahodof thennofoml"9a plasticsheet
forcing It againstthe contoursof a mold
calendering
A methodof producingplasticfilm Or
sheeting the mater/al
A thermoplasUcresin used
Interlayerof s.afety
the
,
f
with compressedair. a series of revoMng. heated ny(on La
vacuum forming - .......................... . rollers. Any of a c!ass of the nr.oplastic 5
A mahod of thermoforminga plasticsheet ,hettlng cnar.IGtertudPy ex-.....eme touqMes5. r
Vy evacuatl"9 space f,etwun the sheet
and the contoursof a mold.
A form of plastic.having a
thicknessvery sma" In proportionto
strength.arJ elastldty and
!1elng extruJedInto
of
.• na
iL;
Its length ana width. shuts.
film
Sheetingnavlng a nominal thickness
not greaterthan 10 mils.
192
'1'
i .
"::." . .... '.
wrmosettlng
Apl3stlcM Pecomes rigid
heatedand cannot De softenedagain.
temperature
The maximum temper2tureat which a
ruuber
PLAmc
A rruttrl31m3de \7y chemicallytreatingand
pf3stlccan continuouslyemployed toughenIngnatura!rubber. for Its .
Also called withouta notfcea!7lereductionIn arry of el3 stlclty. nonconductlonof electricity.and
Its Inherentproperties. resIstanceto shod: and molsture.
5Oft.enlngpcint
The temperatureat which a plastic J...-...................... ruul1er
Arry of various t:hennoplastlc or changes from a rigId to a soft; state: • A highlyelasticsolid substance.
thermosettingresins used In flexl!7feand essentIallya polymerof Isoprene.o!;rtalned
rigid fooms,elastomers.and resins for \7ycoagulatlngthe milkyjuluof rubl>er
salants. adIIcsNes,and C03tlngs. trees and pf3 Also calledIndia ruPM-.
polyester rubber
Arry of agl"Ollpof thermose«lngresins A light.spongy.cellularrubDer ItI3deby
used In the of plasticsanJ foaming I3ttx before vulcantzaUon.,·
te:xtltefll:>ers..
.------.--- - The treatmentof ruul>erwtth sulfurand
A reWlXUdwith glassfJ!7ers heatto
and usea II kansluunt roofs and and durability. .
hts, bc:lng:sfor sa ndwfch panels.
,lid moldedpkImi>lngflxtures. '- ••".r..- • ............ - :lyntheticruuber
An ef3stomersimilarto natural rubber In
Dacron propet"tlesand uses. produced-11ytM
Tr3demari::for a mnd of strong.wrlnkle- poIymerlz3tlonof an unsaturated '.
t.a nt po/'jesttrflDer. hydrocarPcn.as lnstyIeneor isoprene.or by
Mybr the copolymerizationof hydr0c3rrons With
styreneor InJtadlene.
mndofstrong. thin
t15eJ In photography.
r:x.ardlngt3peS. and e\e:ctrlc.ofInsulation. Any ofV3rlouspolymershaVing the elastic
propertiesof natural as Irotyl
tpc1:Y resin
ru!7beror neoprene.
Arry of various resins
cap3Pleoffcmin.gtight Cl"C:Ss-nnked butyl rubl7er
A syntheticrubPerhavingexceptional
aaMslon.and high resistanceto sunlightand unusuallylow
wroslon ana chembl used gaseouspermeability.producedPy
esp. In surfaceC03t1ngsand adhesives. polymerizingInJtyleneand used In
meiOmnesand l'r.lterprooflngbarrler3.
tamirate
I-.rry of a class of resins A productITI3de by uniting two or more Butyt
by !n+.mctk1nof meLomlne byers of IT13terialby an adheslveorother TraJemari::for 3 mnd of butyi ru!7!;rer.
ana used for molded rr.t417S.35 plywood a'ld plastic /amInate.
products. and surface neoprene
'. plJ.5t1c A syntheticrubPercharacterizedby
A hJrd surfacingrrutertalconsIstingof superiorresIstanceto oils and sunllglrt.
phenolic layersof paper and used In paInts.roofingmemmnes.
Arry of a class of h4rd. he.t·reslstant wtth melamineand phencUc resins. fuse.::f flashing.!!askets.and
resms formed by the under .and pressure.
with siliconerul1l1er
and used for IT'.okled ...-......... tamlrt4te A rubPer rrude from slliconeelastomers
P"""Aucts.adhesives,ana sumce . A plastic laminatemoldedand cured In and noted for Its retentionof flexI17IBty.
AlsocalW the of pressuresfrom 1.200 to resilience.and strength(Ner a wide
2oCOO psi (34 to !40 per 54 cm). used temperaturera"¥.
enerrte for wfaclngcountmops ana
T for agi.ilnaof d4ri:: phenolic :-
I'e$ln. by Dr. Ltc In ....• tam/ute i Any of.a group of polymerscontaInIng
and for reu!vers. ,. A plastic laminatemolded ar..:l cured with 1 .alternatingsAlcon .and oxygen atoms,
eb:;trIcInsutators.ana a IT!3xlmumpressureof 400 psi (28 kg per : characterl:z.e&bythemialstability.
I.3rdw.1re. Soq. m). used In vmlc3lanJ low-wear : chemicalInertness,and extremeW<Jter
applications. 1 repellence•.and used In adhesives.
Ure.Horm.. ; lul7r1cants.protectivecoatIngs.and
Ant of Y.1ricu:s synthetic '1 syntheticrubPer.
re:Jn ltildebyc.ondenslngurea wIth TraJemari::for a of plasticlaminate.
Jnd used In
ho.i$lngs, devices.#dheslves.
and ccgUngs.
193
PLATE
A rigid, planar. monolithic
structure that disperses applied
Io.Ids In a multidirectionalpattern,
with the loads generallyfollowing
the shorttst and stiffest routes
to the supports. .
foldedpllU
A plate structurecomposedof
thin. deep elementsjoinedrigidly
along theirboundariesand forming
sharpanglesto mce each other
againstlater.alpucUng,The
resultingstiffnessof the Cross
l-
sectlonenaUlesa folded to
span relatlvefylong dlstanus.
Each planePeh3Ves1s1beam In In the short the span 15 reduced ;.- Transversestrips 1S1 ccnt/tIU0U5
the longltudlnlldIrection. •.................
. fold lCtlng151 rigid support. bc4m supporteJ1t foldpoints.
\.
\
\
\
L
194
PLATE
A frameworkof crisscrossingbeamS
connect.e.dat their Intersectionsby r191d
joints and dispersingan appl1ed load In
two dlrectlonsaccordingto the physical
ana
propertles dimensionsof the ream
elements.
An be.1m tkmentspartlcfpmIn C3nyfng;
load through;combinationofrendingand
t¥tfstlng.If two rightangfes to
each otherare /dMtlc1l. they share m .
;ppWload equallyIn rendlng.1fthe Pt:a!ns
have difftrentlengths. the shc.rter
C4rrlesmere of theIo3d sInte the
stlffr.essof 1 is Inverselyprr>pcrtlon;l
I3mella roof to the of /tslengthan4aIo#d gmdy
A va ulte4 roof composeJof la mellae follol'l5the pth of Ie3strt5I5bnu to
a crisscrosspattemof parallel 5IJppcrt5.For ex;mple.1ftwo PeaI715 h;vu
.rches skewedwith to spm f7tkJ of 1:2. theirstlffnesseswi hare1
space. ----------------,-------- .' ratio of 1:8. Ccnsequently.the shorW-beam
ItfnC3ITy%of the load. 1M torslcn31
13mella reslst3ru ap/nst the t;r,fstfng
One of the relatlYelyshort tlml1er. InducedI1y the bmJlngofa be3m
mebl OI"rtlnfOlUd'concreteelements /urt:;;ses the stiffness of thegrid.
form\n4 a bmelb roof.
A thrt¢-dlmensloll3lstnlcWralframe
on the r'.gldltyof the triangleand
composedof I!r.earelementssubject
only to teTtsloflor compresslon_
The simplest untt of a space
frame!s;;ltwahedron having 4 joints
and 6 str\JCtur;l1merT1Ws.As with
plate structures.the Pay
for a 5p<1ct fr4lme should squ3rilor
nearly square to ensure th3t tt acts
a two-l'r.1ystructure.Alsa called
space truss.
aL!l
195
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lOMoARcPSD|29794750
PLUMBING
The system ofpipts,valves,
fixtures,and otherJlpparatusof a
watersupplyor system.
wmr,upp!y c/mm
1M S4rpp1yd purlfleawater a A reStrVolror tank for storingor holding
eotmUIItty.usuallyIncIudln4bclhtles wateror other liquid.as rainwater
for st«lng and this water, from a roof. for use when reqUIred. •.........-..................
- ...... .. ...;.·.:
as reservoirsaMpipelines.
J
l
L
curp cock .......................-- .....: pIpe ..... w.iUr meUr - ....
L
waurm.1ln
A II13In pipe or condultthrough Acontrolvalvefor shuttlngoff tM Apipe wnnectinga to a water A device for rne3surlngand
which a putnlGor community water supply to a In case of an or gas main. usuallyInstalledby or recordingthe qUJntltyof water
i
water systemCOITVey5W2ter to
;;III seMce connections.
emtrgency.installtaIn a water service
and operatedby mtans of a long
under theJurisdictionof a utlnty. that passes through a pipe. L
key InStrteathrougha curb Pox. Also
called curir step.
196
PLUMBING
waur5ystem
A system of pipes. valves. and fixturesfor
dlstrl!7utlngandusing water In a bulk:llng.
gravitywater system
Aw.w supplyand dlstributlO11system
In which the water source Is set at a
height sufficientto maintain adequate
supplypressurethroughoutthe water
dlstriMlon system.Also called
dowrrfuddistriinstlon system.
faucet
Adevicefor controlll/19the flow of a 1lqt:1d
from a plpe l7yopenlngorcioslry an orIflu.
Also called spfgot. tap.
flew pre&&ul'e c
The fluid pressureIn .a supply at a
fa ucet or otheroutlet while the faucet or
outletIs wtde open ana water Is ftowl/19.
expressedIn psi (Nfm2).
mixing faucet
A faucethaving a singleoutletfor water
from separatelycontrolledhot-water and
cold·watertaps. Also called mixer.
wata - ....-........ 1 .. _.....- waterheatu
An appai.itl.!sthat removes calcium and An electricor .. s appliJr,ufor heating .... aerator
S<llts from hard water Py Ion water to a te1r.pef'3tureDetl'iun 120'1' and A sievelike device for mixing air the
In order to give the water more loW'f (50't arj &O't) aM storing It for use. water flowing from the end of a spigot.
sudslng .. Wllty wrth soap. faucet
hardwaUr A faucet haVing a thermostatlc311y
W.ter COlTtalnlngdissolved sa Its of controlledvalvdor malntalnln9the
or magnesiumana forming soap desired water temperature re.q3 r dless of
la ther ,..ith difficulty. pressureor flow.
197
PLUMBING
Pfum In"9 fixture . !?all cock
AIry of V3 rio.;s rtUptaclesfor A device for regulaUngthe supplyof water
receiving W4iW from a system In" flush tam: by means of a hollow floating
and the liquid waste Into which by Its rise odan shuts or opens a
a dr:;lM3gesystem. supplyvalve. Also calledfloat valve.
ware
Plumbing fixtures.as slnG and toilet Ll
mJde of vitreouschina. porcelain
e:13me1.or e.1art'lded metal-l ---....,.,='"'.
reverse-trap
A toilet rowlslmllarto the Siphon-Jet.
. having a smallerwater surfaceand trapway_
!
I 1
I
!
.J
...
_
Acomp3rtmentIn" system 0 2irg.1p l?athtul?
I: The ctar vertlc3ldlstanu
petloieenthe spoutof a faucet or
An oV!ong tub to Imhe In, esp_ one th2t !s a
permanentfixture In a Uathroom_
COIl"'f'ressesarJ to I
otheroutletof a supply pipe and
I the flood level of a receptacle_ A Uatn In which water Is sprayed on the
flood level I10dy from an overhead nozzleor
The level at which water would
overflow
Ii ::W
An Mlet. pipe. or receptaclefor
exu:s5 liquid.
df'po'.1f
l
An electricaldevice In the anln of 3 sink. for
flow rm -------------.------------------------- trap .------; grindingfoOd wastesto be washed clown
The of from aplumbIng AU-shapedor $-shapedsectionof the al"3ln. Also disposer.
f
to the tat.allltlmkl'of dnlnplpeIn whloh Iltiuldremains L..
launarytr.:y
galkxls per dIvk:Ied and forms a seal for preventingthe Adeep sink for washing clothes_
by 75 and expressedIn fixture unlts_ passageof sewer gas without
rifecUng the normal flow of waste
wateror sewage through Also Adeep sink used In janltarl3lwort Also
called air trap_ called *pslnle.
drum trap'
Acylindricaltrap closed on the
l?ottom and having a cover plate J
for access. usually Installed on the L
drain line from a l?athtuu_
198
PLUMBING
........t···· plumUingwall pipe
! A wall or paMlon containing A hollowcylinderof metalor plastic used
! vertlc31space for a plumulng for the of water, steam,gas. or
: st3ck.Also calleJ stuk otl1erfluldIT13terial.
t1
f partition.
pipe fitting
... closetbend A standardpart. as an el&ow, unlan,or tee,
r A 90°501/fltting Instai1t:J for cannt:ctlngtwo or more pipes.
i di,ectlyDeneatn ;; . . . close:.
developedlength
The length of a Pena, Alsocallt:Jell. el.
along the
and pIpe flttlngs.
cf the ("\"1 ./' drop elbow ,
I An elrow hav!ng lugs for attachmentt<> a
wall orjolst. Also called drop en. .
.--.----.-- 'weep fittill9
A pipe fitting haVing a large radius of
curvature.
(
..• molded insuLrtlcn . _ ...._. return pend
Thmnallnsulatlonpremokledto A WO·vendlnapipe.
V
fit aroond pipes arJ pipe
.... - ........ -.. -.. --.- .. - ... --.- ........- ---- pipe flttlng forjoining aln-anch
fht part of a valve casing through which pipe wtth jI main, usuallyat a 45°angfe.
stt:m passes and th at forms a guide
3M se;;ll fortM stem.
•.... - ... -........ -................. '/0"'"",
part or surfaceof a valve on which the
s:.cm Is closea to stop flow completely. -..- sanitarycross
A CI'O$S a slightcurve In ea<;h of the
VlIlve _._.--.-- ......--.--.-- ................. - ....1 OO·transltlonsto channel the flow from
Avalve with a gfa!rolarPDdy. closed Py a mr.ch plpts In the directionof the IT13ln.
at$ on an In an Intema:
......n.
pipe for bypassinganotherpipe.
¥U valve ...... -....... -.......... -.......
A shutoffvalve closed Dy Iowerini,Ja ...' - -- ... . . .. .• nippk
\'r"Age-shapedgate across the passage. to fit Into • A short lengthof pipe with thrt:adson t3ch
op:1 :r ' 0, t:nd. used forjoiningccupllngsor other pipe
v.alve part. " ... fittings.
.0,0
A valvt: having an ooUet at a right
ar.gletothelnfet.• - ... _._ ...-............ ... ••• fenute ... -.. ----.-,,'. ccupling
Hmog , ?rt A shol1lengthof pipe havingeach end
valve Into whW;h jI threadedon the Inside, used for joInIng two
AK<lsherlessv;llve opened by aligninCj part fr..s.. of the same diameter.
hde-s In a disk. cyllnkr. or Pall.
' incre.aser
mixing valve . A ccupllng IncreasingIn diameterlit one
A .,..lvt:forcontrolnngthe relatlve
.
I end.
a:T1O'Jntof hot and cold 'rV;l ter admitted [[
from separatehot-waterand coId'water -1 --- reduur
A coupllng decreasingIn diameterlit.one
Rr.es.
I end.
check valve
'-"'-"-'-'" union
A .,..lve permittinga liquid or gas to flow
In OI1e directiononly. -:
I A coupllng device for connt:ctlngtwo pipes
neitherof which can re consisting'
pelf-and-'plgot ---..._. of two Internallythreadedt:r1d pieces wh leh
A pipejoint IT130e by fitting the \ lL----I-..-, are tlghtent:Jaround the pipe ends to I:>e
end (splgat) of one pipe Into the joined, and an externallythreadedcenter
enlargedt:r1d (l1ell)of another
pipe and sealing with a caull:lng
compoundor a compressluiering.
gasket A. """.ally ,h, .. Je<I flttl'g
A rUDDer or metal ring Insertt:J
petween two mating surfacesto --- t-· .. , .... _ .. :::endofaPlpt.
make the JOint watertight.
An Intemallythreadedflttlng for enclosing
the end of a pipe.
199
PLUMBING '.
vent 5y:;tem .• 5tack vent vent
A of pipes. tr2ps. and other A system of pipes supplyinga flow of f The extensionof a soli or waste stack A pipe a draIn near one or more
air to or from a dl'3lnagesystemor rove
j a tile hlghtsthorizontalal'3ln traps to a vent staa or stack vent.
W2ste W3ter. or I'2mter to. puullc provldlnga clrcui3t1onof air within the f
connectedto the stack. Also called
or a priv4lte hclhty. system to prot.ecttrap seals from f: selt vent. wastt vent.
anin
siphonage ana
!;ad: pressure. : L..-.'
: r V."'-Grj reliefvent
Arty pipe or chanrel by w.b...lch a 15 ! Agroup of two or more sImIlar ./ Avent th:ot providescirculationof aIr L
off. f :, plumpingfixturesdIschargingInto a .,/' Petween a ar3inaqeand a venting system b'j
I \ common waste or soil bl'3nch. ....... connectinga vent stJd to. horizontal
al'3ln !1etween the flrst fixture and the $Oil
,
or.wastestack.
Lj
I
/.r-" .-.......-- ...- loop vent
fixWr-e drain --- ..-.-- ............. - ..............................
\ ----.:..L..._.:..-. Acircuitvent that loops back connects ana
with. stack vent Inste4dof a vent stack. I
I
flxtureto .1 junctionwtth a \ k_ .• ..... .
. common vent I
A singlevent servln9two drains
mnch drarn connectedat the same level. Also called
Adr;aln one or more ftxtures aU.11 vent.
to;a soil orwastest;acl... ·-_·-··········-·· .. " ......................• - •••i. - ... I
A vtrt:lc.1waste rpe
..! I
.....,. circulationof alrtoorfrom any partofa
...I
HUrrWeroffuors. I dl'3lnagesyste-m.
i
f
!
dr2l04gesystemof j
to the pu11dlng dnlln at or
l1ulldlngtrap.
connectea
the
l
J..n oversized functlonlngPath as .
J so« orlf3Ste vent.•. _- ....... - •. _ ....•...• _.•.•. -
, l PLUMBING
------------ ---------- --- ------- ------- ---------, sewage pt3nt
A l3)'C1' of matter that rises ; Structures .nd appurtenancesfor
to the surbceof the sewage In a ! receiving the dIschargeof a santtary
drainagesystemand reducingthe org4nlc
sep-tlC tallL
and !1acterlalcontent of the waste so as to
;,t
.-.--- greasetrap
A pte that Is lined with a perforated . A tank Installedbetween a kitchen and
to aHow effluent a house 5etIerfor retainingand rerr.cvlng
cc&cteafrom a septIC tank to seep or greasefrom waste water.Also cail.ed
Ie3ch Into the surrounal"9soil sometimes
as a substitute for a dralnfleld_ --------:
,--'" distri\1utionbox
, AVox through which th<: flow of df..rent
from a sept.lCtank Is dlstrlvuteato the
dralll3getiles of a dra!rrfleld.Also o lid
diversionl:>ox.
_-.... dr.ainfield
An open area containingan
al1sorptlontrenchesthroogh which seytlc.
-------1- tank effluentfrom a septlctank rttry seep
I
I : avsorp-tiontrench
: I I I I . A narrow trench 12 to 36 In. (.305 to
I : : :: . ,._/ 914 mm) wide containingcoarse ag:;re-
--L--___..L--
___ __ .....
___.J,.___ _4 g3te and;l dIstrll1utlonpipe through
fitter i which the effluentfrom a septic Is
A fllterforcleanslng w.teror allowed to seep Into the sofl
effluent.con51stlngof l41yers
of coarsestone.coarsegr:wel.and
$4 rod finer toward the top,
A trench wider than :30 In. (914
containingcoarse and two or
sub-5urf.acesana filter .----------------------. '-: _' - .; .-; :'-' -, " . 1"-' .•. " . more dlstrlVutIonpIpes through ,,'hlch
tM effluentfrom a septIC tank Ny seep
Into the surroundingsolt Also callt-d
201
REINFORCEDCONCRETE
Concretein which steel plain concrete ferrocement concrete
reinforcementis embeddedin such a Concretehavln9 no reinforcement. Constructedof Umtnt-5anamortar with dispersed.
or relnforceaonly for drying over a wtre mesh thAt h4 s l>een rarukmlyoriented fl!1ers of glass or plastic.
maMer that the two materials act
shrinkageor thermal stresses. preshaped(}Ief' a mold.
in forces.Also gfrc
caned l1hon Jrme.
ferroconcreU. for glass·flber·relnforced
reinforcement
f- _...
A system of steel !ms. stn ods. or
wires for al7sortrlng shearing.
A grJ of Iongltudlnaland tr"3nsverse
and sometimes corr.::r-;::ssNe steel wires or bars welded togetherat
stresses In a or all p:;;nts of Intasectlon. usually
structure. sped'oed the $lze of the grid In Inches
and wire g3u¥, Also called welded-
rtinforcingpu -. _.. - ............ ""'-" I
wiN!
A stttl Ua r for reln{:' c.oncrae.
U$U311y speclfltdPy : numPer
to Its eighthsof
/.!
an Inch. AIsoC31le(;
./
deformedbar' . - ... -....•. -.- .....
A relnforclng with
sumcedeforrr:.. )!15 to develop3
greater Pond¥--
te",ion ;eir.: '-;emen1;
Relnforceme< to 3DsorP ...•.•.•..,
tensile stre:: .
:'clnforument
Relnforcerr- ,iesignedto a PsorV
comprtSs,. "A-tSses.
....-_ ..__ .- .... cracked 17a lJ r.ua se.ction
....... Aconcretesection kslgred or analyz!.d A In which the tension
..•..•..... on the assumptlonth3t concrete h4s r.a t-heoretlcallyre4Ches Its
resistanceto tensile stresses. specif'oedyield strength as the concreteIn
compresslon Its assume.d
!
!
J
i L rtSl5tIngcouple
A c.uses the
of
fc effectll'ema of
concretea-t arr; of 3 reinforced
concretememt>er.expressedas a
L
ancnorage
I'r"ans. .3S emPedment
len!)thOf' koo(ed Ir.ars. for
tension or compressionIn a reinforcing
bar on exh side of a criticalsectlonIn
order to prevent rona
hllure or spnW"4-
criticJlS«tlon
The sectiao of a flexuralconcreU: member
at a point of m.ax!mum stress. a point of
Infltctlcn. or. ?'lnt within the span
where !73rs are flO longer needed
to resist stress.
L
202
f
i
i
1
REINFORCED CONCRETE
tru5511ar top bar relnforcedconcreu ueJm
A longitudinalPar Pent up or down of the longitudinalPars Aconcrertbeam designedto act togetner
at points of moment reversalIn a servingas tenslon reinforcementIn with Iongltudlr.aland wep reinforcementIn
reinforcedconcretepeam. the section of a concrete!leamor resistingappliedforces.
slap subjectto a negativemomen t.
,·Iongitudinalreinforument
ReInforcementessentiallyparaHel to the
horizontalsurface-ofa slaD or to the tong
axis of a concretebeam or column.
or
to resIst dIa 9Oft31 tenslen. concrete perpendicularto ana In the sectlon of a concretebea m conttnuousspans,or 4:5 for simple spans.
-' Intersectingthe Cl"3cklngtlut could or slab subjectto a positive subject to nonhneardistributionof stress
:,.------------------\ occur from diagonaltenslen. moment. and lateralbuckling.
T-l7eam
-, ,,,",,"-klop Amonolithicrelnforcedconcrete
: :: pars placed perpendicularto the constructionIn which a portloo of the sl3b
,• ' longitudinalreinforcementof a on each skie of a beam acts as a flange In
concrete peam to resist the vertlcal reslsttngcompressivestresses.and the
componentof diagonalten51on. portionof the peam projecttngbelow the
slab serves as a web or stem In reslstl/11
bendingand shear stresses.
diJgorulun5ion--;
The principletensilestresSt:sacting at an
ar.qle to the longitudinalaxls of a beam.
·..
;'4' "0
shO'JIJ not l>e less th3n 0.D1 nor more than rectangularIn section.3 minimum thickness
0.06 tlmtS the gross cross-sectionalarea :. of & In, (203 mm), and a minimum gross area
4 '.
of the column,with 3 minimum of four #5 of 96 sq.ln. (61935 sq. mm). -
for tied coIumr.sand a minimumof six
15 for spiralcolumns. .-.. . ........ --- .. . -. .- II laural reinforcement
Spiral relnforcemtntor lateralties placed In
a concretecolumn to laterally;estralnthe
A spl1ce for transferringtensileor vertical reinforcementana pre-.ent!?ucl:linl
compresslvestressesfrom one d.; -- -...... -.. - .• 5pir.11 reinforcement
Ior-jlUJdlnalu.r to another.made !1y
I _, lateral relnforcemtntCOi1slstl/11of an
b pplng theirends for a length evenly spacedCOlltlnuO'Jsspiral held flrmly
!r.lrc::l13meters_ ..... - .. In piau by vertlcJIspacers. 5ptral
b1.Itt5ptice reinforcementshouiJ hJve a d14meterof at
least % In. (9.5 mm), with a mJXlmum
center-to-centerspacing spiralsof
u.rto another.made!1y '16 of the core diameter,and a clearspacing
their ends togetherand retween spiralsnot to exce.ea 31n. (76 mm)
nor l1e less than 1% In: (35 mm) or 11/2 t1rr1eS
C011nectlng In a positive ..._.-... the size of the coarse aggreg3te.
wdaed 'pllu _._ .. - - ----.. ../
A l>utt splice INQe by arc-weiJlngthe
l>uttedenas of reinforcingbars.
203
REINFORCEDCONCRETE
I
reinforuJ concretesbv
A rlgtJ plalUr5tnIctureof conc;rat
kslgnedto act wttfI principal principalre!rtforcemeltt•.-.--..-.--.. -...... ··--·-····-·····1 topping
ana StGOn.:bry RelnforcemetltdeslgneJta a(,sori1the i A thin layerof hlgh-qualJtyconcrete
stressesfrom appliedloads and moments. ! placed overa concrrnbase to form a
floor surf.ice.
5hrink.agtreinforcement ----- ......- I
"
of parallel and econotnlcalfor
lI'Iedumsp4rlS to lned!um !ive tr.ejoists.
baas. Also joist sbl7.
;-.--.. -.-.-.. pan
n
: A reuS3!?lemetal or ftl1erg lass moIJ
use4 In forming a rl!roed avarbJUie
In stana.ra 20- and (508- .na
762·mm) wlJthsanaa variety of
two-waysbb --.-----------------.---.----.--
A c.oncm.estlp cj IlllIfonn
reinforudn twodreaJons cast
,ub
Areinforced 51. extending paMi
as a structuralunit CHef tnru or'more A portlonof a refnforce&concrete
supportsIn a g!Yen d!rectIon.A rouMeaon all sides \ly the cente1ines
conUnuouss./JpIs subjectto lower of columns.beams. or walls.
/I'1O!I'1entsth4n a of I!J -. [In
.dlscme.slll'lplysupportedslolk. .. panel
-=1f"--y------:-f---nr- Astrip running In eachdlrectlolTofa
o u u o
:!: 1 1
1.1:
Ii:
-"--'-r--'--"'--"'I-"-
: ,I, .. -., middle strip
two-wayslal7.within which moments
perfoot are assumedta !Ie constant. l
!II l ; IiI A panel Strip. one-halfpanel In width
Iii: : I·' and symmetricalarout the panel
.. .ll......._.l ..-.....--.. -.........-i.........-..H: ..- cenURlne.
II: l j Iii .-.-. column 5trlp
. Apanel stripoccupYfngthe adJ3unt
III·: :
I
III
I quarter panels orl roth sides of a
column centullne.
I
L
204
:!,
REINFORCED CONCRm
futpL1te
Aconcreteslab of uniform
reinforcedIn two or more dlrectlorl:sana
supporteddirectlyby columns I¥rtMut
or girders.Flat plates m
for short to rneJlum sparlS with reb"tivel';(
Il:lht live loads. Since there are rIO column
capitalsor drop panels, gcva-nsthe
thicl:nessof;l flat plate: •
punching shear
The potentiallyhigh-shearingstress
developedby the reactiveforce of a
column 0113 reinforcedconcreteslau.
shearhe3&
The ovtm>tres5edregion of a reinforced
concreteslab rt a column support.
futslal7
A flat plate thlcl:enedat tts cotUll"'w'
supportswith column ca plt3Is ar.a drop
panels to increaseIts shear and
moment·reslstlngcapacity.Fta-t are
suitablefor heavilyloaded spans.
mushroomconstruction
Fl3t slJb constructionutHlzlng c...iumn
capitalsana drop
Atwo-W3yconcretesIa b r*s
lt1 two dlrectlons.W3ffle St.DS m to
carry heavierloadsand span
.-
distancesth3n flat Supportjrlg
columncapit.11 ----- -.--.------.-... and drop panels can I;le by
The head of a column su pport for a flat omtttlngdome forms In se!ecte.d're4S.
sbb enbrgeJto Increasethe plate area
In sheoIr. dome
A square met31 or pan LI5e.d In
forming the of a W1ffle slab. m!l:.aD!eIn
exteriorpMI stand3rd19- and 3O-ln. (483- artJ 702·mm)
A Fnel of a flat slab having at least one Widths and a varietyof
e&ge which does not adjoin anotherpanel. ---:
!nUrlor panel
Any panel of a flat slab that adjOins
othu panels along all four edges.
205
REINFORCEDCONCRETE
r0 Introduce
concrete
stressesto a
In order to
prestressed.fOl1T1ed. and cast
slmultar.eously.
j4ck
A hydraul1c for stretchIngand
l
counter3ctthe st.ressesthn will In the prestressingof 4
f1"OI'1 an applltdta.d.
preUn,lcn ............................... .
r0 a concretememl7er!Iy
concretemember.
l
the mnrorclngtel'laons initLll
the concreteIs cast. The
tendonsare first streUhe!:fpetween
two alluw.entsuntU a predetermlnea
tensl1eforce Is Concm"Is
tc1sile:fcxu!n the reinforcing
transferredto a concretememberat the
tlrr.e of stress1"4
l
then C4st In fonnwork,roun4the
tenJonsand fuJi cured. the
tendonsare cut, ,nd the tensilestress
In the tenJonsare transferredto the
A reductlonIn InttlalPf'tStres5
from the effectsof cmp.
shrlr.&:a9t.or dast:lc of the:
L
c.onaete til I"OU9h bond stresses. concm.e. of the
ste.elfrictionlosses from the
ar.
curva-tureof pea tenaons.arJ sllpp3oe
at PIe ancoor.f¥S.
firul
L
The th3t exists ma
concretemtn1Per.-fterall
losses k1 prestress luve occurred.
-effective tr-ess
L
The prestress In a prestressed .
L
conc.rete tM effect of
the weight of the: memPer exc!udlngthe
effect of arry load.
p.ut-ul
L
The prestressingof A member to ..
: :. .... - comPIneJ level of stress such tlu t IlOmlna!
stresses exist at deslgn or serviu loads.
,. -. -- _ •• c •• - •••.•••.•••••••• dead load strtsses .................... - live/oMstrtsses
I
L .•
206
REINFORCEDCONCRETE
...• po5ttensicn
To prestressa concretemem!:>erIrt .
tensioningthe reinforcingtendonsafter
the concretehas set. Unstressedtendons
are placed In sheathsbefore Is
cast In formwon: around the tuPes. After
the concretehas cured.the tendons are
clampedon one end andjacked againstthe
concreteon the otherend until the
requiredforce Is developed.The tendons
are then on the end and
thejack removed.
1?ondedposttensioning
PosttenslonlngIn which the reinforcing
tendonsare Ponded to the surrouitcllng
concrete!1y InjectinggroutInto the
annularspaces around the strands.
unbonded
PosttenstonlngIn which th6 annular
spaces around the reinforcingtendonsare
not grouted.allowing the tendons to move
relativeto the surroundingconcrete.
shuth
A tube for encasing tendons In a
posttensloneclmember to preventtheir
bonding to the concreteduring placement.
pre-posttensicn
To prestressa concretemember!1y
pretenslonlngsame of the tendonsand
posttenslonlngothers.
.-.......--..- concentrictendon
. A tendon luvfng a straighttr;;jectory
cofncldentwith the centrokfalaxlsofa
prestressedconcretememrer.
tenSioned,the tendon producesa
uniformlydlstril7uteclcompressivestress
acrossthe section thn counteractsthe
tensile stressfrom ben.::l1ng.
.- .........- .. eccentrictenacn
.: A tendon havlng a straighttrajectorynat
colncldentwtth the centrold3laxlsof a
prestressedconcretememrer. When
207
ROOF
The externalupper pf
a f,uitding.lndudingtheframe :.. _....... _.-...... pitch
for supportingthe roofing. / The slope of a roof. commaniy
;' expressedIn Inches of verticalrise per
flnroof
A roof no or OM only
a slightpltcls so as to drain rainwater.
/ c-----------..----- ::01""_"1",,_
i i The measured height of a sloping roof
pitchtdroof from the eaves to the r'.aqe.
A roof havln! ooe or more slopes..
,'- I:rarrefroof
. A roofor havl"9 a
.J
semlcyllndrlcalform.
.J
roof - ............................... _...............-
A roof h2v1ng a slngle sk¥.
!
1
lean·to .:........................ _..... .
A shed roof with the higherend Il. J
al7uttlnga wan or largerI7ulldlng.
208
ROOF
monitor ............. _.......... , rkfge
A raised COfI5truction5tr;i dan the Ahorizontalnne of Intersectionat the
ridge of a roof. having windowsor lowers top l1etween two sloping planesofaroof.
for IIghtlngor a 17uilding. _.
............,.. _..• valley
An Intersectionof two Incllnearoof .
surfacestovmd which rainwaterflows.
.. -........ hip
. The Inclinedprojectingangle formed I7y
th(:Junctionof two adjacentslOping sides
ofa roof.
An In a roofOf' ceiling.glazed
with a tr3nspamrtOf'transluunt
rnaterl3lfor admittingdaylight.
f3U dormer
The IncUnea.llsuallyprojectingedge of a A projectingstructure l7Uilt out from a
sloping roof. usuallyhousing a vertical
windowor ventilatinglouver.
The lower edge of a roof. Also. ........
cheek
Eitherof two similarsides ofa
As; 7\
proJection.as a dormeror 17uttress.
shed dormer
/
//1", , . Adormerh.-wIng a shed roof.
(, : /-'r .. - .. - ...... - gaple dormer
I' /" I
1 Y I A dormer having a gable roof.
I I I
,addle ......... -.: I 1 I ...............................···linkdormer
A connectlngtwo higher . 1 I A large donner that houses a chimney
elevationsof a roof. /., ..•. 1\ orJoins one part of a roof to another.
cricket •. _............................. _.. - ..
.-- 1\
I \ eyel7row
Asm.;a11 roof for dlvrnlng r3lnwaw arounJ \ I \ I
A low aonnerhaving a roofthatlsan
\ I \ 1
a prcjectlon.IS a chlm ney. on a roof. \ I \I upwardlycurvtng contlnuatlonof the
\1 ,.) main roof plane.
\{.,//
gutter
Achannel of metal or wood at the eaves
gutUr ... - ......- ... _.._. __ ...._...._.. b or on the roof of a Pulidlng.for carrying
A a section. ftxe.d W off rainwater.Also called eaves trough.
to the eaves of:a I7ulidlng.
lunging gutUr ..--...... leader head
Agutter bstcned to the ends of r.oft.us
or to a fuscl;uttne eaves of aroof. -.-- ..... - .. The head of a downspoutconnected
to a scupperor gutter.
...'...... down,pout
... A verticalpipe for conveyingralnwat-er
down from:a roofor gutter to the ground.
Also called dralnspout.l-e.14er.
5hoe
The 17ase of a downspout.curved
outwardto direct the flow away from
the wall.
209
ROOF
douWerocf .'-.-.- .. -. purlin
A roofil •• s a :- A Iongftudll13!meml1trofa rooffrall1efor
beaII and purilns.m us.e.d.s supportingcommon rafters the
supportsfur common ridge and the eaves. Also. purfll14S.Also
ra&rs. C4IW roof. C3l1ed ratul".
5ubpurUn
A structural memperfor C3 rrylng
roofing I!13Ur13ls.supported!1yand
runnIng at right angles to pur/Ins.
king pest _.-._.- ............................-.......................'.
A vc:rtbl from tht arex ta tht \.
---.... ----.., common raftu
rou.om of. plUhedtruss. .'.... Arafter extendIngfrom a wallplatcto ..
or rldgebearnana h3v1ng no
functlonother than to support sheathing
A pas; t\?t.Chesor i.i iseJ are3S and cavenngof a roof.
for ana supportlngthe fet"t of
Inclined5tt1rts. Also
.. ,. poleplm
A!;team perpendicularto the ends of t18
. I1eams In • trussed roof and supporting
An are;;! of. postfor su pportlng common rafttrs nea r theIr lowerends.
theftm(/ a strut or ma.
.. ---- .• princlp31rafter
kingtru55 Adiagonalmem!:>erof. roof principal
A pItchedtruss havIng a post. usuallyforming part of. truss ana
supportingthe purllnson which common
rafters rest.
auxili3ryr3fter principal
A rafter a principalrafter A memberIn a framt structure upon
which adjacentor similarmembers
... --... -- .. -... -...- .... -........... -.... --.---,. dependfor supportor
A t:le uniting taps of .. / '<>"
,,/ "
I7e.1m..
'I.ueeQ post ------------.-- ... --------- .--.,c-"'..r,.-N-:>£---.-"'i
set Jl5t:.nus from th.e ap6c of •
piUhedtnIS5.
./
A along ana
of a I\uterl truss and
r---...----.-----/ arch hace
feet of 1:he ,\ueen posts. A curved usuallyused In pairs
to supporta roof fume and give the
effect of an arch.
A projectingh.xUontallyfrom a
IQd to bear the weight of. cantIleveror
cruck • .J
One of. palrof naturallycurveatimbers.
forming one of severalarchedframes
l
supportingthe roof of an old Enghsh-
-------- ... -- .. -- ....--.-...
A vertlcattlmbersupporteJat ftslower
end (,y a and carT)'kl4at Its upper
cottageor farm l1ulldlng.
l
end a hallWler or roof
A roof supportedDy hammer !:>eams.
l
L
210
ROOF
riagel10ara roof framing
APam for supportingthe upper ends A horizontaltimberat the ridge of a The act. prcx;es5.or mannerof COnstructing
of at tilt riJ¥ of a roof. roof. to which the upper ends of the the structuralframe of a roof.
rafters are fastened. Also called
ridgepole.ridgeprece.
couple
A pair of raftersconnected!;ya call3r
! [II! II i i Ill! i or tie beam. Also calleJ
/'--'- --------.. -----.------.... ---. -: collar
A horizontaltlm!1erunitlngt,.,.o Opposl%
common raftersat a point t-.elow ;he
usuallymthe upper h3ff of the rafter
; length. Also called collar tie.
I r------·-··--·rafter
I Any of a of SItl3I1. par311e1 beams for
l_._ . ___ supportingthe sheathinga,..J coveringof a
pitchedroof.
cellingjcist - ....!
AJoistfor carryingthe finish
tap cut ------------- .. ---.. ------.-------- ceiling of a room.
Aplum pcut at the upper end of a rafter knee wall
where it !lutts againsta rldgeboard. Ashort wall supporting at some
plumu Intermediateposltlonalong their length.
direction. ..-------- bird's mouth
steppingoff ------- .--------.------------------------------.----:/ ./ A right-anglednotch cuton
A of determiningthe length of a ...- underslkof a rafter to fit Ofer a
raf'"...erwith a framing square.17ymarXlng an / ..,. Iongltudirt31memw. as a wall pl3te.
Incrementof angularlength for each foot of
hortzontalrurt seat cut
A horizontalcut at the lower end of a
rafter th3t allows it to rest 00 and !Ie
connecteJto a wall plate. Also called
A relJtlvelyshort mcket or cantllever foot cllt. pIaU cllt.
for the ovemang of a roof.
Also "lied bffp!ue. ·-------1
EIUIerof the en.:! rafters In jack
plrt of a g3 PIe roof til at Having 3 length or height less than that
most of the others In a frarr.e.d strurnre.
"",,11. -----\. asaJad: raft;eror troS5.
J3 ck r3ft".er
Any rafter th3t Is shortert.1an the fun
length of the roof slope. as lXle meetlng a
hlp or II va!ley.
\ valleyjad
AJack rafter extenJlngfrom avalley rafter
to a ridge.
V4111ey I7fttr
-- A raft.e:rconnectingthe rld¥ to the W4R
plate atong a valley.
cripplejack
A rafterjolnlng a hlp to a va Also C311ed
aouPkj..tckrafter.
211
ROOF
r---------- --- sheathing
My of v;; r"oJs w.wrt$l5t. nt ma terlals.
sbtts. or tlles.bid on a roof fa stentJ to the fra of a wall or roof • s
to shea Cf dnln nlrooter. Ua5e for cL-ufdlngor roof1ng_
Boards or structural p;;nels.as plyrYood.
panel clip
Athin. of wood. An H-5haptJmetal aevlu for
nt..erbl sbte. or sluts of plywood roof at
conaete.bid In rows to cover unsupportedJolnts_ .-;
t.l,e roof • wa lis of Pu 5. -. - -. -- --.. -. - . -- -.. -. t==;r==il===:;;::==G:=:==;;;====='
Un II rication E± -.
The over.J of or roofing tlles
to fonn;a weathertlght
covering.
--------------,underl.1yment
Aweather-reslstant materialas
---.----- .. ------------------ ----.- --.---..... felt. for coveting and protectinga roof
The ofunits. as masonry. p=dJ:==r====:Jb==;;;===Jb==;r==:J deck Defore shInglesare appfled.
shlngles.or to ensure that vertlcal
FiniS are root ccml1'lUO'J5In adjacent ------------., fbshlng
courses..Also calleJ joints. An addltlonall3yerof underlayment
cementedto roof ded to prevent
common lJp •.
A method ci l;iying
... -.-.-------...
by offsetting
meltIng Ice and snow from Packing up
underthe rooflng along the eaves. .1
I
alternatec..."'Jrsesone-haIf the width of a ice dam
AIrollaupof snow and Ice along the e3Ye
1:':; of a sloping roof.
'\. -r-r
Dutchbp
A methodof laying shIngles
each shingleover OM to the side
Py
I
j
I
and one !?eiow.
I
.
Of' expo!d to the weather _.. -.....
I
I
I
f- 1-----·_-------_· ... sldelJp
lIrf.en iI Also . I The distanceI;>y which a shingle.$bte. Of'
I
tlle overlapsan one abng i
......
-------------._-_._-------------_
: Its side ed¥. Also called endUp.
Tl-.e which slate. or ccverage
rocfI"'9 ano-"r.erIn the second The amountof weatherprotectionprovided
COIJI"5e ...... lt_ 11)' the overlappingof or slates.
'i u:ue
A unit for measurIng materials.
equal to 100 sq. ft. (9.3 54 mJ of cove<¥
. __ ._---_....._.
Acourse Q' of roofing ma terIaI
of a roof. shingle
•..... -- ... -- .. -- .• --.-. A compositionshingle h3vlng an aspkaft- I I
•. ------.--------00-----.-··· fillergbs6
One of the *..tr'IUU
CO\.lI'"SeSof shlngIes Acompositionshingle an
\:7a56. saturated with asphalt
Of slJte lWith $horte:'or longer
and surfacedon the we3therside with
coloredwamic granules.
CCUrH .---.---------------------- -.--
A ccurse cI
a or
laid JII'lth the Putts
one adjacent. valley
Ava/ley for1n&:f 11)' overbpplng
l.
AaouPle of Of' utes laId at
ccursesofshinglesIn alternated1rectlon:S.
the foot of J roof slope Of' • vertical
stCtlonof
,t,a C-C'JNe
Also called I.1ced woven valley.
l.
first of sldtes.or
e4Ves of • roof the
open valley
first WJr5e Is !dId.
A valleyat whIch shinglesor slatesare rm
laid to the exPOS!!1ga nn of
sheet metalor roll
212
:-;.'
ROOF
plue L1PeI ----.------------- dime",icn
A prtmlumgraJeofred ceclar shingleof Wood shinglescut to auniform s1zt.
heartwood.
random shingles
red IJPeI Wood shlngltsof uniform length,Mof
Art Intermedl3tegrade of red cedar random width.
shingle Imlng a Imlteaamount of flat
and sapwood.
l1L1ck bDel Athld shingle splltUnga
A utility grade of red cedar shingle. short log into .. numPerof tapered radial
o sectlons_
tapersplitshake
A row of wood shingleslaid along the rake of Ahanaspntsnake tapered by reversing
a sloping roof wfth the Mts projecting the l11ed with each spilt. .
outwardto give an Inward slope to the
surfaceshingles.Also caned under-cloak. shake
A ta perspllt hzvlng a spilt fau ana
spaced sheathin9 -- -----------------------------J..-' .-
R.ooflng roardsbid some distanceapart to
provideventllatlonfor l'I'OO<fshinglesand ",-- straightsplit,luke
sh3kes. Also caned open skip \\ A hanasplitshake of uniform
sheathlng_
''---- f,utt
The thid:. usually exposeaeM of
f'ostcn hip -------.------------------------;-.------ a wood shingleor shake_
The weaving of shinglesat the hlp or ridge of
;i roof. Also called 5cstcn ridge_
weaving
A methodof on adjoining
surfacesof a roof or wall $0 that shingles
on each face lap each other alternately.
;- sprocKet
:. A strip of wood ftxed to each rafter at the
eaves I" oder to extenJa slopingroof Wfth
;:I flatter pitch. Also callea cocking pieu.
- rafUrt4n
The lower, sometllT1¢.5exposed.end of
;; rafterthJtovem3ngS3waiL
.-- tail cut
fascia A orT13 mentaI cut at the
--------sized
A methodof b)i114 roofing sIa tes with RoofIng sb"tesof uniform width.
the diagonalof tHe running ranacm,uu,
horizontally.AIsoC311eddrop-poInt RoofIng slatesof V3l)ing width,often
laid In dIminishIng Also c;a r!ed
hcneycomuflbting rUst«;
Db go113 I In which the tails are
cut from the rooflng slates. ------- head
The end of a roofing 51&.
open slating .... :=;=;====rr==r-l=
A method roofing slates with tail
spaces adjacentules In a The lower. portlonof a
course. Also called spaud slatJng. roofing slm.
t ... slating lUi!
One of ;:I numberof cour.x:sof rooflng A copper nail haYIng allrge,flat head and
slates that dlmlnl$hIn exposure,and 3 medium-dlamond-shapeapoint,
sometimeswidth, from the eaves to esp. for flxlng slates.
the ridge.
213
ROOF
rUIge tile ,.---------- tile tie
Arty of VlIriousCt.y or concrete Acanvex. 500".etimesdecorated Atwisted wire tie exter,alngfrom the e4ves
tlles for a roof. roofing for caverlng the ridge to the rid¥ of a roof, to which tiles
of a roof. Also oiled crown tife. are secured. L
field tile ------- .. ---.-------------,
One of tl1es covering ""-,_ ---. missIon tile
the 11131" expanseoh roof. - Atapered.semlcyllndrlcalroofing tile bid
convex side up to overlap flanking.similar
tlles laid concaveside up. Also called
A convex tllefor ....... Spanish tlle.
the hlp of a roof. ',,_,
---------.
Also oiled pon1\rttllt.
A tapered.semlcylindrlcalrooflng laid
convex side
\----.--.-. Ugula
. . . - -. Atapered.semlcylindrlcalrooflngtllebld
.. concaveside up.
,,----'--- pantile JI
A rooflng tile having an 5-shapedcross
bid 50 the downturnof one
·J
C\'ertlpsthe upturn of the next In the same : I
course. I
-'
Cl2
-I ... pan-and-rolltiling
eaves _. _____ ._.____ 1
A system of roofing tiles consistingof
I
A first courseof shingles.slates. tapered.semlcyflnarlcaltiles C\'er!applng I
.._...J.--.
••.•••• •..•..... Ajoint l?etween two pieces of sheet I1'Iet.il
-"'''' ... made by foldln!! up the adjoiningedges
••••••• . 3g3lnsteach other. then folding their upper
\" portionover In the SJIT1e direction a numPer
'. . oftJmes.
..""
...
r--:"'-'
:
:
l1atten,eam
AjoInt1?etweentwo of sheet metal.
made by turning up the adjolnlngedges
againsta pattenand locking them In pI#ce
l
with a metal strip placed over the lr.Itten.
214
I
L
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lOMoARcPSD|29794750
ROOF
Hypalon EPDM .....-- -.----.--...-.. -... --.. --. single-plyroofing
r"deman:for a hana of chlorinated EthylenepropYlened1ene mOflomer.a •••-.... A shut of el3stomerlcllUteri3las
polyethylene. synthetlGrubl1ermanufacturedIn sheets ,"" necprene,EPDM. or PVC, fm1ng
ana used 35 a rooflng memmne. :' fused by heat or a sof.'ent.ftxed to a roof
/ det;.k with adhesNe. rneciunlc3lfasttners.
! Or by the weight of a grave! st. Also
,.......".6.---.,....-..- ..........,.......--.-.......... _____ .,.......rv called ru
-=----;,/ elasUlmeric
Having the qualltlesof natural
I I f ruL1>er.
'- ... - gravel SUlp
Ametal strip with a verticalrunge for
retainingsumcI"4 and •
I preverTtIngleaks :aroundthe of a
I7uItt·uproof. .
r--- membranerocf
; A slngle·plyrooflng
tempmture by a layerof
from sunlightana extremesof
board
. .i Insulationana an aaaltlonal!ayerof gravel
.
. selvage
.•."-;' The edge of a sheet of roU rooflng th..t is
..-- / of granulesanJ most of the aSpflaft
fluid-appliedroo&g coaUng SO as to provide a rond
A continuous for roofs of complex with the lap of the next shut.
geometry. ofan elastomerlc
materialas neoprene,Hypaton.or butyl -------.-------...... roll roofing
rubrer,appl\e<JIn multiplecoats with a : A roofing m.oter131consistingof f e!t
roller or spraygun and curing to form a saturatedwith 3:SphaftartJ surfacedon
contlnoousmembr.lne. the weatherside with a asphJft
mlxeJ with mIneral or glass ana a
coretin9of mineraigr3nules.
bitumen
Any of 'r'3riousmixturesof irydrocarrons
occurrin9natul"Jtlyor from C04l or
petroleum.as asph31tor coal tar, used for
surfaCingroads. and rooflnq.
Before appllcatlon.the semisol1d rrtit'".er
must re dIssolvedIn .. sotve:rt.emulsif'.ed.
or hea ted to a liquid state.
asp1'13 It
A Drcwnlsh-DladmIxtureof
obtainedfrom aeposr-..s
or as a
petro!etJmby-product.used for paving.
na
wa terprooflng.; rocflng.
structul'3lllt5ubting roof duk
A cement!tlcusInsubtlng of coal t.ar
cr wood Aviscous.bbcl: !lquldformed during the
ronded unJerpressurewtth portland dlstIlbtlonof co.l uSe.a for p-alnts.
cement.having a factory-finished waterprooftng..na roofing_
undersidefor use on roofs with exposed
reams. ... -
r A layer of gravel serving to protecta
i
j
memml'lefrom mech3 nleaf
aUr3s\on ana uptrftlngwind fof'ces.
rigId bo3rdfnSul3tJon .-------. --. ------ ---- --- ---
.,----. cap shut
Ashut of coated. feft.
used as the top ply In al7uitt-uproof.
215
ROOM
A portWn of spau withina
l7\Jlkfing. by walls or
from other similar ;,
spaces.
l1
.-...... alcove
. A recess or small room connectedto
orfonningpart of a13rgerroom.
,nteroom
Art outer room to a larger,
room. often used as a
--.- .•• ----.- •• --' ....
.- vestl"btllt enfiiaae
In a hotJSe, .,...." ••).11 .... A SIr...nentranceh.R the outer An axl3l am ngementof doorways
hate!.or ether
corridor
A!so called haiL
AItilITOWpassagewayorgallery
c;oonectlngpzrtsof a building.esp. one
lnt-a which severalrooms or apa""..ments
?.
....
".
\;..
. doer 3M the Interior of a house or uUIk:llng.
function.algroupin.g
connectinga series of rooms sa as to
prov1.dea vista down the entire length
of the suite.
1-
open. .. "
A of fumlture arranged
3CCO!'dingto funct.lo!1anJ use.
5uiU
A connectedseries or roup of rooms
to be used together. -- .... _ ... - Aclose, often CO!TIp3Ctc.orrespondence
J-
an.:! the
fonn or structureof the enclosillfspace.
1--
open
A floor pbn no My el1(;losed A fre.e and unrestrainedarrangement
spaus or distinct rooms. of furnituregroupfngsthat does not
neusS3 rlly correspondto the form or
structureof the surroundingspace.
216
ROOM
space
The physicalvolumeOf' of a solid .The three-dimensionalfield In which o17jects
andeventsoccur and relativeposition
and direction,esp. a portlonof that fleld
set apart In a 9lven Instanceor for a
particularpurpose.
Euclideanspace
Ordinal)'two- or three-dlmenslonalspaceIn
which Euclid'sdefinitionsand axioms apply.
Also called CarUsian spau.
voia
An empty space conbJnedwithin or
place
A physicalenvironmenthaving particular
characteristicsor u-sed for a partlGular
purpose.
am Inance
The mood, character,or atmosphereof an
environmentor milieu. Also, amlrienu.
animated
Full of Ilfe, activity. moverr.ent.or
-.- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.. -------
refuge focus outlook
A r'.Juaffording shelter. protection. Acentral point of attraction, Avlew from a particularp!3ce. or the
or SJfetyfrom dangeror distress. attention,or activity. place offering a view.
centu pro5pect
A JU of rest and tranquility A point or place upon wh'w;h Interest. An outlookover a Of' In a particular
activity, or emotion focuses. dlrectloo,or the pl3ce that commaods
such a view.
217
ROOM
........ .. ..
Jdjacent!5pau,
Two spaces al7UtUng or contiguous
with each other. esp. when
common \:>ounaaryor rorder.
a
DID ,..- transitWn
Moyement.passage.or chanItAfro
one form• sta"I<C>. or place to aneth
A ':1'" m
r------- . tT'.
linked spaces
Two spacesjolneaor connectedby
a third space. . I I
:· ·,:·' -
interlockin9space!5
Two spaces Interwovenor Into
each other50 as to form a zone or
fIekf of shared spau.
0··e····:
':."
••
:
L,i;.:::.,
.'
..
0'
...
A nne or 113 rrow pa rt where an
area begins or ends.
:..__.. thrtshcld
or pointof enteringor
""'jlnnlng.
em17eaJeaspau
A space envelopedor IncorpOrateJas
an essentl3lpart of a space.
lineMorganiut1cn
Spacesextended.amnged.or n'Q-n.n'Q.nn
along a hne. path. or gallery. - X. .I -
path
A rout.e or ccursealong which
movementoccUI'S. or the patternof
h
I-
l
centralizedorganization _.
Spacesgatheredarout or coming
together at a large or dominant
central space.
rub I organlutlon
Spaces fie 1'3d11 or rays
from a centralspue or core.
00000
grkf organization
Spaus organizedwith referenceto
a rect3ngularsystem of lines and DDDDD
coordinates. DDDDD L<
i
[bDO
.:" .D:',
or9anization DO ':;::·
., D
0
grouped.collected.or gathered
""=':1 toc3et her and relateJ by D
proximity rather than geometry.
218
SHELL
memirr;ane,tre55eS thin shell A thin, curvedplate structure,
The compressive.tensile.and shear A shell StnJctureconstructedcf shapedto transmit applied
stressesactln!J In pia ne of the reinforcedconcrete. forcesi7ycompressive.tensile,
surfau of a shell structure. Ashell can
sust3ln relatlvelylarge forces If uniformly
and shear stresses actingIn
applW. Becauseof Its thinness.however. the plane of the surface.
a shell h3s little !lending resistanceand
15 unsuitablefor concentratedloads.
translational surface
A surfacegeneratedby s!ld1ng a plane
curve along a straight line or eNer another
plane curve.
,addle surface
A surfau having an upward curvatureIn
one dilUtion and a downwardcurvatureIn
••..............................
I reglons of downwardcurvatureexhiln-t
I archhkeaction.
··r····· while regions of upward curvature!7eh4ve
I as a cable structure.If the edges of the
--) , surfaceare not supported.peam !7Mlar
may also Pe present.
anticlastic
Having oppositecurvaturesat a given
point.
219
SHELL
rvIetJ&umce
A gener.ltedI1y the motion of a
line. of Its hne
a ruled surbu Is generally
I.'!<Islerto form and wn5tnJctth3 n a
robtlorul or translatlonalsurf.ice.
j
.....'. !
conoid ...._._.//./ hyP...IooIoLl •........_...1 one",hM hyperl7olold
A ruled surfacegene:ratedI1y slidinga A sulfa", a finite centerwitJ1 A ruled surface Py slldlng
hne with OM end on a straight "lie certain pia"" sectlonsthn are Inchned nne se.gmen-ton two
se.gment2ndthe otheron a plan"curve. hypetVoiasand others are horlzonblclrcfes.Itsvert1c31
Depetldlngon the culYe. a may !?e circlesorenJpses. sectionsare hyperl1ol3s.
circular.einptlc.or paraPolIc. -
roUtlon.1 syncla,tlc
A sum", generatedI1y rotatinga Having similarcurvaturesat a given point.
pbne culYe aboutan axis.
I !
,urface
A rot3t-i0n31surface I7y the
revolutionof a circulararc auouta
.... I !
I j
I
eUiptbl ,Ul'bu
A surface generatedI7y the
revolutionof a halfellipse a
verticalaxiS......................................... ___ -4-_-
j
parapollc,urface U,ru, ........................ .1
1I
A rotoltlonalsurfacegenelOltedI7y the A doughnut·shapedsurfacegeneratedI7y
revolutlonof a par.ilrolaarout a the revolution012 circle about an e;xterior
vertlcal2xls. . ..................... . hne lying In Its plane.
2.20
- - ---n
SITEWORI<
encroachmetrt Work done at a sij;e in
The uruuthorlztdextensionof a preparatlon for a construction
l>ulldlng.orpart thertcf.on the
p:oject. as excavation,sheeting.
propertyor of .nother. I --. r-············-····-··········-·-·-·----·- .. ----! . :
l
shoring.and grading.
--_.-- ....---.......-.--..--.-.-
The mlnlll1umrequireddistancefrom
'---'--\"'-: ,··--··..·············1 I {.-..-L--..-;-.. -site
evtrystructureto the propertynnes " I The geographiclocationof a
of a lot. e:stal1lshedby a zonln9 I . tonstructlon roject. usuallydeflned
p.
- "'-" . - . . . .- .- . :JJ'H
A depressionill a curP provkll"9 "'" Doundarfesof a parcel of land. Also
vehicularuce:sofrom a street to a -". ca lled lot line.
14;,
drivewayon prtnteproperty. I :
wntraa limit .•. _...._ j L___ ,-'-- held t>y spectfledpersons
A perimeter_ est;J1:7Rshedon the or the public to make IImltea use of the
In the contract __-.-.-- ........... j I land cf another.as a right-of-way.
-------
documents the Poundariesof
the site <lV31bb!eto the contractor
for constructlonpurposes. ------ I
dewater L·-tremie
To remOt'e W3terfroman excmtedJoO A funnellikedevice wIth a pipe or tu!:>e
site. uSli4llyby drainfng or pumping. existingw;ter tJble for deposttlngconcrete
-t+- .+----1 - - ----
boil slurry wall
Accr.cre-tewaf! cast In a trench to
An unwantedflow of water and solid
ma tter Into <In excavation.due to
excesslveoutsideW3 ter pressure.Also " /
--------
.. - watertJble afterpumping ....'.
'-.... /- serve 3S sheetingand often as a
penn3nentfoundationwaf!.
calted UIow. constructedt>y excavating3 trench In
short lengths.ft"ln91t with a slurry of
and waterto preVentthe
APys,jnian well wellpoint slkw3f!sfrom co"apslng.setting
A perforneJp!pt: driven In to the Aperforatedtube driven Into the ground reirrfOlUTrlent.ana placing C011CreU: In
ground for pU1l1pln1 oot collected to collectwater from the surroundi"9 the trench with a tremie to dlspl3ce
ground water. a rea so tt can be pumped away. as to the slurry.
lower 3 water table or to pre-.. an
excaV3 tion from fi:ling with t.er
221
SITEWORK
fill .r·-------·. rough grading
To I'2lsean existinggrne with earth., ,. : The cutting. filling.ana sh3plng of earth
or other or the , In for finish gradlng.
rnat.erblusea In Pullalng .. ----.----.-------.------.---' ..
up the Ieve! of an area.! ". ---.---. fine grading
The precisegraal"i!of an area ailer
rough graQing to preparefor paving.
GI'O\JI1Jaut has ralseJ to 3 seeaJng.or planting.
higherlevel !:y with hard ruDPIe.
is stone or mien prick. Also called
grade nake
rrt.1<k-upgrooM. A stake man:lngthe amount of cut or flll
requiredto the ground to a
Pcrrowpit specifiedlevel.
A from which sand. gravel or other
canstructloomzterl3lIs for use . controlledfill ,
as fill In anot1'terlocation. All materialthat Is placed In laye.rs.
compacted.and tested after each
compactionfor moisturecorrtent, depth
of 11ft. and Pearlng capacity
additionallayersare placed.
Ptnch Ur"1'aCe
An ;
I
across sloping ground with a steep -oJ
drop on the downside.
-.-.-.- ...... j.
The elevatlonof the orIglnaI ground
$umu or grading
Also nrlura'
The
grade .-........ - ..... ---.- .. --- .
of w;ols.lawns.or
SIIt'faus ------.. -... -...-.-----...•
.J
orgraalng j0 reflll an eXcavationwith earth.stene.
opomtions.Al:so. finished grade. , or other material.esp. the space a round
J,.elowgraae-.- .. ---.---- ··-··..···--.. ·--l---- exteriorfounaatlonwalls.
Occurringor situated!:>elowthe 1
-"-'''-'''' needle I
.. .oj
A short Peam through a wan 35
a temporarysupportwhile the
found3tionor part Is repalre-d.
altered.or strengthend Also called !
I
17e.1m.
.."
underpinning ......
A system of SlJpportsthat enaDles an i An uprighttlml1erfor supportinga
exlstlngfO<Jn.btlonto !:>e r'ePullt. J dead load during the structural
strengthened.or detpened.esp. the ; alterationof 2 i;lUIJalng.esp. one of
SlJP?XtrequIred wben a new I two supportsfor a needle.
___________J
exumIon III adJdnlngpropertyis
than existIngfound3tlon.
,..
222
SITEWORI<
,wale ----------------... --...-. -.-------.. -------------------- runoff site arain3g8
A shallowdepressionformed by the . Somethil14that drains cr flows off,.s The surfaceand sullsurfacedrainageof
l!1t.ersectionof two ground slopes, flows off the !Jna In streams. a site In oraer' to preventthe ccllectlon
often designedto director divert the of excess surface water or -
runoffof sumu water_ gl'OtJnawater_ .
surfacearainage
The gradingand sumclng of a site In
T: :' r
of th,
i . -; .
. ._ ._ _ . _ . . ;l___
springs, brgelyof surface :j :.
.. i-' ;-j:
cutcff
Awall or otherstructure Intenaeato
_. I':
elIminateor reauce percolationthrough
The processby which groundwaterIs! '. - '.. : - porousstrata.
absarbtdlntothewatertal:rie- -1 : i
'" .... .... .............. • .. -... ---.+..- curtaindrain
----.- A drain placed l1etween the sauru of
which the earth Is saturatedwtth
wa ter.
" .' __ .: - --.
. . ,
">
. - '-' . :
water and the area to l1e protected.
Also callea Int.erceptlng drain.
L ..... _____ .. _. ____ I.. - unaerdrain
perched
A
above the noot13l watertal:rieby an
It ..,
ImpeTYlouSbyer.
..............Frencharain
A dralr!3getrench filled to ground level
with loose stonesor rock fragments.
;
culvert
Adrain or p3sslng under a
I
rwdorskbral\:. --------'.
"'"
subsurfacedrainage
box culvert ..·..... An undergroundnetworkof piping for
A rtlnforceaconcreteculverthaving _ "- ... -', _. conveyinggroundwaterto a polntof
a fectangul3rcross section. 7/-"" , -. disposal,35 a storm sewer system.
..----../ ..-. (" "". ..: " Excess groundwaterreduces the bad-
A corn; rete OI"II13S0nry retaining1';311 ' ... ' ...... carryingcapacityof a foundatlonsoil
3Uhe Inlet of a drain orcufvert:. "" ... and Increasesthe hydrost3tlc
pressureon a l1ulfdlngfoundation.
e:1od'l'!all -----.......------ -.. -.----...... -...;---.-:-- .. ----: /- ..····l,-..-:...--.......r -"-'- .. - ........ -- areJ araln
>/
A concreteOI"lI1asonry retainingwall
;otthe outletofadrain or culvert. l,://
I .
A drain for collectingsurfacewater or
rainwater-froma I1asementfloor or
paveaare3.
-......--....-..-..... "'" arywell
Adralr!3geptt linea with gravel or
ru!1!71eto reulve suriau water and
allow It to percol3teaway to
.UsorPentearth underground.Also
called wetl.
---- manhole
Acovered h<l!e through which a person
may entera seweror drain.
...j...... catch
.'.i A receptaclefor the runoffof surnu
,: i water, h3VIng a l1asln which retains
heavy se.d1mentrefore tt can pass
Into an undergrounddrainpipe.
223
SOil
The top layer of the earth's surface,
consistingof disinttg rated rock and
decayedorganic mattersui'ta!1lefor
the growth of plant life.
organic scil
Soli containinga large amount of organic
-.-.......--.----...--.......-...--.. -. )..- matter. usuallyvery compressll7leand
The fertile surfacelayer of soil as having poor load-sustainingpropertIes.
d1stlnctfrom the suPsolI.
profile
...- .. --....-------.---- ...- ...--. A d!3gramof a- vert\wl section of soil from
The or la)-erof earth the ground su rface to the underlyfng
immediatelyl1eneaththe surf.lce materialsnowlng 3 successionof horizons
sart. • developedI1y weathering.deposition.or
roth.
permafrost
-J- -
f'erennlallyfroun subsoil In arctic
or SUDarctlcregions.Alsa called
series of relativelydIstinct
of soli or Its underlyingmateriJ/
m'7"""r:-rr77""f7-rr.r-:777?'7""Tn7i found In a verticalsection of 13nd.
,unum
A single red or layerof sedimentary
.' ·d ..
.. " . . earth or rock having the same
compositionthroughout.lyIng l1etween
., l1eds of anotherkInd.
o "." ".0
·0 ",.
. d,' D
" .. - .
soil analysi5
A processfor determIningthe particle-
size dlstrfl1utlonIn an 5011, or
sedIment.
A numerlc.1Icl3sslflcatlcnof soli Dy
texture.used by the U..s.i?ep2rtmentof
Agriculture:(l) gravel (2) sana. (3) clay,
(4) loam. (5) loam with some sana. (6) sUt-
loam, and (7) clay-loam.
l-
224
'.
SOIL
geotechnical mectunlc,
Of or pertainIngto the practical The I7ranchof eMI englneerlngthat deals
applicationsof geologica/scienceIn civil with the mechanicalf,ehavlorof wnen
engineering. compressedor sheared.or when water
flows through It.
compaction
The consolidationof se.dlmentby the
of cmrl:tlng aeposlts.
01' a similar
AIry §rnd. S3nd.0- sUt that exhibits compressionof soil aggregate.Or
01' plastlclty_ cemerrtltlousmaterialby roiling.tamping.
or 503\;Jng. '
penetration
A test for measuringthe densityof
gra nularsoils ana tMconsi5tencyof some
clays at tM rottom of a
recordIngthe numberof Plows reqUired by
a ha mrnerto advancea st4ndardsod
sampler.
---------------------------
.. ------ shearing
;..rry SOil true allows the :.' , • The of a so" that enaPteslts
r'!la ttvefy free morelT1emof wakr, particles resist displacementwith
respectto one anotherwhen an external
seil ---- --- -- .. -----.------------- force Is applW. largelyto the
Arry soli, as clay, h3Ylng pores coml7lnedeffectsof cohesionand Internal
t.:xJ small to permit w3ter to pass except friction.Also called resistance.
b-j slow aGt'C'1
225
SOLAR ENERGY
.. --- path diagram
/ A graphic deplctlonof the path of Sun
.ltitude / withIn the sky vault projectedonto a
The angulareievatlonof a : pl3ne.
celestialroay a!love the
horizon._..- .....
summer
..., ..... Thetl",,",of year, on onDoutJune 21, wMn
the sun reachesIts northernmostpoint on
the celestlalsphtre.rruri::lngthe
of summer In the northernhemisphere.
f equinox
! Eitherof the two times during thayear
! when the sun crossesthe oftht
; celestialequatorand the of
d3y and night are evetjWhm
oc.;urringaPout March 21 (vernal
equinoxor equinox).ana
SepUm[,er21 (autumnalequinox).
, I
- ...- ..---- ...----- ...- winter I
Thetl",,",ofye:ar.on or aPout Decembet 21,
when the sun re3ches Its scuthernn-.:;.st
pointon the celestial marking the
of winter In the northern
COMtoInt_.--_ ................... '-'-""-' hemisphere.
Tnt ave:ragerate at which radiant
from the sun 15 by the earth, equal
430 6tu per hr. per SIt. ft. (1.94cal per _.-._.. _.. --- .....- latitude
min. per sq. em), used In calculatingthe angulardistance north or south from
effectsof solar rad1atlonon lroiIJlngs. the tl<\uatorof a point on the e.rth's
surface.IMe.3syrea In degreesalong the
rnerldI.an through the point.
meridian
A gre3t circle on the e;;rth'ssurface
passing through Doth poles.
.,,-_.- ...._--.. -
The angulardlstancee3st or weston
earth's surface,me4sureafrom the prime
",,",nabnat Gtunwlch.England.to the
A house to morvand store meridianof a glvtn point arid expressed
sobr hat III orderto su pplementor eitherIn degreesor a correspondtng
replaceconYC11tlonalheating methods. differenceIn tlrr.e.
A system
,y,tern
solar
the prWrtal7isourceof he3t.
l
5y5tem ,oL-ircollector
AsoIa/'"hQtJngsystem iJslng mechanical
tne2ns,as solarcollectors,t.1nS. or pumps.
to collect,store,and dlstrll7!1tesolar
A dev1ce or systemdeslgned to use sola r
radlatlonto heat an al1sorPerthrough
which a transportlnsmedium,as air or
water, Is circulated.Also called ccI1ector.....
l
1-
or1ent.atlon
The pbcIng of a building In relationto the
path of the sun, eitherto niaxlmlzethe
amountof heat gained from Solar rad13tlon
the widest months.or to minimize
b
the alr()Untof heat gained In the wannest
months.
L
226
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SOLAR ENERGY
passive5CL1r-heating.
A solar-heatingsystem using a InJlldlng's
design and constructionand the M4ltunl
flow of heat to collect.store.and
dlstrluute solar energy.with minimal use
of fans or pumps.
----------_ .. ---
A of t<lrth placed againstone or
a bUIlding as
extremesIn
W- ......---.---+--.
A screen. usuallyof louvers,placed on
outsideof alnJlldlngto shield the windows
from direct sunlight.
227
SOUND
The senSAtionstimulated in the \
organs of I7y mechanical \ \
r3al3nt energytransmitUd as \
longitudinalpressurewaves through \
\
the .air or other medium.
\
&0 una wave I
A IongltuJlnalpressurewave In air or an
elastic medium. esp. one producingan
audlUlesenS3tion.
wave
I
I
Adlstumnce or oscllbtlon that transfers
energyprogressivelyfrom pointto point In
2 medltim 01' space withoutadv3nce I7y the I
I
1-+:
fundamenbl .. _.'_"_'"'' •••• m. __ ..... , pitch : I
pt:rpenalcularto the dlrectlo"of
which a vlln'atlng ! ',,---- __________-------/ 1 The preaomlnantfre.quencyofa souna
propagation. I
or system wlU freely oscUlate. 1 as percelved!1y the human ear. l.-
Also calledfutkUmentafI-"uency.
.. :: . :: octave
harmonIc ....-....... -...................... ,.. ! _-----_ ; Thelnteml twofrequenctes
A vfmtlon h3vlng a frequencythat
Is an 1fTte4ra1mu!tlpleofthatof the : '---------' i
having a I"3tloof 2:1.
IItt-
fundall18ntal :
l1ai1d
A 1'2"¥of W3velengthsor frequencies I
betweentwo definedlimits.
lr
. . ./.r...._....t::::j>
Doppler
An apparentshiftIn frtquency
when an acousU: sourcean4 listenerare In
L
motion relativeto e3ch other.the
frequencYIncre4 slng'when the source aM
approache3ch atherand L
a
.p«<lohound i / aecreaslngwhen they move apart.
The velocityof sourul traveling / r
SOUND
loudness deci!1el····.·-·.··.·····.··.... ····.·.. ····.·.······: hearing
A sU17jeCtNeresponse to souM A unit for expressingthe rel3tlve I The sense by which soundIs percelvM.
Indlcatlngthe of the pressureor Intensityof sounas on a i Involvingthe entire mechanismof the
auditory5efls3t1ooproducedI7:i the uniformscale from 0 for the Ieoist : Internal.mldale.aild externale3r and
of a sound wave. perceptl171e50Una to abouH30for the 1 Includingthe nervousand cerebral
thresholdof pain. Autn-.: d6 1 operationsthat translatethe physical
phon I operationsInto meaningfulsignals.
A unit for the apparent OecibelmasiJmntnt/s oo.a
loudnessof.a sound. equal In number to logarithmicSC31e SInce Inmmentsof
the deci17el5of a l000·Hzreference 5O!JTIJ or perceived
soundjudgea11y Oil group of listenersto .as wilen the r.atJo Mween
17e equal in Iouanessto the gIven 5OUnd. suuesslYech3ngesIn Intensityrem3in
c0nst3nt.1M ImIs of sound
501le •. ".,.".,., ................ - ........... _.. , 5OlJf'Ce5,therefore.C3f1notbe .aJdtd
A unit for the apparent .
e.g.• eo 18 + eo dB =63 dB. ntJt t20 dB.
loudnessof Oil 11y Oil group
of Ilste:wsto equal to the loudness
of a l000-Hzreference50lJnd having an
!
Intensityof 40 V
10-2
equal loudnesscontour
; ........• threshold of pain
A curve the sound
10-4 pressurelevel at which sounds of 120 The level of sound Intensityhigh en0U9h
differentfrequenciesarejudged 11y a to producethe sensationof pain In the
human ear. usuallyaround 00 d6.
group of Ust.enersto equally foud.
10--0 auaitory btigue
§ Physicalor mental wearinesscaused Py
'e prolongedexposureto loud noises.
1(J-6
hearing1055
"'- An IncreaseIn the thresholdof
t! audl!lllity.at speclflcfrequencies.
10-10 caused by nannalagll19.dl5e3se.or
.s
Injuryto the hearingorg3n5.
VI
12
.s 10-
""§
10- 14
audio frequency
A m.ge of frequenciesfrom 15 Hz to 20,000 Hz
I
audiPl.eto the human e3r.
229
SOUND
JC.OusW analysis
The mnclt of physicsM A aetalle.:Jstudy of the use of a bulldll1!3.
tnnsmlssicn. the Iocztlon and orientationof Its spaces,
of sound. posslUle sourcesof noise. ana the deslraL>le
acousticalenvironmentIn edch usablearea,
acousticalc!cud
The '\U2Wesor wracterlstlcsof <I A nona bsorptIYesurface,from which , One of a of acoustlcpanels
room. or concerthaD *.4t IncidentsourJ Is refIecW.uSea esp. to Installe.:J celling of a concert The planning.shaping.finishing.and
ktermlnetM audlPiI1tyof speech C1" r
red1rectsourJ In a space. 0 I1e effective. hall to reflect50Und for Improvingthe furnishingof an encloseJspace to estaDllsh
fldeIltyof II'1l1slcalsounds In tt. a rtfIectlngsurfaceshould have a least
dimensionequal to or greaterthan the
acoustic,\uatttyof music. --:
_-
_.-..... ...-
the acousticalenvlronlT'.entneuss.ryfor
distinct hearing,
wavelengthof the lowestfrequencyof the
soond being refkted. acoustic.11treatment
A r:Ntr or behlnd ;a nd The applicationof absorrentor refIect.lng
materialsto the walls. and floor of
reflectthe sou"" the an enclosedspace to aIter or Impro'ieIts
audlenu. -" ... acoustlc properUes. '
echo
The repetitionof a sound producedby
The and prOO"93tlonof the reflectionof sound waves from an
sound produudPy vim :ion.
c»structlngsurface.loud enoughana
A
vfVrmon
lnductJIn one body Py
of e:octfythe same perW
received late enough to be perceived45
dlstlnct from the source. L
flutter
In a Pody. A rapid sucus$lonof echoes C3u5e4:llly
the nrlIectlonof sound waves Ir.Icl:arid
forth'Paweentwo paralldsurf.aces.
wtth suff1clent between each
L
reverl?eratian reflectionto cause the to j,e
The persistenceof a sound wtthln awareof separate.discretesignals.
an enG Ios&:I space.caused!1y
100
muttlplerefIectlonof the sound
Its source h<as stopped. t-
l.
.s 60
] ........ decayrm
loa The rate of decreaseof sound pressure
, level after Its source has stappea.usually
4(} expressedIn decibelsper second.
§
20
o
L
r"eVerPtrn.wntime focusing
The time In requlreJfor;a The convergenceof sou na waves rtflected
souna ITI3k 1n an enclosedspace to from a conc3Ve surface.
diminishPy 60 decibels.
230
SOUND
;-............. - .. noise crittria curve
. One of a seriesof curves representingthe Any sound that Is unwanted,annoying.
sound pressurelevel across the frequency or d1scor&3nt,or that Interfereswith
spectrumfor 17ackgrounanoise that should one's hearl"!!ofsornethlng.
j not In various e11vlronments.
Highernoise !eYels are permittedat :-- redllC'tWn
90
/ lowerfrequenciessincethe human e4lr Is
less 5alsltlveto sounds In this frequency
;
:
The perceiveddifferenceIn sound
pressurelevels Petween two enclosed
/ region. Also called He curves. spaces.due to the sound-lsolatlni
qualttlesof the separatlngbarrieras well
MJ
i
as the al1sorptlonpresentIn tM
room: expressedIn kclbels. .
10 -_.'"'_ .. _....---- .. ___ i __ ---- ..--- --
.so 60
]
{ 50
.so
;:,
40 .moJtr7tdynolsy
30
2f)
10
1000. 2CXXJ
octavehnJ centerfr.-4'etlciesIn fa background ltiel -j
The level of amble.ntsound normally
3fPr'OllJITI3tethres/loIJof for nol5e presentIn a aPave which speech,
music,or othersound5 must be
presentedto be he3rd.
,tandil19W3Yt white f- ..... -........... --.--- ................. 17ackground
A wave In which the amplitudeof the An unoVtn.lslvesound havfng the The sound "9""311ypresentIn an
resultarrtof a tnnsmttW and a reflected same intensity for an freql.le1lClesof a environment,usu311ya compostteof
wwe Is flxed In tlme and ranges from zero /. Uand. to rrt3s( or oVI1ter3teunwarrtea soundsfrom both exterlorand interior
at the nodes to 3 maximum at the sound. Also called wnru SOuM. sources.none which are-distinctly
antlnoaes. ; ldentffial7le the hstener.Also C41led
sound.
Interference _"'_'_ ._........_.. _..........._.............j
The pMT1OIreI'CnIn which two or more Ilght
or souna W3'I'eS of the same frtqlJtncy
wmbine to re!m'orceor cancel each other.
the of the resultl"!!W3ve relng ..
equal to the algemlcor vectorsum of the The Interceptionand conversionof sound
amplltudesof the combiningwaves. energy Into heat or otherform of energy
the struCtureof a materl3l.lMIsurtd
In salrinsor al1sorptlonunits.
reduction coefficient
.60
.50
.70
/
".r--
- ---
r-
231
SOUND
I:5cbtlon plenum barrier
The used and A path for the transmissionof sound An acousticDarnererectedIn a plenum
. other than through a floor, wall, or ceiling (Net' a p3rtltlonto reduce sound
of alrPoc-neana assemPly,as along such InterconneGtlng transmissionI:>etween adjoining rooms.
structure-romeSCAlna from one room to as ductworl:or piping.
interior
of J Also c.IW SCUM .
A
a PulkIIng ex ,-lQ
assembfyln the :
tnn5ll'lls5bnof
the of Its 11
sound. eqU41 to
at nine test
is
:• ::. 20
frequencies. 11'1
. "
eta" •._..._ ........! to
A mll'lg ri the perform3nce
oJ J ex ccn:structlon
In preventll'lgthe transmissionof
bbcrafory
APW.:5TC
sauna.&erivea
n
the
curvefex' the mzteTtIlor
di5<:Ontinuou5c;onstructWn
Arry of severalconstructlon
the use of
path
studs or reslllent
mountings.for breaKing the continuityof a
which sound
,.
Tbe IHfhertieSTC17tJr.I. ,.ezt<rtile II't1y !Ie tr3 nsmittedfrom one space to
5CUJJ-IscIztky• qffie f'IUt:erUIcr another.
Mopetr SfC
of1O; I'IOf'fTi3fconstructtonbs SfC
---,---- -0 p,rtitlon
I7tiIfSfl'CIIff YJ 6O;!p«bI Is : A partition for reducing souna
60. transmIssionPe'twetmrooms. frarneJ with
two rows of stllds arrangedIn
zigzag fa5h1on and supportl"9opposite
Qces of the pa rtItIon.sometlrneswith a
flPerglassbbnl::a
It)
<::)
<::)
constructronto reduce the transmission
of vibrations and noise.
rl
'"
one·t!-.irdoctJ'ItEnd urrUr frequency(H.zj
232
STAIR
handrail One of a or series
A raIl providinga handholdand
-----------------'L servlngasasupportat the side of steps for from
-.....!!!a stair or platform.-: one level to another, as
'. : In a
" 1
,------.----.-.-
,, i The horizontalupper surfaceof a step
In Ii stair. on wh Ich the foot 15 placed.
" !
hi1droom ----------------------- ----------.------- " ;
'i.,. :---.- nosing
The clear vertlcal space from the nosing :,
: ,
. ,, : The usually rou"jed edge of a stair
of a stair tre:aJ to any overhead :
,, tread that extendsover the riser.
ol>struct1on.usuallyrequired by Utilldlng ,
codes to at least 7810. (2 m). " ,, _.' riser
The vertlcal face of a stair step.
"
st.Jirhead "'1
L ___ _
The top or tap lanalogof a stairway.
raking rl5er
Ariser that Is InclinedInwardto permit
mare footroom on the tread I1efow.
A conUnuousseries of 5tepsl7etweenone
f.oo1' or landlog of a Uulkllngand the next.
;-' nmp
!
! A sloping floor, walk. or roadway
coonectlngtwo levels.
---
ship'sladaer 'upped ramp
A fixed stepl3Jderhaving an angle A series of ramps conne:ctedby SUps.
of pitch Petwurl 55'and70'. -
usuallyequipped with handrails. .--"'--' -.. -_.- helicline
A curved ramp.
233
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STAIR
I3nding
:a 9O"turn. -I
stair .---- ........ --.- .... -., A Petweenflightsof
A a tum. ! staIrs or the floor at the foot
ronslstln§ straightflights ; or head of, flightof stairs.
connected(,y an Intemn Ing Ia or !
, of wInkrs.Also caRed L stair. :
.//,---+1 ,\uarterspacelanding
! AsquartIandlngwnneGtlng
t two flIghts of .. staIr.Also,
/luarterpaulanding. --------
walkingnne
A hne 18 In. (457 mm) In from the
centerllneof "' ha ndrall.along
--- --- which the run of a winderIs the
same as a flier. Also called Une
pace of traveL
A r.l1std step or platform.esp. one
5eIYlng as a bindingor resting place at '::.-....- halfspau landing
the end of a flightof steps. Also .... A landingronnectlngtwo
cal1ea foatpu. r------,-.,---"[1r--rr-l....--,rr-n-'-:n flightsof a half-tumstair.
:\ Also, landing.
..tml5b1r ...
A l8O·ortnl"OlJghtwo I
dcul7le-l5ta It
A half-tumstair hMr-9 two
landings,each offering
l
.. 90'"ch211¥of direction. -- ... - ........... -.
windingmlr elliptlwll&tair
My stair ccnstructedchld1y with
as a geometricalor spiral stair.
//
// . /.: A wIndingstair h3ving an eWptIC3l1y
shapeJwel.
circubr 5blr
A stair having a circularplan.
...........,.•
I
/ I I
_____
fptr"'Sbir______._ ..._. ___.. _..t..:.........__...._ stall'
A drcubr stair having I" . A wlnalng stafrccnstructedaroun4 a
wincing aroundand I ,------'. __ .,._ .... ------- Circularor ellipticalwell without the
po,. a untral post. use of newelsana often no landings
.... floors.
newel .._...................................... c:::
Acentralpost from which the winders
.. ;;;;.::=.==:;;3 "- ...
.\ ... , ......... r .. -·· .. wre.1the
of, spiralstaIr radbte. \
,l ..... ".....
"
..-.-...
A CUlVed sectionof handraIl.
wrt.1the piece
: I A cUlVea section of a staircasestrirl4
I
I
234
STAIR
string landingtread ....................... - ....- ............. ". 5talrc25e
One of the sloping roards running A l10ard dlrectlyover the uppermostriser In ... A
alongsidea stalrc:.1seto supportor .3 flight of stairs. having an II13tchlng Its supportingmmework,
COlt< ends of treads and risers. that of the noslngs011 the stair treads. casIng. and h3ndralls.
Also oiled stringer.
open-stringst3lr
w.1l 'tring -.-.--.-- .. - ...-.- ... - ...... -.- .............,. A stair it3vlngan open string on one or
A stair string set againsta wall. ", roth sides.
usuallynotchedor housed.
....... open string
c.arrilge .-.....---.................-. --.- A string having Its upper
An InchneJPeaIn for supporting t:dge cut to the profileof the treads
the of ;J stJlr. Also called and risers. Also called cut string.
hors.!. rough
:ltalrro" face string
Ametal rod for holdinga stair Theouttr stringof a staircase. usually
A stair having a housed string on carpetIn place againstthe . of better materl31or finish than the
both stdes SO tbt It may ve more or .Iwttomof a riser. ---1 carrl3gewhich It covers.Also called
less completelyfklJshedVefore velng finIsh string.
set In Its fln.lloc3tlon.
235
STONE
Rock or 2 pieu of rock ,\U3rrled 3nd
woried into aspulfic size and slupe
for a particularpurpose.
rock
naturallyformeci
by the aalon of bQt or W3terant.!
In fragmentsor lar¥ II13sses.
l
rock ------------ ... -..;
Aclassof n::d fonned by the
of stDlrnent.as bmestone.
metamorphicrock ----
A class of rock that has uMergonea
change In structure.texture.or
IgMOUS rock
A cb ss of rod: formed by the
clj'St4IrlZ3tlonof molten
l-
s.ndstoneor shale. compostUondue to naturalOIge:1cles.as as
and pressure.esp. when the rock
becomesharderand Il1Ol'8crystamne.
ItUrble
AsedIt1e:ntalj'roct funned chieflyby the A metamorphicrock ofcl)'stJllIud Avery hJrd. ccarse-gr3Jr.ecJlqneollsroct
accumubt10nof orpnlc renulns.as shells
N caaI.conslsUngIt13lnlyof calcium
ana used as a
ill the IIGfImctureof lbne.
stone and
hmestone.ccnsl5tlng1I'.alnlyof c.alclteor
dolomite.capal7leoftal:lnga high pohsh.
and used esp.ln architec1;ureand
The presenceand dlstrlWtlonof numerous
,
ma J:11y of quartz..feldspar.and
mlcJ I)( other coloredmlnen!.s. l-
mineralsaccountfor the d1stlnctwe AvoIc.anlc in composltionW
tnvertine varleg3tedappearancethat many marl1les USU3ty H3ci: with a bright luster.
A of bmestcnedepositedPy have. The commercialtenn Includesmany and tr.iInsparentIn thin p1eces.
W4ters.esp. hot springs.soIJ as nurtie In dense hmestonesand SOI!lC: coarse-grained
dolomites. A to ne4r+j bbci: mlner3lwpper
dolomite a highly poIIshetIveneer
A IItnesfonerich In carPoMate. Adari:-grten.mottledserpentInethat ana for om3 mental artlc!es.
L
usuallyC\uartz.cemented by
varioussuPsf.anctS.as silica.clay. or ,\uartziU
Acompact.granularmetamorphicrod:
bfues1:oM consistingessentiallyof ttuartz,krived
A flne-gramea.argillaceous from sandstone.
sandstoRethat splitseasilyabng
planestofonn thin slaPs.
mWMtcM
A or fohated·metamprphlcrock
comsponaingin compositionto granite.In
L
A redd:sII-Prowns.ndstonequarriedand which the minerats are arrangedIn layers.
used extensivelyas a I7ultdlngII13terlaL
236
STONE
building
Any stone suItablefor use In
Pulldlng construction,as limestone,
IT13rMe,or granite.
grain
The granu13r or appearanceof a ..... ' fieldstone
stone.
vedding pllne .-.- ........- ..........-....
, Loose, unflnlshed.stonefound 0f1 the
surfaceor In the soli, esp. when used for
building.as In ell)' masonry.
The surfau that sep"ratesone
str.ltumor bye- of st rat1f1ed rock ... -. dimensionstone
from ;lOOtMr-. Quarrteaana squaredstone 2 ft. (€itO mm)
cle.w3¥ plane _ ....--- ....._...- .....-
ana
or mare In le"9th width and of
speclfledthickness.
A smooth surfacealong whleh
rocks l'rII tend to sp!lt.
e;plit-hua
a stone finish produced
by splittingto the Peddlng
planes..
'\ \'1
work ..
A stone fx.e of Cf)'StJ1linetexture. as
of m3r.k or grJnlte.grourtJ and buffed
to form J g!4/ssl1kesurf3Ce. Also caned
glassed surface.
237
STRUCTURE
Ast.Ple of stnJctural
elementsdestgntdana canstructed
to functionas a whole in supporting
and transmittingappntdloads linear , ,umce
SJfeIyto the grouna without A structural member a length that A structural memberhaving a length ana
exuedingthe allowablestresses domll13t.esIts other two dimensions. width that dominatesIts thlcl:ntss.
in the members.
Of or to a structureor .
stroctur.almemDeI' a shape
/
A S'tnlCtureor 5tructlIr.almtmberthat
externalfocus prIm3lily
the and of Its
materialas a De:im or column. frame
\'eCt<)r-actNestructure ----------------------------.
A th3t
forces prinurllythrough the composition
of tension and compressionmemDer'S.as
.a truss.
rtructu""
A that realrectsexternal
forces prilT'4rilyabrlg the contlnultyof f
i
41 surface.as a p!.ateorshell _._. __ ,-_ .......__ .. _________:-____ ---__ .__ .-..... -.-.... ,-.•.- ... ---. -.--.---- "- _._J
rJ
rJ
.JI
, ,..II
I
1...1
memller OM-way
One of tnt const:ltue:1tpa rts Into which a Astructural memberSUDJectprfmartly Of orpert.lnlngto a structureor
m:zy rtSOlvedI1y analysis.
hH.ng .a unlt4ry and
to compressiveforces. --tt-=·
CI struaural member a Ioaa·cjrrylng
mechanIsmthat acts In one directiononly.
J unique loeh3vlorunk!- an appl1ed load.
A structur.almemDer prtmarfly twO-way
to resist IongltuJlnalcompression. Of or pertainingto a structureor l."
structuralmemrerhavIng a Ioaa·carrylng
uMlon meml1er mechanIsmthat acts I" two or more
Astructural membersubjectprimarily dll'e(;tlons.
to tensileforces. ____
tie V
lr
I
!
l,
.238 I
M
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STRUCTURE
,tructural unit
A d1screttstruG"Wreor of
structur.il membersformlng;1 spatial
volume.
/
,/ ,tl'""
i .""-.
.
. \.
/ \ "'-. .
. . .. . '\1//
J _I ,
: :1 :
1
I
i
" . :
'. j: ./
:. ! A major spatialdivision.usuallyone of;1
: su\es, marltd or part!tlonedoff by
principalvertlcalsupportsof a structure.
!Structuralgrid
A grid definingthe princIpalpointsor niles
of supportfor a structuralsystem.
regubrgrid
A structur.il grid havlng regularly
rtpenlng Pays In two dlrectlon.s.
!Slippedgrid &tructuralpattern
A structural grid h'-lYing points or lines The arrangementof prinCIpalvertlcal
of supportsspaced uniformlyIn one supportsfor a structure, whlGh
dlrtctlon Put val)ing In the other. Influencesthe se\e:ctlonof an approprtrte
a"" esbPllshesthe
possllnhtlesfor the orderingof spaces
ana functions.
STRUCTURE
structural
T'he preuss of
slzln4.and proporUonlrl4the membersof a
system In ordertc safely C3rT'j
agiven set of Ioac.ls withoutexceed1rl4the
stressesof the materbIs
DDDDDDO
.a1Icw.. stress
AmOOd fi:lr sizing arJ proportJonlnga
structllral r<:mper on the
2SSUmpU::Jathat the savice load will not
skts5 *.e I'I3teriaI Its allowable
st.resse:s.AI:sc ailed dtslgn.
design.woroni
'j
A klad used In structural
kslgn computations.
i .'
DL=P;L=@ .J
\ ..
a tlowa17 Ie Ioaa \
Aklad the alloW3!?le I
at a crltlc3lStCtlon
of a metT1Per. J
\\
strvfu load
structural
The processof determinIngthe 3bllltyof a
Il 1
The IT13Xlmumload a may!:>e structure or any of its constltuent
r' to supportduring Its memrersto safelycarrya given set of
uftJ.mmrtrength usefuillfe..BuIldingcodes specifyminimum loads wtthout materialdistressor I.
Arna/IodftJrsizing arJ proportioninga
nanpt:(' on the
service loads for va ric1JS uses. occupancles.
types of constructlon.and environmental
exceSSivedeformatlon.given the
arrangement.shape, and dimensionsof L,
the members.the tyPeS of conne:ctlons
the natt:ial
A'6o
Its ufUlT13te
fxtored load
,.,. conditions.Also wari:lngload.
and supportsutilized.and the allow3l7!e
stresses of the materialsemployeJ.For
Iaad-bctcr kslgn. an exIstIngstructure, thIs
also known as str-Jctul'al
Is
I J
Struct..lraldoes!;n on arry
chose-n nm!; of 1..'Sefu1r.ess.as el3stlc
ftmlt, pl3st(; nmit. or limit.
DL = FL = ®.: X FS
,tructunl f;anure
Any cond!tb1.AS fnctwing.11ucI:nng. or
pl3stlc ddormatlon. rendersa
struct.Jral orplnt
1oad-C2rry1ng
functlooforll'f1lchit W15
r
t
240 f
I.
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STRUCTURE
. .
trivut.1ryare3
The portionof structurecontriputlngto
the lou! 011 a structuralt!ementor
memPer.Also calledccntrWutcryarea.
ttibut.1ry
ChannelingInto somtthlngmare Inclusive.
tril7lrtaIj' lead r--- load strip
The load on a structural element The triPl1t3ryarea unit Itngth of a
memDercoUe<;teJfrom Its tripubry area. supportlngstructuralmemrer.
ve3r1ng
The stress deveJopea t>etween a
memPerand an underlyingsupport.equal to
the quotleT1tof the magnttukof the forces
transmittedand the area of contact
the two eI.ements.
241
STRUCTURE
'upportcoMition
The Nnner In which a
rne:mberIs and connectedto
other affectingthe natureof
the rtactIYeforces devebpedon the
pointohttp po rt
A point Oft a structur.11memberat which
Its reactIoftto a load Is tr2l1$111lttedas a
forutoa supportingrnetn!1er.
IU .
plnjoint
A structuralconnectionthat allows
. rotationbut resists translationIn arry
direction.Also called hlngt joint.
pinned ccnnectlpn.
u
pin
A slenderrod driven holes In
adjacentparts to !up the parts
togetheror to permitthem to mcve In
one plane relativeto each other.
rtgtajoint
A structuralconnectionthat Nln'talns
L
tM
L
the angularrelationship
joinedelements.restrainsrotationand
tr2nslatlonIn any direction.and pr'OVk:Ies
both force and moment reststance.Also
calteafixed connectlon.fixedjoint.
L
rigid connection.
L
fixed-endconnection -.- .......
Arig ld joint con the end of a
stnJctur.11memw to a support.
anchorage
Ame3ns for P\ndlnga st.roctur.11rretrJ,.er
to anotheror to Its founaztlon.often to
L
resist and hori.w1t31folUS.
L
242
STRUCTURE
,t3bility
abilityof a structure. when dlstUm:a
from a conditionof m by an appfled
load. to develop Internalfcrces or moments
••
lrteralst3pmty
The abilityof a structureto resist
I3teralforces without sliding.
o.'ertumlng.l1uckllng.or collapSing. 111 fJ I ] --
down underan applied k:l3d withouta
ch3"ge In length of arty lna.vidu31member.
IaUral17raclng
".
l _
___ St3!nllzlnga structural ag31nst
I-
the membersof a struct1.:nlframe..
al3gOnall7racing
Asystemof InclinedmemWs for mclng
the angles betweenthe rrenbersof a
structural frame and ensuringthe
stabilltyofthe whole.
In-aced frame ", 5W3y17race
A structural frame of linear" Adlagonal memberformc:r.g ;1 st.rtJcture
lIot:mbersmaJe rigid Py ;1 system I3teralforces.
of dlagor13I members.
. -_._- cro'517rulng
Apalroftransvcrse for st.ob;:tzlnga
structural frame ag.olnst
When using cables.two are
St3!7i1tzethe structure
forces from either dlrectiorLFor
c:flrectk:m.one cal1le wUl opmteeffectlvely
In tension while the other w01.:ld simply
tnJclde. If rigid bracesare a certain
degree of reaund3ncyIs lrT'y'oIYedsitu a
meml1erIs capal1leof the
stn.Jcture.Also. X-l7radrtg.
diaphragm
Arel3t1velythin. rigl.d structural
membercapal1leof withstanding
shear when loaded In a dlrectlon
para !let to Its pl3ne.
243
STRUCTURE
regul.u 5tructure
A structuralsystem Dy the
symmttrIcaI conflguratlonof mass ana
later. I and
having no significantd1scontlnuttftsof
stiffness or st.rength.The effectsof
1ater.1forceson regularstructuresmay
!?C detmnlnedDy static Inethods.
r- dUJI system
A structural fer reslsUng lateral
forces, combining t-I.,e ducUllty of 3
m
moment'res!stJrtg rr.e wtth the" rigidity
of a shear wan.
I
. j
The
----------- ....-.-..
by<M of m3SS Of' lateral
f01U-reslstlngelements.resultlng In
'"
noncolncldentcentersof mass ana
rests'bnu and C3uslng story drift at
DOD
DOD y
I &'''
one end of the structureto more th4n
the of the story drifts at roth DOD
ends. ODD
reentr.lrrtcorner ---- .. -.....- .................-.. _-... DOD
The plan com'Iguratlor.of a structure and DOD l-
Its latml
beyonda comer slgnlftc3nt1y
DOD
!rcaterthan the plan c2bnensIonIn the
SiYen OIrectlon.A reentn/1tcomer tends
I
to produce&Ifl'erentlalh.7tIons
differentportionsof the structure, "
rcsuftlngIn beal stressconcentrationsat
tM COt'TIeI'.SolutlonsIncIuGieprovldlnga I
t
seismicjoint to the Irolld1ng!nto It
simplerwpes, tying the Irolidlngtogether
II"oOre at the comer,or splaying
the corner.
joint •.. _.. - ....- ........ _- .............-.. .
Ajoint th4t physicallyseparatestwo
adjacent 1ro1ld1t1g masses so that fru
vlln-atorymovementIn each can occur
Independentfyof the other. II
t!
IG
244
STRUCTURE
---------------.----------.-.- H Ir-
A framed structuretled togetherby
• 5)'$ta1 of dbgonalmus.
tuPe c.
A structureh3ving trussea
wag fnres of widely 5p3ced columns tied
by dbgon3/ or cross /mlcl"4
A structurehaving
frarr.esofclosely spaced c/1agonalswith no
....
---.------------------------------.-.---.----,_
An of narrow tu Des tied d1rect1y .•••
to exl! atI'erto fonn 3 lnOdularstniCtUre
that bd13veslie a mu/"tlcellular girderrox
Mort
tu are som.etlrnesprorldedIn the lower
of :0 t;lR structure greater
resistanceIs needeJ.
struct1.lre •. ----------.-- ....
A w-JCUJrehAvu19 an inner praced
t.u a4.:W to to ,bmp
l!r.pror'eIts she3r5tlffnessIn resisting To cause a decreaseIn amphtuk of
foru:s.. successiveoscillationsor
ilrt.erMdamping
L_______________--..-- .-.....• tuned damper
T.".e th3t II41tur.li1yoccurs 65:0 A heavy mass moonte4on rollers and
or plastlc att3chedto the upper portlonof bll
from the InternJl fr1ctlan pulfdlng with springdampIng mechAnisms,
an InertialtendeMGyto n::rrulnat
from the friction two rest ana thus counteractingana
parts(frictlonal - --- -- -. dissipatIngarry movements.
or from the resistanceof a fluid
5-'xn 3s:olr (mcou5
pa5ei,oLttlon
TI-.e shApInq of. tall to create Isol3tlngthe I13se of a l1ulldlng from the
t-:rt-Jk:nc.ewhich cross-wind11ft ground with dJmplng mechanismsto allow
tc oppose cross-winddd1ectlonsduring the superstructuretofloat 3S a l10dy
wlnJs. and alter the naturalperiod of vll1r.3tionof
ttl, b1J knee the 50 that It Is from
Il1ct.icnof che 3crn05phere that of the grouna. thus preventing
CCj,'""Jctat:::J by ur'-and·c!owncurrent5 des tructlve resonancesfrom occu rrinq
245
SURVEY
To atUrmlne the ex.1ctform, plane ,urvey
boundaries,extent, ana positionof A survey In which curvatureof the e4r?l's
J tract of land by Unear ana
angular surf.lceIs Ignored.and all distances
measurementsand the apF"Catlon· horIz.ontalangles are assumed to Pc
/'
projecteaonto a horizontalpI4 Moo
oftM principlesof geometryand
..//' survey
// A survey made to esta PIlsh the length
true north _- ..--- ........ -..J and Dearing of roundarynnes ana the
The directionof the north pole from are3 of the tract bounded l>y these t\r.cs.
1I given polnt. cad.a5tn1survey
nugneticnorth ---------- .. Asurvey showIng rouna..rlesand
North liS Py the north- nnes, USU311Y ln4ae to .CI'e4te
pole of the magneticneedle land units suitaDlefor transferof
In 1I compllss. . rnet.e,3na l70unas ana l70unds
. The propertyhnes or boundarIes of a A !egaI term for the 170unaaryIlnes of II
/ parcel of bne. parcel of laM as used In deeds and
or west of a true or / pLat
north or south direction. / survey
r·· "'(
,r .... -.
.. -:I ; / Asystemof lana surveyIn which the A pia n or II't3pof land In a city, tawn.
n:lmuth __________ . ________________.i cour5eaMlengthofeachboundaryUne of section,or subdlvlslon.lnJlc;atlngthe j
The angle of horizontaldeviation. _____•• " ./. a parcelof landare calledout at locationana boundariesof Individual
A
measureaclockwise.of 3 Pealing a known refmnce pointand woti::lng properties.
from a standarddlrectlon.as from '"" aroundtM peripheryof the plat until ,urveyplat
A ie9al the 1oc3t:C:\
boundaries.ana dimensionsof a tract IX
I parcelof zoning and
commissionapprovals•.
easementsand restrictions. and. for a
subdlvlslon.the tlnes of stred.,
Intersectionare recorded5l'3phlcally, /' The compassdlrectlonfrom one reference blocks,and lots. aM the numberingarJ
on a Np and liS dau Ina ub!tt poIlrtto the nextfor each of al menslonsof each lot.
·----··----c.. ---··-------·...-
point for a metes-aM- .
I" and-roundssurvey.staWIn degrees.
mlnuUs.and secondsas an angular
legal de$crfption
rounds"'''''Y- ",st ...... ,oc0", no.<IIor A wrtttendescriptionof the Ioc3tlon.. rJ
boundariesof a specific parcelof Ia nd.
!:rasedon a surveyIX.
rectangularsystemof or made
with referenceto a recorde.dplat.
rect.ang r system
A systemof land survey!:rasedon a
._ .. _ ... _ ..... _.., princip;1meridian
rno.:1i&49rid of north-southprincipal
In the system of survey, a
me.rldlansand e;a st· west baselines.
Also C1lIed governmentsystem.
referencenne estaPllsred
at a for a large
area of land.
.... ---.. -----.-....• guide
. In the rcct3ngularsystem of
On.s of a series of aMsionsnumberedeast north-south hne
or from a guide II'1eI"IdI2nIn the
com:ctlon hnes at 24-mlle
of SIJtYftjana
consistlng of a row of townshipsthat are
IWlT1Perednorth or south from a ....... .
•........ ...........-I-;- ....----.- .. - ... -.-
Intm'3fsto the eas;andl'I'eStof
princIpal
l
. _...'._....... --+---+---1---+'--+---' The princlpale;a S;. west referencenl18
l
for an are3 In UIt rectangularsystem C1f
sysUIn approxbl1atefy6 54 mL survey.
(932 m) 36 sections.
t··-.. ·-.. --··. ·-····-- correa.lcn11M
: An east-westreferencebne Ioc.teaat
&«t!cn
l
24-mlle\nt.erv;aIs to the north and south
One of the:36 subdiviSionsof a
of a!:rasel1neIn the rectangularsystem
township. approximatelyOne square
of survey.estaPllsheato correctfor the
mite (2.59 S<t km or 640 acres) and further
convergenceof meridiansand equalize
suPdlv\dedInto flJlves.C\U3rters.and
ea st· west distances.
C\U3rter'1lUrters. ----1
1
"-........-....
..............
-........-.... - .......... -.. --. range line
In the rcct3ngularsystem of survey,a
north·southreferenceline locaW at
6-mlle lITtervalsbetweenguide
l
l
meridIans.
246
I...
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SURVEY
l'\ trllauration
A methodfor determIningthe relative
----------- \\ posltlonsof three or more points by
\ , treating these points as verticesof a
triangleor trianglesof which the sides and
\, angles can be measured,
\
\
./
./
./
. \.
datum .. _ .. .i turning point .-.. __ .. _ ...1 L'bench nurk
Arty kYd surface. line, or point used A point tempomllylocated and marked in A preclsel:ikx3te.d referencepoint A marked pointof known or assumed
as 3 refmncdrom which reratlons order to estaUllshthe elevationor which a InstrumentIs elevatIon.usuallyon a perT!13nent
are lT1C3surea. of a surveyingInstrumentat a new station. cenured. Also C3lled Instrument ouject.from which other elevations
st.ttlot1. ut '1J p. may be estaUllshed,
247
TEMPLE
An eaifict or place dedicatedta the ...
worship or presenuof a deity. A temple-towerin Sumerian and Assyrian
archlteGWre,l7uitt In dlmlnlshlngstages of
,acrea mud bnd: with M t<essea wans faud with
Of or fa re«glousoUjll(;ts,rites, l?umt In a 5<Jmmtt shrine
or practices,2S opposedto the StCul3ror or reached a series of ramps;
pr0f3ne. to of StJmerI3norigin.dating
from the end of the rnHlennlum B.C. Alsa
zillirat. .
Of or fa the temporalor worldly
the sacrea or spiritual.Also, Tower of BaDcl
profane. A temple·towerpreSiJmedto be the
Babylon,which no
survtves, tt was seen and
clescMuea by the Gr--A h!stori3n,
Herodotus.In the 5th century6.c.:
°ArJ thq SJIJ to oro! Let us mate
britt iII1Jburn It t/lawghly.And they h3d
brld: for5tone,zr,J sime forrnor1:Jr.AM
,! tMySlIJ,Let us J;:r.;!J1 city mh
menhir . t;(>p IJt'ItQ heiwen;3M let
,·1
\:'t ..
us nuU1 rume.1estwe be 5CZttt:rtJ
. l .
A prehistoricmon urnentconsistingof an z/:IroUupon the b Ct of the wfrofe earth.•
uprightmegahth.usuallystandingalone uut f'
sometlmesallgneawith ers. .-...................
...
meg4l'rth ':1 . uma'5U
A very brge ston used as found or .. \i!:' . The monument31SkX1e sculpturesof
hurrun-he3deJ. Irolls or nons that
esp.1 ancientconstructionwori:. guarded tMerTtr;;rus to
monolith 'l'll . MesopotamianpC.us and
A single Plock of stoneof COI1slderal?le
often In the form of an ol>elisl:or column. .. .
I I
! I
!
I11
I
u
248
TEMPLE
pyramid
An tomb m3de of mud A massive m3sonrystructurehavIng a
!1rlGk. plan wtth a flat roof rectangularlr.Iseand four smooth. steeply
Jlnd from which a shaft slopIngsides facing the cardinalpointsand
le3ds to cmdergroond offering meetlngat an apex. used In ancient Egypt
-------------- __________________ as a to contaIn the IrorlalchamPer
and the mummy of the pharaoh.The
pyramid was usuallypart of" complexof
A Sm3" ehamPerInside a mastaDa
uulldlngswithin a walled enclosure.IncludIng
containing"statue of the deceased. ------ mastaDasfor memuersof the royal family.
an offering pel and a mortuary temple. A
ur.teU5
raised causewayled from the enclosure
The of;he S3Cred asp, depletedon
the ancle11tEgyptlan rulers down to avalley temp\l:on the Nile.
purlflcatlonrites and mummlflcatlonwere
and kttIes as an em!?lem of supreme power.
performed.
syrinx
Anarrow rocl:·cutcorridorIn an
necropolis -_.-_.--_:- ancientEgyptIantemu.
A h1storicIrortalground,esp.
a 13 rge, eI3bor.rteone of an -----.
ancientcity. A raised ceremonially
connectingthe valley temple with an
ancientEgyptianpYramid.
pluraoh
Arry of the rulersof anclerTt who A ccncavemoldinghaving an A of an Imaginarycreaturehaving
were to and had outbl'lethat approxlm3tesa the DoJy of a hon and the head of;l man,
al;>solutepower. qua rter clrele. ram. or hawk. COtI!monlypl3ceJalong
1VenuesleadIngto ancientEgyptlan
r- cavettocornice templesor toml1s.
i Aelta racteristlc corniceof Egyptian cultumple
; con.."-lstlngof a I3rge cavetto An ancientEgyptiantemplefor the
. with vertlcal Ie;ues and a worship of a detty, as distInguIshedfrom a
roll molJlng!;elow.Also called mortuArytemple_
temple
An ancientEgyptian templefor offerings
and worship of a deceasedperson.usuallya
deffied1:1"9. In the Ne,., f:Jngdom.cult and
funeraryumplts had manyfatAJresIn
common: an of sphlnxeslQdlngto a
tall portalguarded !7y;l towering pylon, an
axial plan with :.1 colonnadedforuourt 3na 3
roU-cut tomb hyposty!ehall set beforea dark./lJrTOW
A tamp hewn out of red, sanctuaryIn which stooda statue of the
only an front detty.;lnd walls laVishlydecoratedwtth
WIth dol rt In"terl:lrcha of which pictographicQrr1ngsIn low or sunkml relief.
Ma rry of the ITt3jor templesgrew Uy
of stone left In the form of sollJ pHl3rs. ._ accretiondue to the pious amu!tlonsof
_/ successivepharaohs.who In the
afterlife and were determinedte create an
endurl"9 reput4tlonthroughtheIr uuUdlngs.
..------------/ pyIon- ..-j hypostyfeh311 New Kfngaom
A bit, sh3ftof5tcnethat A InOfIUmen-c.f gatewayto anancient A large hall having many columnsIn rows The period In the historyof ancientEgypt,
bpers as tt to a f"iT'lmldalpoint, Egyptiantemple. conslstlngeitherof a supportl"9a flat roof, and sometImesa cl550-1200 6£ .. comprfslngthe lath te
ancientEgypt as;l sacred pair of tall J'YI'3mldsand a cltrestory. prevalentIn ancientEgyptian dyna$tles:ch3racterfzed!7ythe
symPol of the $lin-godRland usually doorwayDetween them or of one such ana Achaemenkfarchitecture. dominanceof Its capitalat Theues.
standing In pairs temple masonrymass wteh a doorway.
entr.lrlCeS_ often with painted reliefs.
propYton
AfreestarJ<llnggateway having the form
of a pYlon and precedIngthe main gateway
to an ancientEgyptiantemple or sacred
enclosure_ .......
,
249
albr
An eIevaWpba or structureupon
which sacrIflcesare offeredor Inctnse
ill worship.or before which
rel\glousrites are performed.
cetb --------------- .... --.----
Thcs prlIIdpalclt.mberor encbs.edpa rt of
a cbssbl teI1p/e.where the cult Image ....... pronaos 5tela .
was I:ept.Also called MOS.
An open vestibulel1efore the cella of a An uprightstone slal1 or pillarwith 3 c.rvc4
. classbl temple.Also calb:!antlcum. or inscribed usedas a InOrnlrnent
or INM. or as J commemorative ill
roo- acrourlum the f3ce ofa Also.
! A pedestalfor. sculptureor
I
etyfobU
«
A course N5OI1ryfonni1g
boa row Of columns.esp. the
outennostcdonnadeof a cb$slciltemple.•.._,
__ - ...._
....
A solid IIi1S5 rI NSOI1ry
... ...... _.-.
\
- 6tla,
A sculptured of a !TUn used as
a column. Also calltdUbmon.
¥OUnd breiaI seMlIfas fourWtlon \
... - caryatid I
ftoor alld
tempk
of J
podium. .
[2\. A sculpturedfemale flgUn5 used as a
column. /<Jso cartea
1
Art of tM Ccwenant
The chestc.owlnillf two stone b!nets
and the holy of holies (deVlr).all
decorateawith massivecarvlngs In Ivory.
gokl. and cedar.
Holy Ark
The calrlnetIn a synagogueIn which the
scrollsof the Tor.Ih kept. set Into
l
or against the wall that faces toward
the ren Ulmmandments.
L
InscrlOeJ Jerusalem.
carriedby Heln-ewsduring their
ck:sut wanJerlngsafter the Exodus.
250
..
TEMPLE
PJ,mca for\lm
A l;irgec*long hall of The public square or man:etplaceof an
ana puUl1c plJce In .nclent ncity. the centerofJud1c1a1
a and Iroslnessafulrs •• na aplace of
untnl space Ilt I7y a clerestoryand asseml7/yfor people. usuallyIncluding
COt'ertaby tlmPertrusses.and a I'lIlsea al7aslllca ana a temple.
a semicircularapse fOf'the
triPunalThe Roman lnslb servea as a pantheon
A ded1citedto qll the gods of a
tn1>unal __ .. _._._._ ..........._.. __..._......_, people.
A I'lIIsedplatform In an Ar.clent RomAn cenotaph
fOf' the seats of ln31Istrates. A monumenterectedIn memoryof. .
AIsa.tri11une. deceasedperson whose remains are Irorled
elsewhere.
- - - - ·-
army Its procession. or a courtyard.Also. moncpteros.
.trch order
The columnsaM entablature
I
an arch. as In 3 t.-11,1mphalarch.
B
clithl'3l In Inti,
Of or perblnlng to a temple H3v1ng two cc1umns In from: betweenantae.
Is roofed over.
.• '.. ../"-._ .... _- r pier or by
hypethr31
Of or publnlng to a cl6ssol temple thlcl:enlng of a projectingwaiL
that Is \II'f1cOyor to the sry. -.-.-.-.--.- ........--.- pro$tyle
Also. hyputhral Havfng a por>..lcoJnthe front only.
J pte....I
__ ._...___ ........ WIthout;]colonnadealong the sides.
H2V\r.g columtlS1t the skks..
•• ••
"-
Prostyleon roth fronts.
• II
.!
[]
=- · .. .;:
.Iijl
- .... perfpteral
a single row of columns on all
;...
l' ·· . e\:II
sides.
r .-....-
I .!
Acolonnadep3ralleltd:' but apart from
the cella.
.' Ii
_..........pteroma
•..•
"
251
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TEMPLE
Islam
A or pbceofpup{1c The religiousfaith of Muslims. on
worshf.}Js<Jcalled NSJId.mU5Jk1. the teachingsof the prophet Muh4 ll1mad,
the centralthemesof which are retlef In
m.aarasah . the one God. Allah. the existenceof
A Muslll schoolarranged Pa,-,d1seand Hell. and the un Ivers.I
aroundJ and attache<lto a JudgmentDay to corne. Also called
I!1OSqUt.bind from the 11th centuryon Muh.Jmm.Wanisll1.
In AIt4tc113.and Persia. Also.
mlmbar
A i2 • mosque. reca lUng the three
which Muh.mmadaddressed
his folklwers........ -_ ........•........... - .....- t
.
I
::
W
.. ·· .. ····.. ·_·····sahn
-. . ...... _ ..........
Thec.cntralcourtyardof a mosque.
i
MecCJ
A ctty.. Saudi Ar3!?!a. of
Mult,l!W'IJJand splritu31centerof Islam.
L·
melon dome
ASM3I. stone
of the Grea1:
In the
at Mecca
cont4l1*14a sacredI7Iact steneand
by Muslimsas the House of God.
Al1u11?ous dome. found esp.ln
islamicarchitecture. L·
W objectiveof their pilgrimages.and the ....... - 5bl3ct:lU worle
poIrrt
J.Js<J.
whick they turn In praying. A system of decoratlonIn Islamic
architecture.formed by the Intricate
corVellngof Imcl:ets.squluhes.ana
Invertedpyr,amlds;SOIT1etltneswroughtIn
L
............_.. - ........... _ .... _....-.. stone M more often In pb5ter.Also
An Inn ..
.nd
Neat ust for the overnight
of C3ravans.usually having
a largeCQUt'tyardenclosedby a solkJ wa II
through an Imposing gateway.
called
pendenttVe&racketlng
wort.
pyraaid
A IT13SOCW'y NSS hiilVlng a rectangularI1ase
tal1lero
L,
Arectangular.stronglyfumed pane!
.nd fow and faces overh3"9Sa talud.An orI9lnalcontrit?utlon
In a apex. used In ancient
EgyptJnd pre-CoIumblanCentral America
as a torb or a platformfor a temple.
of recUhuacanan;hIUcUire.this ta Ulero-
talud
to dlffmntlau the
waslnWduCedcAD. 150
of stepped
pyramidsand altar platforms.It Is widely
L
\..... copied throughoutMesoamerica.WIth
regionalvariations.
t.1lud
In MesoamericanarchtteGture.an outer
waR that slopts Inwardas It rises. The
talud first appearedcM)()'6.c.at Vie Olrne:c
site of La Venta.lnTa!1ascost3u, Mexico.
L
252
•
TEMPLE
Hinauism tTt3ndira
The domlltantreligionof Indl3.l:rasedupon A Hindu temple.
the relJ910nof the originalAryan settlers as
expoundeaanaevolved theVed3s.having
J diversebody of phIlosOphyand cultural
anaa large
pantheoosymbollzlnga supremepelng of
lnany foms and natures. BuddhismIs
outsldethe HIndu traditionbut Is regarded
as a relatedreligion.
pantheon
The of&blly recognizedgods of a people.
Vedas
The aides; s.acrtdwrttlngsof Hlnaulsm. -l ...- ..
composedI1etween1500 and 000 B.C.
Incorporatingfour coIlectIanshymns.
rath
prayers.and hturglcalformulas:RIg-Veda. AHindu templecut out of solid rock to
YaJur-Ved3.5ama-Veda,and Ath;ma-Veda. resemblea charlot.Also. rath.1.
viman.
The sanctU3ryof a Hindu templeIn which a
Oelty Is enshrined.
.:--.-..---------- ........- ....--...-------...............--- ....
The pulrousstone finial of 3 slkh3ra.
............_.-
A towerof 41 Hindu temple. usuallytapered
convexlyand capped by an amalab.Also.
sikra. .
mand3p3
A large. porchlikehall leadingto a Hindu
templeand used for religiousdancing and
music.
tL..._. __._ ...__ ._ .• gopuram
A monumental.usuallyOM13te gateway
AfreestandingmemorialpillarIn tower to a Hindu temple enclosure.esp. In
Indlan archlW;ture. carvea southern India. Afso, gopura.
inscriptIOns.religiousemblems,or a
!4so. ttamWla.
lit
A monolithicst3mPa,as distinguished tee ..... - Dtupa
from one built up of stonecourses.
rf?i\
Aflnl3lln the form of a ABuddhistmemorialmound erectedto
conventionalizedumbrella,used enshrlr.ea relic of Buddha and to
on stupas.topes, and pagodas. commemJr.itesome event Or m3rt: a sacred
Modeled on afunerzrytumulus.1t
,Uteri conSistsof an artificialdome-shaped
An umbrella-shapedflnl3l mound on a platform,surrounaedby
symrollzlngdignity.composedof . an outer a:nPulatorywith a stone vedlb I
a stone dIsk on a verticalpole. """ and four toral13s,and crowned by a chattrl.
toraIU The 113 me for the stupa In Ceylon Is d.19C17a, cfC't
An elaboratelycarved, ceremonial ;lnd In nPet lind Nepal. chorten.Also called CT'C'
gatewayIn lndi3n and
Hindu an;hltecture.h3vlng two or
three lintelsbetween two posts. .. ---"" A re11glon Uased on the Four Noble Troths,
veaika originatedIn 1ndi3 pyGautama8uddha and
vihara A railing enclosInga sacred area. later spreadlll9toChll13.8urrna.J2pan.
A 8uddhlst1nOII35tefj'In Indl3n
areI! tt:ectureoftenexcavatedfrom sond
-1
3S a stupa. ..-··.. · .._·_-_·_·_·· ..· .. nPe't, ana parts of SoutheastAsI3.
253
TEMPLE
Iingd40
The spirit way th.. t from the south
g3te to a royal torr.i1 ci the T..
Itntd wlth stone ana sculptured
anlrT'l3lanahurrun figures.
lang
A dynastytn China. AD. 613-007.lttlrUa
by temtorl31expa rcslo1. the Invent-Ionof
printlng.prosperoliStrade. ana the
developmentof pW..ry. Also.
Yunga"9
pag()(b paitou Alarge Buadhlst rnmstlc center 1'\
A 6uddhlsttemple In Ule form of a square A monumentalgatewayIn Chines" roorthwestChlna.De.gt.n In A.D.%<). where
or towerwith roofs projectlng architecture. a tra!1eateafonT1 of there are numerousQve temples. e;uh
from each «Itsmany st«Ies. erected as a stone or wOOf constructlonwith one. having a shallow.Mkhaped Inta-1.orwtth
metT1OI'tIlor to hoY relics.From the stupa. thru, or five ana often !loki a cent.r31 of Buddha f'wrUd
thelndlanprototype.the pa90da projectingroofs,erectedas a rnemori31at b-j two smaller c.onc.eptof
changednform to rc:sem171eU1e traaltkNl Ule entranceto a palace. or sacrea into cliffs Is bdleved to have
multlstoriedwatch towt:ras It spreaa with place: rebuJ to the indIan tor;lnasana to China from Indla /-Js().
to China a!1CA Japan. U1e tori!. Also. panoo.
were InIUallyoftllni?er.\1IItfrom the 6d1
Ct:Ittu'Y0II.1¥ert:II'IOI"efrc:quentlyof or zhonglcu
possiblydue to Indtan Influence. A bell toweror pavllionIn Chinese
architecture,locatedat the right of
a city gate. palace entrance,or forecourt
l
gulou
A large drum toweror pavilionin Chinese
archltecture.locateaat the left slk of a
l
c:Iougot1f_.- ..... ---..........................- .... "'\-'--"
Almackefsystemused In traditional
ChineseCXIIStnIctIonto
tM eavesoutward,and
roof
....,
.....
.
l
support Inferiorceding.The
rAa triallfular 1:2etJframe In
chir.eso
necessaryto multlplytho numl7erof
suppor1ODftderthe order to
l
reJucethe nunWerof pillarsttlIs woula
normallyrequire,thcl area of support
affon:Jed each pillarwas Incrc:ased
Irj Ule Also. tou-kung.
L
41rtg .---- ... --- ..... - ..... - .... .•
A leverann In traditionalChinese '.
construab1, pIaceJ parallelto the
raftersaM r2bI at an to
the fCll"US applJea Py the ...•
.'
_..-'-' gong
A cantileveredDradet!n tr3dIVor.21
Chinese construction.Also.
l
InneranJ outerpurlins.The ang supports .......-.. i ..-.-.- c:lou
the purlln Py me.ns of a ...... _... - .. -...... A Dlod In I
and Is pinned at
the Innerend 39lnst a purlln.
construction.Also. tcu. L
,
I
!
L
254
•
TEMPLE
Ut!Il.IOgl-- ...... - .... - .... - ......... -- ............ _........... .............. _......... _ ........ .. Shinto
The short woodetIlrllletsplaced at . ; The Indigenousreligionof Japan, rn..rked .
to the rM¥ of 3 Shintoshrine. ; by a cultle devotionto aelt1esof rt3tural
forces,ancestorworship.and venmtlon
ch19I ....··---·····-·--.--.- ..- .....-.- ..,.....·· -
of the emperoras a desundantof the
The ftnIal fonned by the projecting. Sun·Goddess,Amaterasu.
lr3 rge Poards2t each encl of the ridge of a
Shinto shrine. Shimmet·zukurl
A style of ShInto shrine eTI1l>odyfngthe
... - ...... ----..... - ........ - ...•....•. -....
originalstyle of Japanesel>ulld1ng.before
ASXrta po5t in Shinto architecture. the Introductionof Buddhism.It consIsts
by hl.lln3n hands. essentiallyof a small unpainted
rectangularstructureraised 3Pove
ground level on post5lll5ef'teddirectly
Irrto the earth.A railedveranda '
surroundsthe structureat floor leVel. a
freestandln!jpost each gable end
supportstM ridge, and the bargel:103rds
extencloutwardfrom the thickly
roof. fonnlng chlgl at each end.
N3.g.lN:"Zukuri_ ... -_._- ._..-.........
A of Shlrrtoshrine, based on the
lse prototype.M with the front slope
of the roof extendingto form a canopY
0V'et';he staIr; this space
evaltuaDy Into 3 pl'3yer .-,. .... kada
room fOf' 't'I<l1"Shipers. An half for In .. Japanese
Buddhisttemple. In which sacred texts are
A styte of shrine.characterized
lry a hipped roof (;Xtendlngfrom the to
maIn roof,(Her a centrallyplaced AJapanesepag0d3 enshrfnlngBuddhist
erttnnu stair at one ga!ne end. holy rtI1cs.
s-orin
The crowning spire on aJapanese pag0d3.
iuiden
The h3n of wors.iipof 3 Shinto shrine.
u5U4I1lyIn frcm of the honJen.•.. -........... / Golden the sanctuarywhere th¢ main
keptIn a Japanese
hcn.den / Buddhisttemple.The Jodo. Shlnshu.ancl
____ -.-...::....of_3_S_hl_ntoShrlM:.// Nlchelrensects of Buddhism use the term
hondo for this sanctuary.the Shlngon ana
Tend3l sects use chudo.and the Zen
uses Msuden.
rund.1lmon
. _____ The principalSOt!th gatewayto a Japanese
templeor shrine.
l......_._ .... biro ..........- chumon
The covered!lallerysurrounding The Innergatewayto the of a
a precinctof a Japanesetemple Buddhisttemple.
or shrine.
,noro
A stnJcturefrom which the temple PeR Is
as one of a pairof sma tl,1dentIca1.
symmetrfG.oi1yplaud In a
J"panestBuddhisttemple.
•....................
i terii
An .pproach two gateways that A monumental,freestandinggatewayon l1ut5u
are r>Ot 50 that It Is nec.essal)'to the approachto a Shinto shrine.consisting A representationof Buddha.
ITtJ ke sha rp eurn to pass from the first of two plllarsconnectedat the top by a
thr"C\J1h used for privacyIn norlzontal and a lintel al>ove It.
AI1rge representationof Buddha.
or for security In usuallycurving upward.
f ortffic3tlons.
255
THEATER
A of a lnJilding,or
outdoorarea for housingdramatic
present.1tJons.stage entertainment,
.._. ___ ... ___ .... ______ parodo5
or motlon-pictureshows.
• One of the two side passagewaysto an
ancientGreek theater.!1etweenthe
An opeII-w t&e.ter,usu.11y out of and the seatJngarea.
the sbpe of .. hillside a tieredseating which the chorus entereathe orchestra.
are2 aroundand facl"4 a clrcularorchestra .' ____. _____. ___ parascenium
lneW by the stene,a for the
Eitherof two wings flanking and
actors'lISe.
projectingforward from the skene of an
anclentGreek theater.containing
orchenra _ .. _-_._ .... apartmentsfor the actors.
fu clrcubrspaceIn frorrtofthestage In
the anclcm reservedfor
the cI1orus.
----.---. dlazoma
choru AIl aisle Petween the lowerlind upper
The groupd actorsIII ancientGreece tiers of seats In an ancientGreek
M as Jn3jorpartlclpantsIn or theater,concentricwtth the orchestra
romnentatorson the min actlon of the and the outerwall and communicating
drama. with the radial aIsles.
,une ___..____... _.___._._._. ····.-_cerci'
A structure the audienceIn an A wedge-shapedsectlonof seats
ancle:r;Gre.et: Ple3ta".forming tht: recween two steppedpassagewaysin
InckgroundPefore which perl'ormances an ancientGreek theater.
_____ .____________.____.._..!
!
fu front part of the stage of an anclent
Gru:k or-RDmantheater upon which the
actors perfonned. 1
,--- velari:.lm
t,
A canvas2Wf1lng dr.iWl1 over an
ancientRoman amphitheaterto
protecttilt audiencefrom rain or sun.
---_... _-_.. _.-...-_....__..
THEATER
".
prosceniumstage
Astage that Is framed a proscenium theater
arch. A theateror concert hall In which the
seatlngIs arrangedaroundor on all four
prosceniumarch sides of a central stage.
The arch that separatesthe stage from
the auditorium.Also called
The of seats In a theater,
st3alum,or ather place of
c.ontinerrblseating
A theater sating pfan In which there Is \\ ..
Ilitii
no center;alste,Put with wkIe spacing ..
I row of se3ts to permit
e:JSe of passage. ------ --.--------------------. - ------
areru theater
Atheater with seats arranged01'1 it least
three sides arounda centralstage.Also
A or along sectlonsof I \ calledthUUf'-fn-the-round.
seats In;l the3ter.;ludltorlum.church,or
ather p1ace of i ,II thru,t stage
l7lin& row _____... __ .. _____________..... ___ "./'
..- -1- Astagethat extends the
prosceniumarch and Is usuallysurrounded
A row of seats having Its first seat at a
side aIsle and Its last seat at a side wall.
f on sides l>y seats.
Ji . -
::,'.,
A g3fleryor pbtformthat C3n raised A It3rrowcurtainor strip of painted
or over;l sbge ar..d Is used l>y canvas hung above the stageto mask the
te-clmlcbnsand sta¢tands. : flies and form the top of the stage set.
:
-.- .. ------.----- .. -----.-------.--. teJ6er
A draperyor flat piece hung .cross the
.i. top of the to mast: the
flles and. tcgether with the tormentors,
lighting units. Also carted pipe 1?.rtten. / /1 frame the stage
fLit ..--------.--------------------------------.. / ...../ .---.--- .---.-.----.. ------.---- ----. tormentor
A piece of sceneryconslstlngof a wooden / ; ..".-, AcurtaIn orfrarnec.fstructureused
frame. usuallyrectangular,cevered with ". / ....// dlrectl-jPehlnd proscenklmat each
IlghtweightDcard or fa Dric. -""" ('/ / side of the stage to screen the wings ana
5tage -----------------------------------------
LII ____ b ______.orche,tr;apit
1M pl3tfonn.usuallyraised,00 which The space reservedfor mUSicians.
perform In a theater. Also. usuallythe front part of the maIn
the pl3tform all the parts of a floor, sometimeswholly or partly
theater Uacl: of the prosce.,lum. under the forward part of the stage.
..-
drop stage -- ----- -- ----------_.. ----.----._./ apron .---.: \----------------.oo.---, footlights
A stage floor that mOles verticallyon an The part of a stage floor In The row of lights on the front of a stage.
ekvator. so that one set can quickly front of the curtain line. usuallyset In a trou9h. nearly 011;1 level
replace anot he r.Also called flft stage. wIth the fut of the performers.
257
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THEATER
opeu house front of the house palcony
A theaterdevotedchIefly to the The partsof a theater that are on the A UlJt projectsorer the main
puPlIc performanee of operas. audienceside of the flre wall floor of atheaterto accommodate
additionalpecple.
gallel)'
An upper fi.cc1" projecting the
main floor of a theattror hall.
wing balcony
The part of that extendsalong .- .... --.- ..----..... -. peanut gallery
The rearmostand cheapestsection
::""waIl5 of," auditorium.-'!:.: of seats In the uppermostl'>alconyof
a theater.
A privateseatIng area for a
small group of spectatorsIn I
a theater or opera _+__--:..--4_ , . .,;._.... ,Ight liM
.- Any of the lines of between the
spectators and the stage or Playln9
I
area of a theater or stadium. 1
I I
,it.
. .
.-----------a - ...........--.-.-.-.----.----!coPy
,
j
!
I
1 A11311 as a P3S5J¥r'f.iyor
• S:J waiting room at or Ile3rthe entr.inceto
• ; a theater.hotel.or apartmenthouse..
::I I Also calledfoyer.
lounge
A large puPlIc room. as In a
theater,hotel,or air terminal.often
havIng adjoinIngwashrooms.
j i
room .:..,i i._ wing The office of a theater or stadium.t
A room for use In gating dressed.esp. The platformor space to the right or which tickets are sold.
I
one for performersf;.!d:sta¥In a left of the stage proper. U
m3r'lUU
or televisionstudio.
runway A tall projectionaWie a theater
greenroom A narrow platformor ramp extending entrance.uSU4llycootalnlngthe name I ,i
A loungeIn a theater.concerthall. or from a stage Into the orchestrllpit of a currentlyfeaturedplay or film ana I
l
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TRUSS
A structural frame based on the
p.1nel •.. - -- - ----- --. -- .-- ----------\ r··-·-----··---·chord geometricrigidity of the triangle and
The space wttnln wet> of a truss "" Eitherof the two prlnclpaI membersof composedof linear mem&ers subject
any two points on a "" a truss extenaingfrom end to end and only to axial tension or compression.
chord and a pair of "'., connecteclby web members.
joints Of a singlejoint on an opposite ...•
web
The lrTte9ralsystem planetru55
panel point connecting upper and lowerchords Atruss an of whose members lie In a single
Ajolnt uetweentwo or more memt>ers of a truss. plane.
of a truss. A truss must be loaded only \ trussing
at Its p1nd points If Its members OIre \ The rigid membersforming a truss.·
to be to axial tension or i 5U!1jectto axial forces proportionalto
compresslo11_}.JsaC3lb:l node. --._- '-'-'--"''''' the rise of the truss.
i governs the size of compression .-
pJnellengtb . ". i
The space 00 chord of a truss meml7ers.while tensilestresses at the
maae weakestpoints. usuallyat the
Py principal with connections.control the size of tension
chord. members.
heel shoe
The lower. supportedttId of an A rearing platefor supportingand
timber. r*"..er.ortrus5. resistingthe thrust of a truss or girder.
direct
The tensileor compressivestress th.-ltIs
constant throughthe depth of a
i structural membtr to axial
UTO-foru .. -; tensionor comprtSslon.
Atruss 1MTlP-erttut U1eoretlc31ly
carries dlrect loa.d and
omlsslan would not alter the stability of AdditIOnal and tresses In 2
truss truss meml1errtSultlngfrom an eccentric
conrteCtlonor 3 joint flxed ag.alnstrebtlve
rotation.While trussesare assumedto
have Ideal!zed pin connections.truss
connectionsIn realitymay be rotted.
welded.or riveted.Impartinga degreeof
rig fdIty to thejoInts.
. rever5.11
A change!nthe force of 3 truss member
from tension to compressionor vice versa
caused !7y a change In the loading pattern.
(!
..... .• counterPrace
A truss membersul7jectto tensionor
compressionunaervaryfngload conditions.
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TRUSS
R, Bowt5 notation
The ofla!1ellngthe spaces
forcesor their linesof utlon
f with letters, each force !;IeIng IdentlfleJ
, I7y the two lettersIn the
spaceswhen proceec:llngIn aclcx:t:wise
Since onlyzxiJl M.1xwefidi2gr2m IT13nneraroundajoint.
e:tt.entilfc,r-".lSN forctsZf'e tr.lnsm/tt.eJfrom AgraphIe method for determlnIng the
one memberto ar.otUrzt Ngnit-udeand ch. r.acterof the
fDlIow:JPjtM thejoItTts, the I1f In the rr.emrersof a
memberforcesC*tI be In I+f1
for tiJe rnar:m- p3l"36dto the truss JesIg.-.4Upanel5p3Ces.
forc.=s3t jonts. Worting from tf'rI? wMe desfgn3temas
points.a thinlpoIrrtof of the vectors.
C3n be W1Jtld by
projectSJgforce lines of
JJrectJon. i I.
\
I')
I'
·-1 ,
l
I/.
l I
l I
l' }
l
L
260
r piUhedtruss flattru'5
TRUSS
lS1S1SJSJZVVI7I.
Pratt ""--__________ -.ll
rafter tr1I,sedJoist
A wood truss used In fram
a roof. usu.1Iyprmlnicated
Of or pertainIngto • JUt or pitchedtruss
having vertlc31web memDers In compression
• A I19htwelght.flat wood truss used In
framl"9 a floor, usuallyprefabricated
of 2x45 anJ b6s jOO1ed I'll n and dl3gonalwe!7 memPers!lltension. of 2x4s and 2x6sJoinedwtth toothed
toothedpbte plateconnectors.
connectors.
'---y------. Warren
Of or pertainingto a pitchedtruss Of or pertainingto a f13t or Dowstrlng.
having Orily Indned web memDer5. truss having Inchned mem!1ersformll19
a series of equllater3I trl3ngles.Vertical
di3gorut :--- web sometimesIntroduced
An IncnneJweb lMT1!7erJoining the \ An lncnned we!:> memDerJoining a to redUC6 the panel lengthsof the tcp
top and bottom chords of a truss. . chord wtth a main chord which Is In compression.
r--- trus,rod
! A metal tie rod servingas a tension
memPerIn a truss or trussed!leam.
""''t
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VAULT
An arched 5uuctureof stone. urick. or
reinforced a uiling ; ...- .. -.-......-...--.......-.... _.-.... key course
or roof a hall. room. or : Awurse of keystonesIn the crown of
whoityor parti311yenclostdspace. 2 masonlj'vault.
,.....--- ....--------... vaultingccurst:
A horizontalcourseforming the
aDutmentsor springersof a masonry
: vault.
L_____ ._ .. transversearch
An arch for stiffeninga Darrel vault or
supporting2 groin vault. '
r--'--
1 . A Pay two transversearches
I", vaulted structure.
•
5InceIt behmsas an arch extendedIn a third
Jlmenslcn,the Iong/tudlna/supportlngwalls
must bvttrts5edt(1 younter3Ctthe thrusts
of the archIngactIon.
I
1--- ...... i?uttres,
An externalsupportbuilt tD stabilizea
struGtursby opposingIts outwarathrusts.
II esp. a supportbuiltInto (lr
againstthe outsideof a masonrywall
corbelvault
A vault canstructed carbehng caurses
of stone masonry.The resultingstepped
surfacecan Pe smoothedorcurvea.but
no arch action Is Incurred.
l
-, ......... -..;
AdlstJnct.slenkr. verticalmasonry
fe;ltIJreengagedIn a wan or pier and
vaultlng5hili
Ashaftthat leaas tD the springerof a
rlu or groupof riPs. eitherrising from tht:
l
supportingorfelgnlngtD supportan grounaor from a carVelat a greater
l
arch or a rll1bed vault. heightIn the face of the nuSOMIj'.
262
J
,'l x
:.
VAULT
I rrel v.ult
A VAult a semicircularcross
section.Also caRed cradle vault.
. conicalvault
A vault a circularcross section
that Is largerat one end than the other.
rampantvault
Ava ult from an abutment
higherat one side than at the other.
annularvault
A barrel vault hJving a circularplan In
the shape of aring.
wtlMl vault, ¥Qgon vault.
groin .. -..' tripartitevault .
One of the curvea lines or edges : A compouna vault for covering a
which two vaults meet. ": triangularsp3u, formed by the
}--.- Intersectlonof three barrel vautts.
///
sexpartite vault
A rll7vaultdividedInto six compartme:r.:s
by two d13gonal ribs and three tranSv'er:e
ribs.
rip
Arry of several archlikemembers suppor;ing
a vault at the groins. deflnlng tts distinct
surfacesor dlvtdlngthese 5U rfacesInto
panels. ."
/:\
, \
263
VISION
the;let or power of
sen5ing with the eyes.
&ee
r0 pac.elvewith the eyes. The act of
seei"41sa and creativeprocess.
It 15 capaP-leof&ellveringa three-
dimensIOnalperctptlonof the II1OfIng.
changing1m3¥swhich make upourvlsual
--1
world.There are three steps In the swift
and processingwhich
In ,t. ""'g"we see. j
I t....... reuptlon:0tJr eyes .......,- ... visu3Ifmures _................. Irtferenu: on the b1sIstlftheseextracted
klputIn form ofl!glrt. . from this Input. fe3ture5. Infcmlces made3boutour KOrld.
I
I
,.,./
,.,. I
,,/ I
./ I
,. /0 '. l
,. ,. ..
'.
./ \ ..
I
L
that providesanew hoe of sight. fletd.
visu.;12CUIty
angle Acutenessof v15Ion 25 determined
to of the spatial The by 2 comparisonwfth the nonnal
relationshipsa:nong oop;tswft:hln the sulrtenasat *'e pointof oI1semtlon. abilltyto certain at a
fleklofv1slon. -_._-_ .. _.- ..... -.... ............... --_._..•
b
lI'IeasureJlnmlnuteschrc. g!Yen dlst.anee. IlSUaIly20 ft. (6 m).
orientltfon
The ability to Wxm oneselfIn one's The a17i1ityor power tc see or m3ke
environment.nth referenutc time. fine distinctions.
Yi5U4t literacy
.1,pect
Appeal'3ncetc the human eye or
mind. L
The to apprehendand
pictures.dl'2wfngs.or
eye
Appreciativeor dISCriminatingVISU31
perception.
L
L
264
VISION
carr.oufu¥ perctption
The of a form or that The act or faculty of .pprehendlngby
occurs when Its pattern. means of the senses or of tr,., mind.
texture, or coIor.ItlonIs slmllar to that
of Its SlJrTOundlngfield or l1ackground. visual perception
An awarenessderived Irj the visual
system In responseto .on extern..ol
stimulus.
_..• figure-ground
A propertyof perceptlooIn which
there Is a tendencyto see parts of a
visual field 35 solid. welh:leflnea .
otjectsstandln9out against.. less
distinctl7ackground. .
figure
A shape or form. as determlneat.y
OtItlllltSor exterior surf.lces.
\ ground
A Pl""Cf"!rtyof perceptionIn which the "\ The rececl1n£j part of a visual f1ekl
mind's for meaning Irj • agaJhst which a Is perceived.
Imagining.na projectlngknown or Also called background.
familt3rl1T13geSonto the seemingly
pattern until It
•••••
....
flnd.s 3 m3tch whIch rrt3l:essense. This
atte:r1ptto COOIpletean Incomplete
paturn. or find a meaningfulpattern
emp.-..-dkJfn a largerone. Is In
4Iccord;;}nuwith we alre3dyknow
•••••
.:
•• •••••
or Ct-r'"'tCtto see. Once seen and
.0.0.
ur.derst<xJ. it Is dlfficuIt to not see
•••••
A prcymyof perctptlonIn which there
Is 3 wokncytogroupthings which
tlimil4rity
h;we visualch3racterlstlcIn
com."roCl""l.4ISa slml13rttyof shape. slz.e.
.0 •.0.
.oeo.
color. or'..etTtJtIonor det3ll eoeoe
+
A perceptionIn which there complement.which Is projected
Is 3 t.enkncyfor an open or Incomplete Insta sly on .. Juxtaposed color
• -./
fig ure to seen as If It were a closed Of' value. Simultaneouscontrast
orcomplet.eand staVle form. Intenslfle5camp1ementarycolors"ana
shifts an.. logouscolors tcw3ra each
other'scomplementaryhue. esp. when
theJuxtaposedcolors are SimilarIn
.
.' :\
.I_,S
value.When two colors of contrasting
value areJuxtaposed.the Itgfrtercolor
successivecontrast afterirrt3ge
• e
will deepen the darkerWar while the
A phenomenonof visual perceptionIn A visual sensation darker color will lighten the lighterooe.
which Intenseexposureto one color or that persistsafter
value leads to the sensationof Its the stimulusthat
complement.which Is as an ca used tt Is no Io"¥r
afterimageon anothercolor or surface operativeor present.
viewed Immedl3telythereafter.
265
WALL
Any of vari0tJ5 uprightcoostructions ,- ... - ......... - ............. exUricr wail
presenting... continuoussurfau ana A wall formIng p3rt of the envelopeof a
serving to enclose,asvide,or protect / I I\\ InJlldIng.havl"9 one face exposed to the
to earth.Also c.11ed
an area. exUmatwali.
/' ......./
.,/
,1"-"'." .•• Interior wall
Any wall withIn a InJlJalng.entirely
surroundedby exterlor W4i 115.
vearingwall .
A wall capal7leof supportingan Imposed 0/ partition
load. from a floor or roofof a InJIWlng. An Irrt:erlorwall dlvldlnga room or pa rt of 3
Also called load-bearinfwall •.. - ... -- ......... -.: PulldlngInto separateareas.
wall ! partition
Awalt no load otherthan Its An interiorwall carryinga st-ructuralload.
own weight. Also called non-toad- Also called lo.1d-bearingpartition.
W31l- ......
partition
An Interiorwall supportingno Ioaa other
Its own weight.Also called non-load·
p.1rtJtSon.
$creen
A or fixed device. esp. a
pror
framed COI15trtJctlon.deslgne4to
divide. conce;al.or
- movaplepartition
A partltlcncap;a17leof I1eIng movea to
differentloC3tlons.Also called
demountaPlapartttfon.
coping
I " A flni5hlngor protectiveC<lp orCOUr56 to
i 3n exterforW4lfl. usuallyslopedor curved
\ .......
\ ........, .. - - copIng
ca rrtc11 •...
A \ i .0-.--: . .
feature from a
cornerof a Pulta!ng.
pil4s-ur .- ........- .....-
\
;\
./' A coping that slopes to eitherside of a
Also called
l
o. _ ••••••••••• _ ••••••••• -- •• - •••• - ......... 0.· - ••••.••• ,
266 f
WALL
11 plate 1110cking ...... _ .. stud wall
A house constructeawith a skeletaI Any of various hOrizontaltlml:>erslaid A numberof small wood pieces A wan 01' partitionfr.lmeJ wtth stuas
frameworkof t1mrer. usuallysheathed flat across the headsofstuddingor Insertedto space.join. or reinforce and factd wtth sheathing.siding.
wtth siding or shingles. upon floors to supportJOists.rafters. memrersof a !rolldlngframe. fill the wallboard,or plasterworX.Also caW
or studs at or near their ends. spaces betweenthem. or provraca stud partition.
nailing surfacefor finish materials.
wall plate .'" stud
A horizontalmember built Into or laid Any of a seriesof slender.upright
along the top ofa wall to supportand memrersof wood or tne't31 fonnlng the
distributethe load from joists or structuralframe of a wall or p-artltlon.
rafters.Also called raising plate.
top plate ....---..... -....... -....-.- .......------
The uppermosthorizontalmeml:>erofa
framed wall on whichjoists or rafters
rest.
....-.-......
A dwarf wall for sU Pr«t1"9 fIo?,. joists.
firestcp -------.-----.--------------'.
A rlUterialor member!roUt Into a \
fl.lme to I1lbcl:a COTlce31ed \. A wall less than a fullstor)' In hd.3ht.
hollowspace through which a flre ".
might from one part of the
!ro11.d1M§ to another.
ledgerWip
A pleu attachedto the face of a
Deam at the bottom as a support
for the ends ofjoists. /'
M17Pon .. ________._ ------.---.----.-.__ .J'-
267
WALL
!Siding rake 5huthing
A we3tMrproofmaterialas shingles. A bOard or molding placed along the Arough coveringof Poards. plywood.or
boards.or units of sheet used sloping sides of a gal7le to cover the other panel materialsappW to a frame
for sa rf.ulng the exteriorwalls of • ends of the siding.......''-: .. structure to as a base for siding.
mme !7ulldlng. flooring.or roofing.
.- 5tructur21&huthlng
comer 1?oard Sheathingcapal7leof bracing the plane of
A roard against which siding Is fIt1;ed at
the comerof a fr3 me structure. ............. _.... ;. a framed wall or roof.
.....
A Slmfll70ardor stripof wood used for Asheathingof Doards applieddiagonally
for lateralstrength.
varloos uulldlngpurposes.as to cover
joints mrds. supportshinglesor i10arding
rooflng tiles.Of' provide_Da5e for A structureof boards.
....
or su!riloorlng.
paper
j
Arty of various papers.felts. or slmlbr
sheet materialused In constructionto
preventthe pass3g6of air or motsture.
t
I·
)/
o
..
colonbl bevel siding Dolly Y2rden siding drop siding
5JdJil!composedof plain. square-edged Siding composedof ta perea Ltoards.as Bevel r30reted the lower Siding composedof boards narrowed3 long
twrds bld horlzontaRyso that the clapboards.laid horizontallywith the edge to recelve the upperedge of the the upperedges to fit Into ra l*ets or
uppero.'erlapsthe one PeIow. thickerloweredge of each board board relow It. grooves In lower
O'Ierlappln!1the thinnerupperedge of the horizontallywith their uacks flat 3g3lnst
Deard uelow It. Also called lap skiing. the sheathingor studs of the w;;r/t Also
called novelty I"UstJc skiing.
I
Il;
L
..............
R'''-'-
I
panel
portion.Section.or dfvlslon r ..·_·.. - ..·....·_....·...... • flU5h
ohwa .. mlnscot.celbng or c:Ioor.esp. I . APe3dhavlngltsoutersurfaceatt:hc
ofaff'JS41rfacesunk belowor I'2tsea same level as the adjoiningsumces.
I
the surroundingarea. or
NJln$COt
by a or rorder. -_ .......... !
.....'1"
I
1
;
Abead that projectsaDove or Deyond the
adjoiningsurfaces.
L
facin4 atwood paneling.esp. when i ;0.... _................. C\ulrk .
:overingthe lowerportionof an Interior
..-' .' .-'
I
vall.
...
"ullion ......- ..........................
-
.....
=
ffifu\\\\ •
:::a
Agcoov.... .cot< ""kling' !><1J ...
lng from adJmnfng'membersor L
, vertical memberdividing the panels In : ..................... Polutlon
me
',-
-a11l5COt
ado
1elolYe/'?'rtIonof an Interiorwall
. . J ./ A raised molding for framing a panel.
Oooli'r'ay.or fireplace.esp. when the
mutlng surfacesare at differentlevels.
L
ilenfa ced or tre3ted dlfferentty from Also.lrilectlcn.
-- 1
,euppersection.as with panelingor
'3ilpa Iu
WALL
.-"-" curtain wall
..- ,. An exterfor wall supportedwholly by
l -
-r--- --,.-.,.-.-......,.,..,......,..··
.,.".:...,...,
...',.-..:.,....- .. ....,. .. "., .. t-) .
girt
A hortzontalmember spanning welg t ana wlna aaS.
retweenexteriorcolumnsto support t----7
wall sheathingor cla-dd1ng. •.._.......... '-"-'.
1
mng .. .....................................
--.- ........-_
A materialplaced In an \. -.
opening to the p3SS3geofflre, .... t--}
3S uetween a curtain wan and a spandrel •
.. ... .. ..•.. ..
__ ._;. JIll
....-..····· ............ area In a multlstor:tframe
and supportingtneotIteredge ofa lnJlidlng.betweenthe sill of" window on
floor or roof. one level and the head of a wlnaow
backupwall Immediatelybelow. Also, spandril.
An assemlnyof materialsused behlna
a curtain wall to provklethe
of fire-resistance.••.•.. - .._- ...........
stlck s)"tem
Acurtainwan system In which tuuuf3r
ttnltsystem metal mullionsand ralls are assembled
A C\lf't.4lnIv.ifi system conslsUngof pJeci by pleuon-siteto frame VIsion
pre3sserrWW. wan units glass and spandrel units.
.....hlch IT!3'j be pregf3zedor glazed
3f+..er InstJlI.aUon.
.--.......... spandrelgl1s5
An opaque glass for conceahngthe
structuralelementsIn curtain wall
ccnstnJCtlon.proJuceabyfusJrIga ceramic
frIt to the Intenorsurf2Ceof temperedor
heat·strengthenedglass.
pand system .-._ ............. _.......... ' .................... ./
A cu-rt..ln waH system conslstlngof
pm'Dr1'I1tdmet.t cut stone, precast
con.cme.or p3ndluJ t>rlck wall units.
l'rhIch rt13Y be preglnedor gl.azeJ after
... 1tatlon.
unlt-3nd-mulllonsynem
A curtain wan systemIn which one- or
two·stor)'·hlghmullionsare Installed
l7eforepre3s5embleawall units are
loweredInto place behindthe mullions.
The framed wall units may Pe preglazed
or glazed after Installation.
column·ccver-ana-spandrel system
II curtJln w311 systaTlln which vlSlon·glass
1!
liM units are
5wpporUd l7y 5f13nJrelbeams between
columns cI.Jd with caver sections
269
WALL
ret.1lningW311
Aw.n of tre3t.e.atlml1er.I!i3S0flr)'. or
for holdlngIn place a 1n35S of
earth. A w.1I C211 f.l1I by
overtumlng. or seuRng. Also
C411ea waR.
!
de3dm.1n gfMty wall .-------j
A log. concret.ePlock. or similarmass A Nsonry or concret"retaining waH
uurled In ground as an al1Ghor. that resists overturningand
the sheer weight ana YOlume offts ctilss.
'--.--.--.-... -.•
A type of gravity retainingwall for.r.ed
loy stJcklng modular.interlocking
prec.astconcreteunits and filling the
voids with crushed stone or gravel.
Also called cellular wall
l
cn17Uing -. - ...___ .. _. ___________.__ .__ ......
A systemof
sora ..lld1ng
for ret.1lnlngearth or
lT1CY'edorhavlngIts
;c·\HldatlonrdnJltt. Also C41ieJ
- - - ------------
- - - - - --
- - - - -- -
---. t.1rth tle17ack wall
Aretainingwaif of precast
concretepanels fastenedto long
l
c.r.bworl _ _ _____ gatvanlzedsteel str.lpsextendingInto
;n'b
,
:':mbers.or or concreternemPer5
a compactedsoil UacHlll
l
-- =::::=::::=------
;;f $Imlbrform.. asseml:>ledIn laj'ersat
angles.often filled wtth earth or
stones ;rod used In the constroctlonof
'':lI.maatlons.nd retainingwalls.
;-------
--j
The maxImum heightat which 3
vertlcalcut In 3 cohesivesoil will
sbna wlU,CtJtshoring.
l
I
rlprap
A layer of stones thrown
togetherIrregularlyon an /
/
/
. .
The maximum sIop6. rne3sureaIn
from the horizontal.at whk;J,
L
slope to pm-cnt erosion. / . _--.--' loose solid wll remain In
/
L
..•.•-- place without slidlnq. .
/ .......
/ angle of ,ride
The minimum slope. measuredIn
from the horlzont.1lat wh!ch
loose solid materialwill begin to silk
or flow.
L
--- ...... ; revet ',___ • soli binder soil5ta17i1iur
p Iva nlud wire b.sl:et filled with fo face a sloping surfaceor A plant that preventsor Inhlplts A chemicaladmixturefor
.0f1es and used In coostructlngan
Jt ment or retaining structure.
emuankmentwIth stone or other
material.
erosion Dy providinga ground cover
and forming a dense networkof
roots that hold the soil.
malnt3lnlngor Increasingthe
St3!1lntyof a soli mass. L
revetment
A facing of masonryor other sultaple
material for protectingan
empankmentagainst erosion. L
o
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WIND,OW
An opening in the wall of a puflding
window IUIit window frame dressing for admitting light and air. usually
AlI'taC!8bctureJassem17tiof a mme. The fixed mme of a Window. consisting The ornamentaldetailof a Dulldlng. fitted with a frame In which are
S.ilsh. and necessaryhardware. oftwoJam17s.• head. and asill. ---'1 esp. the molded frameworkaround set operapIe sashes containing
wlndowopenlng. "',,_ door and wIndow openlngs_
panes of glass.
sa5h
The fhe.d or I1OV3 mmeworX .....
ofa which
panes 01 are set. -----".
',,-.
., .....
pane ..
One of the divisionsof a windowor door.
conSistIngof a single unit of glass set In
a frame_
-\--
---...:. muntin
A wood COt'eriIlg the g.3 p A ra DDetea It!emDerfor holding the
a or wlnao,.;f,..me of windowpaneswithin a sash. Also called
;and th6 mson ry reveal Into which the glazing l1ar. sash bar. '1
Is set. Also c;alled staff peaa.
The
drip
CNer. window Of" a
Jna In3sonrywalL ---- .. --------- ---.-------\
slip sill
A5111 cut to fit !1e-tweentM Jam17s of a
w:ndow or door opening.
__ .. __ ....
.r:---------------.lug sill
u_u _____ .. _______
271
WINDOW
r· ....·.. ·.. --_... yoke
A wfn&ow hMtf two verticallysl1t.f1ng rT'>....-r----f-,..,. A horlzontJl the t.?p of a
.. sepal'2tegrooves or,trads frame for a double·hungwindow.
ana closll\4J ciffererrt'part of the wfndow.
'"
/ ,top
A strip of moldingalong the InslM of
I i wlndow frame for holdlll!J.1 52sh. or
which ;1 sash cioStS. Also called
sash step. window step.
1
hung sash ... - ......•.•. - ..- ......... _........ . . - ..
AvertlcalJ:t window S3Sh balanced
.._ ..... bead I I
""h line
- ..................... ,....
r------.-
I I
\
A rope cord) orch.ln (sash awn)
a verticallysnalng wlndow
sash with 3 counterweight.
I
A window constructedwith a I I
rii7Pon
A strip Of or aluminumalloj used In
pocket In he3d.1rTf.owhich one or both
:;.;shescaR 1'355 to Increasethe opening
iNallaPle for
i place of a sash cord to connect.. vertlcally
sliding window sash with a counterweight. 1
pocketpleu
t
A removablepart of a 113"91"9 stile
I
OJ or to
aCUS5 to Insert.llsash weight
the sash I1ne.
L
3
vertically window sash. Also
spring l1atanu.
L
H2 f
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WINDOW
extension hinge
0
A for an outward·swlnglng
C35tment wlnam.locatedto allow ······-···-·-··········----··-1 for ventll3Uoo.Also called fixed sa sh.
froD1 the Insrde when the
wlnaowlsopen. ... - .. oper;a\;o\ewindow
A wlrJow having a sash that rruy opened
: for vtMtllatlol1.
AV3rfor a castmentIn arry of
sevml positions. V
oper;ator ----- ................- ....----.- ..-.--. window
A gearlessdevice for operatlnga A wlndcw with at one casement,often
ca5tmentand hokllng It In an open used In comblnatlonwtth flxecll41hts.
:- .. -
handles .. - .. - ......- .....-.-. '\ / . A window sash opening on hinges gener311y
A h;an& th<at Iocl::s3 hinged sash In a
\
\ /
/ attachedto "the sik of Its fra me.
\,
closeJ posftlonby wedging It against a folding casement
keeper Also called lockIng A pair of casementswith r3bbeted meeting
•
Stl\es,hung In a frame having roO multlon.
....--- ... -.- .... -./
1--- stile
A Cr3nk·drlYtnworm drive for opening The stlIe of a wln.:lowframe from which a
and awning windows.casement C3sementIs hung.
windows.3 nd,lJlousles.
...- meeti"9 stne
wicketscr-een _._.._.-........_ ....."'''-'''.
Oneofthrr"03 stilesIn a p3lrof
A sman or hinged portionof a
13 rg SC/Ull providingaccess for
operstl"9a wlnJew sash.
..--.- .. French winaow
.. A p3/r of windows extendingto
o the fC()r and strVing as a doorway,esp.
- from a room to outsideporch or temlce.
/ \
/ cremeI'M
'\
\ /
I
/
I \\I A vmlcall10ttused on a French window or
'\ / / \
'\ I ,- \ the tit, of two rods moved by at
\ I / \ a bob mechanismand extendingInto
" I
I
/'-'\ ,\ !/
pocUtsIn the head and sill of the opening
I '\ to prcv1Je a secure fastening.Also,
/ /1
I
/ '\
'\
\ cremonebolt.
I '\
\ ...-_ ....- l:Ia!conet
A r3inng or!7alvstradeprojectingslightly
pivotedwind<>w -\ IL_1J the of a window and reaching
A hJving a sash that rotates 90° \i. to the fuor. having the appe3 r.l nee of a
I t
Of vertlc31 or horizontalaxis !7alconywhe.n the window Is fully open. Also.
at or Its center, used In air·
condltlonedmultistoryor h41h·rI$e ti tj
and operaW onlyforc!eanlng.
or emergencyventll3tlon.
/
/\ \,
I \,
II \
window hopptrwindow
A window horizontalglass or wood A wlndcw having one or mort sashes
louverswhich pivot simultaneouslyIn a Inwardon hinges genmlly
mire. usea
co:nl!"lOf1 prlmarilyIn mild \
I
/ on the rottom. Also called
cnmate5 to controlventllattonand to cut \ I hospft.alwindow.
'\ /
off visibilityfrom the ootslde. '\ I
... -.. hcppt1'light
A window fl9ht hir1¥d on the bottom and
A or shutter having horizontalslats swinging Inward. Also called hospital
that can 6dJustedto admit l41ht and light.
air excluck sun and r3ln.
.- ......, hopper
shielding -- .... -- One of the triangulardraft lrarrlerson
,:
The angle Pd.ow which somethingcan be each side of a hqpu light.
sten when viewed through a louver.
273
WINDOW
I
DBDD
DOli
!
......
...!.. t· I...J;! I It
',.
:. ...... ::.J
.' :,',
.
.,
DODBBB
DOOOO' =
-
picturewindow . window wall riLWn window clere5tory
It usuallyftxta slngie-panewindow. A nonbearlngwaR composedprimarilyof A horizontalb-and of wlnaaws, Aportion of 211 Interior above
to frame an aUQctlveexterior view. verticaland framing members seraraW only Py mullions. adjacentrooftopsand having Windows
V-
containinga comPi nation of flxeJ lights admittingd;iyIlghtto the Interior;Also.
and operatingsashes. cI e.1 rstcr:t.
.r- Porrowed
Awtnaow In an Interior part-mon
It wlrWwor seriesof wlnJows allowingIlg h1 to De tra nsmlttedfrom one
OIJ'tWardfrom the main \¥;in of a building space to another.
anQ forming a Pay or alcoveIn a room
within.esp. one iuvlng Its own foundation; .- .... 1
windowseat - ...- .......-......_.. _ ......, Awlnaowill:eopening In a wall or partition
through which may be passed.'as
It se.7t built Into a recessof a window
Petween 3 kitchen and a dining room.
window
It bay window having cantedsides. L
-_ ...... wir.dow
A wlnaow In C(' under3 !pine.
; !
I
iLl
It Ir.1y window a roundea projection.
'-"-1'---' oriel
dormer window .... -.........-.............. - .. ,. A !?ay window supporteJfrom klow
A vertblwlndow In a projectionPu lit out Py co,wls or
from a roof. Also called
L
--_._ ...... - .......
Avertlc41 wIndow set Dele... the line of a
slopea roof.
luc.ame me,hrePu-jeh
A An Py lanluwort.
L
Window In a roof or spire.
through which the air rr.zy araw freely
oxeye _.... c................ _ ....... _ ............ _ ... . while the Inter'« Is COI1Ce3Ieafrom view.
A GCmparaUvely5m3" rouna or oval found along tr., streets of CaIro3nd
window.as In frieze or dormer.AlSo othertowns of UIe Levant. Also,
calledodl-de-Poeuf.
hocdmold
Aproject1ng over the arch
of window or &ocr. esp. In Inter\o!' awnin.g
IychM5COpe
A51114111 window sa low In the W311 of II
rntdIevalchu rch. pm11tt1"'9the Interior
L
wort. Also. hood mokJi"f. A COfer of C3 r1V3S or othermateriaI to seen fmn the outska Also callea
In front of a &oorvayor window.
or 0Vet' a decl:. to pror1de
or rain.
from
L·
.
... - ... -.- 5Gretn
Aframe a flne of Mal
or fiberglass.pbcedIn a Window or
L
&oorway.or arounaa pon;h to admit.
L
aIr excluk l!Isects.
'" storm window
Asupplementarysash pl3cea OIJts1ae
motif an existIngwindow as additional
protectiona!pinstsevere weather.
AwIndowor door-wayIn the form of a
round·headed archwayfbnke&on
sk:le by narrowercomp3rtments.the side
compartmentsPeing with
either Also called st.cnn u5h.
window
L
ent4PIa tu res on which the arch of the
L windowpox . Awindow with'
A!;.ox ksi.3neato hold sol! for grtWlng InUrchange3rteserunand grass
centnl compartmentrests. Also calkJ
motlf.Venttlan motlf. plants at or on 3 Windowsill. sectionsfor summer ana wlnter
L
274
I
i
lOMoARcPSD|29794750
WINDOW
tracery
Om31T'.eRtalwoti: of branchllkelines,
esp. the lacy openworkIn the upper
part of a Gothic window.
I.
I \\\
plate tracery tncery
EJrly Gothic tracery funned of Gothic tracerycharacterizedby a pattern AdaggerllktmotH'found esp. In Gothic tracery charactertzeaby a
pierud slobs of stone set on of geometricsJ, apes. as circles 3nd foils. Gothic mcery.forrnea by elliptical p-attemof ilTegular,l1cldlycurved
the the shape and and agee curves. . forms. Also called flowingtracery.
dlsp<l$1'tlcnof the openings.Also
carted pafor3Udtracery.
par tracery ...-_ ...._--.- ..........................
.
Gothic meet)' tlut succeededplate
mcery. of mok!ea stone
.•- .. --.---------_.
mul110ns that divide Into variousbranching
emnts which flU the wIndow head. Atrlangu13r119ht In a
Goth1c window.fOl"11'1ed by
the arch of the Window. an
arch of a !ewer tier of
ret.icuL1td •.-.--.-_ ............- mctr)'. ana 3 mullloo of
an upper tier of tracery.
Gothic traceryconslstlngmainlyof a
nttlii:e of rtpt:ated
AlsG called net
tracery.
perpendiculartracery
Predomirt3ntlyvertlwl
Gothic tracery havfng
mullions rising to
curve of the arch. crossed
at Intervalsby horizontal
transolT1:S.Also cal\ed
275
WOOD
The fil7rouscellular
th.-t makes up most pith r--···· xylem
of the sUms ana
l?l'3nchesof The sof';. centralcore aDout
which frst growth t3l:es piau
.... The WoMy tissue of ;I tree th4t pro;ldes
support,lI1J conductswater;lnaminerai
trees tU in a nel't)'fonned stem. nutrientsupward from the roots.
lignin
.-.. ------.------- .-----.. --.---'--"'-'--'--'-'. An organic that. wtth cenulose.
The extemal of a woody '. forms the woody cell 115 of plants ;I nd
sttm.l7ranch.or root. composedof a nvlng thecementln:3m3terull7etweenu,em.
layer caltea phloem and an outer Dan:
of corty. dead tIssue. cellulose
An inert that Is the chief
--------"-------------.---.----.-.-.-- .. - of the cell l\I2Rs of pl2nts and
A th3t C3rr1eSfood from U,e of dried woods.jute.hemp•.;andCDtt9n.
to the growing parts of a tree. Also . used In the rna nuflctu of .; wide variety
calW InMrpark. of synthetlcbu rnat:emIs. .
r-
......... -de.. A ccncerTt<iclayer of wood produceJduring
singleJle3r'sgrowthof a temperatetree.
aAlso
, called frowth "lli.
l
resin One of the d.or43W. S<Jpportingand
crown •. --.-... -------.-.-------... --_ ..! conductivecells il1 woody tissue. luvlng
A viscous.clear to tr3nslucent.
The and living c!oseJ ends Vla walls
organic sul1stance by
Pranchesof a tree. orientedpm lid to axis of a stem or
certain pines. used In rnakl"9
tnmk vamlshes.adhesives,and plastics. branch.
The main stem of a tree vessel
apart from Its mnches
and roots.
A tubur.lrst<uctureof wooJy tissue for
conductingW7ter ana ifJlneralnutnerrts.
L
formed by the fusion a:1d loss of end W".i rts In
a of connectedceils. r
.", "
..... '.
ray
L
.' ,:' One oftht vertlcal!:73ndsof tr.Insvers6
!
:
;
cells that rui!.ate ptth and 17ari: for
the storageand hortzon-talconductionof
nutrients. L
hardwood .... ----------------.---.--
The wood from a Imnd·le3veaf.owerlng
-----. pore
One of the relatively verticaicelis for
conducting54 p. esp. It\ nardwoodtrees.
,ap
L
as cherry,maple, or oak. The term Is
L
The vital fluL::l of \'ater. nftiogen.and c
t".ot of the actual h4rdnessof mineraI nUtr¢1ts thn circulatesthrough;;
tilewooQ. plant.
kckfuolf:J fiber
Sheddinglt2vesannU4/lyor n the end of a One of the s\ct1der. thW:i-walledcens whlcn
season.The term Is descriptiveof
most hardwoodsand a few sof':woods.
together to st<et1gtnenplant tlssue.
.f
276
.,. r
<·1'·'
1
.'
WOOD
luml7er
The timberproduct manufactured
sawing. resawlng.passing
through a ptanl":1 machine.cross-cuttingto
length. aM grading.
surfacedgreen kiln·dried
Of or pertainingto dresseclluml1er Of or pertainingW lum!1er seasoneaI,n a
having a moisturecontentexceeding kiln uMer controlledconditionsof heat.
19% at the time of manufacture. .alr clrculaUon.and humidity.
equilibrium rrk)isture content point surfaceddry air-dried
The moisturecontentat which wood The stage In the or wettingof Of or pertainingto dressecllumber Of or pertainingto lumperseasonedlrj
ne!tMrgains nor 10ses moisturewhen wooclatwhich the cell walls are fully . having at a moisturecontentof 19% or exposureto the atmosphere.
surroundedf;y air 3t .. g),15.n saturatedbut the cell cavitiesare void of less at the time of manufacture.
relatlvehumidity. water. ranging from a.molsturecontent
of 25% W 32% for commonlyused species. oven·dry
Furtherdrying resultsIn shrinkageand Of or pertainingto lumberdried to a point
generallygreaterstrength.stfffness.and at which no molsturecan be extracted
densityof the wood. when exposed In a kiln to a temperaturoe of
2Wto Z21"F
I
I
I
I
t1 f
1
.
i .'-:" \
I .,
j
;f.--- shrinkage
The dimensionalcorrtractlonof 3 wood
piece occurringwhen Its moisture
contentfalls Pelow the flffl.saturatloo
point. Shrlnl:ageIs very slight a!ong the
grain, but slgnlflcarrtacross the grain.
I werking
The and shrinkageof
sasoned wood occurringwith changes In
coote1TtC3Used I1y In
-----... --------. ta"gentialshrinbge
Wood shrlrn:3!]eIn adlrectlonta "4ent to
the rings. about
radial shrlnbge.
that of
nominaldimension
:--- ---.. -- -- -----. The dimensionof lum!1erbefore and
• surfacl"4.usea for convenienceIn
definingsize and computing,quantity.
I
nln
l10ard foot
A unit of quantity for lumperequal to
the volume of a piece whose nominal
I ••
dlmenslonsare 12 In. (304.8 mm)
square and lin. (25.4 mm) thick. dimension.
l10ard me3sure
Lumber measurementIn board feet.
277
WOOD
gr2in mIudgr.in
The dlrectlon.size, alTllngement.and Arry coml?!natlonof edge'gralned
appearanceof the fibers In a piece of and ftat·gralne.::lluml>er.
dressedwood.
flat grain end 9r2in > di.1gon.a1gr2in
Wood grain resultingfrom quartersawlng, Wood grain resultingfrom plaln·sawlng. Wood gr;;ln resultingfrom Wood grain having the annual rings at
hav/n4 annual rings formingan angle of having the annual rings forming an angle a ctIt across the gra In. .an angle to the length of a plec6.
45°Of' more wiUI the In'oadfaces of a piece. of less th.an45°wtththe In-oadfaus of resultlngfrom sawing at an angle to
Also called grain. a piece. crosscut the axJs of a og.
A cut made across the
grain of'r'lood. era" grain
Wood grain havlng the cells and fibers
running transverselyor d13gonaflyto
the length of a as a resultof
sawfng.orlrregulJrlyas a resultof a
growth ch3r3Cterlstlc.
To logs approxllt13tefyat r0 53W a squa rea log Into !loards with To S3W IYOOd In the ..•-,..... - .. VJ(:; contrast In pore slze l
angles to the annualrings. evenly spaced parallelcuts. A!:c C4f1ed direction grain. . . l7etweensprlngwoodand sumlTlCrWo:.i
pasbra-saw. Also ripsaw. . texture
...... WooJ grain havi"4l;ugepores. Also
warp knot calledopen graIn.
Any kvlatlon from a plane or true su rface The me of a woody mnch fine Uxture
of a bo4rdor panel usua/lyc3usedUy tIlcloseJb-j a subsequent Wood grain having small,
uneven dryi/14 the se.asonlngprocess growth of wood In the stem' '1 r-""""
or by In moisturecorrtent. from wl1k:h It rises. In the portS.
cup •. -..... _._ ...................•.. -.. - ..... _.... struct.ur;;1gr;;dlngof a wood grain L
A 3C1'OS5the width or face of a
piece.knots are restricted Adressedwood surface having the
Dy sfu arJ location..... ; denser rising aDove t!;e
wood rne3sureaat the pointof
softer
greatest deviationfrom a straight fine '-'"
drawn from edge to edge of the piece. -....... .
.. live knot
Pow _...... _.. __ .......... - ..-........... _..................... ,. . A having annual rlngslntergrown
A ;/Iong the length of a wood with those of the surroundlr.gwood.
pleu. at the point of greatest live knots are allcwal7leIn 5tructvral
devbtlon from a straight hne drawn from within CUbln size "mlts. Also
end to end of the plece. called inta-gl"OWl1knot. u
WOOD
appearancelumber
lumbersawn or selectedprltn3rilyfor
use as a finish mater131ratherth3nfor
strel19th.graded accordingto natural
board, characteristicsand manufacturing
Yard lumber less than 21n. (51 mm) Imperfections.
thld and 21n. or more Wide.
decki"9
Dimensionluinper2 to4ln. (51 to 102 mm)
structural lumber thick and 41n. or more Wide. graded
Dimensionlumberand tlmWs primarilywith respectto pending strength
graded Py vlsuallnspectlon when loaded on the wide face.
or mechanlc4l11yon the basis of
strengthand IIrtenJeduse. Also
calledframln§ lumpeI".
I ·_ ·
11
facewiath
The width of the face of a piece of
dressed and matchedor shlpupped
" lumber.excludingthe tongue or bp.
nutched lumber
lumperhaving edqes dressed and
shaped to form a tongue-and-
lumber -------j
groovejoint when bid edge to edge
I
lumberS4wn or selectedprimarilyfor
or end to end.
further Il13nufacture.graJeclaccordlng
to the amountof usable wood that will
produceclIttlngsof a specH'ledsize
and quality.AI$O called shop lumver.
patterned lumber
lumberdressed ana shaped to a
patternor molded form.
279
WOOD
vi$ual gnding stress grade size-adjustedvalue siufactor
The visualc:xamlnatlonarJ grading of Arry of the grades of structural A Inse valuefora specIesor group A coefficientfor modffylngthe base values
structurallumber by trainedInspectors lumberfor which a set of l7ase of speciesof structurallumber. of a speciesand graM of lumberaccardlng
accordI"4to ,\U3l1ty-reduclng values andcorresponalng adjustedfor cr05s-sectlonalsize. to the cross-sectlonalslz.eof the pIece.
ch3mt:m;t1cs affectstrength, modulusof elasticityIs
estal7l1shedfor a specieSor repetitive meml;terfactor
appe3raru,aural7l1lty.or utliity.
group of species by a grading AcM1lclentfor InCre<lslngthe slze-
nuchine rating adjustedvalues of repetitivememl7ers.
The of structurallumber by a since the of the load by the pieces
machinethat flexes a test specimen. design value base value enhances the strengthof the entire
measuresIts resls14nato l7endlng. Any of the allowableunit . Any of the allowableunit stresses assem!1iy.
calculatesIts modulusof elasticity.and
eIectronbI1y computtsthe approprt;te
stress tal:lngInto lICCOUntsuch
stressesfor a speciesand grade
of structurallumberol7talnedby
moatfylngthe base value by
=
for rending.compression
perpendicularand parallelto grain.
tension parallelto grain. horizontal
x repetitive member
Any of a .seriesof three Of mOre light
bctors as the effectsof knots.slope of factorsrelatedto size and she;ar.arJ corresporJlngmodulus framing members.as Joistsor rafters.
graIn. growth rate, density,ana molstllre conditionsof use. of e/3stlclty,establishedby a spaced not more than 24 In. (6lO·mm)on
content.Also called machine stress- grading agencyfor various Species center3nd joined by sheathing.
and gradesof structuralluml7er. or other load-alstrIMI/19members.
rat./n4.
6a.sevaluesmust be adJustedfirst durJtWnof load Deter
9rademari: for size arJ then for conditionsof A cM1lclentfor Increasingthe size-
A stam payptteato each pieceof tum Del- MACHINE RATED use. adjust&!values of a wood membersu l1ject
the asslgnedstressgrade. mill
of orIgIn,l1OIsturecontentat time of
rW) 12 to a short-termload. since wood has the
manubaure.speciesor speciesgroup. propertyof carryingsu!?stantlallygreater
maximum loadsfor short durationsthan
and the authority. 1650 Fb 1.SE
r:
for long durationsof Ioadl"4
$ lope of grain
1M angle of grain relativeto a line
parallefto lengthof a wood piece.
Iwrlzontal5hearfactor
A coefflclentfor Incre<lslngthe slze-
horizontalshe.irvalue ofa wood
l
mem!lerh3v1ng shal:es.checls.or splits
when their length Is and any
Increasein length Is not anticipated.
fln U5e factor
l
A coefficientfor Increasingthe 5Ize-
l
adjust&!pendlng value for plankIng
aface of 4 In. (102 mm) or more.
11 I
If-
wet factor
Acoefficientfor decre3slngthe slze-
adjustedvalues for wood memperswhen
Wood that hasl:oeencoatedor impregnated
wlUI chemlc4lsto ImproveIts resIstanceto
decay.Insectinfestation.or fire.
their moisturecontent will hkelyexceed
191m use. L
wood full-cell waur-porne
Wood
unaer
with chemicals
to reduu Its reslstanu to
&eczy aM InsectInfestation.
A processfor pressure-treatingwood In
which a vacuum Is first drawn to remove
air from the wood firersand allow the
preservativeto be by the cell
An Inorg.anlc.w3Ur-solu!1\ecompound,as
ammoniacalcopperarsentte(.AtA) or
chromatedcopperarsentte(CCA). used as
a wood preservative.ACA and CCA 3fftx
L
walls. after which pressureIs appliedto chtmlcallyto the wood ull wans ana Is
force additionalpreservativeIntothe cell
cavities.1M full-cellprocessleaves the
maximumamount of preservatlveIn the
wood.
resistantto leaching.The copperacts as a
fungicidewhile the arsenateIs toxic to
wood-destroyingInsects.Wood tre4ted
with ACA and CCA Is odorlessand
L
p3lntaPie.
em pty-cell
A processfor pressure-treatIngI'IO<:ld In
which the pressureof the eitterlng
preservativetntr.psair In the wood
olt-bort14!:
An organicchemlc3'dlssolveaIn a
petroleum011 c3rr1er. pentachlorophenol
l
ft!1ers.which e:xpanaswhen the prc5sure15 or copperna phthenate. as wood
releasedto expel excess preservativefrom prescrr.rt.'vc. the Ii"105t
the ull cavities.The empty-uOprocess commonlyused oil-Domepreservattve.h3s
yieldsa drierproduct ensuringdeep. a persistentodor,ls In50IuPieIn water.arid
uniform penetrationof the preservative. Is highlytoxic not only to fungi and Jnsects
Put also to humansaM pbnts.
wood
Wood coated.dlppea.or Impregnatedwith a
presavativeunderatmosphericpressure.
vacuum prou"
A non-pressuretreatmentIn which a
vacuum or pa rtlaI vacuumexhaustsair
from the cells 3nd pores of the wood
An oily liquidof aromatichydm:;arWns
obtained the distillationof cool tar.
L
as a wood preservatlYefor marine
while atmosphericpressureforces
L
In stallatlons odor severe exposuresto
preservativeInto the wood.
fungIand Insects.
Creosoteand creosotesolutionshave a
fire-retartbnt wood o penetratlngodor and render wood
WOO<J wlUl mineraisalts unpalnta!7le.
unkr"pressureto reduce
fummabllltyor caml1ustll7llity.The salts
react chemicallyat temperaturesl7elow
the point of wood. causlng the
coml7ustlp./evapors normallygenerated
In the wood to &own Into water
and C3Mn aloxIM.
280
· ;.
WOOD
femie --_._. pracket load
II
A ring or C4p plxed An eccentricload appl\e.dat some point A built-upcolumn having a
around end of a wooden below the upperend of a timbercolumn. hollow. squareor rectangul3r
post or h3 nd1e to preve:nt the static effect which Is assumedto cross section. --"'"' ....
be equlv3lentto the same load applied
axiallyplus an addltlonalside load
3ppl1edat - 'H
j
r-
I
I
"'-'--t--------j.--/'\l
polster
A horizon"taltimberon a
postfor enlargingthe
rearingarea and reducing
the free span of a beam.
glued-Iamln.ttedtiml1er
A structuralluml?erproductmade 17y
laminatingstrtss-gr.adelumuerwith
adhesiveundercentro/ledconditions.
usuallywith the gr.aln of an piles being
parallel.The advantagesof glued-
laminatedtimberoverdimensionlumber
are generallyhIgherallowableunit .
stres5es.lmproveJappear.ance.ana
3Val1auilltyof various sectionalshapes.
Glue-1amlnatedtlml1ers may l?e end-joined
with scarfor flnger.JoIntsto any desired
length.or edge-glueJfor greaterwidth or
depth. Also called glulam.
appearanugrac:k
One of three grades of glue·lamlnated
timber - premium.architectural.and
Industrlal- based on surfaceappearance
as affectedI7y growth en aracterlstlGs,
wooa fillers, ana aresslng operations.
281
WOOD
"M'"
RATED·:SH!ATHfHG-- ..• panel grade
span rating - .... --.--- .. -.. -.-- ........ ---
Anumberspecifying maxImum
2/'16· 15/32 INCH Theidentified
graae of a wood panel product
by the face and back veneer
grades or l1y Its Intendeduse.
recommencleacenter-to-centerspacing In SIZED FOR SPACING
Inches of the supportsfora structural engineeredgrade
wood panel spanning with Its long dimension .. EXPOSURE 1 The grade of a structuralwood panel
;!Cross three 01' more supports. ,_.. , based on Its use as
..
, ",";. 1----- su!7flooring.or In the of I:1ox
exposureduralrility --_.,. NRB· foa l7eams lind stressed-skinpanels.
A classiflcatlonof a l\'OOci panel product e
accordingto Its abilityto wlthstar.a
exposure to weatheror moisturewithout
weakenIngor warping.
extericr ...__ ..I
A plywood of C·grade An exposuredural7i11tyclassificationfor A tr3atman:of the AmericanPlywood
vt:1UrS or ron«4 with a fully s'tnJcturalwood panels manufactureawith (APA). stampedon the of
l'r.lterprooft.Jellnefor a waterproofgluehnefor use as siding or a structuralwooJ panel productto
expo'".xJreto othercontinuouslyexposedapphcatlor:ts. identifythe panel grade. thicl:nes5.span
rating.exposureduraUitltyclassIfICation.
interior pf:Jwcod exposure1 mill numf,er.and NatIonal Research Board
A p;.-.d lnade with D-grade, An exposuredurabilityclassificationfor (NRB) report number.
vt:1UrS or ron«4 wfth an structuralwood panels rrt4f1ufacturedwith
exterbr. an exterior9 luelJnefor use In protected
constructionsul7jectto repeatedwetting.
exposure2
An exposuredurabilltyclassificationfor
structuralwood panels ITUnufactureawith
I
an glue/lnefor use In fully
......-;
protectedconstruction subjectto a
minimum of
I
All exterior.ood a
overlayOft k7t:J, sldes a smooth.
lura. abrasIcn-resIst4ntsurbce. used for
concre-t.efur:-.s. C31r1nru.artd countertops. I
('.
I .
l
AUbr.:MDO
'pecblty pJMi
Any ofV2MouS I'I'CIOd panel products.as
groovedor
l
for use as $ldir"! or
Uxture1--1<J ..........._..._........................-
Iv1 exUrfor
'I,.
In. (6.41rt1T1)
pand havl"4 grooves
In. (9.5mm)
L
wide. spaced 4 IX 8 In. (102 or 203 mrrt) on
unter.
282
WOOD
premiumgrade decarative plywood
The highest of hardwoodveneer. Hardwood-f3cedplywood manufactured
pennlttlngonly a few small burls. pin for use as panelingor In cabinetryand
knots. and Inconspicuouspatches. fumlture.
good grade
A gnde of hardwoodveneer similarto .. -..• veneer
premium except that matching of A thin shectofwoodrotary cut. sliced.or
vencerfacesIs not requlreJ. from a log or flitch and used as a
superlarfacing to Inferiorwood or bonded
5-Ound grade to form plywood.
A sound. smooth hardwood veneer free of
opal defectsbut containingstrea(s. cro"uand
dlscolontlon.patches.and small sound A of veneer ImmediatelyadJacentto
tlght knots. and at angles to the face piles Ip a
utility grade plyNood paneL
A hardwoodvencerpennltting core
dlSGclol'3tlon.strt3ks. patches.tight The centerof a plywoodpanel conslstl"!)of
knots. sma" knotholesand splits. veneers.sawn lumber.or compositionboard..
grade
A grade of hardwoodveneer similarto The solid wood stock extendingaround the
utliity gl'3de but permittinglarger sides of a veneered pane!. concealln!lthe
defectsnot affectingthe strengthor fi9ure COf'e and faclflt3tln9the shaping of the
durabilityof the panel. The naturalp3ttem on a sawed wood
p3nel edges.
surfaceproduced the Intersectlon
of annU31 rings. knots. rays. and
othergrowth characteristics.
mauhlng
Arranging shuts of veours so as to
emphasizethe wlor and figure of the wood.
book matching •............................ rotary cutting
veneers from the same The rotatl"!) of a log againstthe cuttl"!l
alternatelyface up and face down to ed:1e of a knife In a lathe. producinga
producesymmetric4lmirrorIlT13ges about continuousveneer with a bold. variegated
the.JoIntsPetl'ieenadjacentsheets. ripple figure.
fbt slicing
herringlooneITt3tching ,..................... . The longitudinalslicingof a half-logparallel
Book matching In which the figures to a fine throughIts center,producinga
In adjacentshuts slope In opposlte veneerhaving a variegatedwavy flgure.
dlrectluns. Also called plain slicing.
I
)
r
\ &licing
,lip matching •............... - ............. . The Iongltudlll3lslicing of a quarter log
Arrangingadjacentsheets of veneer to the annU31 rings.
from the same fl1tch side by side without producinga seriesof stra19htorval'leJ
turning so as to the flgure. stripesIn theveneer.
half-round
The slicingof a flitch mountedoff-centerIn
the lathe. across the annU3( rings.
proauclngcharacteristicsof both rotary
ctMlng and flat
di41mond m.rtchfng - ..................... .
Arrangingfour dl3gonallycut flitch
of a veneer to form A longitudinalsectionof a log to be cut Into
diamondpattem about a center. veneers.
rift cutting
random matching ........................ . The sllcln9 of oak ana similar species
Arrangingveneers to Intentionallycreate perpendicularto the conspicUOUS.ndlatlng
a casual, unmatchedappearance rays SO as to minImizetheir appearance.
283
WOOD
orientedstrandPo.1ra OP---'-'---'--"--'---',_
A wood panel product "
co:nmonlytl:Sedfor and as
scbf1ooring.maae bondingthru odlve
of thin wood stranas under
kzt 3 na pressureusing 3 waterproof
surfacestrandsare aligned
pmlllel ta the long axis oHIle panel. making L
the panel along Its length.
J
I
A wooc:l par.el productconsistingof two '--
face Ponded ta a reconstituted
wooJw-e.
partlcle!1oo.ua ...-----.-.--.--.-----.---.... ' ..
A wood panel productIT13M ..... J
by Ponding $ln3n wood particlesunder heat '.
and commonlyused 35 3 core
m1teri3ffor panels and
3na 3S uMer!aymentfor
nea
floors.Also c;; cbipboard. 1
parallelstnInd .-----.-----
A structunlluml1erproductmade I1y
Pondlng strands
hrn;ld pressureusing a
l'r7terproof Pa,..llelstrand lumDer
15 a proprle'"... ry productm3rketedunder
the Par.abm.used as \:Ieams
and columnsin post-ana-Pea",
constructlcn3nd for headers,and
Iltr"..dsIn construction.
PSt
ur.;in.aua wml1er _.-.... -.--... --.-'--'.
A lumDer productmade I1y
ronding Iaye:-sof wood veneers together
he3t ....a pressureusing a waterproof
the !r2ln of 311 veneers run
lsi the S41ne directionresultsIn
a 15 loaded
as J beam or 00 Ioadedasaplank.
umblaW lumber15 martetedunder
V4 rloIIS mnd rg meso 3S MIQ'Olam.and I I
I
used as heade:rsand Of' as flanges
for prtf;aln-bt.edwood I-joists.ADbr.: LYL
fiP,em,ard
A or
Irtac:ieofwood other ! ,
pl.antftf,ers with alnnderInto
h.1rdPoard
Avery dense, compresse.dwood fl PerWard.
-umpered Iurdl10ara ..------- -------.,. --. -.--...... .
A Jurlhoardtmpregnatedwith 3 drying
oil or otherc.da'lzlngresin 3na Daked to
Impt"Ol'eIts hardnessand moisture
res1st.1nce..
I
M.1""nite ..
Tr-akm3rkfor. Dra na of tempered
284
f
,'ll::,:..., ':,.'
,.(-
i
INDEX
I
I 285
INDEX
35.250
mss 175
anion 161
anIsotropic 162
anneal 169
archttrave 179. 186
archlvolt 12
arch ordu 251
L
alternating 75 annealed 112 arclQte 36.106
.1tern3tor 75·
almude 109.226
annual 276
annularvault 263
annulet 180
arcwelalng 00
are 166
area 166
l
afto..reIIevo 182 annuncl2tor 81
alumll1.3 175 anode 74
'i C•• .-
•
afumlnum 175
aluminum Vms 175
anodize 171
anomaly 54
area pbn 69
area source 147
L
aluminumPronu 175 anse de panier 14
arel13 thm:er 257
L
alumlnum.ox!de 175 arlta 251
alure 37 antei'lx 2...1iO arecstyle 179
3malaka 253 anteroom 216 3rt of the CO(enant 250
aml7iance 217 anthemlon 1M armature 75
l
aml1lentsound 231 anthropology 11 armored 78
aml>lgulty 59 anthropomlltry 57 anis 185
amro 35 anthropomorphize 57 arris flliet 214
amron 35 antic 183 arris gutter 209
L
35.37 antlclasttc 219 amstlle 214
amenity 58 antltorroslvepaint 187 art 10
American rona 20 antlcum 250 , . - ... .!
L
286
L
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-:
INDEX
287
,--
:t
INDEX
Il
i:1imeta11Jcelement 121 Ponded 4a break hM 68
107,158.187 t?onded posttenslonlng 207 107
tindlng!:>eam 107 ronaea temzzo 94 lrn1stsummer 107
binding rafter 210 t?ondertze 171 breasttlml>er 45
binocularvlslon 264 bonaface 178 breastw.an 7]0
&in wan ZlO bondlng a£!tnt 94. 190
bird's-l:>e4k 185 t?ondlng layer 204 1nict18 I
l
Dirc::l's-mouth 211 rona plaster 188 Inict,rade 18
32 !?ondstone 158 I1rId: 271
;;S<\ue 32
::t 116
113
32
rond stress 202
bonnet 87,122.199
bonnet tile 214
Pool: matching 283
Inicttype18
brlctwort 20
147
l
215 Poot 122
7bcl: label 213
:-30\: 169
172
border 257
borrowedlight 274
borrow pit 222
141
Imghtness 38.142
b
Imghtnessratio 148
boss 159,263 lnillbnt 38
:>lankJamp 63 Boston hlp 213 Brine" numper 165
I
::'ast furnace 170 Boston rk:Ige 213 lnise-solell 27J
;ust-fumace slag 170 rottom Par 203 Britishthermalunit 117
I
U
88 Ii
i 2
O.'Y>
-:t
·t
.-. INDEX
:;-
...
l>unkd tures 245 30 63.103
l>u"43low 138 cancela 35 l1eati 190
138 candela 142 caslnf! nail 82
221 c3na!e 142 beam 173
canatepower 142 nut 84
c-us b3r 76 canalepowerdistributioncurve 146 castlnf! 169.192
l:J.JS duct 7PJ C3nephora 250 castlng Pea 206
DushhammereJflnlsh 47 C3rrt 109 cast-ln-pl3ceconcrete 46
l>ushlnf! 78 carrt bay wlnaow 274 cast-In-placeconcretepile 103
PtJsway 78 carrtharus 35 cast-In-sltuconcrete 46
255 cantilever 17 cast Iron 170
cantlleverream 17 castle 99
cantileveredstep 235 castle nut 84
Pt;tterfly 140 ca rrtilever 101 cast stone 2:37
P,J twfly roof 208 cantilevermhod 105 Catal Hiiyuk 128
289
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INDEX
l
chiller 125 C1assblarchJtuture130
tt:nper 188 chimney 87 ct.sslclsm 133
251 chimney arch ClassIc 133
u:tter no. 111.217 chimney l:oar 37 ctay224
12 chimney Preast 87 clay loam 224
113
63.1'0
chimneyC3p 37
chimneycheel: 87
157.200
150
l,
96 chimneycomer 87 15
!o
96 chimney 127 'l74
center or
center of risbn
244
244
72
chimney pot 87 ek:Jt 214
plane 237
'Zl4
l
china 32 cb1s 84
117 china clay '32
f
c!!:;1P!rifonn 45
*
CCIW3l c.on&tlonJ"4 125
Chinesearchlt«ture 128
Chinese 187
eM 82
cllnUr 18.42
L
cen1"nIzd5 ri vision n chino/serio 133 cllpjol'" 155
centnllud
t21
127
218
chlplmrd 284
18'3
chisel point 82
cllthral 251
clolsttr 37
cloister '37
L
choir 37 263
ceramic 32
'32
chord 110.259
chorten 25'3
close 37
closedcornice 213
l
. 42;'_
cer.mlc JI'lOSalctIfe 33 chorus 256
Chou 129
clostdpbn 216
closedstrill9 2.35
l
cenmlcware 32 chrismon 183 clostdvalley 212
cercls256 Christianity 35 close §raln 'l78
49 chroma 33 closa- 20. 155
GeS5pOOf 20t chrome 171 closetbend 199
L
290
INDEX
291
INDEX
coupUng 199
211
150
crossover 199
cross sectlon 70
l
1:39 course 155. 2M3 cross tee 31
coursed ashlAr 158 cross 263
L
cooperativeapartment 139
coordinate 100 coursed ruuble 153 cross ventlbtlon 121
coordln4t« 116 court 26 crowfoot 68
copal 187 cou rty.I ra 26 crown 12. 216
copedFlirt 140 CMlent rona 161 crown gbss 112
copestone 159 CCJ.te 30. 1<55
UNe ceiling 30
crown molding 186
crown post 261 L
coping DIod 160 core 147 crown tile 214
coybnarfolUS 96 corer 202 crowstep 159
copper 175
192
copperroofing 214
COru3ge 187.212
corerlng pcwer 187
corer plate 173
crud: 210
crushedgnvel 224
crushedrock 224
L
cowl 87 crushedstone 224
COfi,eIarch 14
COft,eIV3
155
262
Cf').l49
282
'202
crypt 37
crystai 161
cube 111
L
carine ga!7le 159 Cr3cklng load 202 culnc me3sure 166'
cord 79
cordon 98. 159
cradle V3utt 263
cr3mp Iron 158
cra wi space 23
cuPl$ll1 1:35 .
cul-de-four 61
cuU l8
L
core 65.75,100.225,283 47 cult temple 249
corWo.rd 191
coreUst 44
creative
59
59 t2a
2ZS
l
,
Corinthianorder 181 creep 165 cup 218
cmUIe 95 m cupob 61
190 crene! 99 curb 208
160
comer roard 263 crenelle 99
99 crirox 196
curb cod: 196 L
cornermce 267 creosote 280 curbcut 221
COI"1'Ierbth 00 crepldoma 250 curb roof 208
coc-nerpost 267
comer reinforcement 190
cornice 179.100
crescent 139
crescenttruss 261
CriD 210
curb stop 196
47
current 74
L
cornice 147 crl!7i:llng 270 curtan 235
cornicereturn 213
corona 179
COfOf1et 186
cri1r.otOfi: 2:10
cricket 209
267
curt.lIs1:ep 235
curt.1n 98
curt.ln wan 269
L
corporationcocI: 196 Cripplepcl: 211 CUM 110
corporatlonstop 196
correctlonhne 24t;
corrkIor 216
criterion 58
critlcalangle 233
critlc.1l load 40
CurvlUnearstyle 132
curvlhne.rt:r3cery 275
cushion 102
L
L
29}
L
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293
INDEX
doul7fe doors 62
stnlcture 29 dripcap Z71
dripedge 212
151
dynllma:pi1eformula 102
I
doulk-egressn.ilne 65 drip molding 271 dynarnlcs 97
l
plpc 172 dripstoM 159 dynarnlc win.:! pres$Ure 154
doul1le-mmearoof 210 drive \;lana 102 I
l
doubtejack raft« 211 drolt'105 246 132
doul7le-lstair 234 drop 122, 100.263 urly Renaissance 132
doulM overil2nglng 17 drop.arch 14- early wood 216
doul?fe-rtturnSblr 2M dropcelling 31 e;arthen.....re 32
doulM roof 210 46 ea rth prtssure 151
weld 86
dropllght 147
drop panel 205
droppedcelbng 31
e;artho,lQl:e 152
e;arth
load 152
wall 270
L
doul?llngcourse 212 dropped girt 1m ea rth M:ri: 221
dougo"4 254
dovetail 141
dovetailhalving 141
drop-pointslating 213
drop siding 2GB
drop stage 257
140
easement 140.221
e;aves 209
L
I
I
U
294 I
L
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INDEX
295
INDEX
I
296
r"'
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:*.
INDEX
297
INDEX
l
saies T71 glazingurad 113 Greek temple 250
171 glazingcompound 113 GruI: theater 256
nlzed Iron T71 glazingsize 113 green 157
i3 mUrtl roof 208 glazlngstep 113 GreenfteIdconduit 78
l
139 glazing tape 113 green room 25a
!prden-wa!ron& 20 . gloP" valve 199 grid 68.101.257
99 gloss 187 gridiron 257
prP.J'le 37 glory 183 grid organization 218
J2rret 158 glued·lamlnatedtlmw 281 grid structure 195
•
;;rt."t 37
161
f35 fu rruce 121
201
gneiss 236
goaroon 185
griffe
griffin 183
grillage 101
l
f3s1:et 199 gold In'onze 175 grille 122
i-3S weldl"4 [;6 gokfen mean 56 grisaille 66
.ltecontJct 81
3te va Ive 199
golden section 56
gong 254
groin 263
groin riP 263
L
122 good grade 283 groin vault 263
auge 19.95.T72. 212
auged
auglng
183
1.M
gopuram 253
gorge 98
lamp 147 grommet 78
groore weld 00
gl"O$s cross-sectionalarea 160
L
autama Buddha 253 Gothic arch 14 grotesque 183
nero ?:l
Pulp 144
CO(!tr.1ctor 48
Gothic architecture 132
GothIc Revival 134
governmentsystem 246
ground 76.190.265
groundacceleration 152
ground be3m 101
L
r
U
}8
INDEX
299
I
INDEX
IndlJn
105
129
1
hut 136 Indla r.;pPer 193
rood 87
slating 213
!-.oneyc.criwort 252
1M
HVAC 125
hyanm 90
hydrnedlime 157
hydrrtlon 47
Indirectgbre 148
Indlrect¥tJng 148
IndlrectW4Ste pipe 200
Individualclrcutt n
l
l
rood.-.oY 274 hyarn!lccement 42 Individualvent 200
hoct 202 hydn.ullcelevator 81 Induct1.:x1unit 126
Hoob'slaw 164 hydrcgen rond 161 lnertps 161
roOOf' force 60 hyarooicheating 123 161
hooplne 60 hygT'01l"eter 120 arc welding 86
hopper Z!3
hopperMIdow 273
273 Hypa()n 215
hyf73r 219
251 97
inertiJ Plock 232
Infllt.mlon 118
b
horizoa 224 c hyperPcl3 110.111 Infb;t'.on 58. 110
horl:z&.m _ 72
r.ortwnt.i 108
cIrcle 247 E:
hyperrolCpm;,olola 219
hypcthral 251
Inflec'".,i:;-n
Inform 59
Infrared 142'
17
L
horizonblalaphragm243 hypocenter 152 fnfrartJ t.mp 144
horiz.onbIextt 91
hortz.ont.1lfumace121
153
hypostylehall
hypote:1use 109
IngIenoc1: 87
Ingot l69
Initialpc-estrtss 206
L
2:12 hypot:xhe/lum 100
hont Z71
stress 15
torsion 153
hystere:slsd3mpfng 245
Ii
Inlay 182
Innerm ZJG
1I'1CI4n9 192
L
189,235 TT.3.281 Inner I\.earth 87
"-'rseJ niJ 1a9 lceaz!!'i 212 l.mp 145 "
Icon 35 Il15tnJlI'Ientstztloo 247
Iconostasls 35 conum 43
fcosJr.earon 111 ibss 112
L
hosecoctl97 59 !iJ"Sumbth 190
Idle 80 Insulnor 78
stop 65 IES 150 Insurance 48
hospfbIwindow 273 19100 1..'7,6 1.82
hot 76 I9 neous rod; 236 IntegraWcelhng 31
hot-"'P¢nnlzlng rJ1
hot-roW 169
hot-roIIeJflnlsh 169
I9nitlonpoint Be
I-Joist 281
illuminance 142
Intensity :38
Interctptlngdr.1ln 22.3
fnterroiumnlatlon 179
L
not-waterheating 123 iIIuminatlon 142 fnterOome 61
house G6
houSe
169
257
Image 59,66
Imagination 59
ImPm: 214
231
Intergl"Ol'lnknot '1]8
109
b
L
300
. -
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Ii'- INDEX
Ii
Interiordesign 10 jamltltlock 160 kick p13te 114,235
Interiorpanel 205 jaml1stone 159 kiln 18
Interiorplywood 282 Japanesearchitecture 131 klln-dr.ea m
Interiorwall 266 Japanese 187 klloulorle 117
Interlacingarcade 36 84 _ kilo!Jr.om 167
Interlocl:lngjolnt 158 jerl:inhe:.ld 208 kllogrJ" ca Iorie 117
Interlockingspaces 218 JerusalemCross 183 166
Interlockingtile 214 jlltdoor 64 kilowatt 74
Intermediatecolumn 40 joggle 140,210 kllowrtt-hotJr 74
Intermediaterilt 263 ./O!1glepiece 210 57
Intermediatestiffener 173 ./O!1glepost 210 kinetic theoryof neat 165
Internaldamping 245 Joinery 140 klngb«; 261
Internaldormer 274 jolntcompound 191 king closer 2D
Internalreflectedcomponent 150 Jointfiller 178 king fOSt 210
Internationalstyle 135 Joint mC'lemet1t 178 king rod 261
InternationalSystem of Units 166 joIntrelnforc.ement157 king trt.:ss 210
Intersectingarcade 36 Joint sealant 178 kip 167
Interstice 218 jolnttape 191 kite wlnaer 234-
Interstlt131 239 jolst 92 kiva 136
Intertrlglyph 100 jolst anchor 85 105
Interval 55 jolstl1ancl 204 243
Intonaco 189 joist girder 173 159
Intrados 12 jolsts and planks 279 knee w:ail 211
Intuition 59 Joist slalt 204 knrfe-!*lclefuse 76
Intumescentpaint 88 joule 167 knife s·...ttGh 79
Inverse-squarelaw 142 Joule'slaw 74 eJrpet 95
InverteJtee 206 judas 114 knOO-.nd-tuPewfring 79
Invlslltlehinge 115 judas hole 114 knockdownframe 65
Involute 110 Jucl9ment 58 114
Ion 161 Jugenclstll 134 knock::vt 78
ionic rond 161 jumro urick 19 knotZJ8
Ionic order 181 j unctJG.n I10x 78 knock'.e 115
IRlamp 144 Jutty 107 kodo 255
Iron 170 Juxtaposition 54 I:ondo 255
Irregulargrid 239 252
Irregularmass 244 Kk krrlt pa per 18
Irregularstructure 244 !:.a'aDa 252 kung 254-
Islam 131 kalro 255
Isf3mlGarchitecture 131 kakemono 137 LI
Isobar 102 k.lamelndoor 65- label 159
lsocephallc 73 bolln 32 IabeW 89
Isochart 146 Kasug:a-zukurl 255 labyr."t-h 37
Isolatedfooting 101 katsuogl 255 !ac 187
isolationjoint 178 K-Prace 243 1aud.,..11et 212
isolationmount 232 185 !acIng 174
lsolux line 146 I::..eene'scement 188 bcquer W7
Isometric 71 keep· 99 !acurtJr :?O
Isometricprojection 71 kelVin 117 ladder 233
Isosceles 109 Kelvin scale 117 Wych3pd 37
IsostatlGplate 194 ken 137 lag 12
lsostatlcs 194 kerf 31 lag btj-; 83
lsotroplG 162 186 221
Italian Renaissancearchitecture 132 kern 41 lag screw 83
Ivan 252 kern 3rea 41 1a1t3r.u 46
Iwan 252 kern point 41 131lycolumn 174
key 66.116.141.189,263 13massu 248
Jj 262 142
Jack 206,211 keyedjoint 141 142
Jackarch 14 116 lamell... 195
Jacking force 206 key pattern 134 lamella roof 195
Jack rafter 211 12 laminate 193
jalousie Zl3 key swttch 79 Iamln3udblock 94
jalousieWindow 273 keyway 45.116 f3mir... 'M:/ glass 112
Jamb 63 Khmer 253 Iamlna'M:/veneer lumber 284
Jamb anchor 65 klbla 252 13mp W4
301
INDEX
l lumll13lre 146
lumll13lredlrt depreciation 149
lumll13lreefficiency 146
masonrycement 157
masonrynail 82
mass 67,167.217
meta",c!7and 161
metal pan 31
metamorphicrock: 236
luminance 142 massing 52 metaphor 59
luminousceiling 31 mast 29 meter 166
lumInousflux 142 mJstaUa 249 metes ana PoUl1ds 246
luminousintensity 142 Masterforrnat 50 metes-ana-roundsSUNey 246
lunette 61 mastic 95,176 methodofjoints 260
luthern 274 lI'.at 101 methodof sections 260
lux 142 matchedlumber 279 metope 100
274 matching 283 metric sarnn 231
matulal 161 metric system
Mm
I machlcolatton 99
machine beam 00
matter 161
M3urj3 129
maximum demand 77
rnetIt ton 167
mew 139
meyd3n 252
machine role 84 rr.axlmumoverall length 144 mezunlne 23,258
I
machineDum 278 MaX"Nelldiagram 260 mez:w-rellevo 182
machine raUng zeo M3y3n architecture 130 Mlcrolam 284-
machineroom 81 meander 184 micrometer 166
machine screw e3 IT'.t3n radl4nttemperature 120 micron 166
machine 200 ns of egress 91 mlcropascal 229
made ground 222 166 MWteAgesl30
maarasah 252 IT'.t3suringpoint 73 middle strip 204-
Magen David 28 Mt.CC3 252 mkklle-thlrdrule 41
magnesium 175 Dond 190 mid-rise 22
magnetlc north 246 drawing 68 mlhraD 252
maldan 252 mechanicalequlplMlt room 125 mil 166
mall slot 114 mechanicalequlvale11tof heat 167 mildew 176
main 122. 197 rneGhan!ca1property 162 170
main member 241 me:;ha n!cal sc.ale 56 mile 166
maIn runner 31 mechanicalsystem 121 mill CCf1 structlon 51
malntenancef.ictor149 rr.uhanlcalventilation 127 mlllflnish 169
majoraxis 110 IT'.uh3nlcs 97 milliliter 166
h 252 le3 millimeter 166
mal3chlte 236 med13tlng space 218 mlllscale 169
male 199 architecture 130 mlml>ar 252
malleap[e 170 medium-densityoverlay 282 minaret 252
malle3ulecast Iron 170 med1um-rangesealant 178 caple 78
cross 183 rr.ed1um steel 170 minerai spirits 187
manaapa 253 meeting rail 272 mineraI wool 119
manaJr.a 253 mut l"4 sUIe 64.273 Minoan architecture 128
mandorla 183 248 mlnoraxls 110
mandrel 103 1T1e931"011 250 minster 132
manganese 175 rr.ekian 252 minute 108
manganesepronze 175 resin 193 miscellaneouschannel 172
manhole 223 IT'd:." dome 252 MlsslO11 Style 134
manifold 122 rr.errbrane 168 tile 214
Mannerism 133 rt'.t:T"branestresses 219 mist coat 187
303
INDEX
Monellletal 214
104.244 Il3naalmon 255
Il3nometer 142
nonconforming 51
nonferrousmetal 175 L
monochrONtlc 39 Il30S 250 non-hQt-trc.t3u!ealloy 175
monolith 248 Nara 131 non-Ioaa-l1e3ringpartltbn 266
monolithicttrmzo 94
monomer 192
monopteron 251
narthex 35
Il3tul'lllcement 42
Il3turalgrade 222
non-loaJ-pearingwan 266
nonmetallicsheathedcable 78
nonobjectNe 52
L
monotony54 naturalperiodof 152 nonparallelsystem 244
Moor 131
Moorish.rch 14
Moorlsh 131
naturalrubDer 193
Il3turalventilation 127
.nautlcalmIle 1%
non-prcssure-treatedwood WO
nonrec.overaVlelight loss factor 149
nonrepresent3tlonal52
L
J
li
304
f
L.::
INDEX
305
INDEX
,
passlw: 'lZl 176 plpeflttlng 199
Pass-through 274 perpend 158 pipe pile 102
pastlcile 183 Perpendicularstyle 132 pl53Y 34
perpendiculartracery 275 plse 34
path 21a Persbn 129 plse de terre 34-
pattna f75 Persian architecture 129 pitch 83.95.208.228.276
patio 26
patWn 53.265
p-atterne.Jgbss 112
patternedlum!1e-r279
personaldistance 57
personalspace 57
perspective 59.72.73
perspectiveprojection 72
pitchedroof 208
pitchedtruss 261
pitch-faced 237 .
pitchingpiece 235
l
1
115 pervioussoil 225 pitch pocket 278
pavementSOIW 47 petcock 123 pit dwelling 136
pzverUIe 33 phantom 71 plthZi6
pavlf10n 24. 27 phantomline 71 pivoteddoor 62
m
l
p;NiIIonroof 208 pharaoh 249 pIvot&:fwindow
P-deltaeffect 41 ph356 58.76.228 pI.ace 217
224 phenolicresin 193 placement 46
pllery 258 phenopl3st 193 piau of beginning 246
?e3 rIIte -43 PhillIpshead 83 p!o:fond :30
JnOIdInf 185
pebO{e 224
189
phloem 276
phon 229
phosphor 145
plain lap 141
pblnra" Zl2
plaln-S;iw 278
L
rectY Zi8 phosphorpronze 175 plain 283
photochemical 187 plan 69
250
103 pi 110
plano hinge 115
plane 109
pl3ne geometry 109
L
Peg-603rd 2M plano nolnle 26 pbne 246
147.263
post 210
xnaentlve 61
plazzOl Zl
plcl:le 171
plcUlgraph 182
plane truss 259
pl3nk-ancHeamconstruction 106
pl3nk flooring 94
L
;-entknUVe ma:etmg 252 pictorialspace 12 plank house 136
:>eI'Ietratlon
61
;-enetl'2t1ngstain 187
225 .
picture mold 186
pictureplane 72
picturerail 186
pbnt 186
plantedstop 63
plan view 69
6
L
U
06
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INDEX
307
INDEX
pybn 2Ag
179
raised grain 2:78
r.a
ra lsed pa 268_
ralslng plate 267
r:flectJnee 143
refb;t.e.d pl3n 69 L
111.249.252
f'ytnagor-=:;;ntheorem 109
rake 209.26a
raker 221
155 .' reflecteds!a re 148
refoecWpb n 69
reflecUdsovrJ 230 b
G£l tile 214 230
ql!7la 252 riser 233
Qln 129 rak 1"4 shore 22T 112
qUJdrangle 27 138 119
qUJd1"3nt 110 34- rtftect.or
ramp 233, Z35 refractloll 143
263 ardl 14 refrW,uy
rau/t 263
33 rampart 98 refuge 2f7
166 random ashbr 158 style 133
234 rant..lom maunl"4 283 reglstert22
quarter l"01.lnJ tb5 random row':: 158 registered 48
1U3rtersaW 2Jf) random shingles 213 reglet m
283 rarubn 213 regula 100
a,u3rtersp1Celanding234 range 155,246 regular 54,109, III
'F3rter-t.umst3lr 234 range I1ne 246 regularPe't'cl 116
:l.u3rtZ heater 123 ra"¥, 45 regular!rid 239
Q,:':3rtzlte Z36 rapld-st4rt I3mp 145 reguIa r stroct<Jre 244
Ir
lamp 144 life 144 nne 66
q:J3tref0l1 Z75 rath 253 rehat coli 126
architecture 132 ratio 56 reinfOtUJconert'U 202
a.u'een ctosa- 20 Rationalism 134 reinfOtUJconcrete 203
308
r.
i
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f INDEX
I reinforcedconcretecolumn 203
reinforcedconcretesb1:J 204
rhythm 55
riP 263
rollersupport 242
62
reinforcedgroutedmaSOl1fj1 157 ril+.ind 261 rollocl: 19
I reinforced'!allow-untt1T135Oflfjl 157
reinforument 202
reinforcingpar 202
101
204
263
roll roofing 215
roll se<am 214
Roman arch 14
reinforcingedge 168 ricwn 267 Roman architecture 130
relativehumidity 120 267 19
release agent 45 212 Romanesquearchitecture 131
relief 70. 182 ZJ4 Roman theater 256
reliefvalve 123 too Rome 130
reliefvent 200 263 Romex caule 78
relievingarch 266 rich mix 157 rood 37
Renaissance 132 Ricft3rdsonlanRom3nesque 134 rood screen 37
Renaissanc.-.architecture 132 209 roof 208
rendering 67 rid¥ ream 211 roof drain 209
I renderingcoat 189
repetttlon 55
r.:l.Jeboard 211 roof flange m
roof framing 211
repetltlve 280 212 212
repetitivememuerfactor 280 I73ff!e 140 rond 215
I repose 54.217
reproductNeimagination 59 rid¥pole 211
211 felt 215
nail 82
reservoir 196 paper 215
residualstress 169 214 tile 214
resilientchannel 232 214 roofplan 69
resilientclip 232 cutting 2b3 room 216
resilientflooring 95 right angle 108 room acoustics 230
resilient 232 ro:1htclrcularroM 111 room cavity 149
resin 192. 'lJ6 111 room cavity ratio 149
resin canal ZJ6 114 room surfacedirt depreclatlon 149
resin duct 'lJ6 reverse 114 root 86.141
resinousIT13trlx 94 morr.e:rt 153 116.184
resistance 74 triangle 109 rose wlnaow 37
resistanceweldIng 86 r'..:l'J 238 rosette 184
resistingmoment 15 arch 13 rotafjl 283
resistivity 74 mrd 119 rotation 97
resonance 152. 2.30 r# connectlcn 242 rotationalsurface 220
respond 36 104- rota operator 273
restoringmoment 15;3 r-!J Joint 242 rotunda 26
covenant 51 r,!?J rnetatcondurt 78 rough !rod: 63
resultant 96 rtmjc1st 92 roughcast 189
retainingwall 'lJ0 116 rough coat 189
retlrder 43 rtr.;-shanknail (';2 rough floor 92
reticulate l34 rip 'Zle rough grading 222
retlcubteJ Zl5 'lJ0 rough hardware 114
retrocholr 37 'lJ8 roughing-In 199
return 186 12.80.200.233 roughluml:Jerm
return air 125 197.233 rough 63
return 199 rise;--treadratio 233 rough 235
retUrM-COfMrplock 160 115 round arch 14
return grille 122 rou nd head 83
return pipe 126 86 round point 82
return wan 266 252 rout 140
reveal 63 roc!: 236 row house 139
revent 200 rca caisson 103 rowlocl: 19
revem:ratlon 230 rca-cut tomb 249 row spacing 84
revem:ratlonClme 230 rca-faceJ 237 rul7Ver 193
reverse \:level 116 rca 190 paint 187
reverse return 123 Rc.dwell numb>er 165 ruul1ertile 95
reverse-trap 198 rca wool 119 rubule 158
reversll1teuk 116 Roccco 133 rulea surface 220
revet VO rcJ 166.247 run 208.233
revetment 270 rr-...Jdinq 46 Rundrogenstll 134-
revolving door 62 gL-Jss 112 rung 2.33
rheostat 79 r.;-:·ujoint 242 running Mnd 2J)
309
--1
INDEX
ry I7Jss
50
:33
cross 199
se.168
se31er 187
116 servicerac,ew3'J 78
servicesink 100
servlceswfUh 76
l
sanitarysewer 200 se350neaW 5m'Icettnlpmture 193
stop 65
ry tt.c 199
WlIr'e 198
se3t 199
seat angle 174
seatcut 211
set 47.82
setscrew 83
l
sap Zl6 se3te.aconnutlon 174 settingPlod: 113
L
sapwood Zl6 se.tlng 257 shrinkage 47
sarcophagus :;s secant 109 settlement 100
sash 271 second 108 settlementload 151
sash !:talance z/2 secondarybeam 106 set-up 247
L
sash !:tar Zl1 secor.darycaMe 29 S¢lery 262
160 St:COndary color :39 sewage 200
sash chain 'Elf. St:COndaryconsolllitlon 100 treatmentplant 201
s3sh cord m secondarymember 241 se;;er 200
L
310
r-
I
\
INDEX
I sholn-zul:url 137
shOJI 137
sIF"cn-Jet 198
198
srr«e detector 90
smol::e-developedrating 88
shop lumber 279 221 smc.l:dome 87
I
I 311
INDEX·
l
soil 224 spaced sheathing 213 spllt-face!rlock 160
soil./lalysis 224 spaced slatlng 213 spllt-facecJ 237
soU PinJa VO space frame 195 spilt-level 138
sail class 224 space heater 123 spilt-ring e5
225 space heating 121 spot 147.257
2CO
soli pressure 100
soil profIe 224
space planning 10
spacer 45.113
spaCtl truss 195
spot elMtlon 247
147.257
spray-onflreprooflng 88
L
soli stMzer VO spacing crlterl3 149 spre3d 122
soil stact 200
sOil str.;:t.ure 225
soiIytg 200
spading 46
spailing 47
span 15
spreader 45
spread foot!ng 101
sprig 113
L
sob.. m spandrel 12. 269 spring 12
sobr coht.or 226
solarCOIIStJnt 226
soIa.. 226
spandrel!?eam 269
spandrelglass 112. 269
spandril 12.269
spring V2
spring equinox 226
springer 12 .
I. L
solar-hatingsystem 226 Spanish tHe 214 spring hinge 115
solar
226
226
226
span rating 282
span:: arrester 87
span::gap 77
springing 12
spring steel 170
springwood V6
l
sobr sc;n:en 2Zl vamlsh 187 sprinklerhe3d 90
saYer e6
soldier 19
soCdIerD1 221
spat 65
spatialedge 72
spatteraash 11)9
sprinklersystem 90
sprink1ered 90
sprocket 213
L
soYIc:rcorse 20
soYIc:rpie 221
specialtypanel 282
specifications 50
spur 183
sqU2re 109. 212
,
sole 2JU specificconductance 74
specific91'3vIty 167
squared
f)4
158
1.
soCepfate 267 specificheat 117 squaremeasure 166
soY tt1.161 specifichumicllty 120 square splice 140
sana•• 142
soIt.d Woct flooring 94
92
specificresistance 74
specificvolume 167
spectraldlstriPutloncurve 145
squinch 61
. $-shape 172
stalnhty 243
L
soIld coImn 281 spectrum 38 staPil1zer 192
sona-an000r 65
soIld flg sIa!1 206
111
specular 143
speculation 59
speculativebuilder 48
staPillzlngmoment 153
stack 122, 200
stack rond 20
L
solidify 161 speed of sound 228 stack partltlon 199
soIld masonry 156
solid masonryunit 160
soIld-tDpPIocl: 160
sphere 111
sphericalsurface 220
spheroicl 111
stack vent 200
stadia 247
stadia rod 247
L
I1.J
312
,r
0
I INDEX
I stairway 233
stairwell 233
stalactite 2!52·
stipple-troweledflnish 189
stippling 66
strip flooring 94
strip footing 101
stirrup 203 strip lath 190
253 stoa 250 strongl7ack 45
starIChlon 235 stone 236 struckJoint 155
standlng leaf 62 128 structural analysis 240
standardatmosphere·167 Stonehenge 248 structural clay tile 34-
StandardBUildingCode 51 stoneware 32 structural design 240
standardcandle 142 stool 271 structural dimension 57
standard hook ·202 stoop 25 structural facing tlle :34-
standardpipe 172 stop 63, 186, 272 structural failure 240
standardterrazzo 94 stop bead 272 structural gria 239
standbygenerator 75 stop clurnfer 140 structurallnsulatlngroof decI: 215
standing seam 214 stoppeddado 140 structural lightweightconcrete 43
standingwave 231 stopped mortise 141 structural lumber Zl9
standpipe 90 storm cellar 23 structural member 238
staple 82 storm door 64 structural pattern 239
star 183 storm drain 223 structural rating 240
Star of David 183 storm sewer 223 structural sealant 113
starter 145 storm window 274 structural sheathing 268
starter tile 214 story 22.24 structural steel 173
startlr.gcourse 2i2 story drift 153 structural tee 172
star vault 263 story shear 153 structural tul7ing 172
equivalent· 97 84 structural unit 239
statlc fit 57 stovepipe 121 structure 53,238
statk; load 151 Str.llghtflight 234 structure-rome sound transmission 232
static load test 102 straight-runstair 234- strut 238
statk;s 97 stralghtspflt 213 stub tenon 141
statlon 247 strain 162 stucco 189
I station polrrt 72
statute mile 166
str;lin 162
strain-hardeningrange 164
stud 267
studiO apartment 139
stave church 36 strainingveam 210 stud partition 267
Steaml70atGothic 1:34- strainingpiece 210 stud wall 267
steam heaUng 123 straining5111 210 study 67
steam trap 123 strain-rateeffect 165 StUp3 253
Ste.llttte 236 strand 206 styfe 128
steel 170 strap footing 101 Style Modeme 135
I 173
steel column 174
strap hinge 115
strapwon: 184
5tylolr.ite 250
Styrofoam 119
steeple 36 strattflcatlon 46 sul7uasement 23
Steinertunnel test 88 stratum 224 5uDc3slng 63
stele 250 strength 162 sul7contractor 48
stellar vault 263 strengthof materials 162 sul7dlagonal 261
step 233 stress 162 suDfloor 92
step-down transformer 75 stressconcentration 163 sUDgrade 222
step flashing 177 stress design 240 submergedarc welding 86
steppedflashing 177 stressea-sklnpanel 50 subpurlin 210
stepfW footing 101 stress grade 280 sUDs'" 271
ramp 233 stress relaxation 165 subsoil 224
313
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INDEX
L
62 128 thernulexpansion 165
fitting 199 temenos 250 thernulfinish 237
door 62 temper 169 therm.;llnsulatlon 119
swirl finish 47 117 thtrtnalresistance 118
IU
314
INDEX
I
tin 171 tnnsfer molding 192 tristyle 09
tinplate 171 transformation 58 triumphalarch 251
315
NDEX
1
t
rllngwd 240
,-
rllng stress 164- l
)f'\:lng 5tressdesl9n 240
)f'\: pbne 149
95
)\len valley 212
f'
L
l'r'en-wiref.iUr!c 202
-eathe 184.234
-eathepiece 234
"Ought Iron flO
I
L
f72
Ie 199
{the \55
L
I'
(
I
axis 108
mclng 243
coordinate 108
L
i 12a
I
!em 2:76
y
Ing-shao 128
lJ
ra 166
, I
axis 107
Z79
:;.ooralll3te 107
r
11
point 102, 164
Sf'.rell§th 164-
, 128
I:e 45.Z72
I U
modulus 162
ngang
z:
254-
I
U
architecture 130
137
I xis 108 i
i.J
172 i
:oordlnate i
: T72 i
11th 150
'O-foru 259
b
2S4
)U 129
248 I
U
ilda 252
Ia IC3Vftyr.ethod 149
126
ln9 or&ntaru 51
horus 100
L
133 ,
l.
IU
II I
Ili
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l
lOMoARcPSD|29794750
Architecture Is an art for.h to learn pecauseall are concernedwith It. -John Ruskin • Architecture depenason
Order. Arrangement.Eurythmy.Symmetry.Propriety.ana Economy.All of these must l:>e pullt with due referenceto
presentsno hindranceto use. and when each classof buildingIs assignedto Its sultableandapproprl3teexposure:and
beauty. when the appearanceof the wort Is pleasingartd In good taste, and when Its meml:>ersare In due proportion
cannot \;Ie completelyrepresentedIn'anyform. which c.n De grasped ana felt only through direct experience.Is the
But architecture Is notjudged byvisuafappealalone. Buildingsaffect.1I of the hult13n senses- sound. smeR. touch.
lay mare stresson the quantlfulDie featuresof Irolldingorganizationrun on the polychromatlcand three-dimensional
way you can get buUdlng Into being. Is through the rneasural7le.You must follow the laws of ana use
quantftlesofPrick. methodsof construction.and engineering.But In the e:'1d. when the Dulldl"9 p3rtof living.
tt unmeasura!11equalltles.and the spirit of Its existencetakes or'er. -louis Kahn • Built environmentshlYe
various p1Jrposes:to sher-..erpeaple ana their 0ICt1v1tlesand possesslor.sfrom the elements.from human and animal
enemies. and from supematural powers; to estaDllsh place; to ;; humantzed. s3fe area In a profane and
Importantth3n climate.technolcgy.materials.and economy. In arry stt.uatIon. It Is the Interplayof all these f.Jctors
envil'O!'lmerTts!lefore they l7ultd them. Thought orders space. tlme. actMty. status. roles. and Pdl3V1or. But gMng
peopleof how to act. how to and what Is expectedof them. It Is 1m portant to stress that aD builtenvironments
-i:lulldings.settlements.and landscapes- are one way of orderingthe world I:Iy making orderingsystemsvIsIi:lle.The
of their .rt. Not one of these Pocks C3n pe understoodunless we read the two others. Put of the the only
trustworthyone Is the last.'On the whale I think this Is true. If I had to say which was tellingthe truth about society.
• We of any building.chat It act well. and do the things It was IntertJedto do In the Pest way: that It speak well.
and say the It waslnte1'ldedto say In the best words; that It lool: well. and please us I1y Its presence. wnatevu
It has to do or say. -John Ruskin' Architecture also exists without r.ue5saryassistancefrom an architect;and
ordinary people. for ordinary people: thereforeIt should be easily comprehensibleto all. -Steen Eller R3smussen
319