Chapter 1 - Chemistry - Copy of Students

UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND

ALLIED MEDICAL PROGRAMS
Medical Laboratory Science
Department
CHAPTER 1:
CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 1

CHEMISTRY
THE STUDY OF MATTER

CHEMISTRY
 field of study concerned with the

characteristics, composition, and
transformations of MATTER
 MATTER: anything that has mass
and occupies space

SYNTHESIS OF ASPIRIN
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MATTER
 States of Matter
 Solid: physical state
characterized by a definite shape
and a definite volume
 Liquid: physical state
characterized by an indefinite
shape and a definite volume
 Gas: physical state characterized
by an indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume

CLASSIFICATIONS STATES OF MATTER
OF MATTER

CLASSIFICATIONS
OF MATTER
 Composition of Matter
 Pure substance: has only
one component
 Element: pure substance
that generally cannot be
changed into a simpler
form of matter
 Compound: substance
resulting from the
combination of two or
more elements in a
definite, reproducible way

CLASSIFICATIONS
OF MATTER
 Composition of Matter
 Mixture: combination of two
or more pure substances in
which each substances
retains its own identity
 Heterogenous Mixture: a
mixture that contains visibly
different phases, each of
which has different properties.
 Homogeneous Mixture: a
mixture that contains only one
visibly distinct phase, which
has uniform properties
throughout.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

 PHYSICAL PROPERTY
 can be observed or measured without changing the
composition or identity of a substance
 e.g., melting point, boiling point, color, physical state
(solid, liquid, gas)
 classified according to whether they depend on the size of
PROPERTIES OF the sample: INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
MATTER  Intensive Property: independent of the quantity of the
substance, e.g., melting point and boiling point
 Extensive Property: depends on the quantity of a substance,
e.g., mass and volume
 Is temperature an intensive or extensive property?
 Pure water freezes at 0°C. Is this an intensive or
extensive property? Why?

 CHEMICAL PROPERTY
 result in a change in
composition and can be
observed only through
chemical reactions
PROPERTIES OF  e.g., oxidation states, heat
MATTER of combustion, chemical
stability, flammability,
coordination number,
reactivity, possible
chemical bonds, enthalpy
of formation

PHYSICAL CHANGE
CHEMICAL CHANGE

CHANGES IN MATTER
 PHYSICAL CHANGE
 process in which a
substance changes its
physical appearance but not
its chemical composition
 example: melting, freezing,
evaporation, condensation

CHANGES IN MATTER
 CHEMICAL CHANGE Evidences of Chemical Change

Evolution of gas
 process in which a
Formation of precipitate
substance undergoes
Emission of light
a change in chemical
Generation of electricity
composition
Production of mechanical energy
 example: rusting of Absorption/liberation of heat
iron objects left
exposed to moist air

CHANGES IN MATTER
Types of Chemical Reactions

•Direct Union
•Decomposition
•Single Replacement
•Double Replacement
ENGLISH SYSTEM
MEASUREMENT OF UNITS
SYSTEM METRIC SYSTEM OF

UNITS

TABLE OF ENGLISH WEIGHT AND MEASURES
Length
12 inches (in) 1 foot (ft)
3 feet (ft) 1 yard (yd)
5280 feet (ft) 1 mile (mi)
Weight
16 ounces (oz) 1 pound (lb)
ENGLISH SYSTEM 2000 pound (lb) 1 ton
OF UNITS
Capacities
3 teaspoons (tsp) 1 tablespoon (tbsp)
16 tablespoons (tbsp) 1 cup (c)
8 ounces (oz) 1 cup (c)
2 cup (c) 1 pint (pt)
2 pints (pt) 1 quart (qt)
4 quart (qt) 1 gallon (gal)
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ENGLISH SYSTEM
OF UNITS
CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY
International System
of Units
9/24/2022 CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 21

 Système International d’Unitès
 Internationally recognized decimal system of weights and
measures
 Express measurements of physical quantities
International
System of
Units

International System of Units
Simplicity
Advantages of
Ease of
the Metric calculation
System
International
Standard

 The meter is the primary unit of length in the SI.
TABLE OF THE METRIC LENGTH
1 kilometer (km) 1000 meters (m)
1 hectometer (hm) 100 meters (m)
1 dekameter (dam) 10 meters (m)
1 decimeter (dm) 0.100 meter (m)
Measure of 1 centimeter (cm) 0.010 meter (m)
Length 1 millimeter (mm) 0.001 meter (m)
1 micrometer (μm) 0.000001 meter (m)
1 nanometer (nm) 0.000000001 meter (m)
Equivalencies of the most common length denominations

1000 millimeters (mm) 100 centimeters (cm)
100 centimeters (cm) 1 meter (m)

 The liter is the primary unit of volume in the SI.
TABLE OF THE METRIC VOLUME
1 kiloliter (kL) 1000 liters (L)
1 hectoliter (hL) 100 liters (L)
1 dekaliter (daL) 10 liters (L)
1 liter (L) 1 liter
Measure of 1 deciliter (dL) 0.100 liter (L)
Volume 1 centiliter (cL) 0.010 liter (L)
1 milliliter (mL) 0.001 liter (L)
1 microliter (μL) 0.000001 liter (L)
Equivalencies of the most common length denominations

1000 milliliters (mL) 1 liter (L)

 The primary unit of weight in the SI is the gram, which is the
weight of 1 cm3 of water at 4°C, its temperature of greatest
density.
TABLE OF THE METRIC WEIGHT
1 kilogram (kg) 1000 grams (g)
1 hectogram (hg) 100 grams (g)
1 dekagram (dag) 10 grams (g)
1 g (g) 1 gram (g)
Measure of 1 decigram (dg) 0.100 gram (g)

1 centigram (cg) 0.010 gram (g)
Weight 1 milligram (mg) 0.001 gram (g)
1 microgram (μg or mcg) 0.000001 gram (g)
Equivalencies of the most common weight denominations

1000 micrograms (μg or mcg)) 1 milligram (mg)
1000 milligrams (mg) 1 gram (g)
1000 grams (g) 1 kilogram (kg)

Useful
Equivalents

SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES
SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 Significant figures: information-bearing figures in a number
 Guidelines for the determination of the number of significant

figures in a measured quantity:
 In any measurement, all nonzero digits are significant.
 Zeros may or may not be significant because zeros can be used in the
following situations:
 Leading zeros, those at the beginning of a number, are never significant.
 Confined zeros, those between non-zero digits, are always significant.
 Trailing zeros, those at the end of a number, are significant if a decimal

point is present in the number.
 Trailing zeros, those at the end of a number, are not significant if the
number lacks an explicitly shown decimal point.

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 Give the significant figures present.

 5623.00
 0.0031
 97,200
 637

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 Give the number of significant figures present.

 727.23
 0.1031
 47,230
 637,000,000

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 involves the representation of a number that

is greater than 1 and less than 10 which is
multiplied by 10 raised to the power of a
whole number
 a numerical system in which numbers are
expressed in the form A x 10n,
 A, coefficient
 10n, exponential term

CONVERTING FROM DECIMAL TO SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 The procedure for converting a number

from decimal notation to scientific
notation has two parts.
 The decimal point in the decimal number is
moved to the right of the first non-zero digit.
 The exponent for the exponential term is
equal to the number of places the decimal
point has been moved.
 The exponent is positive if the original
decimal number is 10 or greater.
 The exponent is negative if the original
decimal number is less than 1.

CONVERTING FROM DECIMAL TO SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
1. 0.0024
2. 0.0180
3. 673,000
4. 0.0126

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 ONLY significant figures becomes part of the coefficient.
6.3 x 101
6.30 x 101
6.300 x 101

ACCURACY AND
PRECISION
CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 37 9/24/2022

 closeness of agreement between the actual value and
Accuracy measured value
 quantified by getting the mean of the test results

 closeness of agreement between a series of
measurements multiple samplings of the same
homogeneous sample under prescribed condition
Precision  usually expressed as the standard deviation or
relative standard deviation of a series of
measurements

Accuracy VS. Precision: The Target Analogy

• Reducing SI Units to
Lower or Higher
Denominations by
Using a Unit-Position
Fundamental
Scale
• The 3-Decimal Point
Shift
Calculations • Reducing SI Units to

Lower or Higher
Denominations by
Ratio and Proportion
or by Dimensional
Analysis

Reducing SI Units to
Lower or Higher
Denominations by Using
a Unit-Position Scale
To change a metric
denomination to the
next smaller
denomination, move
the decimal point one
place to the right.
To change a metric
denomination to the
next larger
denomination, move
the decimal point one
place to the left.

 Reduce 9876 milligrams to grams.
 Reduce 85 micrometers to centimeters.
 Reduce 2.525 liters to microliters.

 In health care in general, the denominations most
used differ by 1000 or by a factor of 3 decimal places.
Thus, on the decimal scale, a 3-place decimal point
shift, left to right or right to left, will yield most used
denominations.
 3-Place Shift for Common Weight Denominations
The 3-Decimal  kg
Point Shift g
 mg
 mcg
 3-Place Shift for Common Volume Denominations
L
 mL

 Reduce 1.23 kilograms to grams.
 From the table: 1 kg = 1000 g
 By ratio and proportion:
Reducing SI
Units to Lower
or Higher
Denominations
by Ratio and
Proportion or by  By dimensional analysis:
Dimensional
Analysis

 Reduce 62,500 mcg to g.
 From the table: 1 g = 1,000,000 mcg
 By ratio and proportion:
Reducing SI
Units to Lower
or Higher
Denominations
by Ratio and
Proportion or by  By dimensional analysis:
Dimensional
Analysis

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 Convert the following:

 0.0047 kg to mg
 750 cm to mm
 0.50 in to m
 0.75 qt to L
 0.791 g/mL to kg/L

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 A standard aspirin tablet contains 324 mg of Aspirin. How many grams of Aspirin
are in a standard Aspirin tablet?

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 Analysis shows the presence of 203 μg of cholesterol in a sample of blood. How

many grams of cholesterol are present in this blood sample?

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 A liquid contains 0.25 mg of a substance per milliliter. How many grams of the
substance will 3.5 L contain?

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 Reduce 1.256 g to micrograms, to milligrams, and to kilograms.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 Add 0.0025 kg, 1750 mg, 2.25 g, and 825,000 mg, and express the answer in
grams.

ADDITIONAL
EXPERIMENTAL
QUANTITIES
TEMPERATURE
CONCENTRATION
DENSITY

TEMPERATURE
 indicator of the tendency

of heat energy to be
transferred
 3 different temperature
scales
 Celsius
 Kelvin
 Fahrenheit

TEMPERATURE
 Celsius scale
9
℃ = ℉ + 32
 most encountered in scientific work 5
 boiling point of water: 100°C
5
 Freezing point of water: 0°C
℉= (℃ − 32)
 Kelvin scale 9
 SI unit of temperature
 Fahrenheit scale
𝐾 = ℃ + 273
 smaller degree size than the other two temperature scales

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 The freezing temperature of water is 32°F. calculate the freezing temperature of

water in Celsius units and Kelvin units.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 When a patient is ill, his or her temperature may increase to 104°F. calculate the
temperature of this patient in Celsius units and Kelvin units.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 In the human body, heat stroke occurs at a temperature of 41°C. What is this
temperature equivalent to on the following scales?
 Fahrenheit scale
 Kelvin scale

CONCENTRATION
 measure of the number or mass of particles of a substance that are contained in a

specified volume
 concentration of oxygen in the air
 pollen counts, given during the hay fever seasons
 amount of an illegal drug in a certain volume of blood, indicating the extent of drug abuse
 proper dose of an antibiotic, based on a patient’s weight

DENSITY
 ratio of mass and

volume
 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
= 𝑉

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 A student determines that the mass of a 20.0-mL sample of olive oil is 18.4 g.
what is the density of the olive oil in grams per milliliter?

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 A sample of table sugar (sucrose) with a mass of 2.500 g occupies a volume of

1.575 mL. What is the density, in grams per cubic centimeter, of this sample of
table sugar?

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 Blood plasma has a density of 1.027 g/mL at 25°C. What volume, in milliliters,
does 125 g of plasma occupy?

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 If your blood has a density of 1.05 g/mL at 25°C, how many grams of blood would
you lose if you made a blood bank donation of 1.00 pint of blood?

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UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.

COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 1

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 2

 field of study concerned with the

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 CHEMICAL CHANGE Evidences of Chemical Change

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 16

Types of Chemical Reactions

SYSTEM METRIC SYSTEM OF

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 18

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Equivalencies of the most common length denominations

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Equivalencies of the most common length denominations

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Measure of 1 decigram (dg) 0.100 gram (g)

Equivalencies of the most common weight denominations

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CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 29

 Guidelines for the determination of the number of significant

 Confined zeros, those between non-zero digits, are always significant.

 Trailing zeros, those at the end of a number, are significant if a decimal

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 30

 Give the significant figures present.

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 31

 Give the number of significant figures present.

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 32

 involves the representation of a number that

 10n, exponential term

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 33

 The procedure for converting a number

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 34

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 35

 ONLY significant figures becomes part of the coefficient.

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 9/24/2022 36

CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 37 9/24/2022

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Calculations • Reducing SI Units to

9/24/2022 CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 41

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 Reduce 85 micrometers to centimeters.

 Reduce 2.525 liters to microliters.

9/24/2022 CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY 43

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 Convert the following: