1)Why low power has become an important issue in the present-day VLSI circuit

realization?
A) Low power consumption has become a critical concern in the design and
realization of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits for several reasons:

Battery-Powered Devices
Energy Efficiency
Environmental Concerns
Internet of Things (IoT)
Wireless Communication
Cost saving

2) Enlist the various sources of power dissipation in Digital ICs.

A) Dynamic Power Dissipation.
Static Power Dissipation.
Short-Circuit Power.
Temperature.
Clock Distribution.

3) What is SOI? What is the material used as insulator?

A) Silicon on insulator (SOI) is a semiconductor wafer technology that produces
higher performing, lower power (dynamic) devices than traditional bulk silicon
techniques.
silicon oxide is the material used as insulator.

4) What is called high capacitance node?

A) A "high capacitance node" Is a integrated circuits refers to a specific point.
where the capacitance between that node and the ground or power supply
(typically ground) is relatively large compared to other nodes within the same
circuit.

5) What do you meant by energy recovery in circuits

A) Energy recovery in circuits refers to a technique where the energy that is typically
dissipated as waste during certain electrical operations is instead captured, stored, and
reused, thus improving the overall energy efficiency of the circuit or system.

6) What are sources of static power dissipation?

A) The power dissipation occurs in the form of leakage current

This type of power dissipation is primarily caused by the subthreshold leakage

current and other leakage mechanisms in transistors.

7) Distinguish between energy and power dissipation of VLSI circuits. Which one is
more important for portable systems?

A) Energy and power dissipation are important aspects of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
circuits. energy dissipation is typically more critical than power dissipation.

Power Dissipation: Power dissipation refers to the rate at which energy is consumed.

* It is typically measured in watts (W)

* represents the instantaneous energy consumption of a circuit.

Energy Dissipation: represents the total energy consumed or dissipated over a period of
time.
* It is measured in joules (J) or watt-hours (Wh)
* reflects the cumulative energy usage of a circuit.

8) Describe the Effect of Capacitive Loading.

A) Capacitive loads often give rise to problems, in part because they can reduce the output
bandwidth and slew rate, but mainly because the phase lag they produce in the op amp's
feedback loop can cause instability.

9) Define setup-up time and holding time

A) Setup time is the amount of time required for the input to a Flip-Flop to be stable before a
clock edge.

Hold time is similar to setup time, but it deals with events after a clock edge occurs .

10) What determines the power dissipation of a flipflop?

A) The power dissipation of a flip-flop, which is a fundamental digital circuit element used in
digital electronics and sequential logic, is determined by several factors:

* Clock Frequency

* Supply Voltage

* Number of Flip-Flops

* Operating Temperature
1) Explain in detail about the Dynamic power sources and dynamic power reduction
techniques in digital IC.

A) Dynamic power dissipation in digital integrated circuits (ICs)

primarily results from the charging and discharging of the internal node
capacitance,where equation is

Pdynamic=α⋅V2⋅f
 Pdynamic is the dynamic power consumption.
 α is the activity factor
 Vis the supply voltage.
 f is the clock frequency

Dynamic power sources refer to the various factors contributing to dynamic power
consumption.

* Charging and Discharging Capacitance

* Clock Signal

* Data Activity

Dynamic Power Reduction Techniques in Digital ICs

*Clock Gating

Power Gating
* Reducing Clock Frequency:
* Data-Driven Technique

* Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling .

2) Discuss about the dynamic power reduction Techniques in CMOS IC.

A) *Dynamic power reduction techniques are crucial in CMOS (Complementary

Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) ICs,.
*CMOS is the most commonly used technology for digital integrated circuits.
*Here are some dynamic power reduction techniques in CMOS ICs:
@ Clock Gating: Clock gating is a widely used technique to reduce dynamic power.

@ Reducing Supply Voltage (VDD): Lowering the supply voltage reduces dynamic power.

@ Multi-Voltage Domains: In coplex CMOS ICs.

@ Data Encoding: Data encoding techniques reduce transitions on data lines.

@ Power Gating

@ Advanced Process Technology:

@ Dynamic Logic Techniques:

3) Discuss about the types of low power flip-flops techniques.

A) * Low-power flip-flops are designed to reduce dynamic power consumption in digital

circuits by optimizing the flip-flop's design and operation.

* Some common types of low-power flip-flops include:

@ Master-Slave Flip-Flops (MS-FF)

@ Static CMOS Flip-Flops

@ Static CMOS Flip-Flops:

@ Pulsed Flip-Flops

@ Double-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops.

@ Energy-Recovery Flip-Flops:

@ Clocked Flip-Flops:

@ Asynchronous Flip-Flops
@ Hybrid Flip-Flops

@ Advanced Technology Nodes