எம்.எஸ்.

சுவாமிநா
தன்

மான்கொம்பு சாம்பசிவன் சுவாமிநாதன் (7

ஆகஸ்ட் 1925 - 28 செப்டம்பர் 2023)
ஒரு இந்திய வேளாண் விஞ்ஞானி,
வேளாண் விஞ்ஞானி , தாவர மரபியல்
நிபுணர் , நிர்வாகி மற்றும் மனிதாபிமானி
ஆவார். [1] சுவாமிநாதன் பசுமைப்
புரட்சியின் உலகளாவிய தலைவராக
இருந்தார் . [2] கோதுமை மற்றும்
அரிசியில் அதிக மகசூல் தரும் வகைகளை
அறிமுகப்படுத்தி மேலும்
மேம்படுத்துவதில் அவரது தலைமை
மற்றும் பங்கிற்காக அவர் இந்தியாவில்
பசுமைப் புரட்சியின் முக்கிய கட்டிடக்
கலைஞர் [a] என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறார் .
[5] [6] நார்மன் போர்லாக் உடனான
சுவாமிநாதனின் கூட்டு அறிவியல்
முயற்சிகள் , விவசாயிகள் மற்றும் பிற
விஞ்ஞானிகளுடன் ஒரு வெகுஜன
இயக்கத்தை முன்னெடுத்து, பொதுக்
கொள்கைகளின் ஆதரவுடன், 1960களில்
இந்தியாவையும் பாகிஸ்தானையும் சில
பஞ்சம் போன்ற நிலைமைகளில் இருந்து
காப்பாற்றியது. [7] [8] பிலிப்பைன்ஸில்
உள்ள சர்வதேச நெல் ஆராய்ச்சி
நிறுவனத்தின் (IRRI) இயக்குநர்
ஜெனரலாக அவர் தலைமை வகித்தது,
1987 ஆம் ஆண்டில் அவருக்கு முதல்
உலக உணவுப் பரிசு வழங்கப்படுவதற்கு
முக்கியப் பங்காற்றியது , விவசாயத்
துறையில் மிக உயர்ந்த விருதுகளில்
ஒன்றாக அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்டது. [9] ஐக்கிய
நாடுகளின் சுற்றுச்சூழல் திட்டம் அவரை
"பொருளாதார சூழலியலின் தந்தை" என்று
அழைத்தது. [10]
 எம்.எஸ்.சுவாமிநாதன்

சுவாமிநாதன் 2013 இல்

நாடாளுமன்ற உறுப்பினர், ராஜ்யசபா

2007-2013 அலுவலகத்தில்

தொகுதி பரிந்துரைக்கப்பட்டது

சொந்த விவரங்கள்

பிறந்தது மான்கொம்பு
சாம்பசிவன்
 சுவாமிநாதன்
7 ஆகஸ்ட் 1925
கும்பகோணம் ,
தஞ்சை மாவட்டம்,
மெட்ராஸ்
பிரசிடென்சி ,
பிரிட்டிஷ் இந்தியா
(இன்றைய தஞ்சாவூர்
, தமிழ்நாடு, இந்தியா)

இறந்தார் 28 செப்டம்பர் 2023

(வயது 98)
சென்னை , தமிழ்நாடு,
இந்தியா

அல்மா மேட்டர் கேரளா

பல்கலைக்கழகம் (
பிஎஸ்சி )
மெட்ராஸ்
பல்கலைக்கழகம்
(பிஎஸ்சி)
இந்திய வேளாண்
ஆராய்ச்சி
நிறுவனம்
(மரபியல்
துறையில் இணை)
Wageningen
பல்கலைக்கழகம்
(யுனெஸ்கோ
மரபியல்
ஃபெலோ)
கேம்பிரிட்ஜ்
பல்கலைக்கழகம்
(பிஎச்டி)
 விஸ்கான்சின்
பல்கலைக்கழகம் (
போஸ்ட்டாக் )

மனைவி மீனா சுவாமிநாதன்

​
​( மீ. 1955; இறப்பு 2022
)

குழந்தைகள் சௌமியா உட்பட 3

பேர்

விருதுகள் பத்மஸ்ரீ (1967)

ராமன் மகசேசே
விருது (1971)
பத்ம பூஷன் (1972)
உலக உணவு பரிசு
(1987)
பத்ம விபூஷன்
(1989)
 அறிவியல் தொழில்

வயல்வெளிகள் தாவரவியல்,
தாவர மரபியல்,
மரபியல்,
சைட்டோஜெனெடிக்ஸ்,
சுற்றுச்சூழல்
பொருளாதாரம்,
தாவர இனப்பெருக்கம்,
சுற்றுச்சூழல்
தொழில்நுட்பம்

நிறுவனங்கள் Indian Agricultural

Research Institute
(IARI; as teacher,
researcher and
research
administrator,
1954–1972)
 Indian Council of
Agricultural
Research (ICAR; as
Director General,
1972–1980)
International Rice
Research Institute
(IRRI; as Director
General, 1982–
1988)

Thesis Species
Differentiation, and
the Nature of
Polyploidy in certain
species of the genus
Solanum–section
Tuberarium (1952)
Doctoral advisor H. W. Howard

Swaminathan contributed basic research

related to potato, wheat, and rice, in
areas such as cytogenetics, ionizing
radiation, and radiosensitivity.[11] He was
a president of the Pugwash Conferences
and the International Union for
Conservation of Nature.[12][13] In 1999,
he was one of three Indians, along with
Gandhi and Tagore, on Time 's list of the
20 most influential Asian people of the
20th century.[5] Swaminathan received
numerous awards and honours, including
the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, the
Ramon Magsaysay Award, and the Albert
Einstein World Science Award.[10]
Swaminathan chaired the National
Commission on Farmers in 2004, which
recommended far-reaching ways to
improve India's farming system.[14] He
was the founder of an eponymous
research foundation.[5] He coined the
term "Evergreen Revolution" in 1990 to
describe his vision of "productivity in
perpetuity without associated ecological
harm".[2][15] He was nominated to the
Parliament of India for one term between
2007 and 2013.[16] During his tenure he
put forward a bill for the recognition of
women farmers in India.[17]
Life
Early life and education

Swaminathan was born in Kumbakonam,

Madras Presidency, on 7 August
1925.[18] He was the second son of
general surgeon M. K. Sambasivan and
Parvati Thangammal Sambasivan. At age
11, after his father's death, Swaminathan
was looked after by his father's
brother.[19]

Swaminathan was educated at a local

high school and later at the Catholic Little
Flower High School in Kumbakonam,[20]
from which he matriculated at age 15.[21]
From childhood, he interacted with
farming and farmers; his extended family
grew rice, mangoes, and coconut, and
later expanded into other areas such as
coffee.[22] He saw the impact that
fluctuations in the price of crops had on
his family, including the devastation that
weather and pests could cause to crops
as well as incomes.[23]

His parents wanted him to study

medicine. With that in mind, he started
off his higher education with zoology.[24]
But when he witnessed the impacts of the
Bengal famine of 1943 during the Second
World War and shortages of rice
throughout the sub-continent, he decided
to devote his life to ensuring India had
enough food.[25] Despite his family
background, and belonging to an era
where medicine and engineering were
considered much more prestigious, he
chose agriculture.[26]

He went on to finish his undergraduate

degree in zoology at Maharaja's College
in Trivandrum, Kerala (now known as
University College, Thiruvananthapuram at
the University of Kerala).[21] He then
studied at University of Madras (Madras
Agricultural College, now the Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University) from 1940 to
1944 and earned a Bachelor of Science
degree in Agricultural Science.[27] During
this time he was also taught by Cotah
Ramaswami, a professor of
agronomy.[28]

In 1947 he moved to the Indian

Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in
New Delhi to study genetics and plant
breeding.[29] He obtained a post-
graduate degree with high distinction in
cytogenetics in 1949. His research
focused on the genus Solanum, with
specific attention to the potato.[30] Social
pressures resulted in him competing in
the examinations for civil services,
through which he was selected to the
Indian Police Service.[31] At the same
time, an opportunity for him arose in the
agriculture field in the form of a UNESCO
fellowship in genetics in the Netherlands.
He chose genetics.[31]

Netherlands and Europe

Swaminathan was a UNESCO fellow at

the Wageningen Agricultural University's
Institute of Genetics in the Netherlands
for eight months.[32] The demand for
potatoes during the Second World War
resulted in deviations in age-old crop
rotations. This caused golden nematode
infestations in certain areas such as
reclaimed agricultural lands.
Swaminathan worked on adapting genes
to provide resilience against such
parasites, as well as cold weather. To this
effect, the research succeeded.[33]
Ideologically the university influenced his
later scientific pursuits in India with
respect to food production.[34] During this
time he also made a visit to the Max
Planck Institute for Plant Breeding
Research in war-torn Germany; this would
later influence him deeply as during his
next visit, a decade later, he saw that the
Germans had transformed Germany, both
infrastructurally and energetically.[35]

United Kingdom

In 1950, he moved to study at the Plant

Breeding Institute of the University of
Cambridge School of Agriculture.[36] He
earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in
1952 for his thesis "Species
Differentiation, and the Nature of
Polyploidy in certain species of the genus
Solanum – section Tuberarium".[36] The
following December he stayed for a week
with F.L. Brayne, a former Indian Civil
Service officer, whose experiences with
rural India influenced Swaminathan in his
later years.[37]

United States of America

Swaminathan then spent 15 months in

the United States.[38] He accepted a
post-doctoral research associateship at
the University of Wisconsin's Laboratory
of Genetics to help set up a USDA potato
research station.[38] The laboratory at the
time had Nobel laureate Joshua
Lederberg on its faculty.[39] His
associateship ended in December 1953.
Swaminathan turned down a faculty
position in order to continue to make a
difference back home in India.[40]

India

Swaminathan returned to India in early

1954. There were no jobs in his
specialisation and it was only three
months later that he received an
opportunity through a former professor to
work temporarily as an assistant botanist
at Central Rice Research Institute in
Cuttack.[41] At Cuttack, he was under an
indica-japonica rice hybridisation program
started by Krishnaswami Ramiah. This
stint would go on to influence his future
work with wheat.[42] Half a year later he
joined Indian Agricultural Research
Institute (IARI) in New Delhi in October
1954 as an assistant cytogeneticist.[41]
Swaminathan was critical of India
importing food grains when seventy
percent of India was dependent on
agriculture. Further drought and famine-
like situations were developing in the
country.[43]
 A commemorative postage stamp
from India released on 17 July 1968
marking the 'Wheat Revolution'. The
stamp depicts stalks of wheat, the
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
(IARI), and a histogram showing the
increase in the production of
wheat.[44]

Swaminathan and Norman Borlaug

collaborated, with Borlaug touring India
and sending supplies for a range of
Mexican dwarf varieties of wheat, which
were to be bred with Japanese
varieties.[45] Initial testing in an
experimental plot showed good results.
The crop was high-yield, good quality,
and disease free.[46] There was hesitation
by farmers to adopt the new variety
whose high yields were unnerving.[46] In
1964, following repeated requests by
Swaminathan to demonstrate the new
variety, he was given funding to plant
small demonstration plots. A total of 150
demonstration plots on 1 hectare were
planted.[46] The results were promising
and the anxieties of the farmers were
reduced.[46] More modifications were
made to the grain in the laboratory to
better suit Indian conditions.[47] The new
wheat varieties were sown and in 1968
production went to 17 million tonnes, 5
million tonnes more than the last
harvest.[48]
Just before receiving his Nobel Prize in
1970, Norman Borlaug wrote to
Swaminathan:[49]

The Green Revolution has been a

team effort and much of the
credit for its spectacular
development must go to the
Indian officials, organizations,
scientists, and farmers.
However, to you, Dr.
Swaminathan, a great deal of
the credit must go for first
recognizing the potential value
of the Mexican dwarfs. Had this
 not occurred, it is quite possible
that there would not have been
a Green Revolution in Asia.

Notable contributions were made by

Indian agronomists and geneticists such
as Gurdev Khush and Dilbagh Singh
Athwal.[8] The Government of India
declared India self-sufficient in food
production in 1971.[49] India and
Swaminathan could now deal with other
serious issues of access to food, hunger,
and nutrition.[49][50][51] He was with IARI
between 1954 and 1972.[1]
Administrator and educator

In 1972, Swaminathan was appointed as

the director-general of the Indian Council
of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and a
secretary to the Government of India.[52]
In 1979, in a rare move for a scientist, he
was made a principal secretary, a senior
position in the Government of India.[53]
The next year he was shifted to the
Planning Commission.[54] As director-
general of ICAR, he pushed for technical
literacy, setting up centres all over India
for this.[53] Droughts during this period
led him to form groups to watch weather
and crop patterns, with the ultimate aim
of protecting the poor from
malnutrition.[55] His shift to the Planning
Commission for two years resulted in the
introduction of women and environment
with respect to development in India's five
year plans for the first time.[54][52]

In 1982, he was made the first Asian

director general of the International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI) in the
Philippines.[54] He was there until
1988.[1] One of the contributions he
made during his tenure here was
conducting an international conference
"Women in Rice Farming Systems".[56]
For this, the United States-based
Association for Women in Development
gave Swaminathan their first award for
"outstanding contributions to the
integration of women in
development".[57] As director general, he
spread awareness among rice-growing
families of making the value of each part
of the rice crop.[57] His leadership at IRRI
was instrumental in the first World Food
Prize being awarded to him.[9] In 1984 he
became the president and vice-president
of the International Union for
Conservation of Nature and World Wildlife
Fund respectively.[58]
In 1987 he was awarded the first World
Food Prize.[59] The prize money was used
to set up the M.S. Swaminathan Research
Foundation.[60] Accepting the award,
Swaminathan spoke of the growing
hunger despite the increase in food
production. He spoke of the fear of
sharing "power and resources", and that
the goal of a world without hunger
remains unfinished.[61] In their
commendation letters, Javier Pérez de
Cuéllar, Frank Press, President Ronald
Reagan, and others recognized his
efforts.[62]
Swaminathan would go on to chair the
World Food Prize Selection Committee
following Borlaug.[63] In ICAR, from the
late 1950s onwards, he taught
cytogenetics, radiation genetics, and
mutation breeding.[64] Swaminathan
mentored numerous Borlaug‐Ruan interns,
part of the Borlaug‐Ruan International
Internship.[65]

Institution builder

Swaminathan established the Nuclear

Research Laboratory at the IARI. He
played a role in and promoting the setting
up of the International Crop Research
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in
India; the International Board for Plant
Genetic Resources (now known as
Bioversity International) in Italy and the
International Council for Research in
Agro-Forestry in Kenya. He helped to
build and develop a number of institutions
and provided research support in China,
Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka,
Pakistan, Iran, and Cambodia.[66]

Later years

Swaminathan co-chaired the United

Nations Millennium Project on hunger
from 2002 to 2005 and was head of the
Pugwash Conferences on Science and
World Affairs between 2002 and
2007.[67] In 2005 Bruce Alberts,
President of the U.S. National Academy of
Sciences said of Swaminathan: "At 80,
M.S. retains all the energy and idealism of
his youth, and he continues to inspire
good behaviour and more idealism from
millions of his fellow human beings on
this Earth. For that, we can all be
thankful".[68] Swaminathan had the aim
of a hunger-free India by 2007.[69]
 Swaminathan (right) with A. K.
Sharma (left), considered as the
father of Indian cytology,[70] in 2013
at the 100th Indian Science
Congress.

Swaminathan was the chair of the

National Commission on Farmers
constituted in 2004.[71] In 2007,
President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam nominated
Swaminathan to the Rajya Sabha.[72]
Swaminathan introduced one bill during
his tenure, The Women Farmers'
Entitlements Bill 2011, which
lapsed.[16][73] One of the aims it
proposed was recognising women
farmers.[17]
A term coined by Swaminathan,
'Evergreen Revolution', based on the
enduring influence of the green revolution,
aims to address the continuous increase
in sustainable productivity that mankind
requires.[74] He has described it as
"productivity with perpetuity".[2]

In his later years, he had also been part of

initiatives related to bridging the digital
divide,[75] and bringing research to
decision-makers in the field of hunger
and nutrition.[76]
Personal life and death

M. S. Swaminathan was married to Mina

Swaminathan, whom he met in 1951
while they were both studying at
Cambridge.[77] They lived in Chennai,
Tamil Nadu. Their three daughters are
Soumya Swaminathan (a paediatrician),
Madhura Swaminathan (an economist),
and Nitya Swaminathan (gender and rural
development).[78]

Gandhi and Ramana Maharshi influenced

his life.[79] Of the 2000 acres owned by
their family, they donated one-third to
Vinoba Bhave's cause.[80] In an interview
in 2011, he said that when he was young,
he followed Swami Vivekananda.[81]

M. S. Swaminathan died at home in

Chennai on 28 September 2023, at age
98 .[82]

Scientific career
Potato

In the 1950s, Swaminathan's explanation

and analysis of the origin and
evolutionary processes of potato was a
major contribution.[83] He elucidated its
origin as an autotetraploid and its cell
division behaviour.[84] His findings related
to polyploids were also significant.[84]
Swaminathan's thesis in 1952 was based
on his basic research related to "species
differentiation and the nature of
polyploidy in certain species of the genus
Solanum, section Tuberarium".[85] The
impact was the greater ability to transfer
genes from a wild species to the
cultivated potato.[86]

What made his research on potatoes

valuable was its real-world application in
the development of new potato
varieties.[87] During his post-doctoral at
Wisconsin University, he helped develop a
frost-resistant potato.[87] His genetic
analysis of potatoes, including the genetic
traits that govern yield and growth,
important factors in increasing
productivity, was pivotal. His multi-
disciplinary systems approach
perspective brought together many
different genetic facets.[88]

Wheat

In the 1950s and 1960s Swaminathan did

basic research into the cytogenetics of
hexaploid wheat.[86] The varieties of
wheat and rice developed by
Swaminathan and Borlaug were
foundational to the green revolution.[88]
Rice

Efforts towards growing rice with C4

carbon fixation capabilities, which would
allow a better photosynthesis and water
usage, were started at IRRI under
Swaminathan.[88] Swaminathan also
played a role in the development of the
world's first high-yielding basmati.[89]

Radiation botany

The Genetics Division of the IARI under

Swaminathan was globally renowned for
its research on mutagens.[85] He set up a
'Cobalt-60 Gamma Garden' to study
radiation mutation.[84][86] Swaminathan's
association with Homi J. Bhabha, Vikram
Sarabhai, Raja Ramana, M. R. Srinivasan
and other Indian nuclear scientists
allowed agricultural scientists to access
facilities at the Atomic Energy
Establishment, Trombay (which would
later become the Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre).[85] Swaminathan's first
PhD student, A. T. Natarajan, would go on
to write his thesis in this direction.[85]
One of the aims of such research was to
increase plant responsiveness to
fertilisers and demonstrate real-world
application of crop mutations.[86]
Swaminathan's early basic research on
the effects of radiation on cells and
organisms partly formed the base of
future redox biology.[90]

Rudy Rabbinge calls Swaminathan's

paper on neutron radiation in agriculture
in 1966 presented at an International
Atomic Energy Agency conference in the
United States as "epoch-making".[84] The
work of Swaminathan and his colleagues
was relevant to food irradiation.[84]
Public recognition

The B. P. Pal Centenary Award,

eponymously named after the
Indian agricultural scientist,
being awarded to Swaminathan
in 2006.

Awards and honours

Swaminathan received the Mendel

Memorial Medal from the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences in 1965.[91]
Following this he received numerous
international awards and honours,
including the Ramon Magsaysay Award
(1971),[6] the Albert Einstein World
Science Award (1986), the first World
Food Prize (1987),[10] the Tyler Prize for
Environmental Achievement (1991),[91]
the Four Freedoms Award (2000),[92] and
the Planet and Humanity Medal of the
International Geographical Union
(2000).[93] When accepting the Ramon
Magsaysay Award, Swaminathan quoted
Seneca: "A hungry person listens neither
to reason, nor to religion, nor is bent by
any prayer."[94]

He was conferred with the Order of the

Golden Heart of the Philippines,[95] the
Order of Agricultural Merit of France, the
Order of the Golden Ark of
Netherlands,[96] and the Royal Order of
Sahametrei of Cambodia.[91] China
awarded him with the "Award for
International Co-operation on
Environment and Development".[97] In the
'Dr Norman E. Borlaug Hall of Laureates'
at Des Moines, Iowa, United States, there
is an artwork of Swaminathan made up of
250,000 pieces of glass.[98] The IRRI has
named a building and a scholarship fund
after him.[91]

One of the first national awards he

received was the Shanti Swarup
Bhatnagar Award in 1961.[99] Following
this he was conferred with the Padma
Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma
Vibhushan awards, as well as the H K
Firodia award, the Lal Bahadur Shastri
National Award, and the Indira Gandhi
Prize.[100] As of 2016, he had received
33 national and 32 international
awards.[101] In 2004, an agricultural
think-tank in India named an annual
award after Swaminathan, the
eponymously named 'Dr. M.S.
Swaminathan Award for Leadership in
Agriculture'.[102]
 Norman E. Borlaug being awarded
the first M. S. Swaminathan Award
for Leadership in Agriculture by
President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in
New Delhi in 2005.

Honorary doctorates and fellowships

Swaminathan was the recipient of 84

honorary doctorates and was a guide for
numerous Ph.D. scholars.[100][103] Sardar
Patel University conferred him with an
honorary degree in 1970; Delhi University,
Banaras Hindu University and others
would follow.[83] Internationally, the
Technical University of Berlin (1981) and
the Asian Institute of Technology (1985)
honoured him.[83] The University of
Wisconsin honoured Swaminathan with
an honorary doctorate in 1983.[104] When
the University of Massachusetts, Boston,
honoured him with a science doctorate,
they commented on the "magnificent
inclusiveness of [Swaminathan's]
concerns, by nation, socioeconomic
group, gender, inter-generational, and
including both human and natural
environments".[105] Fitzwilliam College,
Cambridge, from where he received his
PhD in botany, made him an honorary
fellow in 2014.[106]
Swaminathan had been elected a fellow
of a number of science academies in
India. Internationally he had been
recognised as a fellow by 30[103]
academies of science and societies
across the world including the United
States, the United Kingdom, Russia,
Sweden, Italy, China, Bangladesh, as well
as the European Academy of Arts,
Science and Humanities.[100][107] He was
a founder fellow of The World Academy
of Sciences.[100] The National Agrarian
University in Peru conferred him with an
honorary professorship.[83]
Publications

Prime Minister of India M. Prime Minister of India N.

Singh with From Green to Modi with a two-part book
Evergreen Revolution series on Swaminathan

Swaminathan published 46 single-author

papers between 1950 and 1980. In total
he had 254 papers to his credit, 155 of
which he was the single or first author.
His scientific papers are in the fields of
crop improvement (95), cytogenetics and
genetics (87) and phylogenetics (72). His
most frequent publishers were Indian
Journal of Genetics (46), Current Science
(36), Nature (12) and Radiation Botany
(12).[108] Selected publications include:

Swaminathan, M.S. (1951). "Notes on

induced polyploids in the tuber-bearing
Solanum species and their crossability
with Solanum tuberosum". American
Potato Journal. 28: 472–489.
doi:10.1007/BF02854980 (https://doi.
org/10.1007%2FBF02854980) .
S2CID 38717901 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:38717901) .
Howard, H. W.; Swaminathan, M. S.
(1953). "The cytology of haploid plants
of Solanum demissum" (http://link.spri
nger.com/10.1007/BF01690622) .
Genetica. 26 (1): 381–391.
doi:10.1007/BF01690622 (https://doi.
org/10.1007%2FBF01690622) .
ISSN 0016-6707 (https://www.worldc
at.org/issn/0016-6707) .
PMID 13142313 (https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/13142313) .
S2CID 39650946 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:39650946) .
Swaminathan, M. S.; Hougas, R. W.
(1954). "Cytogenetic Studies in
Solanum verrucosum Variety
Spectabilis". American Journal of
Botany. 41 (8): 645–651.
doi:10.2307/2438291 (https://doi.or
g/10.2307%2F2438291) . ISSN 0002-
9122 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/
0002-9122) . JSTOR 2438291 (http
s://www.jstor.org/stable/2438291) .
Swaminathan, M. S. (1 January 1954).
"Nature of Polyploidy in Some 48-
Chromosome Species of the Genus
Solanum, Section Tuberarium" (https://
www.genetics.org/content/39/1/59) .
Genetics. 39 (1): 59–76.
doi:10.1093/genetics/39.1.59 (http
s://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F3
9.1.59) . ISSN 0016-6731 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/issn/0016-6731) .
PMC 1209637 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1209637) .
PMID 17247468 (https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/17247468) .
Swaminathan, M. S. (November 1955).
"Overcoming Cross-Incompatibility
among some Mexican Diploid Species
of Solanum" (https://www.nature.com/
articles/176887b0) . Nature. 176
(4488): 887–888.
Bibcode:1955Natur.176..887S (http
s://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955Na
tur.176..887S) .
doi:10.1038/176887b0 (https://doi.or
g/10.1038%2F176887b0) .
ISSN 1476-4687 (https://www.worldc
at.org/issn/1476-4687) .
S2CID 4266064 (https://api.semantics
cholar.org/CorpusID:4266064) .
Swaminathan, M. S. (September 1956).
"Disomic and Tetrasomic Inheritance in
a Solanum Hybrid" (https://www.natur
e.com/articles/178599b0) . Nature.
178 (4533): 599–600.
Bibcode:1956Natur.178..599S (http
s://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956Na
tur.178..599S) .
doi:10.1038/178599b0 (https://doi.or
g/10.1038%2F178599b0) .
ISSN 1476-4687 (https://www.worldc
at.org/issn/1476-4687) .
S2CID 4298507 (https://api.semantics
cholar.org/CorpusID:4298507) .
Swaminathan, M. S.; Murty, B. R. (1
November 1959). "Aspects of
Asynapsis in Plants. I. Random and
Non Random Chromosome
Associations" (https://www.genetics.or
g/content/44/6/1271) . Genetics. 44
(6): 1271–1280.
doi:10.1093/genetics/44.6.1271 (http
s://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F4
4.6.1271) . ISSN 0016-6731 (https://
www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-6731) .
 PMC 1224432 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1224432) .
PMID 17247892 (https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/17247892) .

In addition he has written a few books on

the general theme of his life's work,
biodiversity and sustainable agriculture
for alleviation of hunger. Swaminathan's
books, papers, dialogues and speeches
include:

Swaminathan, M. S.; Kochhar, S. L.

(2019). Major Flowering Trees of
Tropical Gardens. Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48195-3.
Swaminathan, M. S. (2017). 50 Years
of Green Revolution: An Anthology of
Research Papers (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=C6BEDwAAQBAJ) .
World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-320-
007-4.
Swaminathan, M. S. (2014).
"EDITORIAL: Zero hunger". Science.
345 (6196): 491.
doi:10.1126/science.1258820 (http
s://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.12588
20) . JSTOR 24745192 (https://www.j
stor.org/stable/24745192) .
PMID 25082671 (https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/25082671) .
S2CID 206560890 (https://api.semanti
cscholar.org/CorpusID:206560890) .
Swaminathan, M. S. (2011). In Search
Of Biohappiness: Biodiversity And Food,
Health And Livelihood Security (https://
books.google.com/books?id=Uyq7CgA
AQBAJ) . World Scientific. ISBN 978-
981-4462-56-3.
Swaminathan, M. S. (2010). Science
and Sustainable Food Security:
Selected Papers of M S Swaminathan
(https://books.google.com/books?id=u
_qi8m3yW-cC) . World Scientific.
ISBN 978-981-4282-11-6.
Swaminathan, M. S. (September 2006).
"An Evergreen Revolution". Crop
Science. 46 (5): 2293–2303.
doi:10.2135/cropsci2006.9999 (http
s://doi.org/10.2135%2Fcropsci2006.9
999) .
Swaminathan, M. S.; Ikeda, Daisaku
(2005). Revolutions to Green the
Environment, to Grow the Human Heart:
A Dialogue Between M.S. Swaminathan,
Leader of the Ever-green Revolution
and Daisaku Ikeda, Proponent of the
Human Revolution. East West Books
(Madras). ISBN 978-81-88661-34-3.
Halving Hunger: It Can Be Done. United
Nations Millennium Project Hunger
Task Force. 2005.
Swaminthan, M. S., ed. (1998). Gender
Dimensions in Biodiversity Management
(https://books.google.com/books?id=E
OfaAAAAMAAJ) . Papers presented at
a workshop held at MSSRF in June
1997. Konark Publishers. ISBN 978-
81-220-0531-8.
Swaminathan, M. S. (1997).
"Implementing the benefit-sharing
provisions of the Convention on
Biological Diversity: Challenges and
opportunities" (https://www.ecolex.or
g/details/literature/implementing-the-b
enefit-sharing-provisions-of-the-conve
ntion-on-biological-diversity-challenge
s-and-opportunities-ana-062241/) .
Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter
(No. 112). pp. 19–27. Retrieved
26 November 2021 – via ecolex.org.
Swaminathan, M.S., ed. (1993). Wheat
Revolution—A dialogue. Macmillan
India.
Controversies

In the 1970s, a scientific paper in which

Swaminathan and his team claimed to
have produced a mutant breed of wheat
by gamma irradiation of a Mexican variety
(Sonora 64) resulting in Sharbati Sonora,
claimed to have a very high lysine
content, led to a major controversy. The
case was claimed to be an error made by
the laboratory assistant.[109] The episode
was also compounded by the suicide of
an agricultural
scientist.[110][111][112][113][114] It has
been studied as part of a systemic
problem in Indian agriculture
research.[115]

A paper published in the 25 November

2018 edition of Current Science titled
'Modern Technologies for Sustainable
Food and Nutrition Security' listed
Swaminathan as a co-author.[116] The
article was criticised by a number of
scientific experts, including K.
VijayRaghavan, the principal scientific
adviser to the Government of India, who
commented that it was "deeply flawed
and full of errors".[116][117][118]
Swaminathan claimed that his role in the
paper was "extremely limited" and that he
shouldn't have been named as the co-
author.[116][119]

Explanatory footnotes
a. A number of people have been
recognized for their efforts during India's
Green Revolution. Chidambaram
Subramaniam, the food and agriculture
minister at the time, a Bharat Ratna, has
been called the Political Father of the
Green Revolution.[3] Dilbagh Singh
Athwal is called the Father of Wheat
Revolution.[4]

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0.2307%2F2758769) . JSTOR 2758769
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/275876
9) .
112. Borlaug, Norman E.; Anderson, R. Glenn
(30 January 1975). Joseph Hanlon.
"Letters. Defence of Swaminathan" (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=kbnD_N
F4C8MC&dq=Defence+of+Swaminathan
&pg=PA280) . New Scientist. 65 (934):
280–281 – via Google Books.
113. Silow, R. A.; Kumar, Anand (6 February
1975). "Letters. Swaminathan
controversy" (https://books.google.com/
books?id=pnV6UYEkU4YC&dq=Swaminat
han+controversy&pg=PA339) . New
Scientist. 65 (935): 339 – via Google
Books.
114. Seshachar, B. R.; Fischer, D. A. V. (26
December 1974). "Letters. Swaminathan
controversy" (https://books.google.com/
books?id=khzDRYfj97AC&dq=Swaminath
an+controversy&pg=PA948) . New
Scientist. 64 (929): 948 – via Google
Books.
115. Raina, Rajeswari Sarala (December
1999). "Professionalization and
evaluation: The case of Indian agricultural
research". Knowledge, Technology &
Policy. 11 (4): 69–96.
doi:10.1007/s12130-999-1004-6 (http
s://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12130-999-10
04-6) .
116. Vembu, Venky (24 December 2018).
"Storm in a scientific teacup" (https://ww
w.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/colu
mns/from-the-viewsroom/storm-in-a-sc
ientific-teacup/article25814221.ece) .
The Hindu BusinessLine. Retrieved
30 November 2021.
117. Ramesh, Sandhya (19 December 2018).
"How MS Swaminathan, father of India's
Green Revolution, got GM crops 'all
wrong' " (https://theprint.in/science/how
-ms-swaminathan-father-of-indias-gree
n-revolution-got-gm-crops-all-wrong/16
6011/) . ThePrint. Retrieved
30 November 2021.
118. Nandi, Jayashree (21 December 2018).
"Prof MS Swaminathan distances himself
from his anti-GM write-up" (https://ww
w.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ms-s
waminathan-distances-himself-from-his
-anti-gm-write-up/story-Pi4gqDgGlH9P8
OG3OO0HBL.html) . Hindustan Times.
Retrieved 30 November 2021.
119. Ramesh, Sandhya (20 December 2018).
"Shouldn't have been named author of
anti-GM paper: MS Swaminathan" (http
s://theprint.in/science/shouldnt-have-be
en-named-author-of-anti-gm-paper-ms-
swaminathan/166537/) . ThePrint.
Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Cited and general references
and further reading
Hariharan, G. N.; Kesavan, P. C.
(2015). "Birth and growth of M.S.
Swaminathan Research Foundation,
Chennai". Current Science. 109 (3):
502–512. JSTOR 24906104 (https://w
ww.jstor.org/stable/24906104) .
Denning, Glenn (2015). "Fostering
international collaboration for food
security and sustainable development:
a personal perspective of M. S.
Swaminathan's vision, impact and
legacy for humanity". Current Science.
109 (3): 447–455. JSTOR 24906099
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/249060
99) .
Rabbinge, Rudy (2015). "M. S.
Swaminathan: his contributions to
science and public policy". Current
Science. 109 (3): 439–446.
JSTOR 24906098 (https://www.jstor.o
rg/stable/24906098) .
Yadugiri, V. T. (2011). "M. S.
Swaminathan". Current Science. 101
(8): 996–1002. JSTOR 24079264 (htt
ps://www.jstor.org/stable/2407926
4) .
Singh, Kamal (January 2016). "M S
Swaminathan "Father of Indian Green
Revolution". Interview" (http://www.bio
techexpressmag.com/wp-content/uplo
ads/2019/11/Interview-Prof-M-S-Swa
minathan.pdf) (PDF). Biotech Express.
Vol. 3, no. 30. pp. 6–17. ISSN 2454-
6968 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/
2454-6968) .
Kalyane, V.L. (July–September 1992).
"Dr M.S. Swaminathan – Biologist Par
Excellence" (https://core.ac.uk/downlo
ad/pdf/11877006.pdf) (PDF). Biology
Education: 246–248 – via CORE, Open
University.
Kesavan, P. C.; Iyer, R. D. (25
December 2014). "M. S. Swaminathan:
 a journey from the frontiers of life
sciences to the state of a 'Zero Hunger'
world". Current Science. 107 (12):
2036–2051.

Biographies

Books

Gopalkrishnan, G (2002). M.S.

Swaminathan: One Man's Quest for a
Hunger-free World. Education
Development Centre. OCLC 643489739
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64348
9739) .
Iyer, R. D. (2002). Scientist and
Humanist: M.S. Swaminathan.
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. ISBN 978-81-
7276-260-5.
— Iyer, R. D., An extract from Scientist
and Humanist: M. S. Swaminathan. (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/200709271
43642/http://www.harmonyindia.org/h
portal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=1
432) , harmonyindia.org, archived from
the original (http://www.harmonyindia.
org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page
_id=1432) on 27 September 2007
Kesavan, P. C. (2017). M.S.
Swaminathan: Legend In Science And
Beyond. World Scientific. ISBN 978-
981-320-011-1.
Parasuraman (13 August 2020).
Perasiriyar Maa Saa Swaminathan
Vazhum Panium (Thesis).
hdl:10603/294255 (https://hdl.handle.
net/10603%2F294255) .
Erdélyi, András (2002). The Man who
Harvests Sunshine: The Modern
Gandhi: M.S. Swaminathan. Tertia.
ISBN 978-963-9387-08-9.
Dil, Anwar S; Swaminathan, Monkombu
Sambasivan (2005). Life and work of
M. S. Swaminathan toward a hunger-
free world. East West Books (Madras).
ISBN 978-81-88661-33-6.
OCLC 1068850456 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/oclc/1068850456) .
Deulgaonkar, Atul (2000). स्वामीनाथन:
भूकमुक्तीचा ध्यास [Swaminathan:
Bhukmukticha Dhyas (Liberator from
hunger)]. Sadhana Prakashan.
ISBN 978-93-86273-19-2.
Short biographies

க்வின், கென்னத் எம். (1 ஆகஸ்ட்

2015). "எம்.எஸ். சுவாமிநாதன்-
விஞ்ஞானி, பசிப் போராளி, உலக
உணவுப் பரிசு பெற்றவர்" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20211128200611/htt
p://www.ischolar.info/index.php/CUR
S/article/view/86519) . தற்போதைய
அறிவியல் . 109 (3): 417–429. doi :
10.18520/cs/v109/i3/417-429 (http
s://doi.org/10.18520%2Fcs%2Fv109%
2Fi3%2F417-429) (செயலற்ற 1
ஆகஸ்ட் 2023). EBSCO ஹோஸ்ட்
108871418 (http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&AN=10887
1418) . 28 நவம்பர் 2021 அன்று
மூலத்திலிருந்து (http://www.ischolar.in
fo/index.php/CURS/article/view/8651
9) காப்பகப்படுத்தப்பட்டது . (http://s
earch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&AN=108871418) (http://www.i
scholar.info/index.php/CURS/article/vi
ew/86519)
 கோபாலன், சாந்தி. சர்வதேச புகழ்
பெற்ற விஞ்ஞானிகள் . சுரா புத்தகங்கள்.
பக். 39–44. ஐஎஸ்பிஎன் 978-81-7478-
628-9.

வெளி இணைப்புகள்
எம்.எஸ்.சுவாமிநாதன்
விக்கிபீடியாவின் சகோதரி திட்டங்களில்

காமன்ஸில்
இருந்து
மீடியா
விக்கிமேற்
கோள்
மேற்கோள்க
ள்
 விக்கிமூலத்
திலிருந்து
உரைகள்
விக்கிடேட்
டாவிலிருந்
து தரவு

ஸ்கோலியாவிடம்
எம்.எஸ்.சுவாமிநாதனின் (Q982109)
சுயவிவரம் உள்ளது .
mssrf.org (https://www.mssrf.org/cont
ent/founder-prof-m-s-swaminathan)
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubme
d?term=%22Swaminathan%20MS%22%
5BAuthor%5D) பப்மெட்டில் எழுத்தாளர்
சுவாமிநாதன் எம்.எஸ்.க்கான தேடல் (ht
tps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?t
erm=%22Swaminathan%20MS%22%5B
Author%5D) முடிவுகள் .
தேடல் முடிவுகள் எழுத்தாளர்
சுவாமிநாதன், MS (https://agricola.nal.
usda.gov/vwebv/search?searchType=7
&searchId=24120&maxResultsPerPage
=50&recCount=50&recPointer=0&result
Pointer=0&headingId=2007708) on
AGRICOLA , US National Agricultural
Library
(https://www.britannica.com/EBchecke
d/topic/576207) என்சைக்ளோபீடியா
பிரிட்டானிகாவில்
எம்.எஸ்.சுவாமிநாதன் (https://www.bri
tannica.com/EBchecked/topic/57620
7)
எம்.எஸ்.சுவாமிநாதன் ராஜ்யசபா
விவரக்குறிப்பு, பிஆர்எஸ் சட்ட
ஆராய்ச்சி (https://prsindia.org/mptrac
k/rajya-sabha/msswaminathan)
அதிகாரப்பூர்வ ராஜ்யசபா, இந்திய
நாடாளுமன்றம், சுயவிவரம் (https://raj
yasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_elect
ronic/Member_Biographical_Book.pd
f) , பக். 515
NCBS இல் உள்ள ஆவணக்
காப்பகத்தில் சுவாமிநாதன்
ஆவணங்களின் பட்டியல் (https://catal
 ogue.archives.ncbs.res.in/repositories/
2/resources/22)

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