Republic of the Philippines

Province of Cebu
City of Talisay
TALISAY CITY COLLEGE
Poblacion,Talisay City, Cebu
1st Semester, Academic Year
2021-2022

GAS ELECT: GENDER AND SOCIETY

Module Writer Joshua L. Comeros Department Social & Behavioral Sci
Reviewer May G. Limbaga

Course Facilitator Contact No.

Program & Year Credit Units 3.0
This course will develop the sociological methods and theories to empirical studies and
discussions of sex, gender, and society. We will look specifically on the social and political
Course Description
contexts in which gender as a complex process of identity and performance is played. The
exploration of key institution; family and workplace.
Develop a relevant and meaningful program in addressing gender stereotype and
Culminating Outcome
discrimination within one’s locality.
Midterm Unit Outcome Identify gender discrimination issues prevalent in one’s locality.

Student’s Name Curricular Yr.& Sec.

Contact No. Time Allotment 9 hours
Residence Inclusive Date/s

Course Material 4 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

CONTENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES
❖ Definitions of Violence Against Women At the end of this module, you will…
❖ Philippine Laws that protects abuse ✓ Identify the problems of violence against women
against women ✓ Examine laws that protects women against violence
❖ Types of Violence Against Women ✓ Articulate ways to prevent violence against women
ENGAGE

Considering that the problems of violence against women have been a problem for many years, why is it that
according to statistics, violence against women has been committed
everyday despite all the laws created to
protect violence against women?

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 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, November, 2018

Start your answer here…A

EXPLORE
Violence against women persists in every country in the world as a pervasive violation of human rights and a
major impediment to achieving gender equality. Such violence is unacceptable, whether perpetrated by the State
and its agents or by family members or strangers, in the public and private sphere, in peacetime or in times of
conflict. States have an obligation to protect women from violence, to hold perpetrators accountable and
to provide justice and remedies to victims. Eliminating violence against women remains one of the most serious
challenges of our time. This requires clear political will, outspoken, visible and unwavering commitment at the
highest levels of leadership of the State and the resolve, advocacy and practical action of individuals and
communities (SecretaryGeneral of United Nations, 2006).

Definitions of Violence Against Women

Violence against women according to United Nations, Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against
Women is “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm
or suffering to women,
including threats of such
acts, coercion or arbitrary
deprivation of
liberty, whether
occurring in
public or in private life”
(United Nations.
Declaration on the
elimination of
violence against women, New
York :UN, 1993).

Intimate partner violence

refers to behavior by an
intimate partner or expartner
that causes physical,
sexual or psychological
harm, including
physical
Wells, O. September 15, 2017, newmatilda.com aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse
and controlling behaviors WHO, November 2017.
Sexual violence is “any act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, or other act directed against a person’s sexuality using
coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. It includes rape, defined as the
physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration of the vulva or anus with a penis, other body part or object”
WHO, November 2017.

Gender equality cannot be achieved until woman and girls everywhere are freed from sexual violence according to
Olivia Wells, September 2017, not just sexual violence but also violence in all forms that affects women in their daily
encounter of their lives. The fact that statistics shows from the past to the present that this violence still existing
then equality over men and women are still in the shadows of many affected women.

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 According to Kofi Anna, former UN Secretary General that “Violence against women is perhaps the most
shameful human rights violation. It knows no boundaries of geography, culture or wealth. As long as it continues,
we cannot claim to be making real progress towards equality, development, and peace (Megarbio, M. and Cabarde,
Romeo, 2017” These are the words coming from a Secretary General of UN which make us think how shameful are
humans of committing these violations to fellow humans.

State responsibility

States have concrete and clear obligations to address violence against women, whether committed by
state agents or by non-state actors. States are accountable to women themselves, to all their citizens and to the
international community. States have a duty to prevent acts of violence against women; to investigate such acts
when they occur and prosecute and punish perpetrators; and to provide redress and relief to the victims
(SecretaryGeneral of United Nations, 2006).
The promising practices can be extracted from a variety of experiences around the world. The common
principles include:
1. Clear policies and laws;
2. Strong enforcement mechanisms;
3. Motivated and well-trained personnel;
4. The involvement of multiple sectors; and

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 5. Close collaboration with local women’s groups, civil society organizations, academics and
professionals.

The way forward: a question of priorities

Strong institutional mechanisms are required at national and international level to ensure action,
coordination, monitoring and accountability.

➢ State should take urgent and concrete measures to secure gender equality and protect
women’s human rights
➢ The exercise of leadership is essential to end violence against women
➢ States must close the gaps between international standards and national laws, policies and
practices
➢ State should build and sustain strong multisectoral strategies, coordinated nationally and locally
➢ States should allocate adequate resources and funding to programs to address and redress
violence against women
➢ The knowledge base on all forms of violence against women should be strengthened to inform
policy and strategy development
➢ The United Nations should take a stronger, better coordinated and more visible leadership role
to address violence against women
➢ The resources allocated throughout the United Nations system to address violence against
women should be increased significantly (Secretary General of United Nations, 2006)

Philippine Laws that Protects Violence Against Women

Philippine Laws that protects violence against women from Philippine Commission on Women (pcw.gov.ph)
1. Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 – is an act declaring sexual harassment unlawful in the employment,
education or training environment, and for other purposes.
2. Anti-Rape law of 1997 – is an act expanding the definition of the crime of rape, reclassifying the same as
crime against persons.
3. Republic Act 8505 or the Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act of 1998 – is an act providing assistance
and protection for rape victims, establishing for the purpose a rape crises center in every province and city,
authorizing the appropriation of funds therefore, and for other purposes.
4. Republic Act 6955 or the Mail-Order Bride Law – is an act to declare unlawful the practice of matching
Filipino women for marriage to foreign nationals on a mail-order basis and other similar practices, including
the advertisement, publication, printing or distribution of brochures, fliers and other propaganda materials
in furtherance thereof and providing penalty therefore.
5. Republic Act 9208 or the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 – is an act of institute policies to eliminate
trafficking in persons especially women and children, establishing the necessary institutional mechanisms
for the protection and support of trafficked persons, providing penalties for its violations, and for other
purposes.
6. Republic Act 9262 which is also known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children.

Based on the preliminary findings of the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), one in four (26%)
ever-married women aged 15-49 has ever experienced physical, sexual or emotional violence by their husband or
partner. One in five (20%) women has ever experienced emotional violence, 14 percent has ever experienced
physical violence, and 5 percent has ever experienced sexual violence by their current or most recent husband or
partner (PSA, March 2018). With all the laws present in the Philippines in order to protects violence against women,
women still experienced violence.

Key facts on violence against women according to WHO:

• Violence against women – particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence –
is a major public health problem and a violation of women’s human rights.
• Global estimates published by WHO indicate that about 1 in 3 (35%) of women
worldwide have experience either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or
non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime.
• Most of this violence is intimate partner violence. Worldwide, almost one third (30%)
of women who have been in a relationship report that they have experienced some

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 form of physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner in their lifetime.

Types of • Globally, as many as 38% of murders of women are committed by a male intimateher child. It
partner.
A • Violence can negatively affect women’s physical, mental, sexual and reproductive
against health, and may increase the risk of acquiring HIV in some settings. body,
• Men are more likely to perpetrate violence if they have low education, a history of
A. P child maltreatment, exposure to domestic violence against their mothers, harmful
B. “ i use of alcohol, unequal gender norms including attitudes accepting of violence, and a
a sense of entitlement over women.
• Women are more likely to experience intimate partner violence if they have low
education, exposure to mothers being abused by a partner, abuse during childhood,
and attitudes accepting violence, male privilege, and women’s subordinate status.
o
• There is evidence that advocacy and empowerment counselling interventions, as well
b as home visitation are promising in preventing or reducing intimate partner violence
against women. Situations of conflict, post conflict and displacement may exacerbate
C. “ o existing violence, such as by intimate partners, as well as and non-partner sexual
o violence, and may also lead to new forms of violence against women.
WHO, November 2017.
t id,
Violence Against Women
d
D. “ s defined in the Anti-Violence against Women and their Children Law of 2003 these are the types of
i violence
1.women.

hysical Violence” refers to acts that include bodily or physical harm;

2.
Sexual Violence” refers to an act which is sexual in nature, committed against a woman or
ncludes, but is not limited to:
3.
) Rape, sexual harassment, acts of lasciviousness, treating a woman or her child as a sex object, making
4
demeaning and sexually suggestive remarks, physically attacking the sexual parts of the victims’ forcing
her/him to watch obscene publications and indecent shows or forcing the woman or her child to do
indecent acts and /or make films thereof, forcing the wife and mistress/lover to live in the conjugal
home or sleep together in the same room with the abuser;
) Acts causing or attempting to cause the victim to engage in any sexual activity by force, threat of force,
physical or other harm or treat of physical or other harm or coercion;
Psychological violence” refers to acts or omissions causing or likely to cause mental or emotional suffering
f the victim such as but not limited to intimidation, harassment, stalking, damage to property, public
ridicule r humiliation, repeated verbal abuse and marital infidelity. It includes causing or allowing the
victim t
witness the physical, sexual or psychological abuse of a member of the family to which the victim belongs,
or o witness pornography in any form or to witness abusive injury to pets or to unlawful or unwanted
eprivation of the right to custody and/or visitation of common children.
Economic abuse” refers to acts that make or attempt to make a woman financially dependent which
ncludes, but is not limited to the following:
Withdrawal of financial support or preventing the victim from engaging in any legitimate profession,
occupation, business or activity, except in cases wherein the other spouse/partner objects on val
serious and moral grounds as defined in Article 73 of the Family Code;
Deprivation or treat of deprivation of financial resources and the right to the use and enjoyment of the
conjugal, community or property owned in common; Destroying household property;
. Controlling the victim’s own money or properties or solely controlling the conjugal money or properties.

Types of Violence against women: a life-cycle approach

Phase Type of violence present

Sex-selective abortion, battering during pregnancy (emotional and

Pre-birth physical effects on the woman; effects on birth outcome); coerced
pregnancy (for example, mass rape in war)
Infancy Female infanticide; emotional and physical abuse; differential access to
food and medical care for girl infants

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 Child marriage; genital mutilation; sexual abuse by family members and
Girlhood strangers; differential access to food and medical care; child
prostitution.

Dating and courtship violence; economically coerced sex; sexual abuse

Adolescence in the workplace; rape; sexual harassment; forced prostitution;
trafficking in women.
Abuse of women by intimate male partners; marital rape; dowry abuse
and murders; partners homicide; psychological abuse; sexual abuse in
Reproductive Age
the workplace; sexual harassment; rape; abuse of women with
disabilities.
Elderly Abuse of widows; elder abuse

Heise L., Pitanguy J.,

Germain A., (1994)

The table above shows the different types of violence experience by women in the different stages of their life
from Pre-birth to the Elderly age, in other words, the vulnerability of the problem of violence always prevails in
their entire life cycle regardless of their age.

Point of Reflection

Considering that Philippines enacted many laws in order to end violence against women, are these laws still not
enough to come to an end in this problem which affected a lot in many ways to women?

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 KNOWLEDGE-BUILDING
Assessment Task 1 DOUBLE MATCHING TYPE:
ASSESS

Match Column A to Columns B and C, write your two answers (letter only) on the space
Instructions:
provided.
Your Rating/Total Points 60

ANSWER COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C

1. Type of violence A. Child marriage P. Republic Act 8505
against women

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 2. Type of violence B. Withdrawal of Q. Training environment
present in the society financial support
3. Sexual harassment can C. States R. sexual abuse by family
be committed in the members and strangers
following:
4. Economic abuse can D. Clear policies and laws S. Psychological violence
be committed thru:
5. The gender-based E. Making demeaning T. Coercion or arbitrary
violence that resulted to and sexually suggestive deprivation of liberty
the following: remarks
6. Stakeholders that can F. Abuse of widows U. Men are more likely to
help eliminate violence perpetrate violence
against women
7. During G. Republic Act 6955 V. To investigate such
reproductive stage, acts when they occur
what type of violence and prosecute and
present? punish perpetrators
8. Philippine laws that H. Partners homicide W. Strong enforcement
protects violence against mechanisms
women

9. During I. Employment X. United Nations

adolescence stage,
what type of violence
present?
10. What are promising J. Most of this violence is Y. Emotional and
practices can be intimate partner violence physical abuse
extracted from a variety
of experiences around
the world?
11. Purposes of the K. Creation of a rape Z. Destroying household
creation of RA 8505 crises center in every property
province and city
12. Key facts on violence L. To provide redress and AA. Abuse of women
against women relief to the victims with disabilities.
according to WHO
13. Sexual violence M. Trafficking in women BB. Authorizing the
includes, but is not appropriation of funds
limited to:
14. During N. Economic abuse CC. Acts causing or
girlhood stage, attempting to cause the
what type of victim to engage in any
violence present? sexual activity by force
15. States have a duty to O. Mental harm or DD. Forced prostitution
prevent acts of violence suffering to women
against women by:

CRITICAL THINKING
Assessment Task 2 SPIDER MAP
Instructions: Create a Spider Map illustrating different stakeholders’ programs or policies that will end
violence against women
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 Rubrics

Criteria 4 3 2 Fairly 1 Weights score

Very Creative Moderately Creative Creative Less Creative
Creativity/Artistry All parts of the Most parts of the Some parts of the Only few parts of the
and Organization map utilize the map utilize the map utilize map utilize the X9
prescribed prescribed the prescribed materials.
materials. Design materials; design is prescribed Poor in details. The
is very unique, quite unique materials, concept is poorly
there is evidence although there is but presented in the map
of details, and some evidence of inadequate
applications are
detail. The project is and less
evident and
clearly presented detailed. Fairly
clearly presented
presented
the
concept.
Visual Impact The map is The map is The map is The map is poorly
exceptionally moderately acceptably attractive and messy X7
attractive in attractive in design, attractive though
design, layout, layout, and it appears to be
and neatness neatness messy
Relevance of the The map is highly The map is The map is less The map is irrelevant
programs or relevant moderately relevant relevant X5
policies
Effort and Specified time is Specified time is Specified time is Specified time is
Attitude used wisely; used fairly well, not used well and followed and student X4
much effort students put time no additional exerted not effort, the
exerted in and effort for the effort. The map is map is submitted
planning and map. The map is submitted two three days later the
designing. The submitted a day days after the scheduled date
map is submitted after the scheduled scheduled date
on or before the date Total
scheduled date

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 CREATING
Assessment Task 3 Diagramming
Make your own diagram recommending how to stop violence against women in your
Instructions: locality, it could either be a proposal in a form of diagram.
Make your recommendation/proposal on page 8 of this module.
Rubric: Criteria Approaching expectation Meeting expectation Exceeding Expectation (8-
(1-4) (5-7) 10)
Concepts • Insufficient concepts • Acceptable number of • Most concepts and all
(Knowledge) selected relating to topic concepts selected, with significant concepts
• Arrangement of concepts some relationships to topic selected and they clearly
demonstrates a little • Arrangement of concepts relate to the topic
understanding of demonstrates some • Arrangement of concepts
relationship between understanding of demonstrates complete
them. relationship between and insightful
• Relationships between them. understanding of
concepts • Relationships make some relationship between them
logical sense • Relationships make logical
sense, with little errors

Hierarchical Structure • Only a few concepts • Some concepts • Most or all concepts
(Communication) connected in a connected in a connected in a hierarchical
hierarchical structure hierarchical structure structure leading from
moving from major ideas more complex to less
to minor ideas. complex,
and on to specific
concepts.
Linkages (Thinking) • A few relationships • Some relationships • Most or all relationships
indicated by connecting indicated by connecting indicatd by connecting
lines lines lines
• Only a few lines labelled • Some lies labelled with • All lines labelled with
with linking words linking words linking words
• Many errors in the linking • Some errors in the linking • Most or all linking words
words words are accurate and varied

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12
 Cross Links (Application) • No cross links used • A few cross links are used • Cross links show complex
to illustrate relationships between two
straightforward or more distinct segments
connections of the concept map

www.ohassta.org

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS

Heise L., Pitanguy J., Germain A., (1994), Violence Against Women: The Hidden Health Burden, The International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
Megarbio M., and Cabarde R., 2017, Voices of Women on Violence Agaisnt Women: A Documentation of VAW
Experiences of Female Students in Davao City.
Noureldin, O., (March 8, 2017), International Women’s Day: Egyptian Cartoonist sheds light on 10 discriminatory
laws against women, https://egyptindependent.com/international-women-s-day-egyptian-cartoonist-shedslight-
10-discriminatory-laws-against-women/ Philippine Commission on Women, pcw.gov.ph
Philippine Commission on Women, Republic Act 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004,
https://pcw.gov.ph/republic-act-9262-anti-violence-against-women-and-their-children-act-of-2004/
Philippine Statistics Office, March 26, 2018, Philippine Statistics Authority, https://psa.gov.ph/content/one-
fourwomen-have-ever-experienced-spousal-violence-preliminary-results-2017-national Wells, O., 2017, Violence
Against Women is the Greatest Hurdle to Genuine Equality, https://newmatilda.com/2017/09/15/violence-
against-women-is-the-greatest-hurdle-to-genuine-equality/
United Nations Secretary-General, 2006. Ending violence against women from words to action. United Nations
Publication.

LEARNING MODULE ENGAGEMENT CHECKLIST

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Your feedback matters to us. The following are statements about the module. Please indicate the point to which
each statement characterizes your assessment on module by checking the appropriate box.

YES NO
❖ The module is easy to understand.
❖ The given instructions are clear.
❖ The given tasks are doable.
❖ The given information is complete.
❖ The teacher seeks ongoing feedback.

What is your personal thought on the module? __________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

ACADEMIC HONESTY STATEMENT

I confirm that I have read and fully understood the policies of Talisay City College with regards to Academic
Dishonesty, and that I am fully aware of its possible legal and disciplinary consequences.

Student’s
Signature Over Checked by
Printed Name
E-mail Address E-mail Address
Date Submitted Date Received

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