Solution To MNM Social Science Ix Nov. 2014

Base
d on
CCE
Solutions to
Me ‘n’ Mine
Social Science
PULLOUT WORKSHEETS
FOR CLASS IX
Second Term
By
Niti Arora Kumkum Kumari

B.A., Geog. Hons. B.Ed
Delhi Public School
Mathura Road, New
Delhi
New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.

EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS
Second Floor, M.G.M. Tower, 19, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002
Ph: 43556600 • Fax: 43556688
E-mail: delhi@saraswatihouse.com
Website: www.saraswatihouse.com
Branches
• Ahmedabad: (079) 22160722 • Bengaluru: (080) 26619880 • Chennai: (044) 24346531
• Dehradun: 09837452852 • Guwahati: (0361) 2457198 • Hyderabad: (040) 42615566
• Jaipur: (0141) 4006022 • Jalandhar: (0181) 4642600 • Kochi: (0484) 3925288
• Kolkata:(033) 22842222 • Lucknow: (0522) 4062517 • Mumbai: (022) 26874022
• Patna: (0612) 2570403 • Ranchi: (0651) 2210300
CONTENTS
HISTORY Chapter Test..............................................................62-63
Formative Assessment
Forest Society and Colonialism
 Worksheets 80 & 81............................................63
Summative Assessment
 Worksheets 1 to 8.............................................3-10 POLITICAL SCIENCE
Chapter Test...................................................................10 Electoral Politics
Formative Assessment Summative Assessment
 Worksheets 9 & 10..............................................11  Worksheets 82 to 88.......................................64-69
Pastoralists in the Modern World Chapter Test..............................................................69-70
Summative Assessment Formative Assessment
 Worksheets 11 to 17.......................................11-17  Worksheets 89 & 90............................................70
Chapter Test..............................................................17-18 Working of Institutions
Formative Assessment Summative Assessment
 Worksheets 18 & 19............................................18  Worksheets 91 to 95.......................................70-74
Peasants and Farmers Chapter Test..............................................................74-75
 Worksheets 20 to 26.......................................18-23  Worksheets 96 & 97............................................75
Chapter Test...................................................................24
Democratic Rights
Formative Assessment
Summative Assessment
 Worksheets 27 & 28............................................24
 Worksheets 98 to 102.....................................75-79
History and Sports: The Story of Cricket Chapter Test..............................................................79-80
 Worksheets 29 to 33.......................................25-29  Worksheets 103 & 104........................................80
Chapter Test...................................................................29
 Worksheet 34..................................................30-31 ECONOMICS
Formative Assessment Poverty as Challenge
 Worksheets 35 & 36............................................31 Summative Assessment
Clothing: A Social History  Worksheets 105 to 111...................................81-85
Summative Assessment Chapter Test..............................................................85-86
 Worksheets 37 to 43.......................................32-37 Formative Assessment
Chapter Test..............................................................37-38  Worksheets 112 to 114........................................86
Formative Assessment Food Security in India
 Worksheets 44 & 45............................................38 Summative Assessment
 Worksheets 115 to 121...................................86-91
GEOGRAPHY
Chapter Test...................................................................91
Climate Formative Assessment
Summative Assessment  Worksheets 122 & 123........................................92
 Worksheets 46 to 55.......................................39-46
Chapter Test...................................................................47 DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Formative Assessment Preventing Common Human Induced Disasters
 Worksheets 56 to 60............................................48 Formative Assessment
Natural Vegetation and Wildlife  Worksheets 124 to 126...................................93-94
Summative Assessment Chapter Test...................................................................94
 Worksheets 61 to 67.......................................48-54 Formative Assessment
Chapter Test..............................................................54-55  Worksheets 127 & 128...................................94-95
Formative Assessment Community Planning for Disaster Management
 Worksheets 68 to 71............................................56  Worksheet 129.....................................................95
Population Formative Assessment
Summative Assessment  Worksheets 130 & 131........................................95
 Worksheets 72 to 79.......................................57-62  Practice Papers (1 to 5)................................96-140
HISTORY
FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–1
1. They were skilled forest cutters in Java.
2. Collecting latex from wild rubber trees.
3. Rice production
4. Old men, women and children.
5. At Dehradun
6. Dietrich Brandis
7. Chhotanagpur
8. Scientific forestry refers to a system of cutting trees controlled by the forest department
in which old trees are cut and new ones are planted.
Under scientific forestry—
(a) Natural forests which had different types of trees were cut down and new ones
belonging to one type of tree was planted in straight rows.
(b) Forest officials estimated how much of plantation area to be cut every year.
(c) The area cut was replanted so that it was ready to be cut again in some years.
9. The practice of shifting cultivation was banned by the European foresters because:
(a) They felt that land which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees
for railway timber.
(b) They felt that when a forest was burnt, there was danger of flames spreading and
burning valuable timber.
(c) Shifting agriculture also made it difficult for the government to calculate taxes.
10. (a) In shifting cultivation, parts of forests are cut and burnt in rotation.
(b) Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains and the crop is harvested by
October–November.
(c) Such plots are cultivated for a couple of years or till the time the soil contains fertility
and then abandoned or left fallow.
(d) A mixture of crops is grown on these plots.
WORKSHEET–2
1. The Dutch
2. The tree grows in straight lines having uniform height.
3. In 1906
4. Flowers of mahua trees can be eaten. They are used to make alcohol. Their seeds can be
used to make oil.
S O L U T I O N S E C O N D T E R M 3
5. Forests are important for us in many ways:
(a) They help maintaining ecological atmosphere and serve as an important source of many
useful products.
(b) They provide us food, clothing, fuel, industrial raw material, fodder.
(c) They provide us a variety of herbs and roots which are used for medicinal purposes.
We can not think a life without forests.
6. The provisions of the Forests Act of 1878:
(a) The Act divided forests into three categories–reserved, protected and village forests.
(b) The best forests were called ‘reserved forests’.
(c) Villagers could not take anything from these forests, even for their own use.
(d) For house building or fuel, they could take wood from protected or village forests.
7. Causes for deforestation in India during British rule are:
(a) Increase in population led to the growth in demand for food and expansion of
cultivation.
(b) Increased demand for timber due to expansion of railways and shipbuilding purposes.
(c) Large areas of forests were cleared for plantation purposes.
8. World War I and World War II had a major impact on forests.
(a) In India, wars led to reckless cutting of forests to meet British war needs. In Java, the
Dutch followed ‘a scorched earth’ policy destroying sawmills and burning huge piles of
giant teak logs so that they would not fall into the hands of the advancing Japanese.
(b) After Java fell into the Japanese hands, the Japanese exploited the forests for their
own war industries, forcing forest villagers to cut down forests.
(c) Many local people took advantage of war situation and usurped forest lands and
expanded cultivation.
(d) The forests during war times became no man’s land and were subject to abundant
plunder and destruction.
WORKSHEET–3
1. Chhattisgarh 2. Pargana 3. In 1865
4. The need to manage forests for shipbuilding and railways led to the introduction of forest
service. In 1882, 280,000 sleepers were exported from Java alone. Much labour was required
to cut the trees, transport logs and prepare the sleepers. The Dutch had to take free labour.
Hence, they first imposed rents on all the cultivated forest land. Then they exempted some
villages from these rents if they were willing to work collectively to provide free labour and
transport facilities. This practice was known as the Blandongdiensten system.
5. The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. It
was difficult to harvest teak without their expertise. The Dutch were aware of this. Hence,
they wanted to make the Kalangs work for them when they started establishing control
over the forests in the 18th century. But the Kalangs were not ready for this. They resisted
by attacking a Dutch fort at Joana. However, their uprising was crushed.
6. (a) Shifting cultivators—Banning of shifting cultivation resulted in displacement of
many communities from their homes in the forests. Many were reduced to the level of
starvation. Some changed their occupations. Some took trading in forest products or
were converted into labourers, still others resisted through large and small rebellions.
4 S O C I A L S C I E N C E – IX
(b) Nomadic and pastoralist communities—Grazing in forests was restricted by the
colonists. In the process, many nomadic and pastoral communities lost their means
of livelihood. Some were forced to take up other forms of occupation like working in
factories, plantations or mines as labourers. Others rebelled as criminal tribes.
(c) Firms trading in timber and forest produce—Changes in forest management worked to
the advantage of firms trading in timber and forest products. These firms were largely
controlled by European traders. They were vested with sole right to trade in forest
products and timber. They indulged in indiscriminate plunder of forest resources and
timber which led to deforestation and ecological imbalance.
(d) Plantation owners—Changes in forest management favoured the plantation owners.
They were given a free right to destroy the forests which had a variety of trees and
plant there one type of tree which was suitable for building ships and railways,
e.g. teak and sal. Most of the plantation owners controlled the reserved forests.
Villagers were prohibited from taking anything from these forests even for their own
requirements.
(e) Kings/British officials engaged in shikar—They got so indulged in hunting that its
scale rose very high and various species came to the verge of extinction.
WORKSHEET–4
1. According to the Forest Act 1878, forests were to be divided into three categories – reserved,
protected and village forests.
2. A forest community living in central India.
3. Dutch
4. Lading
5. The policy of the Dutch created resentment among the people of Java. They began
protesting against it and soon their resentment turned into a movement, known as
Saminist Movement. In 1890, Surontiko Samin of Randublatung village, a teak forest
village, questioned state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created
wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon, there developed a widespread
movement. Samin was helped by his sons-in-law. By 1907, his ideas were followed by 3000
families. Some of the Saminists protested by lying down on their land when the Dutch
came to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or perform labour.
6. (a) Railways—Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial
troops. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines, sleepers
were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required between
1,760 and 2,000 sleepers. As the railway tracks spread through India, larger and
larger number of trees were felled. Forests around the railway tracks started
disappearing.
(b) Shipbuilding—Oak forests started disappearing in England by the early 19th century.
This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy. By the 1820s, search
parties were sent to explore the forest resources of India. And within a decade trees
were being felled on a massive scale resulting in deforestation in India.
(c) Agricultural expansion—In the colonial period, cultivation expanded rapidly due to a
variety of reasons. First, the British directly encouraged the production of commercial
crops. Second, in the early 19th century, the colonial state thought that forests were
unproductive and therefore they should be brought under cultivation. So, between
1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by 6.7 million hectares which resulted in the
disappearance of forests.
(d) Commercial farming—The demand for commercial crops increased in the 19th century
Europe where food grains were needed to feed the growing urban population and raw
material were required for industrial production. Hence, Indian farmers started placing
more and more land under commercial crops. This also resulted in the decline of forest
cover.
(e) Tea/Coffee plantations—Tea, coffee and rubber were in great demand in Europe, Hence,
the colonial government took over the forests and gave vast areas to European planters
at cheap rates. These areas were enclosed and cleared off forests and planted with tea
or coffee.
(f) Adivasis and other peasant users—They also played their role in the decline of the
forest cover in India. They usually did shifting cultivations, in which they cleared the
forest. After the trees have been cut, they were burnt to provide ashes. The seeds were
then scattered in the area and left to be irrigated by rain. This process proved harmful
for the forests.
The dependence of Adivasis on the forest produce was a contributory factor in the loss of
forest cover.
WORKSHEET–5
1. Reserved forests
2. Forests that produced commercially valuable timber like Deodar, Sal etc.
3. 1860s
4. The Forest Acts of 1865, 1878 and 1927 created a lot of difficulties for the tribal people.
(a) After these Acts passed, all their everyday practices like cutting wood for the household
chores, hunting, fishing etc became illegal.
(b) People were now forced to steal wood from forests. If they were caught, they were at
the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them.
(c) Women who collected fuel wood were also worried.
(d) It was common practice of forest guards to harass people by demanding free food from
them.
(e) The practice of shifting cultivation was banned by the colonial government. As a result,
people depending on this practice faced a lot of problems. Many communities were
forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change the occupations
while others resisted through large and small rebellions.
5. (a) Baigas are a forest community of Central India.
(b) They were mainly involved in shifting cultivation. In 1892, its practice was stopped.
(c) They wrote a petition to the government, ‘we daily starve, having had no food grain in
our possession. The only wealth we possess is our axe. We have no clothes to cover our
body with, but we pass cold nights by the firesides we are now dying for want of food.
We cannot go elsewhere. What fault have we done that the government does not take
care of us? Prisoners are supplied with ample food in jail. A cultivator of the grass is
not deprived of his holding, but the government does not give us our right who have
lived here for generations past’.
6. (a) Dirk van Hogendrop was an official of the United East India Company in colonial Java.
(b) He viewed the forest of Java as a treasure of timber which could be used to build a
respectable navy as well as several merchant ships in a short time. The forest of Java
grew as fast as they were cut. They would be inexhaustible under proper care and
management.
WORKSHEET–6
1. Nomadic and pastoralist communities who were caught stealing wood were called the
Criminal tribes. Due to the changes brought in by forest management, nomadic and
pastoralist communities could not cut wood, graze cattle, collect fruits and roots, and hunt
or fish. All this was made illegal. As a result, they started stealing the wood, bribing the
forest guards to allow them to hunt, collect wood or graze their animals.
2. Provisions of Forest Act passed by the Dutch:
1. Villagers were not allowed to take anything from the forests.
2. Wood could only be cut under supervision for specified purposes like constructing
houses or making boats from certain forests.
3. Villagers were punished for carrying wood without permission travelling in forest with
animals or grazing cattle.
3. In shifting cultivation, part of the forest is cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds are sown in the
ashes. Such land is cultivated for a couple of years and then left fallow to regain fertility.
Europeans discouraged practice of shifting cultivation because :
1. They considered the practice harmful for the forests.
2. Lands used for shifting cultivation could not be used to grow trees for railway timber.
3. There was danger of the flames spreading and burning valuable timber.
4. Difficulty in the calculation of taxes. (Any other relevant point)
4. The people of Bastar got worried when the colonial government proposed to reserve two-
thirds of the forest in 1905 and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest
produce. Some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition
that they worked free for the forest department in cutting and transporting trees, and
protecting the forest from fires. Subsequently, these came to be known as ‘forest villages’.
People of other villages were displaced without any notice or compensation. For long,
villagers suffered from increased land rents and frequent demands for free labour and
goods by colonial officials. The terrible famines in 1899-1900 and again in 1907-1908 added
to their problems.
To oppose the forest policies initiative was taken by the Dhurwas of the Kanger forest
where reservation first took place.
(a) In 1910 mango boughs a lump of earth, chillies and arrows, began circulating between
villages.
(b) Every village contributed something to the rebellion expenses.
(c) Bazaars were looted, the houses of officials and traders, schools and police stations
were burnt and robbed, and grain redistributed.
WORKSHEET–7
1. The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.
They were so valuable that in 1755 when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6,000
Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms. Without their expertise,
it would have been difficult to harvest teak and for the kings to build their palaces. When
the Dutch gained control over the forests in the eighteenth century they tried to make
the Kalangs work under them. In 1770 the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort at
Joana, but the uprising was suppressed.
2. After the Forest Act was enacted in 1865, the forest department wanted trees which were
suitable for building ships or railways tracks. They needed trees that could provide hard
wood, and were tall and straight. So particular species like teak and sal were promoted
and others were cut.
The villagers, on the other hand, wanted forests with a mixture of species to satisfy
different needs – fuel, fodder, leaves.
3. The people of Bastar got worried when the colonial government proposed to reserve
two-thirds of the forest in 1905 and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest
produce. To oppose the forest policies initiative was taken by the Dhurwas of the Kanger
forest where reservation first took place.
(a) In 1910, mango boughs a lump of earth, chillies and arrows, began circulating between
villages.
(b) Every village contributed something to the rebellion expenses.
(c) Bazaars were looted, the houses of officials and traders, schools and police stations
were burnt and robbed, and grain redistributed.
WORKSHEET–8
1. With the rapid depletion of forests the British got worried that the use of forests by local
people and the reckless felling of trees by traders would destroy forests. So they decided
to invite a German expert, Dietrich Brandis, for advice, and made him the first Inspector
General of Forests in India. He believed that a proper system had to be introduced to
manage the forests and people had to be trained in the science of conservation. So Brandis
set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of
1865. The rules were made and the system was made legal sanction. Felling of trees and
grazing was restricted so that forests could be preserved for timber production. Anybody
found cutting the tr ees without following the system was punished.
The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906. The system they
taught here was called ‘scientific forestry’.
In scientific forestry, natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down.
In their place, one type of trees were planted in straight rows. This is called a plantation.
Forest officials surveyed the forests, estimated the area under different types of trees, and
made working plans for forest management. They planned how much of the plantation
area to be cut every year. The area cut was then to be replanted so that it was ready to be
cut again in some years.
The Indian Forest Act affected the life of Indian forest dwellers in many ways:
(i) All their everyday practices – cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle,
collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing – became illegal.
(ii) People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they
were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them.
(iii) Police constables and forest guards would harass people by demanding free food from
them.
(iv) The government banned shifting cultivation. They considered it a waste of fertile land
which could instead be used for growing railway timber.
(v) Communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests.
(vi) Shifting cultivators were forced to change professions while some participated in large
and small rebellions opposing the changes.
2. Java is now famous as a rice-producing island in Indonesia. But once upon a time it was
covered mostly with forests. The Dutch started forest management there. Like the British,
they wanted timber from Java to build ships. In 1600 the population of Java was an
estimated 3.4 million. They used to practice shifting cultivation.
The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.
They were so valuable that in 1755 when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6,000
Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms. Without their expertise,
it would have been difficult to harvest teak and for the kings to build their palaces. When
the Dutch gained control over the forests in the eighteenth century they tried to make
the Kalangs work under them. In 1770 the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort at
Joana, but the uprising was suppressed.
In the 19th century, the Dutch enacted forest laws in Java, restricting villagers’ access
to forests. Now wood could only be cut for specified purposes like making river boats or
constructing houses, and only from specific forests under close supervision. Villagers
were punished for grazing cattle in young stands, transporting wood without a permit or
travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle. In 1882, two lakh eighty thousand
sleepers were exported from Java alone. The Dutch first imposed rents on land being
cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from these rents if they worked
collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. This
was known as the Blandongdiensten system.
3.
Chapter Test
1. Chitemene or tavy 2. 1910
3. Santhals, Gonds 4. Dutch
5. The Forest Act made the life of the forest people very difficult. After the Act, all their
everyday practices such as cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting
fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal. People were now forced to steal wood
from the forest, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who
would take bribes from them. Women who collected fuelwood were especially worried. It
was also common for police constables and forest guards to harass people by demanding
free food from them.
6. The European foresters felt that land which was used for cultivation every few years could
not grow trees for railway timber. When a forest was burnt (a major feature of shifting
cultivation) there was the added danger of the flames spreading and burning valuable
timber. Shifting cultivation also made it harder for the government to calculate taxes.
Therefore, the government decided to ban shifting cultivation.
As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests.
Some had to change occupations while some resisted through large and small rebellious.
7. The two World Wars had a major impact on forests.
In India, working plans were abandoned at this time, and the forest department cut trees
freely to meet British war needs.
In Java, just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed ‘a scorched earth’
policy, destroying sawmills, and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would
not fall into Japanese hands. The Japanese then exploited the forests recklessly for their
own war industries, forcing forest villagers to cut down forests. Many villagers used this
opportunity to expand cultivation in forest. After the war, it was difficult for the Indonesian
forest service to get this land back.
As in India, people’s need for agricultural land has brought them into conflict with the
forest department’s desire to control the land and exclude people from it.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–9
A. 1. forests, timber 2. trade, imperial 3. European planters, cheap
4. reserved, village 5. Taungya, plantation 6. wild, primitive
7. timber 8. Dutch 9. Kalangs
10. shifting cultivation
WORKSHEET–10
B. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T
6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F
qq
PASTORALISTS IN MODERN WORLD
WORKSHEET–11
1. Maharashtra
2. Their grazing grounds shrank. Their movements were regulated and they had to pay
increased revenue.
3. To expand its revenue and to ban cattle herder from entering grazing tracts.
4. In Tanzania
5. The Raikas lived in the deserts of Rajasthan. The rainfall in this region was meagre and
uncertain. On cultivated land, harvest fluctuate every year. Over vast stretches, crop could
not be grown. So, the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism. During the monsoons,
the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner stayed in their home villages where
pasture was available. By October, when these grazing grounds were dry and exhausted,
they moved out in search of other pasture and water and returned again during the next
monsoon. One group of Raikas is known as Maru Raikas. Raikas herded camels while
Maru Raikas reared sheep and goats.
6. The colonial officials saw uncultivated land as wasteland. They planned to bring such land
under cultivation. For this, they made Wasteland rules which were enacted in various parts
of the country from the mid-19th century. By these Rules, uncultivated lands were taken
over and given to select individuals. These individuals were granted various concessions
and encouraged to settle in these lands. Some of them were made headmen of villages in
the newly cleared areas.
In most areas, the lands which were taken over were actually the grazing tracts used
regularly by pastoralist. So, expansion of cultivation meant decline of pastures and a
problem for pastoralists.
WORKSHEET–12
1. Sheep and goats 2. Jammu and Kashmir 3. Camels
4. The Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh spent their winters in the low hills of the
Shiwalik range, grazing their flocks in scrub forests. By April they moved north and spent
the summer in Lahul and Spiti. When the snow melted and the high passes were clear,
many of them moved on to higher mountain meadows. By September, they began to return.
On their way back they stopped once again in villages of Lahul and Spiti, reaping their
summer harvest and sowing their winter crop. Then they came down with their flock to
their winter grazing ground on the Shiwalik hills. Next April, once again they began their
march with their goats and sheep, to the summer meadows.
5. As pasturelands reduced sharply, the existing animal stock had to feed on whatever
grazing land remained. This led to continuous intensive grazing of these pastures. As a
result, grazing land came to be continuously used and the quality of the pastures declined.
This in turn created shortage of forage for animals and the deterioration of animal stock.
Underfed cattle died in large numbers during scarcity and famines.
6. The British officials were suspicious of nomadic people because of their mobile nature.
They wanted to rule over a settled population. Such a population was easy to identify and
control. Those who were settled were seen as law abiders while the nomads were seen
as criminals. The colonial government in India passed the Criminal Tribes Act in 1871.
Under this Act, many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists were classified as
Criminal Tribes. They were regarded criminals by nature and birth. Once this Act came into
force, these communities were expected to live in notified village settlements. They were not
allowed to move out without a permit. A continuous watch was kept by the village police.
WORKSHEET–13
1. Traders, Craftsmen and Pastoralists.
2. In Kenya
3. In the pre-colonial times the Maasai society was divided into two social categories—Elders
and Wrriors. The Elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide
on the affairs of the community and settle disputes. The Warriors consisted of younger
people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe. They defended the community
and organised cattle raids. Raiding was an important activity in a society where cattle was
wealth. It is through raids that the power of different pastoral groups was asserted. Young
men came to be called as members of the warrior class when they proved their manliness by
raiding the cattle of other pastoral groups and participating in wars. The Elders exercised
control over the Warriors.
4. Due to the several restrictions imposed by the colonial government on the Maasai
pastoralists, they were bound to a fixed area, confined within a reserve and prohibited
from moving in search of pastures.
They were cut-off from the best grazing lands and forced to live within a semi-arid tract
prone to frequent droughts. Since they could not move and shift their cattle to the lands
where the pastures were available, large numbers of Maasai cattle died of starvation and
disease in the years of drought.
As the area of grazing shrank, the adverse effect of the droughts increased its intensity.
The frequent bad years led to a steady decline of the animal stock of the pastoralists.
5. The social changes in Maasai society occurred at two levels:
First, the traditional difference based on age, between the Elders and Warriors was
disturbed, though it did not break down entirely.
Second, a new distinction between the wealthy and the poor pastoralists developed.
6. Grazing tax was imposed on the pastoralists because the colonial government wanted to
enhance their revenue and control their grazing rights.
Initially the tax collection was given to the private contractors. These contractors tried
to extract as high a tax as they could to recover the money they had paid to the state and
earn as much profit as they could within the year. By the 1880s the government began
collecting taxes directly from the pastoralists. Each of them was given a pass. To enter a
grazing tract, a cattle herder had to show the pass and pay the tax. The number of cattle
he had and the amount of tax he paid was entered on the pass. The pastoralists were very
much worried due to this tax. It proved to be an additional burden on them.
WORKSHEET–14
1. Vast meadows in the high mountains

2. They decided on the affairs of the community and settled disputes.
3. (a) The picture shows a camel fair at Balotra in western Rajasthan.
(b) Camel herders have come here to sell and buy camels.
(c) Two qualities of camels:
• They are called the ship of the desert.
• They can store large quantity of water in their body for a long time. This quality
enables them to survive in the deserts.
4. (a) The picture shows an elaborate ritual performed by the young men of the Maasai
pastoral community to become warriors.
(b) They are mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe.
(c) They prove their manliness by raiding the cattle of other pastoral groups and
participating in wars.
5. The Maasai community lost their grazing land due to the following reasons:
(a) In the late nineteenth century, the European imperial powers scrambled for territorial
possessions in Africa led to the slicing up the region into different colonies. In 1885,
Maasai land was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya
and German Tanganyika. Subsequently, the best grazing land were taken over for the
white settlers.
(b) The Maasai were pushed into a small area. They lost about 60% of their pre- colonial
lands. They were confined to an arid zone with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures.
(c) Local peasant communities were encouraged by the British colonial government to
expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasturelands were turned into cultivated
fields.
(d) Large areas of Maasai grazing lands were converted into game reserves. Serengeti
National Park in Tanzania was created over 14,760 km of Maasai grazing land.
Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves.
WORKSHEET–15
1. In Kenya 2. Dhangars
3. Because these produced commercially valuable timber.
4. Nomadic tribes thoroughly depend on their animals for their livelihood. As sufficient water
and pasture cannot be available in any area throughout the year, they need to wander from
one place to another with their herds in search of water and pasture. When the pastures
are exhausted or unusable in one place, then they move their herds and flocks to new areas.
Their continuous movement proves advantageous for the environment in the following ways:
The movements of the nomadic pastoralists allow time for natural restoration of the
vegetative growth.
Their movements enable them to set-up relationships with farmers on the way so that
their herds could graze on the stubble of the harvested fields. This helps in weeding the
leftover soil and cattle can also help in manuring the soil.
Nomadic pastoralists provide a support to the population in a difficult environment and
present a sustainable approach of land use.
5. The colonial government restricted the lives of the Maasai pastoralists. Their freedom was
snatched when their best grazing lands were gradually taken over in the late 19th century
for the white settlement and they (the maasai) were pushed into a smaller area to South
Kenya and north Tanzania. The Maasai lost about 60% of their pre-colonial lands. They
were confined to an arid zone with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures. Under colonial
government, the cultivation expanded. Due to the expansion of cultivation, pasturelands
were turned into cultivated fields, which created a number of problems for the Maasai
pastoralists. Large areas of Maasai grazing land were also turned into game reserves. For
example, the National Park in Tanzania was created over 14,760 km of Massai grazing
land. The pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. They could neither hunt
animals nor graze their herds in these areas. From the late 19th century, the colonial
government began imposing restrictions on the mobility of the Nomadic pastoralists and
the new territorial boundaries suddenly changed the life of the pastoralists. This adversely
affected both their pastoral and trading activities. They were cut-off from their grazing
lands and were forced to live within a semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts. Since
they could not shift their cattle to places where pastures were available, large numbers of
Maasai cattle died of starvation and disease.
6. The pastoralists cope with the changes in a variety of ways:
(a) Some pastoralists reduced the number of cattle in their herds since there was not
enough pasture to feed large number of cattle. Others discovered new pastures when
their mobility to other grazing grounds was restricted.
(b) The new political boundaries between India and Pakistan stopped their movement. So
they had to find new places to go. In recent years, they have been migrating to Haryana
where sheep can graze on agricultural lands after the harvests are cut.
(c) Over the years, some rich pastoralists started buying lands and settling down by giving
up their nomadic lives. Some became settled peasants cultivating land, while others
took extensive trading as their occupation.
(d) Many poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders to survive. At times, they
lost their cattle and sheep and became labourers, working on fields or in small towns.
Thus, the pastoralists not only able to survive but also expanded in large numbers.
When the pasturelands in one place was closed to them, they changed the direction
of the movement, reduced the size of the herds, combined pastoral activity with other
forms of income and adapted to the changes in the modern world.
WORKSHEET–16
1. The main reasons for the continuous loss of grazing lands of Maasais:
(i) Europeon imperial powers scrambled for territorial possessions in Aftrica, slicing up
the region into different colonies.
(ii) Maasai land was divided into British Kenya and German Tanganyika.
(iii) The best grazing lands were gradually taken over by white settlements and Maasais
were pushed into a small area.
(iv) The Massais lost about 60 per cent of their pre-coloical lands.
(v) They were confined to an arid zone with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures.
(vi) Large areas of grazing land were turned into game reserves.
(Any other relevant point)
2. Impact of the colonial policies on the life of pastoralists:
(i) Loss of grazing land
(ii) Loss of cattle
(iii) Decline in the quality pastures
(iv) Shortage of forage for animals (Any other relevant point)
(v) Death of cattle (Any five points to be explained)
3. The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms because the
colonial government considered any uncultivated land as unproductive. If this land could
be transformed into cultivated farmland, it would result in an increase in land revenue
and production of crops such as jute, cotton and wheat. All grazing lands were considered
as waste lands by the colonial rulers as they brought no revenue to them. From the mid-
nineteenth century Waste Land Rules were enacted in various parts of the country. By
these Rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. These
individuals were granted various concessions and encouraged to settle these lands. Some
of them were made headmen of villages in the newly cleared areas. In most areas the lands
taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by pastoralists. Thus, expansion of
cultivation meant the decline of pastures which badly affected the life of the pastoralists.
3. The movement of pastoral nomads of India in the mountains was as follows:
(a) The Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir were great herders of goat and sheep.
They moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds.
In summer, the Gujjar herders went up to the high meadows – the bugyals, and in
winter they came down to the dry forests of the Bhabar.
(b) The Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh had a similar cycle of seasonal movement.
They too spent their winter in the low hills of Shiwalik range, grazing their flocks in
scrub forests. By April they moved north and spent the summer in Lahaul and Spiti.
When the snow melted and the high passes were clear, many of them moved on to
higher mountain meadows. By September they began their return movement.
(c) This pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter pastures was typical
of many pastoral communities of the Himalayas, including the Bhotiyas, Sherpas and
Kinnauris.
WORKSHEET–17
1.
2.
Chapter Test
1. Elders and warriors
2. My people
3. Pastoral and trading activities.
4. Because of seasonal changes.
5. By these rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. These
individuals were granted various concessions and encouraged to settle these lands. Some
of them were made headmen of villages in the newly cleared areas.
In most areas the land taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by
pastoralists. So expansion of cultivations meant the decline of pastures and a problem for
pastoralists.
6. The African pastoralists were not allowed to enter the markets in white areas because of
the following reasons:
(a) White settlers and European colonists saw pastoralists as dangerous and savage.
(b) They thought to minimise all contact with such people. Hence, in many regions, they
were prohibited from participating in any form of trade.
But cutting off all links was never really possible, because white colonists had to defend
on black labour to bore mines and build roads and towns.
7. In pre-colonial times, the Maasai society was divided into two social categories—Elders
and Warriors.
The Elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of
the community and settle disputes.
The Warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the
tribe. They defended the community and organised cattle raids. Raiding was important in
a society where cattle was wealth. It is through raids that the power of different pastoral
groups was asserted. Young men came to be recognised as members of the warriors class
when they proved their manliness by raiding the cattle of other pastoral groups and
participating in wars. They, however, were subject to the authority of the Elders.
WORKSHEET–18
A. 1. pastures 2. goat, sheep 3. mandaps, ringals
4. unproductive 5. Reserved 6. settled
7. water, salt, animals 8. economically, politically 9. whole
10. elders, warriors
WORKSHEET–19
A. (1) – (d) (2) – (a) (3) – (e) (4) – (b) (5) – (c)
B. (1) – (c) (2) – (d) (3) – (e) (4) – (b) (5) – (a)
qq
PEASANTS AND FARMERS
WORKSHEET–20
1. President Wilson
2. Silk and Tea
3. It is an instrument to mow grass.
4. The common land was beneficial for the villagers in a variety of ways:
(a) All villagers had access to the commons. Here, they pastured their cows and grazed
their sheep, collected fuel wood for fire and berries and fruits for food etc.
(b) They did fishing in the rivers and ponds and hunted rabbit in common forests.
(c) For the poor, the common land was essential for survival. It supplemented their meagre
income, sustained their cattle, and helped them tide over bad times when crops failed.
5. From the mid-eighteenth century, the English population increased rapidly. This meant
an increased demand for food grains to feed the population. Britain at this time was
industrialising. More and more people began to live and work in urban areas. Men from
rural areas migrated to towns in search of jobs.
As urban populations grew, the market for food grains expanded and when demand
increased rapidly, food grain prices rose.
6. Turnip and clover had the capacity to increase the nitrogen content of the soil. Nitrogen
was important for the growth of crop. Cultivation of the same soil over a few years depleted
the nitrogen in the soil and reduced its fertility. By restoring nitrogen, turnip and clover
made the soil fertile once again. We find that farmers in the early 19th century used the
same method to improve agriculture on a more regular basis.
WORKSHEET–21
1. Captain Swing. 2. United States America 3. Landowners
4. Coming of modern agriculture meant many different changes:
(a) Open fields disappeared and customary rights of the peasants were undermined.
(b) Rich farmers expanded grain production, exported grains, made high profits and
became powerful economically and politically.
(c) The poor were dislocated. They tramped in large numbers for jobs both in the
countryside and the cities.
(d) Their jobs became insecured and income unstable.
5. The impact of westward expansion of the settlers:
(a) Westward expansion of the settlers led to displacement of local tribes. They were driven
beyond river Mississippi and further west.
(b) The settlers began agriculture on an extensive scale. They slashed and burnt forests,
pulled out the stumps, cleared the land for cultivation and built log cabins in the forest
clearings. Then they cleared larger areas and erected fences around the fields. They
ploughed the land and sowed corn and wheat. Thus, agriculture was undertaken at
the expense of grasslands and forests.
(c) The settlers continued moving further west to explore new land and raise a new crop.
After the 1860s, the settlers reached the Great Plains across the river Mississippi. They
started growing wheat there and soon turned this region a major wheat producing area
of America.
6. (a) From the late 19th century, the wheat production in the USA underwent a dramatic
expansion. The urban population in the USA was growing and the export market was
becoming even bigger. As a result demand for wheat rose higher. The rising demand
resulted into high price of wheat. This encouraged farmers to produce more and more
wheat.
(b) The spread of the railways made it easy to transport the grain from the wheat growing
regions to the eastern coast for export.
(c) By the early 20th century, the demand for wheat rose even higher and during the first
World War the world market boomed. Russian supplies of wheat were cut-off and the
USA had to feed the entire Europe.
The farmers responded vigorously to the need of the time. They began producing more and
more wheat.
WORKSHEET–22
1. President Wilson 2. Travelling traders 3. The Portuguese
4. Although the Chinese were aware of the dangers of opium addiction, yet they became
addicted to it. This was made possible due to the following reasons:
(a) Western merchants in the mid-18th century began an illegal trade in opium. It was
unloaded in a number of seaports of south eastern China and carried by local agents
to the interiors. By the early 1820s, about 10,000 crates were being annually smuggled
into China. Fifteen years later, over 35,000 crates were being unloaded every year.
(b) Soon, people of all classes began to take the drug. This comprised of shopkeepers and
peddlers, officials and army men, aristocrats and paupers. By 1839, over 4 million
opium smokers were there in China.
5. Captain Swing was not a person in itself. It was a mythic name used in threatening
letters delivered to the rich farmers who had started using threshing machines causing
unemployment among the poor.
The poor harvest of 1829 and 1830 had made the life of the poor farmers very miserable.
They resented and began riots which soon spread far and wide. They dropped threatening
letters to rich farmers to stop the use of threshing machines. Most of these letters were
signed in the name of Captain Swing. Alarmed landowners feared attacks by armed bands
at night and many destroyed their own machines. Government action was severe. Those
suspected of rioting were punished severely.
As has been mentioned above Captain Swing was a mythic name. The poor labourers did
so in order to secure their future. Soon this name gained popularity and came to be known
as Captain Swing Riots.
6. The Indian farmers were not willing to produce opium for a variety of reasons. However,
they were made to do it through a system of advances. There were a large number of poor
peasants in the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar. It was difficult for them to pay rent to the
landlord or to buy food. Taking advantange of this situation the village headmen under
the instruction of the government began to give advances to the poor peasants to grow
opium. When offered a loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept, hoping to meet their
immediate needs and pay back the loan at a later stage.
But the loan tied the peasants to the headmen and through him to the government. It was
the government opium agents who were advancing the money to the headmen, who in turn
gave it to the peasants. By taking the loan, the cultivators were bound to grow opium.
WORKSHEET–23
1. The Confucian rulers of China
2. The plant was delicate. The cultivators had to spend long hours nurturing the plant. The
crop had to be grown on the best lands.
3. They wanted to expand wool production to earn profits.
4. From the 1780s, the foor famers of Bihar and Bengal found their village headmen giving
them money advances to produce opium. When offered a loan, the cultivators were tempted
to accept, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loan at a later stage. But
the loan tied the peasant to the headman and through him to the government. By taking
the loan, the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specified area of land and handover
the produce to the agents once the crop had been harvested.
5. (i) Grain production grew as quickly as population.
(ii) Landlords sliced up pasture lands, carved up open fields, cut up forest commons,
took over marshes, and turned larger areas into agricultural fields.
(iii) Enclosures were seen as necessity to make long term investments on land.
(iv) Planned crop rotation to improve their soil.
(v) It also allowed the rich landowners to expand the land under their control and produce
more for the markets. (Any other relevant point)
6. (a) A tragic scene of death and destruction that occurred during the dust storms in the
USA is shown in this painting.
(b) This painting reminds us the terrifying dust storms that began to blow in the 1930s
over the southern plains of the USA. As the skies darkened and the dust swept in,
people were blinded and choked. Cattle were suffocated to death.
(c) Alexander Hogue.
WORKSHEET–24
1. because they feared the shortage of labour
2. India, China and England
3. Mahato
4. A measure of capacity
5. In 1831
6. Threshing machines were broken.
7. (a) A rich farmer—The open field system gave a golden opportunity to the rich farmers to
enclose fields in order to improve sheep breeding and ensure good feed for them. Now,
they were able to expand wool production and make good profits by taking advantage
of the rising prices of wool in the world market. They drove out the villagers from these
fields.
(b) A labourer—For poor labourers, the open field system was essential for survival. It
supplemented their poor income, sustained their cattle and helped them tide over bad
times when crops failed.
(c) A peasant woman—The open field system enabled peasant women to rear cow, collect
fuel wood for fire and berries and fruit for food.
8 . From the late 19th century, there was a dramatic expansion of wheat production in the
USA. In 1910, about 45 million acres of land was under wheat. Nine years later, the area
had expanded to 74 million acres, an increase of about 65%. Most of the increase was in
the Great Plains.
But the expansion of wheat cultivation in this area created grave problems. In the 1930s,
terrifying dust storms began to blow over the southern plains. As the skies darkened, and
the dust swept in, people were blinded and choked. Cattle were suffocated to death. Sand
buried fences, covered fields, and coated the surfaces of rivers till the fish died. Dead bodies
of birds and animals were scattered all over the landscape. Tractors and machines were
clogged with dust, damaged beyond repair.
9. The lessons that we can draw from the conversion of the countryside in the USA from a
bread basket to a dust bowl are as follow:
(a) Man should respect the ecological conditions of each region.
(b) Man’s high ambitions and desires to conquer nature can lead to ecological imbalance
resulting in death and destruction everywhere. Hence, he must control his greed and
desires. He can’t get success by ignoring nature.
(c) Whatever technologies are developed, they should be nature-friendly otherwise our
life would be perished.
(d) Nature will protect us only when we will protect it. Hence, we must think about it
sensibly for our own sake.
WORKSHEET–25
1. The triangular trade refers to the trade between England, India and China in the 18th
century.
The English East India Company was buying tea and silk from China for sale in England.
As tea became a popular English drink, the tea trade became more and more important.
England at this time produced nothing that could be easily sold in China. The western
merchants did not have a way to finance the tea trade.
They could buy tea only by paying in silver coins or bullion. This meant an outflow of
treasure from England.
At last it was decided that opium would be grown in India and transported to China in
exchange of tea.
2. In 1800, Thomas Jefferson became President of the USA. The American War of
Independence had been fought from 1775 to 1783 and the formation of the United States of
America made it seem like a land of promise from the East Coast. It was during this time
that the 700,000 white settlers began to move westward on to the Appalachian plateau
through the passes. The westward expansion of settlers in the USA led to a complete total
destruction of American Indians who were pushed westwards, down the Mississippi river,
and then further west. They fought back, but were defeated. Numerous wars were waged
in which Indians were massacred. Their villages were burnt and cattle destroyed.
They built log cabins in the forest clearings. Then they cleared larger areas, and erected
fences around the fields. They ploughed the land and sowed corn and wheat.
3. By 1773, the British Government in Bengal established a monopoly to trade in opium. No
one else was legally permitted to trade in the product.
The government wanted to produce opium at a cheap rate and sell it at a high price to
opium agents in Calcutta, who then shipped it to China.
The prices given to the peasants were so low that by the early eighteenth century angry
peasants beg an agitating for higher prices and refused to take advances. In regions around
Benaras, cultivators began giving up opium cultivation. They produced sugarcane and
potatoes instead. Many cultivators sold off their crop to travelling traders (pykars) who
offered higher prices.
To control the situation the British instructed its agents posted in the princely states to
take away all opium and destroy the crops. This conflict between the British government,
peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.
WORKSHEET–26
1. Machines brought misery to the poor farmers. Mechanisation reduced the need for labour.
It caused unemployment.
Many had taken loans and bought machines but when demand plummeted after the first
world war, they found themselves in debt which they could not repay.
Many looked for jobs which were difficult to find because of mechanisation of agriculture.
2. Native American groups were settled as well as moved from one place to another. Many of
them lived only by hunting and gathering, some were engaged in fishing, others cultivated
corn, beans, tobacco etc.
Some of them were expert trappers.
3.
Chapter Test
1. America 2. Landowners 3. The Confucian rulers of China
4. Cyrus McCormic 5. A measure of Capacity.
6. Before the 1830s, the grains used to be harvested with a cradle or sickle. At harvest time,
hundreds of men and women could be seen in the fields cutting the crop. In 1831, Cyrus
McCormic invented the first mechanical reaper which could cut in one day as much as
five men could cut with cradles and 16 men with sickles. By the early 20th century, most
farmers were using combined harvesters to cut grain. With one of these machines, 500
acres of wheat could be harvested in two weeks.
7. Unwilling cultivators were made to produce opium through a system of advances. In rural
areas of Bihar and Bengal, there were large numbers of poor farmers. It was difficult for them
to pay rent to the landlord or to buy food and clothing. From the 1780s, these farmers found
their village headmen giving them money advances to produce opium. When offered a loan,
the cultivators were tempted to accept, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back
the loan at a later stage. But the loan tied the peasant to the headman and through him to
the government. By taking the loan, the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specified
area of land and hand over the produce to the agents once the crop had been harvested.
8. The reasons were:
(a) Opium had to be grown on the best land, on fields that lay near villages and were
well- matured. On this land peasants usually produced pulses. If they planted opium
on this land, then pulses could not be grown there, or they would have to be grown on
inferior land where harvests were poorer and uncertain.
(b) Many cultivators were poor and they did not own any land. To cultivate, they had to pay
rent and lease land from landlords. And the rent charged on good lands near villages
was very high.
(c) The cultivation of opium was a difficult process. The plant was delicate and cultivators
had to spend long hours nurturing it. This meant they did not have enough time to
care for other crops.
(d) The price the government paid to the cultivators for the opium they produced was very
low. It was unprofitable for cultivators to grow opium at that price.
WORKSHEET–27
A. 1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)
B. 1. mythic, machines 2. commons, enclosed
3. Sheep, grain 4. Enclosures, expand, more 5. cut, workmen
WORKSHEET–28
B. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F
6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T
qq
HISTORY AND SPORTS: THE STUDY OF CRICKET
WORKSHEET–29
1.Cricket is played in commonwealth countries.
2.West Indies
3.Frank Worrell was the first black player who led the West Indies in 1960.
4.22 yards
5.In 1971, between Australia and England.
6.The changes which were brought in the game of cricket by the Mcc’s revision of the laws
during the second half of the 18th century are as follow:
(a) It became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground.
(b) It also opened new possibilities for spin and swing. In response, batsmen had to master
timing and shot selection.
(c) The curved bat was replaced with the straight one. All this raised the premium on skill
and reduced the influence of rough ground and brute force.
7. There were many changes introduced in the game of cricket during the 19th century:
(a) The rule about wide balls was applied.
(b) The exact circumference of the ball was specified.
(c) Protective equipments like pads and gloves became available.
(d) Boundaries were introduced where previously all shots had to be run.
(e) Over-arm bowling became legal.
8. Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre-industrial materials. i.e. the bat
is made of wood as the stump and the bails. The ball is made of leather twines and cork.
Even today, both bat and ball are hand made not industrially manufactured. The material
of the bat have slightly changed. Earlier it was cut out of a single piece of wood but now it
consists of two pieces i.e. blade which is made out of the willow tree and the handle which
is made out of cane. Cricket has refused to remake its tools with industrial or man-made
materials like plastics, fibre, glass etc.
WORKSHEET–30
1. In 1975 2. In 1932 3. Marylebone Cricket Club
4. Unlike hockey and football which became international games, played all over the world,
cricket remained a colonial game. Cricket was limited to the countries which became a
part of the British empire. The pre-industrial oddness made it hard game to export. It took
root only in the countries which were conquered by the British. In these colonies, cricket
was established as a popular sport either by white settlers or by local elites who wanted
to copy the habits of their colonial masters.
5. C.K. Nayudu was an outstanding batsman of his time. He lives on the popular imagination
of the people when some of his great contemporaries like Palwankar Baloo have been
forgotten. His career lasted for long. He played test cricket for India. He was the prime
cricketer who played India’s First Test match against England in 1932. His place in India’s
cricket history is assured because he was the country’s First Test Captain.
6. Pentangular tournament was played by five teams—the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus,
the Muslims and the Rest, which comprised all the leftover communities, such as the Indian
Christians.
Gandhiji strongly condemned the Pentangular as a communally divisive competition that
was out of place in a time when nationalists were trying to unite India’s diverse population.
As it was a colonial tournament, it died with the Raj.
7. (a) Kerry Packer’s innovative ideas helped use television technology to develop the image
of cricket as a television sport, a marketable game which could generate huge revenue.
The opportunity was seized by the satellite technology and multinational television
companies to create a global market for the sport.
(b) It was a big change. It made the cricketers celebrities. Cricket boards started making
huge money by selling television rights to television companies. Television channels
earned money by selling television sports to companies to advertise their products.
Thus, continuous television coverage turned the cricketers into celebrities.
(c) Television expanded the audience and broadened the social base of the game by
beaming cricket into small towns and villages.
(d) Satellite television created a global market for cricket and helped shift the centre of
gravity from Britain to South Asia. This shift was symbolised by the shift of the cricket
headquarters from London to Dubai.
(e) Television technologies helped in gaining wide support and acceptance of these
innovations in the game.
(f) One-day International matches got popularity and wide acceptance due to television
technology. Hence, television along with satellite technology has helped in transform
the cricket from a game played and viewed by limited countries and people to a popular
world sport.
WORKSHEET–31
1. Palwankar Baloo
2. Hambledon
3. In 1792
4. The Parsis
5. (a) He is Learie Constantine.
(b) He is one of the best known cricketers of the West Indies. He was an all-rounder. His
batting style was—right-hand bat and bowling style was—right-arm fast, right arm
medium.
6. The peculiarities of cricket are as follow:
(a) A match can go on for 5 days and still end in a draw.
(b) Another peculiarity of cricket is that the length of the pitch is specified i.e. 22 yards
but the size or shape of the ground is not. Most other team sports, such as hockey and
football lay down the dimensions of the playing area but cricket does not.
7. Gandhiji believed that sport was essential to make a body healthy. It was essential for
creating a balance between the body and the mind. But he did not believe that only sports
like cricket, hockey or football could make the body and mind sound. He often emphasised
that games like cricket and hockey were imported into India by the British and were
replacing the traditional games. He believed that these games represented a colonial
mindset and tended to divide people into privileged and non-privileged groups. He stressed
that simple exercise while working in the fields was more helpful to keep the body healthy
than playing cricket.
He wanted to encourage the traditional Indian games. He urged the people of India to
revive indigenous games because they were inexpensive and as interesting and exciting
as cricket or football.
Thus, Gandhiji never approved the colonial games. He always favoured noble indigen-
ous games.
WORKSHEET–32
1. An outstanding Indian batsman
2. In 1774
3. In 1774
4. Oriental Cricket Club
5. The global market place has made Indian players the best paid, most famous cricketers
in the game, men for whom the world is a stage. The history that brought about this
transforma-tion was made up of many smaller changes:
(a) The replacement of the gentlemanly amateur by the paid professional.
(b) The triumph of the one-day game as it overshadowed Test Cricket in terms of
popularity.
(c) The remarkable changes in global commerce and technology.
One hundred and fifty years ago the scenario was totally different. The Parsis, the first
Indian cricketers, had to struggle to find an open space to play in.
6. Pakistan has pioneered two great advances in bowling—the doosra and the ‘reverse swing.
Both skills were developed in response to subcontinental conditions—the doosra to counter
aggressive batsmen with heavy modern bats who were threatening to make finger-spin
obsolete and ‘reverse swing’ to move the ball in on dusty, unresponsive crickets under clear
skies.
Initially, both innovations were greeted with great suspicion by countries like Britain
and Australia which saw them as an underhanded, illegal bending of the laws of cricket.
Afterwards, it came to be accepted that the laws of cricket could not continue to be framed
for British or Australian conditions of play, and they became part of the technique of all
bowlers, everywhere in the world.
7. Cricket became popular in India and the West Indies because of the following reasons:
(a) Both India and West Indies were a part of British colonial empire.
(b) The game was made popular by the white settlers and the local elites.
(c) In both these countries cricket was looked upon as a sign of superior social and racial
status.
(d) In both these countries cricket was a successful sport and became a measure of racial
equality and political progress.
Cricket did not become a popular sport in the countries of South America because:
(a) South American countries were under the influence of American, Spanish and the
Portuguese.
(b) Unlike other games, cricket remained a British colonial game.
(c) The pre-industrial oddness of cricket made it hard game to export. Therefore, it took
root only in countries that the British conquered and dominated.
WORKSHEET–33
1. (a) Dorothea Beale was the Principal of Cheltenham Ladies College during the period
1858-1906. She reported to the school’s Enquiry Commission in 1864 that the vigorous
exercise which boys got from cricket etc. must be supplied in the case of girls by walking
and skipping.
(b) The school started acquiring playgrounds by the 1890s. Girls were permitted to play
some of those games which were earlier considered male preserves. But they were not
allowed to play competitive games.
(c) The games being played by girls made Dorothea Beale anxious about them. She wrote
in school council in 1893-94 that the girls should not exert themselves or become
absorbed in athletic rivalries. She wrote that it was better for girls to take interest in
botany, geology etc. and not make country excursions.
2. (a) Palwankar Baloo—He was born in Poona in 1875. He was born during those times
when Indians allowed to play Test Cricket. He was the greatest Indian slow bowler of
his time. He played for the Hindus in the Quadrangular, the major cricket Tournament
of the colonial period. He was never made a captain because he was a dalit and was
discriminated against the upper caste. Baloo’s enormous cricketing talent made
sure that he could not be kept out of the team but was never allowed to take over as
a captain.
(b) Vijay Hazare—Vijay Samuel Hazare was born in a working class Marathi Christian
family in Sangli (Maharashtra) in 1915. He was one of the eight children of a school
teacher. He was a Roman Catholic. He studied at the Presbyterian Mission. Industrial
school in Sangli. He had great faith in Jesus. His dedicated faith in Jesus made him a
successful cricketer of his time. Primarily he was a right hand batsman and was also a
right hand medium pace bowler between 1951-52 against England at Madras. He was
the first batsman to score a tripple century in the first class cricket. After retirement,
he was Indian test Cricket selector. He was honoured with the trophy in his name,
‘Vijay Hazare Trophy’ a Zonal Cricket Tournament in India. He died on 18 December
2004.
3. Map work.
Chapter Test
1. International cricket conference
2. 1889
3. Race and religion
1 3
4. (a) 5 to 5 ounces
2 4
5. Kerry Packer
6. The first Indian community to start playing the game of cricket was the small community
of Zoroastrians, the Parsis.
The Parsis founded the First Indian cricket club, the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay
in 1848. Parsi clubs were funded and sponsored by Parsi businessmen like the Tatas and
the Wadias. The Parsis built their own gymkhana in Bombay to play cricket in. The Parsi
team became the First Indian cricket team to tour England in 1886.
7. The Pentangular tournament was played by five teams—the Europeans, the Parsis, the
Hindus, the Muslims and the Rest, which comprised all the communities left over, such as
the Indian Christians. Gandhiji condemned the Pentangular tournament because it was
based on racial and communal foundations. This tournament was communally division
competition that was out of place in a time when nationalist were trying to unite India’s
diverse population.
8. The important changes that occurred in the game of cricket during the 19th century are:
(a) The rule about wide balls was applied.
(b) The exact circumference of the ball was specified.
(c) Protective equipment like pads and gloves became available.
(d) Boundaries were introduced where previously all shots had to be run.
(e) Over-arm bowling became legal.
WORKSHEET–34
1. Kerry packer was an Australian television tycoon. He signed up fifty-one of the world’s
leading cricketers and staged unofficial Tests and One-Day Internationals under the World
Series Cricket.
(a) He introduced coloured dress, helmets and field restrictions cricket under light became
a standard part of the game because of his innovations.
(b) Due to his innovations, cricket became marketable game. Television coverage of cricket
matches made cricket celebrities who earned huge money by making commercials for
various products.
2. Cricket was first played in India from 1721 by English sailors in Cambay. The Calcutta
Cricket Club (the first Indian club) was established in 1792. The origins of Indian
cricket can be traced to Bombay. The first Indian community to start playing the game
was the Parsis.
The Parsis founded the first Indian cricket club, the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in
1848. Parsi clubs were funded and sponsored by Parsi businessmen like the Tatas and the
Wadias. The Parsis built their own gymkhana to play cricket in.
The establishment of the Parsi Gymkhana became an example for other Indians who, in
turn, established clubs based on the idea of religious community. By the 1890s, Hindus
and Muslims were busy gathering funds and support for a Hindu Gymkhana and an
Islam Gymkhana. The British did not consider colonial India as a nation. They saw it as
a collection of castes and races and religious communities and gave themselves the credit
for unifying the sub-continent.
In the late 19th century, many Indian institutions and movements were organised around
the idea of religious community because the colonial state encouraged these divisions and
was quick to recognise communal institutions. Thus, applications that used the communal
categories favoured by the colonial state were more likely to be approved.
The teams that played colonial India’s greatest and most famous first-class cricket
tournament did not represent regions, as teams in today’s Ranji Trophy currently do, but
religious communities.
The tournament was initially called the Quadrangular, because it was played by four
teams: the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims. It later became the
Pentangular when a fifth team was added, namely, the Rest, which comprised all the
communities left over, such as the Indian Christians.
3. The Parsis founded the first Indian cricket club, the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in
1848. Parsi clubs were funded and sponsored by Parsi businessmen like the Tatas and the
Wadias. The Parsis built their own gymkhana to play cricket in.
The establishment of the Parsi Gymkhana became an example for other Indians who, in
turn, established clubs based on the idea of religious community. By the 1890s, Hindus
and Muslims were busy gathering funds and support for a Hindu Gymkhana and an
Islam Gymkhana. The British did not consider colonial India as a nation. They saw it as
a collection of castes and races and religious communities and gave themselves the credit
for unifying the sub-continent.
In the late 19th century, many Indian institutions and movements were organised around
the idea of religious community because the colonial state encouraged these divisions and
was quick to recognise communal institutions. Thus, applications that used the communal
categories favoured by the colonial state were more likely to be approved.
The teams that played colonial India’s greatest and most famous first-class cricket
tournament did not represent regions, as teams in today’s Ranji Trophy currently do, but
religious communities.
4. This statement actually implies that Britain’s military success was based on the values
taught to schoolboys in Britain’s best public schools. Eton was the most famous of these
schools. The English boarding school was the institution that trained English boys for
careers in the military, the civil service and the church, the three great institutions of
imperial England. Men like Thomas Arnold, headmaster of the famous Rugby School and
founder of the modern public school system in the 19th century, saw team sports like cricket
and Rugby as an organised way of teaching.
English boys learnt discipline, the importance of hierarchy, the skills, the codes of honour
and the leadership qualities that helped them build and run the British Empire. Victorian
empire builders justified the conquest of other countries as an act of unselfish social
service, by which backward people were introduced to the civilising influence of British
law and Western knowledge Cricket helped to confirm this self-image of the English elite
by glorifying the amateur ideal, where cricket was played not for victory or profit, but for
its own sake, in the spirit of fair play.
WORKSHEET–35
A. 1. batsman
2. Vulcanised, 1848, gloves
3. amateur, professionals
4. hockey, colonial
5. race, religion
6. Europeans, Hindus
7. gymkhana
8.satellite, cricket
9. doosra, reverse
10. mulattos
WORKSHEET–36
A. (1) – (d) (2) – (e) (3) – (a) (4) – (c) (5) – (b)
B. (1) – (b) (2) – (d) (3) – (a) (4) – (e) (5) – (c)
qq
CLOTHING: A SOCIAL HISTORY
WORKSHEET–37
1.Dress reforms 2. A landlord community of Travancore
3.A type of fur 4. America
5.In the 19th century
6.The ideal woman in Victorian England was one who could bear pain and suffering. While
men were expected to be serious, strong, independent and aggressive, women were seen
as frivolous, delicate, passive and docile. Norms of clothing reflected these ideals. From
childhood, girls were tightly laced up and dressed in stays (support as part of a woman’s
dress to hold the body straight). The effort was to restrict the growth of their bodies, contain
them within small moulds. When slightly older, girls had to wear tight fitting coarses.
Lightly laced, small-waisted women were admired as elegant and graceful.
7. Medieval Europe was a multi-layered society. Often dress codes were imposed on the lower
layers of the society by the social superiors. The social inferiors were not allowed to wear
certain clothes, consume certain foods and beverages. These rules were not enforced with
equal stringency in all the European countries. But in France these rules were minutely
codified as sumptuary laws. From about 1294 to the time of the French Revolution, the
people of France were expected to strictly follow these rules.
The laws tried to control the behaviour of those considered social inferiors. The items of
clothing a person could purchase per year was regulated, not only by income but also by
social rank.
The material to be used for clothing was also legally prescribed. As per laws, only royalty
could wear expensive materials like ermine and fur, or silk, velvet and brocade. Other
classes were debarred from using these materials.
WORKSHEET–38
1. A hat
2. Red, blue and white
3. Mahatma Gandhi
4. The tight dresses and corsets caused many deformities and illness among young girls.
Such clothing restricted body growth and hampered blood circulation. Muscles remained
underdeveloped and the spines got bent. The women suffered from acute weakness, felt
languid and frequently fainted. Corsets then became necessary to hold up the weakened
spine.
5. Three grounds on which the traditional feminine clothes were criticised:
(a) For long skirts, it was said that it swept the grounds and collected filth and dirt. This
caused illness.
(b) The skirts were voluminous and difficult to handle. Moreover, they hampered their
movements.
(c) The traditional faminine clothes prevented women from working and earning.
6. The European dress codes were quite different from the Indian dress codes. Wearing of
shoes and the headgear are two such points:
(a) Wearing of turban and hat—These two headgears not only looked different but
signified different things. In India, wearing a turban was a sign of respect among
the class of social superiors. The turban could not be removed at will. On the other
hand, in the western tradition the hat had to be removed before social superiors as
a sign of respect.
(b) Wearing of shoes—Indians took off their shoes when they entered a sacred place
or homes due to different reasons. In the early years of the 19th century, it became
customary even for the British officials to remove their shoes while visiting courts of
ruling kings or chiefs. Some British officials also wore Indian clothes. But in 1830, they
were forbidden from wearing Indian clothes at official functions so that their cultural
identity was not undermined.
WORKSHEET–39
1. In 1921
2. A dress reformer
3. A closely fitting and stiff inner dress for women
4. The reformers faced ridicule and hostility. Conservatives everywhere opposed change.
They lamented that women who gave up traditional norms of dressing no longer looked
beautiful, and lost their femininity and grace. Women reformers got fed up with persistent
attacks and changed back into traditional clothes to conform to conventions.
5. When the British became the masters of India, they were distinguished from the Indian
‘turban wearers’ as the ‘hat wearers’. These two headgears not only looked different, they
also signified different things. The turban in India was a sign of respectability and could not
be removed at will. On the other hand, as per western tradition, the hat was to be removed
before social superiors as a mark of respect. This is nothing but a cultural difference. But
it created misunderstanding. The British were often offended if Indians did not take off
their turban when they met colonial officials.
6. (a) Many European women stopped wearing jewellery and luxurious clothes. As upper
class women mixed with other classes, social barriers came to be vanished and women
began to dress in similar ways.
(b) Clothes got shorter during the First World War out of practical necessity. Several
women got employed in ammunition factories. This made them wear a working
uniform.
(c) Bright colours faded from sight and only sober colours were worn as the war dragged
on. Thus, the clothes became plainer and simpler. Skirts became shorter. Soon, trousers
became a part of western women’s clothing. It gave them greater freedom of movement.
7. Governor-General Lord Dalhousie made ‘shoe respect’ very strict. Indians were made to
take off their shoes when entering any government institution. This made the Indians very
unhappy.
In 1862, Manockjee Cowasjee Entee, an assessor in the Surat Fouzdaree Adawlut, refused
to take off his shoes in the court of sessions judge. As a result, he was barred entry into
the courtroom.
The British insisted that since Indians took off their shoes when they entered a sacred
place or home, they should do so when they entered the courtroom. In the controversy that
followed, Indians urged that taking off shoes in sacred places and at home was linked to
two different questions—first, there was the problem of dirt and filth. Shoes collected dirt
on the road. This dirt could not be allowed into spaces that were clean, particularly when
people in Indian homes sat on the ground. Second, leather shoes, and the filth that stuck
under it were seen as polluting. But public buildings like the courtroom were different from
home.
WORKSHEET–40
1.A cap worn on one side
2.Lucy Stone
3.B.R. Ambedkar
4.The Shanars were a community of toddy tappers who migrated to southern Travancore to
work under Nair landlords. They were considered a subordinate caste. They were subjected
to these restrictions:
(a) They were not allowed to use umbrellas and wear shoes or golden ornaments.
(b) Men and women were also expected to follow the local custom of never covering their
upper bodies before the upper castes.
5. The Tagore family experimented with designs for a national dress for both men and women
in India. Rabindranath Tagore suggested that instead of combining Indian and European
dress, India’s national dress should combine elements of Hindu and Muslim dress. The
chapkan which was a long-buttoned coat was thus considered the most suitable dress
for men.
6. By the middle of the 20th century, large numbers of people began boycotting British or mill-
made cloth and adopting khadi, even though it was coarser, costly and difficult to obtain.
This was a great change which came about due to the partition of Bengal which occurred in
1905. The Swadeshi movement developed in reaction to this measure. People were urged to
boycott British goods and start their own industries for the manufacture of goods such as
match boxes and cigarettes. Mass protest followed. Thus use of khadi was made a patriotic
duty. Women were urged to throw away their silk and glass bangles and wear simple shell
bangles. Rough home-spun clothes were glorified in songs and poems to popularise them.
7. (a) The most familiar image of Gandhiji sitting bare-chested and in short dhoti, at the
spinning wheel.
(b) These symbolised self-reliance as well as resistance to the use of British mill-made
cloth.
WORKSHEET–41
1. Mahatma Gandhi
2. They were under the impression of colonial masters.
3. M.C. Entee
4. After Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915, he transformed the
Kashmiri cap which he sometimes used into a cheap white cotton khadi cap. For two years
from 1919, he himself wore the cap and then gave it up, but by this time it had become a
part of the national uniform and even a symbol of defiance. Large number of people began
to wear Gandhian cap.
5. Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of clothing the nation in khadi did not appeal to all sections
people in India:
(a) Even though the nationalist leaders like Motilal Nehru adopted wearing of Indian
dhoti and kurta but these were not made of coarse cloth.
(b) Those who had been deprived by caste norms for centuries were attracted to the
western-style of clothing. Unlike Mahatma Gandhi, other nationalists such as
Babasaheb Ambedkar never gave up the western-style suit. Many Dalits began in the
early 1910s to wear three-piece suit, and shoes and socks on all public occasions as a
political statement of self-respect.
(c) Other women like Sarojini Naidu and Kamala Nehru wore coloured saris with designs,
instead of coarse, white homespun.
(d) For the poor, khadi was very expensive and therefore, not possible to wear it.
6. The cloth which would have definitely fallen out of use in the early 1900s was the muslin
because:
(a) The Company used its political power to dictate terms to the weavers—to sell their
products at cheaper rates and dictated prices even during loss.
(b) Many of them were compelled to work for the Company for low wages and were
forbidden to work for Indian merchants.
(c) The servants of the Company monopolised the sale of raw cotton and made the Bengal
weavers pay exorbitant prices for it. Good quality cotton was also needed for making
muslin cloth. The non-availability of good quality cotton affected greatly to the weavers
of the muslin cloth.
(d) Moreover, high import duties were levied on Indian textiles to protect British machine-
made cloth.
WORKSHEET–42
1. Corset was a type of sleeveless tightly fitting bodice for women extending from the chest
to the hips in the medieval Europe till late 18th century. It caused many deformities and
illness among young girls. Such clothing restricted body growth and hampered blood
circulation. Muscles remained underdeveloped and the spines got bent. The women suffered
from acute weak ness and frequently fainted. Corsets then became necessary to hold up
the weakened spine. Women started to oppose and agitated for dress reform. As a result,
in the late 1870s, corsets were discarded gradually.
2. Objective of sumptuary laws was to control the behaviour of those considered social
inferiors.
Restrictions:
1. Preventing them from wearing certain clothes.
2. Preventing them from Consuming certain foods and beverages.
(Any other relevant point)
3. Preventing them from Hunting game in certain areas. (Any two points to be mentioned)
3. Women’s clothing changed dramatically during the two World Wars. Consequently:
(a) Many European women stopped wearing jewellery and luxurious clothes.
(b) Upper-class women started mixing up with other classes which eroded social barriers.
(c) Clothes got shorter during the First World War (1914-1918) as over 700,000 women
in Britain worked in ammunition factories. And they had to wear a working uniform
of blouse and trousers with accessories such as scarves.
(d) Sober colours were worn. Thus, clothes became plainer and simpler.
(e) Skirts became shorter.
(f) Trousers became a vital part of Western women’s clothing.
(g) Women started having hair cut for convenience.
(h) By the twentieth century, a plain and austere style came to reflect seriousness and
professionalism.
(i) New schools for children emphasised the importance of plain dressing, and discouraged
ornamentation.
WORKSHEET–43
1. Indians used to wear turbans to protect them from the heat and it was also a sign of respect.
Turban could not be removed at will. In contrast Europeans used to wear hats which had
to be removed before social superiors as a sign of respect. This cultural difference created
misunderstanding. The British were often offended if Indians did not take off their turban
when they met colonial officials. Many Indians on the other hand wore the turban to
consciously assert their regional or national identity.
Another such conflict related to the wearing of shoes. At the beginning of the nineteenth
century, it was customary for British officials to follow Indian etiquette and remove their
footwear in the courts of ruling kings or chiefs. In 1824-1828, Governor-General Amherst
insisted that Indians take their shoes off as a sign of respect when they appeared before
him, but this was not followed strictly. When Lord Dalhousie became Governor General,
‘shoe respect’ was made stricter and Indians were made to take off their shoes when
entering any government institution. Those who wore European clothes were exempted
from this rule. Many Indian government servants were increasingly uncomfortable with
these rules.
to take off his shoes in the court of the session’s judge. He was barred entry into the court
room and he protested against his exclusion by sending letters to the Governor of Bombay.
In response to it, the British insisted that since Indians take off their shoes when they
entered a sacred place or home, they should do so when they entered the courtroom. But
Indians were not ready to accept their logic.
2. (a) In India, it was the caste system which defined what the subordinate and dominant
caste Hindus should wear eat, etc. and these codes had the force of law. Changes in
clothing styles that threatened these norms often created violent reactions. The man
and women of the Shanar caste were forbidden from covering their upper bodies before
the upper castes.
(b) Under the influence of the Christian missionaries, the Shanar women converts began
to wear tailored blouses and clothes to cover themselves. In 1822, these women were
attacked by the Nairs who tore off their upper clothes. Complaints were also filed in
court against this dress change especially since Shanars were refusing to give free
labour to the upper castes.
(c) In 1829, the Travancore Government ordered the Shanar women to abstain from
covering the upper parts of the body. But this did not stop the Shanar Christians and
even Shanar Hindus from adopting the blouse and upper cloth.
(d) In 1859, riots broke out as Shanar women were attacked in the marketplace and
stripped of their upper cloths.
(e) Finally the government issued another proclamation permitting Shanar women of all
faiths to cover their upper bodies in any manner they wished but not like the high
caste women.
3. Many Indians reacted differently to the introduction of western style clothing:
(i) The wealthy Parsis of western India were among the first to adapt western style of
clothing. Baggy trousers and the phenta (or hat) were added to long colourless coats
with boots and a walking stick to look like a gentleman.
(ii) To some western clothes were a sign of modernity and progress.
(iii) There were others who were convinced that western culture would lead to a loss of
traditional cultural identity.
(iv) The use of western style clothes was taken as a sign of the world turning upside down.
(v) Some men resolved this dilemma by wearing western clothes without giving up their
Indian ones. (Any other relevant point)
4. (i) Manockjee was asked to remove his shoes at court in order to show respect to the
British judge.
(ii) No. He did not agree to remove his shoes. He told that he did not belief in such practices.
He offered to remove his turban instead of his shoes.
Chapter Test
1. He believed that the poor could not afford more than this dress.
2. Liberty
3. Mulberry
4. The three changes that came to be seen in European women’s clothing as a result of two
World Wars were:
(a) Many European women stopped wearing jewellery and luxurious clothes. As upper
class women mixed with other classes, social barriers vanished and women began to
dress in similar ways.
(b) Clothes got shorter during the First World War out of practical necessity. Several
women got employed in ammunition factories. This made them wear a working
uniform.
(c) Bright colours faded from sight and only sober colours were worn as the war dragged
on. Thus, clothes became plainer and simpler skirts became shorter.
5. The Indian dress codes were quite different from the European dress codes. Wearing of
shoes and the headgear are two such points:
(a) Wearing of shoes—Indian people took off their shoes when they entered a sacred place
or homes due to different reasons. In the early years of the 19th century, it became
customary even for the British officials to remove their shoes while visiting courts of
ruling kings or chiefs. Some British officials also wore Indian clothes. But in 1830, they
were forbidden from wearing Indian clothes at official functions so that their cultural
identity was not undermined.
(b) Wearing of turban and hat—These two headgears not only looked different but signified
different things. In India, wearing a turban was a sign of respect among the class of
social superiors. The turban could not be removed at will. On the other hand, in the
western tradition the hat had to be removed before social superiors as a sign of respect.
6. There were several reasons behind it:
(a) Nationalists like Motilal Nehru, gave up his expensive Western-style suits and adopted
the Indian dhoti and kurta. But these were not made of coarse cloth.
(b) Those who had been deprived by caste norms for centuries were attracted to Western
dress styles. Therefore, unlike Mahatma Gandhi, other nationalists such as Babasaheb
Ambedkar never gave up the Western-style suit. Many Dalits began in the early 1910s
to wear three-piece suits, and shoes and socks on all public occasions, as a political
statement of self-respect.
(c) Other women like Sarojini Naidu and Kamala Nehru wore coloured saris with designs,
instead of coarse, white homespun.
(d) For the poor, Khadi was very expensive and therefore not possible to wear.
WORKSHEET–44
A. 1. docile, obedient 2. corsets 3. dress, tunic
4. cheap, chintzes 5. movement 6. Paris
7. respectability, removed 8. European, Hindu, Muslim
9. bare, dhoti, spinning 10. dhoti, death
WORKSHEET–45
B. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
6. F 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F

GEOGRAPHY
CLIMATE
WORKSHEET–46
1. The basic elements of natural environment are landforms, climate and Drainage.
2. Monsoon winds
3. Temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation are elements of
weather.
4. Arabs
5. Rajasthan
6. Dras
7. Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for
a long period of time.
Weather refers to the state of atmosphere over an area at any point of time.
8. India has a tropical type of climate. India extends between 8° 4' N and 37° 6' N latitude.
Tropic of Cancer divides the country into almost 2 equal parts. Almost half of the country
lying south of Tropic of Cancer belongs to tropical area. Areas north of tropic lies in the
sub-tropic. Therefore, India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as sub-tropical.
9. Temperature and precipitation vary from place to place and season to season. In summers
Rajasthan records 50° C while Pahalgam may be 20° C. On a winter night in Drass in
Jammu and Kashmir temperature is – 45° C while Thiruvananthapuram may have 20°
C. In Thar desert the day temperature rises to 50° C and drops to 15° C during night. But
there is hardly any difference in day and night temperature in Andaman and Nicobar or
in Kerala.
The annual precipitation varies from 400 cm in Meghalaya to less than 10 cm in Ladakh.
Higher slopes of Himalayas receive snowfall. During June – Sept., most parts of country
experiences monsoon rains. But some parts of Tamil Nadu receive rain in winters.
WORKSHEET–47
1. Monsoon has been derived from Arabic word ‘Mausim’.
2. Himalayan regions
3. Western Ghats and north-east India
4. Western Rajasthan and Leh.
5. The climate of Rajasthan is very hot, and the area has little rainfall. It experiences highest
diurnal range of temperature. To protect from heat the houses have thick walls and flat roofs.
6. Assam receives heavy rainfall. Rivers are flooded every year. To prevent houses from
flooding they are built on stilts.
7. The proximity to the equator affects the climate of a place. The equator receives more
sunlight than anywhere else on earth. This is due to its position in relation to the sun.
Equator is hotter because the sun has less area to heat. It is cooler at the north and south
poles as the sun has more area to heat up. It is cooler as the heat is spread over a wider area.
8. The sea affects the climate of a place. Coastal areas are cooler and wetter than inland areas.
Clouds form when warm air from inland areas meets cool air from the sea. Thus areas near
the sea are cooler. The centre of continents are subject to a large range of temperatures. In
the summer, temperatures can be very hot and dry as moisture from the sea evaporates
before it reaches the centre of the continent.
9. Relief plays a major role in determining the climate of a place. High mountains act as
barriers for cold or hot winds; they may also cause precipitation if they are high enough
and lie in the path of rain-bearing winds. The leeward side of mountains remains dry. The
Himalayas protect India from cold and chilly winds, act as effective climate divide.
The oceans exerts a moderating influence on most of peninsular India i.e. places near the
sea have equable climate. The Indian Ocean act as a source of moisture which is absorbed
by monsoon winds blowing across the ocean. The south west monsoons give heavy rainfall
to most parts of the country.
WORKSHEET–48
1.Thiruvananthapuram has equable climate as it lies very close to sea.
2.Relief, altitude, wind system control climate of a place.
3.Very hot in summers and very cold in winters is called continentality.
4.Jet streams are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12,000 m) westerly winds in the
troposphere. Their speed varies from about 110 km/hr in summer to about 184 km/hr
in winter. Jet steams are located approximately over 27° – 30° north latitude, therefore,
they are known as subtropical westerly jet streams. Over India, these jet streams blow
south of the Himalayas, all through the year except in summer. The western cyclonic
disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country are brought
in by this westerly flow. In summer, the subtropical westerly jet stream moves north of
the Himalayas with the apparent movement of the sun. An easterly jet stream, called the
tropical easterly jet stream blows over peninsular India.
5. The western cyclonic disturbances are weather phenomena of the winter months brought in
by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region. They usually influence the weather of
the north and north-western regions of India. Tropical cyclones occur during the monsoon
as well as in October – November, and are part of the easterly flow. These disturbances
affect the coastal regions of the country.
6. 1. Latitude —India extends between 8° 4′ N and 37° 6′ N latitude. Tropic of Cancer divides
the country into almost two equal parts. Part of India lying North of Tropic of Cancer
enjoys a subtropical climate. This is characterised by wide range of temperature of
rainfall-summers are hot and winters are cool. The Himalayan region experiences a
very cold climate in winters.
2. Altitude —The Himalayas act as an effective climate divide. The Great Himalaya Range
obstructs the passage of cold continental air from the north into India in winter and
also forces the south westerly monsoon (rain-bearing) winds to give up most of their
moisture before crossing the range northward. The result is heavy precipitation (both
rain and snow) on the Indian side but arid conditions in Tibet.
7. 1. Pressure condition on land in Jan.— High Pressure.
Pressure condition on land in June —Low Pressure.
2. Direction of winds blow in month of Jan.— Land to Sea.
Direction of winds blow in month of June—Sea to Land.
3. At the equator the south easterly winds turn to right.
4. South westerly winds.
WORKSHEET–49
1. Coastal areas 2. Decreases 3. Moderating influence of sea
4. Monsoon winds 5. During daytime
6. During night the direction of winds would be from land to sea
7. ITCZ is a equatorial trough positioned about 5° N of equator. It is a low pressure belt of
highly unstable weather. This is where the north-east and south-east trade winds converge,
moves north or south with apparent movement of sun. It is also known as monsoon trough
during the monsoon season and lies over the Ganga Plains in summers.
8. Normally when tropical eastern south Pacific Ocean has high pressure, the tropical eastern
Indian Ocean experiences low pressure. But over the years there is a reversal in pressure
conditions. The eastern Pacific Ocean has lower pressure as compared to Indian Ocean.
This periodic change is termed as Southern Oscillations. The difference in Tahiti (Pacific
Ocean) and Darwin (Indian Ocean) is a measure to predict the intensity of monsoons. If
difference is negative, monsoon could be average or late.
9. Mechanism of monsoons:
1. The differential heating and cooling of land and water. Land warms faster and reaches
a higher temperature than the ocean. The hot air rises, creating low pressure, creates
a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the
oceans with it. In winter the land cools off quickly, but the ocean keeps the heat for
longer. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low pressure area and a breeze from
land to ocean.
2. The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) low pressure belt of
highly unstable weather, northward towards India.
3. The presence of the high pressure area, east of Madagascar, at 20°S over the Indian
Ocean. High pressure in the subtropical region of the Pacific Ocean in northern
hemisphere. In the south part of Indian Ocean there is low pressure. This causes shifting
of winds.
4. The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer, which results in strong
vertical air currents, formation of high pressure over the plateau. The southeast trade
winds originating from a high pressure attracted by a low pressure region centered over
South Asia. It gives rise to surface winds that ferry humid air into India from southwest.
These inflows ultimately results from rising summer temperatures over Tibet and the
Indian subcontinent.
WORKSHEET–50
1. Tropic of Cancer 2. Himalayas 3. Coriolis force
4. Low pressure. 5. Monsoons
6. Sudden approach of moisture laden winds are associated with violent thunder and
lightening. The duration of the monsoon is between 100–120 days from early June to mid-
September. Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and
continues constantly for several days. This is known as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon. The
monsoon first breaks or bursts on southwest coast.
7. Onset of monsoons:
1. The duration of the monsoon is between 100–120 days from early June to mid-September.
Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues
constantly for several days. This is known as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon and can be
distinguished from the pre-monsoon showers.
2. The southw est monsoon arrives in two branches-Bay of Bengal branch-First appearing
near the Malabar coast of Kerala. The Bay of Bengal branch, moves over Coromandal
Coast and hits Assam, moves towards Meghalaya, has lot of moisture, therefore
Mawsynram receives heavy rainfall. Rainfall decreases as it moves westward up the
Ganga valley Kolkata receives heavy rains while Delhi has less and Amritsar even less
rains.
3. The Arabian Sea branch moves northeast towards the Himalayas. The Arabian Sea
branch hits western Ghats, there are heavy rains in Konkan and Malabar coast. As it
moves becomes dry in Deccan plateau. Another branch passes over western Rajasthan
and Aravalli hills. Here monsoon are weak, wind are dry. Thar desert is parallel to these
wind direction, no barrier therefore Rajasthan receives less rainfall.
4. By the first week of July, the entire country experiences monsoon rain. On average,
South India receives more rainfall than North India.
8.
WORKSHEET–51
1. 20°N and 20°S
2. Differential heating and cooling of land and water
3. A warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian coast in place of cold Peruvian current
every 2 to 5 years.
4. The presence of El Niño leads to an increase in sea-surface temperature and weakening
of trade winds in the region. The changes in pressure condition are connected to El Niño
and hence, the phenomena is referred to as ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation).
5. El Niño leads to an incease in sea surface temperature and weakening of trade winds in
the region.
6. Inter Tropical Convengence Zone.
7. Cold weather season:
1. As the Sun’s vertical rays move south of the equator, most of the country experiences
moderately cool weather; temperatures change by about 0.6° C per degree of latitude.
December and January are the coldest months. The cold weather season begins from
mid-November in northern India and stays till February. December and January are
the coldest months in the norther part of India.
2. The temperature decreases from south to the north. The average temperature of
Chennai, on the eastern coast, is between 24°–25° Celsius, while in the northern plains,
it ranges between 10°–15° Celsius. Days are warm and nights are cold. Frost is common
in the north and the higher slopes of the Himalayas experience snowfall.
3. In the northern part of the country, a feeble high pressure region develops, with light
winds moving outwards from this area.
8. 1. A characteristic feature of the cold weather season over the northern plains is the inflow
of cyclonic disturbances from the west and the north west. These low-pressure systems,
originate over the Mediterranean Sea and western Asia and move into India, along
with the westerly flow. North-West receives rain from Mediterranean cyclones. These
extra-tropical low pressure originate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. They are carried
towards India by the subtropical westerlies. Once their passage is hindered by the
Himalayas, they are unable to proceed further and they release significant precipitation
over the southern Himalayas. The three Himalayan states (Jammu and Kashmir in
the extreme north, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand experience heavy snowfall; in
Jammu and Kashmir, blizzards occur regularly, disrupting travel and other activities.
2. The winds cause the much-needed winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the
mountain. They are of immense importance for the cultivation of ‘rabi’ crops.
3. The peninsular region does not have a well-defined cold season. There is hardly any
noticeable seasonal change in temperature pattern during winters due to the moderating
influence of the sea.
9. 1. Punjab, Haryana, Western India receive rain from western disturbances caused by
cyclones that arise from Mediterranean Sea. These cyclones move over Arab countries,
Iran, Pakistan and strike north western India and cause rain. But at the same time
north-east trade winds blow over north India but they are without moisture and these
areas do not get rains.
2. Tamil Nadu coast receives rainfall in winters. Temperature is low in the plains, pressure
is high, winds move from land to sea but pick moisture from Bay of Bengal where a
depression has developed, give rainfall to Tamil Nadu coast.
WORKSHEET–52
1. Late and Average 2. Pulsating 3. 100-120 days
4. April, May 5. Bay of Bengal branch
6. Northern and central part of India experience hot weather condition. In Deccan plateau
temperature is 38° C. In Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh temperature exceeds 42° C.
7. (a) The summer months (March–May) experience rising temperature and falling air
pressure in the northern part of the country.
(b) End of May, an elongated low pressure area develops in the region extending from
the Thar Desert in the northwest to Patna and Chhotanagpur plateau in the east and
southeast. Circulation of air begins to set in around this trough. This low pressure
trough from west to east (Thar desert to Chhotanagpur plateau) strongly attracts winds
from Arabian Sea and rain in Chhotanagpur plateau region.
(c) A striking feature of the hot weather season is the ‘loo’. These are strong, gusty, hot,
dry winds blowing during the day over the north and northwestern India.
8.
WORKSHEET–53
1. December, January 2. Rabi 3. North-east trade winds
4. Advancing Monsoon (The Rainy Season) — By early June, the low pressure condition over
the northern plains intensifies. The windward side of the Western Ghats receives very
heavy rainfall. The maximum rainfall of this season is received in the north-eastern part
of the country. Mawsynram in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills receives the highest
average rainfall in the world. Another phenomenon associated with the monsoon is its
tendency to have ‘breaks’ in rainfall. Thus, it has wet and dry spells. They are interspersed
with rainless intervals.
5. The month of October–November forms a period of transition from a hot rainy season to dry
winter condition. The retreat is marked by clear skies, rise in temperature, dry seasons but
pleasant. Owning to conditions of high temperature and humidity. The weather becomes
oppressive during the day and this is commonly called October heat.
6. (a) Maximum temperature — 38° C; Minimum temperature — 12° C.
(b) Mumbai receives maximum rainfall in month of July due to Southwest monsoons.
7. (a) The difference between maximum and minimum temperature i.e. 45 – 14 = 31.
(b) October – November are rainiest.
Tamil Nadu coast receives rainfall in winters. Temperature is low in the plains,
pressure is high, winds move from land to sea but pick moisture from Bay of Bengal
where a depression has developed, give rainfall to Tamil Nadu coast.
WORKSHEET–54
1. The tourists come to Kulu valley to avoid hot weather of north-western parts of the country
where temperature rises to 48°C in summers. But temperature in Kulu valley is about
20°C in this season.
The cool weather in this valley gives respite to the tourists from heat and hot dry winds
called loo.
2. North-east monsoon Retreating monsoon
1. They blow during the months of 1. They blow during the months of
December-February. October to December.
2. This is the cold weather season. 2. This is a season of transition between

the hot, rainy season and the cold, dry
season.
3. This is very pleasant season with low 3. Characterised by oppressive heat and
temperatures, low humidity, clear humidity known as October Heat.
skies.
4. These winds blow in north-east 4. They blow in the south-west direction
direction from the land to the sea. but are not strong enough to blow
right into the Northern Plain.
5. They do not give rain. 5. They withdraw in stages which
results in decreasing rain.
3. The climate of India is governed by the following atmospheric conditions:
(a) Pressure and surface winds.
(b) Upper air circulation.
(c) Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones.
Examples:
1. Development of low and high pressure during different seasons and the consequent
development and pattern of wind movements.
2. Development and the position of jet stream during different seasons.
3. Inflow of western disturbances during winters and the development of tropical cyclone
over the seas.
4. Features of Advancing Monsoon:
(i) June to September is the period of advancing monsoon.
(ii) Development of monsoon low pressure trough.
(iii) Formation of south west monsoon winds.
(iv) Distribution of rainfall across the country.
(v) Breaks in monsoon.
(vi) Known for uncertainties.
(vii) The monsoon is known for its uncertainties. The alternation of dry and wet spells vary
in intensity, frequency and duration. It causes heavy floods in one part and droughts
in the other.
(viii) It is often irregular in its arrival and its retreat. (Any three features)
WORKSHEET–55
1. (a) Good monsoon means good agriculture.
(b) Farmers get good price for production.
(c) Reduction in food inflation.
(d) Country achieves food security.
(e) Economic condition of country is stable.
(f) GDP of agro-based industries improves.
2. There is great diversity of the climatic conditions in India due to different location and
land relief patterns. The Indian landscape, its animal and plant life, its entire agricultural
calendar and the life of the people, including their festivities, revolve around monsoon
phenomenon. The arrival of the monsoon is most welcome all over the country. Monsoon
gives relief from the scorching heat. The monsoonal rainfall provides water for agricultural
activities. The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather
conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons that binds the entire country. The river
valleys which carry this water also unite as a single river valley unit.
3. Change in pressure conditions over the southern oceans affect the monsoon. A feature
connected with it is El Niño, a warm ocean current that flows past a peruvian coast
in place of cold peruvian current every 2 to 5 years. The presence of El Niño leads to
an increase in sea-surface temperature and weakening of trade winds in the region.
The changes in pressure condition are connected to El Nino and hence, the phenomena is
referred to as ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation).
Chapter Test
1. March to May 2. Kaal Baisakhi 3. Thiruvananthapuram, Shillong.
4. Strong, gusty, hot, dry, winds blowing during the day over the north, north-west India in
the months of March to May.
5. Thar Desert to Patna and Chhotanagpur plateau
6. South-west monsoon crosses Western Ghats and moves towards Rajasthan, it has less
moisture and winds are dry. As Aravallis are parallel to these winds, there is no obstruction
and therefore, there is no rainfall.
7. Month of October – November is a period of transition from hot to dry weather conditions.
In mid-October temperature falls. Low pressure conditions shift towards Bay of Bengal.
This transition or shift causes depression in the Andaman Sea causing heavy rains/cyclones
on eastern coast.
8.
WORKSHEET–56
A. 1. altitude 2. isotherms 3. local winds 4. Leh
5. Chennai is near to equator
B. Do yourself
WORKSHEET–57
B. 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)
WORKSHEET–58
Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–59
Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–60
Do it yourself.
qq
NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE
WORKSHEET–61
1.Natural vegetation2. Endemic vegetation
3.Land and soil
4.There is variation in duration of sunlight at different places due to difference in latitude.
5.Southern slopes.
6.Forests play a vital role in social, cultural, historical, economic and industrial development
of any country and in maintaining its ecological balance.
Forests are renewable resources and play a major role in enhancing the quality of
environment. They modify local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream flow, support
a variety of industries, they are the resource base for sustenance of its population and a
storehouse of biodiversity and offer panoramic or scenic view for recreation. It controls
wind force, temperature and causes rainfall. It provides humus to the soil and shelter to
the wildlife.
7. India’s natural vegetation has undergone many changes due to several factors such as:
1. Growing demand for cultivated land.
2. Development of industries.
3. Urbanisation
4. Overgrazing of pastures
5. Large-scale developmental projects (such as dams) led to clearing of forests.
6. Mining activities have disturbed the natural habitat of many species.
8. The ecosystem has been disturbed because of excessive exploitation of the plants and animal
resources by human beings. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species are
extinct. Quite a few animal species are also endangered and some have become extinct.
The main causes for this major threat to nature are habitat destruction, which have led
to the decline in India’s biodiversity and habitat degradation. The body parts of many
wildlife species like rhino horn, tiger parts, ivory have great value in the international
market, command high prices and rampant illegal trade continues. Therefore, to maintain
the ecological balance bio-diversity needs to be conserved.
WORKSHEET–62
1.Western slopes of Western Ghats receive heavy rainfall as compared to Eastern slopes.
2.33%
3.20.55%
4.Forest area has decreased steadily as they are cleared for agriculture, hydroelectric plants.
5.In order to save the natural world, ecosystem as a whole has to be saved. Unless the entire
ecosystem is preserved, the individual species will not be able to survive for long.
6. All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and interrelated to each other
in their physical environment, thus, also an integral part of the ecosystem.
A very large ecosystem on land having distinct types of vegetation and animal life is called
a biome. A major biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and
the prevailing climate.
7. Modern civilization being consumption-oriented, our natural resources and particularly
forests bear the brunt of indiscrimate use. With increasing development activities, forests
have been severely fragmented and at many places degraded, causing threat of local
extinction to many wild species of plants and animals. About 41% of forest cover of the
country has already been degraded and dense forests are losing their crown density and
productivity continuously. Thus creating ecological imbalance.
8. Tropical Rainforests:
1. These forests are restricted to heavy rainfall areas of the Western Ghats and the island
groups of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu
coast.
2. They are at their best in areas having more than 200 cm of rainfall with a short dry season.
3. The trees reach great heights up to 60 metres or even above.
4. Since the region is warm and wet throughout the year, it has a luxuriant vegetation of
all kinds – trees, shrubs, and creepers giving it a multilayered structure.
5. There is no definite time for trees to shed their leaves. As such, these forests appear
green all the year round.
6. Some of the commercially important trees of this forest are ebony, mahogany, rosewood,
rubber and cinchona.
The common animals found in these forests are elephants, monkey, lemur and deer. The
one-horned rhinoceros are found in the jungles of Assam and West Bengal.
WORKSHEET–63
1. Biome 2. Mahogany, Ebony3. Assam 4. 200 cms
5. Western slopes of Western Ghats are covered with dense forests.
6. Dry deciduous forest:
1. The dry deciduous forests are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and
70 cm.
2. These forests are found in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau and the plains of
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
3. There are open stretches in which teak, sal, peepal, neem grow. A large part of this region
has been cleared for cultivation and some parts are used for grazing.
Moist deciduous forests:
1. These are found in areas receiving rainfall between 200 and 100 cm.
2. These forests exist, mostly in the eastern part of the country – northeastern states, along
the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Orissa and Chhattisgarh, and on the
eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
3. Teak is the most dominant species of this forest, bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood,
khair are also found here.
7. Tropical deciduous forests (Monsoon forests):
1. These are the most widespread forests of India. They are also called the monsoon forests
and spread over the region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.
2. Trees of this forest-type shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in dry summer.
3. On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist and
dry deciduous.
8. Tropical rainforest Tropical deciduous forest

1. Area — Western ghats, Andaman and 1. Area — foothills of Himalayas, eastern
Nicobar islands slopes and western ghats.
2. Rainfall — more than 200 cm. 2. Rainfall — 70 – 200 cm.
3. Feature — trees are dense, remain 3. Tree shed their leaves for about 6 – 8
green throughout the year. weeks in dry summer.
4. Commercially important trees-ebony, 4. Commercially important tree — teak,
mahogany. sal.
WORKSHEET–64
1. Tropical deciduous forests are classified on basis of rainfall.
2. Tropical deciduous forests 3. Monsoon forests
4. Tropical deciduous forests 5. Rajasthan
6. 1. In mountainous areas, the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude leads to the
corresponding change in natural vegetation. As such, there is a succession of natural
vegetation belts in the same order as we see from the tropical to the tundra region.
2. The wet temperate type of forests are found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres.
Evergreen broad-leaf trees such as oaks and chestnuts predominate.
3. Between 1500 and 3000 metres, temperate forests containing coniferous trees like
pine, deodar, silver fir, are found. These forests cover mostly the southern slopes of the
Himalayas, places having high altitude in southern and north-east India.
4. At higher elevations, temperate grasslands are common.
5. At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 metres above sea level, temperate forests
and grasslands give way to the Alpine vegetation. Silver fir, junipers, pines and birches
are the common trees of these forests. However, they get progressively stunted as they
approach the snow-line.
Ultimately through shrubs and scrubs, they merge into the Alpine grasslands. These
are used extensively for grazing by nomadic tribes like the Gujjars and the Bakarwals.
6. At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation. The common
animals found in these forests are Kashmir stag, spotted deer.
7. Thorn forests are found in north western part of country. Thorn forests are found in
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana.
8.
WORKSHEET–65
1. Dry and moist deciduous forests 2. Thorn forests
3. Montane forests 4. Temperate forests 5. Sundari trees
6. Dense mangroves are the common varieties with roots of the plants submerged under water
in deltas of Ganga, Mahanadi.
In Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, Sundari trees are found which provide durable hard timber.
Palm, coconut, keora, agar also grow in this region.
7. Mangrove Forests:
1. The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides.
2. Mud and silt get accumulated on such coasts. Dense mangroves are the common varieties
with roots of the plants submerged under water.
3. The deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Godavari and the Kaveri are
covered by such vegetation. In the Ganga-Brahamaputra delta, sundari trees are found,
which provide durable hard timber. These forests supply timber and firewood. Palm and
coconut trees adorn the coastal strip.
4. Royal Bengal Tiger is the famous animal in these forests. Turtles, crocodiles, gharials
and snakes are also found here.
8.
WORKSHEET–66
1.West Bengal 2. Ganga-Brahmaputra delta
3.Tidal 4. Royal Bengal tiger, gharial
5.Jamun, Tulsi
6.The Himalayas harbour a hardy range of animals which survive in extreme cold. Ladakh’s
freezing high altitudes are a home to yak, the Tibetan antelope, Tibetan wild ass, ibex
snow leopard and a very rare red panda.
7. Every specie has a role to play in the ecosystem. Animals provide milk, dairy products.
They also provide transportation. The fish provides nutritive food. Many insects help
in pollination of crops, and fruit trees exert biological control on such insects which are
harmful.
8. Migratory birds are found on wetlands of India. During winter, Siberian Crane come in
large numbers. Rann of Kachchh is a favourable place for migratory birds. At a place where
the desert merges with sea, flamingo come in thousands to build nests.
9. India is also rich in its fauna. It has more than 89,000 of animal species. The country has
more than 1200 species of birds. They constitute 13% of the world’s total. There are 2500
species of fish, which account for nearly 12% of the world’s stock. It also shares between
5 and 8 per cent of the world’s amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The elephants are the
most majestic animals among the mammals. One-horned rhinoceroses, wild ass, camels,
Indian bison, nilgai (blue bull), are some other animals found in India. It also has several
species of monkeys. India is the only country in the world that has both tigers and lions.
The natural habitat of the Indian lion is the Gir forest in Gujarat. The Himalayas harbour
a hardy range of animals, which survive in extreme cold. Ladakh’s freezing high altitudes
are a home to yak, the Tibetan antelope. In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles,
crocodiles and gharials are found. The bird life in India is colourful.
10. Due to excessive exploitation of the plants and animal resources by human beings, the
ecosystem has been disturbed. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species
are extinct. Quite a few animal species are also endangered and some have become extinct.
The main causes for this major threat to nature are habitat destruction, which have led to
the decline in India’s biodiversity. Habitat degradation — The body parts of many wildlife
species like rhino horn, tiger parts, ivory have great value in the international market,
command high prices and rampant illegal trade continues.
Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste, acid deposits, introduction of alien species
and reckless cutting of the forests to bring land under cultivation and inhabitation, are
also responsible for the imbalance.
WORKSHEET–67
1. 1. Varied relief of mountains, plains, plateaus and deserts affect distribution of flora in
India.
(a) In the mountainous regions, wet temperate forests are found between the height
of 1000-2000 m, coniferous forests are found between 1500 and 3000 m. Trees like
cedar, deodar, pire and spruce are found.
(b) In areas where rainfall is less than 70 cm and in semi-arid regions the vegetation
consists of acacias, cacti and palms.
(c) In areas of heavy rainfall like the Western Ghats, which receive more than 200 cm
of rainfall, tropical evergreen forests are found.
2. The soils vary over space. Different types of soil provide basis for different types of
vegetation.
(a) Sandy soil supports cactus.
(b) Deltaic soil supports mangroves.
2. In mountainous areas, the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude leads to the
(a) Wet temperate type of forests are located between a height of 1000-2000 metres.
Evergreen broad-leaf trees such as chir, ash, oak, chestnuts are found in this region.
(b) Between 1500-3000 metres above sea-level, temperate forests such as pine, deodar,
silver fir, spruce and cedar are found.
(c) At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 metres above sea level, Alpine vegetation
such as silver fir, junipers, pines and birches is found. Above the snowline of 5000
metres, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation.
3. Mangrove forests:
1. The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides.
2. Mud and silt get accumulated on such coasts. Dense mangroves are the common varieties
with roots of the plants submerged under water.
3. The deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Godavari and the Kaveri are
covered by such vegetation.
4. In the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, sundari trees are found, which provide durable hard
timber. These forests supply timber and firewood. Palm and coconut trees adorn the
coastal strip.
5. Royal Bengal tiger is the famous animal in these forests. Turtles, crocodiles, gharials
and snakes are also found here.
4. Thorn forests and shrubs are found in the north-western part of India including semi-arid
areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.
Characteristics:
(i) Found in regions with less than 70 cm of rainfall
(ii) Trees are scattered and have long roots penetrating deep into soil to get moisture.
(iii) Stems are succulent to conserve water.
(iv) Leaves are thick and small to minimise evaporation.
Chapter Test
1. 13 per cent 2. In 1972 3. In Assam
4. Due to excessive exploitation of the plants and animal resources by human beings, the
ecosystem has been disturbed. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species
are extinct. Quite a few animal species are also endangered and some have become extinct.
The main causes for this major threat to nature are Habitat destruction, which have led to
the decline in India’s biodiversity. Habitat degradation — The body parts of many wildlife
species like rhino horn, tiger parts, ivory have great value in the international market,
command high prices and rampant illegal trade continues.
Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste, acid deposits, introduction of alien species
and reckless cutting of the forests to bring land under cultivation and inhabitation, are
also responsible for the imbalance.
The steps adopted by the government to conserve fauna are:
1. 14 Biosphere reserves have been set-up in the country to protect flora and fauna.
Sundarbans in West Bengal, Niligiri have been included in the world network of
biosphere reserve.
2. Financial and technical assistance is provided to many botanical gardens by the
government since 1992.
3. Project Tiger, Rhino, and many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced.
4. 89 National Parks, 49 Wildlife Sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set-up to take
care of natural heritage.
5. (a) Nagaland (b) Punjab, Haryana (c) Lakshadweep
6.
FORMATIVEaASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–68
A. 1. Tropical rainforest 2. Sundari/coconut 3. Alpine forest
4. Rainforest 5. Mangrove forest 6. Dry deciduous forest
7. Tropical deciduous 8. Thorn 9. Mountain
10. Kachnar
WORKSHEET–69
A. Type of forests Plant species Areas

1. Rainforests Sal (3) West Orissa (3)
2. Dry deciduous forests Deodar (5) Bihar (2)
3. Most deciduous forests Palm (4) Western (1)
4. Thorn forests Peepal (2) Kashmir (5)
5. Montane forests Cinchona (1) Rajasthan (4)
B. Plant Plant Importance

1. Neem tree is the wonder plant, a unique gift of the mother
nature to the mankind. Its fruit
is the richest source of Vitamin C. (3)
2. Aloe Vera is popularly known as the Miracle Tree. (1)
3. Amla is the popular herb with the botanical name of Aloe
barbadensis. (2)
4. Ashwagandha is known as Holy Basil in English and Tulsi in
Sanskrit. (5)
5. Tulsi is the powerful herb that is believed to increase health and
longevity. (4)
WORKSHEET–70
A. 1. Peacock 2. Endemic 3. Exploitation 4. Sundari

5. Tiger 6. Tulsi 7. Gir 8. Mahogany
9. Gharial 10. Monsoon
WORKSHEET–71
Do yourself.
qq
POPULATION
SUMMATIVEaASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–72
1. 10 years 2. In 1881 3. In 1872
4. Population census is the total process of collecting, compiling, analysing, or otherwise
disseminating demographic economic and social data pertaining at a specific time of all
persons in a country. The census provides information on size, distribution and socio-
economic, demographic and other characteristics of country’s population.
5. Population is the pivotal element in social studies. It is the point of reference from which
all other elements are observed and from which they derive importance and meaning
e.g. resource, disasters are meaningful in relation to human beings. Their numbers,
distribution, growth and characteristics/qualities provide the basic background for
understanding and appreciating all aspects of environment.
6. (a) 16.7% (b) 2.4%
(c) India has a population of 1.02 billion people who are unevenly distributed over the
country. Vast area of 3.28 million sq. km. which accounts for 2.4% world’s area.
7. (a) Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal.
(b) Rajasthan is largest state in area, but has only 5.5% of total population of India.
WORKSHEET–73
1. 1028 million 2. Uttar Pradesh 3. 324 persons per sq. km
4. Area wise Rajasthan is the biggest state but the climate is extermely hot and there is very
little rainfall.
5. Population density is calculated as the number of persons per unit area. The state of West
Bengal has the highest population density of 904 person per sq. km while Arunachal
Pradesh has lowest population density of 13 persons per sq. km.
6. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana.
7. 1. Areas that have plain area, has dense population e.g. Northern Plains.
2. Rugged topography is respon sible for less population such as Jammu and Kashmir.
3. Hilly dissected and rocky nature of terrain influences moderate population, e.g. Deccan
Peninsula.
8. 1. Relief features: Mountains, desert regions have sparse population. While flat, plain
areas have dense population.
2. Climatic conditions: Areas in moderate, suitable climatic conditions have moderate
to high population. While areas experiencing extremes of climate such as mountains,
deserts have less population.
Assam and most of Peninsular states have moderate population density, while Northern
Plains have high population density.
9. (a) Assam, Punjab
(b) Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim
(c) Union territory with highest population density — Delhi.
Union territory with lowest population density — Andaman and Nicobar islands
WORKSHEET–74
1. 904 persons per sq. km.
2. Japan and Bangladesh
3. Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh
4. 1981
5. Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in 1 year
6. Internal Migration International Migration
1. Movement of people between the 2. Movement of people within the country.
countries.
2. Influences the size of population. 2. Influences the distribution of population
within the nation.
3. e.g. people moving out to USA (Brain 3. e.g. Rural — urban migration in search
drain). of better employment opportunities.
7. Population growth/change can be expressed in two ways:
1. In terms of absolute numbers.
2. In term of % change per year.
8. Migration is an important determinant of population change.
1. It changes not only the population size but also the population composition of urban and
rural populations in terms of age and sex composition.
2. Internal migration does not change the size of the population, but influences the
distribution of population within the nation.
3. In India, the rural-urban migration has resulted in a steady increase in the percentage
of population in cities and towns. The urban population has increased from 17.29 in
1951 to 27.78 per cent in 2001. There has been a significant increase in the number of
million plus cities also.
9. The three main processes of population growth are:
1. Birth rate 2. Death rate 3. Migration
10. (a) Adults — 58.7%
(b) Children — 34.4%
(c) Working age (15–59 years) i.e. Adults are economically productive.
Children below 15 years are dependent, economically unproductive and need to be
provided with food, clothing etc. The aged are also dependent, but may be working
voluntarily.
WORKSHEET–75
1. It affects the distribution of population.
2. Rural urban migration leads to increase in million plus cities in India.
3. Internal migration
4. It refers to the number of people in different age groups in a country.
5. Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population. This is an
important social indicator to measure the extent of equality between males and females
in a society at a given time. The sex ratio in India has remained unfavourable to females
due to lack of education. Kerala has a sex ratio of 1058 females per 1000 males.
6. Literacy is a very important quality of population. Only an informed, educated citizen
can make intelligent choices and undertake research and development projects, bring in
awareness among people and eradicate social evils from society.
WORKSHEET–76
1. 7 years
2. Number of females per thousand males
3. 861 females per 1000 males
4. The distribution of the population according to different types of occupation is referred to as
occupations structure. Occupational classified as Primary activities — fishing, agriculture;
Secondary activities — manufacturing and tertiary activities — transport.
5. The proportion of people working in various sectors has changed over the years.
1. About 64% of our population is engaged in agriculture.
2. 13% of population is engaged in secondary and 20% in tertiary sectors.
3. There has been an occupational shift due to industrialisation and urbanisation.
6. Occupations are classified as:
1. Primary activity — includes agriculture, mining.
2. Secondary activity — include manufacturing, building.
3. Tertiary activity — include transport, communication.
7. Adolescent population:
1. The most significant feature of the Indian population is the size of its adolescent
population.
2. It constitutes one-fifth of the total population of India.
3. Adolescents are generally grouped in the age-group of 10 to 19 years.
4. They are the most important resource for the future. Nutrition requirements of
adolescents are higher than those of a normal child or adult.
5. Poor nutrition can lead to deficiency and stunted growth.
6. But in India, the diet available to adolescents is inadequate in all nutrients. A large
number of adolescent girls suffer from anaemia. Their problems have so far not received
adequate attention in the process of development. The adolescent girls have to be
sensitised to the problems they confront. Their awareness can be improved through the
spread of literacy and education among them.
WORKSHEET–77
1. Kerala 2. Primary 3. 64 per cent

4. Secondary sector 5. 1980
6. Recognising that the planning of families would improve individual health and welfare,
the Government of India initiated the comprehensive Family Planning Programme in
1952. The Family Welfare Programme has sought to promote responsible and planned
parenthood on a voluntary basis. The National Population Policy 2000 is a culmination of
years of planned efforts.
7. 1. The NPP 2000 provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school
education up to 14 years of age.
2. Reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births.
3. Achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine preventable diseases.
4. Promoting delayed marriage for girls.
5. Making family welfare a people-centered programme.
6. NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population that
need greater attention.
(a) Besides nutritional requirements, the policy put greater emphasis on other
important needs of adolescents including protection from unwanted pregnancies
and sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
(b) It called for programmes that aim towards encouraging delayed marriage and
child-bearing.
(c) Education of adolescents about the risks of unprotected sex.
(d) Making contraceptive services accessible and affordable.
(e) Providing food supplements, nutritional services.
(f) Strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage.
8. A well-educated, healthy population provides potential power. They earn higher incomes,
improve their standard of living and the leads the country to the path of progress and
higher development.
9. 1. Better efficiency levels
2. Higher productivity and higher incomes
3. Leads to development
10. NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population that need
greater attention.
(a) Besides nutritional requirements, the policy put greater emphasis on other important
needs of adolescents including protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually
transmitted diseases (STD).
child-bearing.
WORKSHEET–78
1. Quality of people refers to education, knowledge and skill of the people while quantity
of people refers to total population of the country. For example, in a developing country
like India the population is very high. Most people do not get basis necessity of life such
as education, health etc. If the government invests in sectors like education, health, skill
development, then the productive power of the country will definately increase.
2. (a) Better efficient levels
(b) Higher productivity and higher income
(c) Leads to development.
3. In India
(i) Birth Rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. It is a major
component of growth of population. In India birth rates have always been higher than
death rates.
(ii) Death Rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year. Rapid decline in
death rate is the main cause of rapid growth in population rapidly. Since 1981, birth
rate has also started declining resulting in a gradual decline in the rate of population
growth.
(iii) Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be
internal or international. Internal migration does not change the size of the population
within the nation. Migration plays a very significant role in changing the composition
and distribution of population.
4. Dependency ratio is the ratio between the economically working population and dependent
population. It is calculated by dividing the dependent population by the working population
and multiplying it by 100.
Dependent population consists consists of children below the age of 15 years and aged
above 59 years. The dependency ratio is higher in India because
(a) Due to fast growing population, the number of new born are steadily rising. They have
to be provided food, clothing, medical and health care by the parents. More children in
the family increases the dependent population.
(b) Large number of families lead hand to mouth existence in India. A large percentage of
people live below the poverty line. They do not have any savings, which they can utilise
during their old age. They depend on their children for their basic needs and become
dependent population.
5. Provisions made in the National Population Policy 2000.
(i) Imparting compulsory school education up to 14 years of age
(ii) Reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live birth
(iii) Achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine preventable diseases
(iv) Raising marriage age for girls
(v) Making family welfare a people centred programme (Any other relevant point)
WORKSHEET–79
1. Although substantial improvement has been brought in the health conditions of India, it
needs even more and more efforts in this regard to get the optimum result. The reasons
for unsatisfactory health situation are:
(a) The per capita calorie consumption is much below the recommended levels and
malnutrition afflicts a large percentage of our population.
(b) Safe drinking water and basic sanitation amenities are available to only one-third of
the rural problems.
2. India’s population is unevenly distributed. It is one of the most densely populated countries
of the world.
1. The population density of India in the year 2001 was 324 persons per sq. km. Density
varies from 904 persons per sq. km. in West Bengal to only 13 persons per sq. km. in
Arunachal Pradesh.
2. The states having rugged terrain and unfavourable climatic conditions are thinly
populated.
3. Assam and most of the Peninsular states have moderate population densities. Hilly,
dissected and rocky nature of the terrain, moderate to low rainfall, shallow and less
fertile soils have influenced population densities in these areas.
4. The Northern Plains and Kerala in the south have high to very high population densities.
These areas are flat plains with fertile soils and abundant rainfall.
occupations structure. Occupational classified as Primary activities—fishing, agriculture;
Secondary activities—manufacturing and tertiary activities—transport.
4. Factors that improve the quality of population are literacy and health.
1. Literacy/education enhances the national income, cultural richness and increases the
efficiency of governance.
2. Health contributes to:
(a) Longetivity (b) Work efficiency (c) Physical fitness
Chapter Test
1.Size of its adolescent population 2. 1952
3.Adolescents 4. 14 years
5.Quality of population is important.
6.Health contributes to physical fitness and improves the efficency which leads to personal
growth and progress of the country.
7. It is the number of live births per thousand in a year.
8. 1. Relief features: Mountains, desert regions have sparse population. While flat, plain
areas have dense population.
2. Climatic conditions: Areas in moderate, suitable climatic conditions have moderate
to high population. While areas experiencing extremes of climate such as mountains,
deserts have less population.
Assam and most of Peninsular states have moderate population density. While Northern
Plains have high population density.
occupational structure. Occupation is classified as Primary activities — fishing, agriculture;
Secondary activities — manufacturing; and tertiary activities — transport.
The proportion of people working in various sectors has changed over the years.
1. About 64% of our population is engaged in agriculture.
2. 13% of population is engaged in secondary and 20% in tertiary sectors.
3. There has been an occupational shift due to industrialisation and urbanisation.
9. Migration is an important determinant of population change.
1. It changes not only the population size but also the population composition of urban and
rural populations in terms of age and sex composition.
2. Internal migration does not change the size of the population, but influences the
distribution of population within the nation in India.
3. In India, the rural-urban migration has resulted in a steady increase in the percentage
of population in cities and towns. The urban population has increased from 17.29 in
1951 to 27.78 per cent in 2001. There has been a significant increase in the number of
million plus cities also.
6. NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population that need
greater attention.
(a) Besides nutritional requirements, the policy put greater emphasis on other
important needs of adolescents including protection from unwanted pregnancies
and sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
child-bearing.
WORKSHEET–80
Do yourself.
WORKSHEET–81
A. Column A Column B
1. Highest population Kerala (3)
2. Highest population density Uttar Pradesh (1)
3. Highest literacy rate West Bengal (2)
4. Lowest population Arunachal Pradesh (5)
5. Lowest population density Sikkim (4)
B. 1. started declining gradually 2. population size and composition

3. social and economic structure 4. Low literacy levels
5. unfavourable to females
qq
POLITICAL SCIENCE
ELECTORAL POLITICS
WORKSHEET–82
1.Election Photo Identity Card
2.5 years
3.18 years
4.Some criminals and persons with an unsound mind
5.Election is a mechanism by which people choose their representatives at regular intervals
and change them if they wish to do so.
In an election, the voters make several choices:
(a) They can choose who will make laws for them.
(b) They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions.
(c) They can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law-making.
6. Demerits of an electoral competition:
(a) It creates a sense of disunity and factionalism in every locality.
(b) Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another.
(c) Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections.
(d) The pressure to win electoral fights does not allow sensible long term policies to be
formulated.
7. Regular electoral competition provides incentives to political parties and leaders. They
know that if they raise issues that people want to be raised, their popularity and chances
of victory will increase in the next elections. But if they fail to satisfy the voters with their
work they will not be able to win again. So, if a political party is motivated only by desire
to be in power, even then it will be forced to serve the people. Thus, political competition
may cause divisions and some ugliness, but it finally helps to force political parties and
leaders to serve the people.
WORKSHEET–83
1. 79 seats 2. Congress Party
3. The Chief Election Commissioner 4. Creating party within party
5. Our Constitution makers were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain
weaker sections may not stand a good chance to get elected to the Lok Sabha and the State
Legislative Assemblies. They may not have the required resources, education and contacts
to contest and win elections against others. Those who are influential and resourceful may
prevent them from winning elections. If this happens, our Parliament or Assemblies would
be deprived of the voice of a significant section of the society. Hence, the makers of our
Constitution initiated a special system of reserved constituencies for the weaker sections.
Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and
Scheduled Tribes (STs).
6. Universal Adult Franchise in practice, means that everyone should have one vote and
each vote should have equal value. No one should be denied the right to vote without any
genuine reason. Citizens differ from one another in many ways like some are rich, some
are poor, some are illiterate, some are educated etc. But all of them are human beings with
their own needs and views. So, they deserve to have an equal say in the decision that affect
them. In our country, all the citizens aged 18 years and above can vote in an election. Some
criminals and persons with unsound mind can be denied the right to vote.
7. The makers of our Constitution thought of a special system of reserved constituencies for
the weaker sections. Some constituencies are reserved for people belonging to Scheduled
Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). In a SC reserved constituency only those who
belongs to the Scheduled Castes can stand for election. Similarly, only those belonging
to the Scheduled Tribes can contest an election from a constituency reserved for ST.
Currently, in Lok Sabha, 79 seats are reserved for SCs and 41 for the STs. This number is
in proportion to their share in the total population. This system of reserved constituencies
was extended later to other weaker sections at the district and local levels. In many states,
seats in rural and urban local bodies are reserved for other Backward Classes (OBCs) as
well. However, the proportion of seats reserved varies from state to state. Similarly, one-
third seats are reserved for the woman candidates in rural and urban local bodies.
WORKSHEET–84
1. Uttar Pradesh 2. N.T. Ramarao
3. It is used to record votes. 4. The Janata Party
5. Every candidate contesting election has to make a legal declaration giving full details of:
(a) Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate.
(b) Details of the assets and liabilities of the candidate and his/her family
(c) Educational qualification of the candidate.
This provides an opportunity to the voters to make their decision on the basis of the
information provided by the candidates.
6. It is necessary to regulate campaigns to ensure that every political party and candidate gets
a fair and equal chance to compete. According to our election law, no party or candidate
can
(a) Bribe or threaten voters.
(b) Appeal to them in the name of caste or religion.
(c) Use government resources for election campaigns.
(d) Spend more than Rs 25 lakh in a constituency for a Lok Sabha election or Rs 10 lakh
in a constituency in an Assembly election.
7. There is no educational qualification for the candidates who contest elections because of
the following reasons:
(a) The educational qualifications are not relevant for all kinds of jobs. The relevant
qualification for being an MP or an MLA is the ability to understand people’s concerns,
problems and to represent their interests.
(b) Even if education was relevant, it should be left to the people to decide how much
importance they give to educational qualifications.
(c) In our country, putting an educational qualification would go against the spirit of
democracy. It would mean depriving a majority of the country’s citizens the right to
contest elections.
WORKSHEET–85
1. In refers to the list of those who are eligible to vote.
2. 543
3. It means a set of norms and guidelines to be followed by political parties and contesting
candidates during election time. According to this no party or candidate can
(a) Use any place of worship for election propaganda.
(b) Use government vehicles, aircrafts and officials for elections.
(c) Once elections are announced ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any projects,
take any big policy decisions or make any promises of providing public facilities.
4. Most of the leaders usually forget their election promises. At the time of elections they
make several promises because they know, only in this way they would win the hearts of
the millions
Once, they get victory they cease to come close to the common mass. They engage
themselves in several other activities that bring fortune to them but they never think even
for a while about those who gave them the opportunity to rule the country.
5. First of all, we will try to imagine a democracy without election. A rule of people is possible
without any elections if all the people can sit together everyday and take all the decisions.
But this is not possible in large community
It is also not possible for everyone to have the time and knowledge to take decisions on all
matters. Therefore in most democracies, people rule through their representatives.
But the question arises, how to ensure whether these representatives rule as per the wishes
of the people?
This requires a mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular
intervals and change them if they wish to do so. This mechanism is called election.
Hence, elections are considered essential in our times for any representative democracy.
6. Minimum conditions of a democratic election:
(a) Everyone should be able to choose. This means that everyone should have one vote and
every vote should have equal value.
(b) There should be something to choose from. Parties and candidates should be free to
contest elections and should offer some real choice to the voters.
(c) The choice should be offered at regular intervals. Elections must be held regularly after
every few years.
(d) The candidate preferred by the people should get elected.
(e) Election should be conducted in a free and fair manner where people can choose as
they really wish.
WORKSHEET–86
1. According to our election commission laws, no party or candidate can
(i) Bribe or threaten voters
(ii) Appeal to voters in the name of caste or religion.
(iii) Use government resources for election campaign:
(iv) Spend not more than 25 lakh in a constituency for Lok Sabha election or 10 lakh in a
constituency in an assembly election. (Any other relevant point)
2. Reserved Constituencies:
Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and
Scheduled Tribes (STs). In these constituencies, only someone belongs to these categories
can contest election.
Arguments for introduction of Reserved Constituencies:
(i) The Constitution makers were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain
weaker sections may not stand a good chance to get elected to Lok Sabha and the State
Legislative Assemblies.
(ii) They may not have the required resources, education and contacts to contest and win
elections against others.
(iii) If the reservation is not done, our Parliament and Assemblies would be deprived of the
voice of a significant section of our population.
3 People’s participation in election is usually measured by voter turnout figures. Turnout
indicates the per cent of eligible voters who actually cast their vote. Over the last fifty years
in India the turnout has either remained stable or actually gone up.
(a) In India the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as
compared to the rich and privileged sections. This is in contrast to western democracies.
For example in the United States of America, poor people, African Americans and
Hispanics vote much less than the rich and the white people.
(b) Common people in India attach a lot of importance to elections. They feel that through
elections they can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programmes
favourable to them. They also feel that their vote matters in the way things are run in
the country.
(c) The interests of voters in election related activities have been increasing over the years.
During the 2004 elections, more than one third voters took part in campaign-related
activities.
4. In our country elections are conducted by an independent and very powerful Election
Commission (EC).
It enjoys the same kind of independence that the judiciary enjoys. The Chief Election
Commissioner (CEC) is appointed by the President of India. But once appointed the Chief
Election Commissioner is not answerable to the President or the government. The powers
of the Election Commission:
(a) EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the
announcement of elections to the declaration of results.
(b) It implements the Code of Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.
(c) It can also order the government to follow some guidelines, to prevent use and misuse
of governmental power to enhance its chances to win elections, or to transfer some
government officials.
(d) When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not
the government.
WORKSHEET–87
1. Nowadays, Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) are used to record votes. The machine shows
the names of the candidates and the party symbols. Independent candidates too have their
own symbols, allotted by Election Commission. Once the polling is over, all the EVMs are
sealed and taken to a secure place. Then on the decided date the votes secured by each
candidate are counted and the candidate who secures the highest number of votes from a
constituency is declared elected.
2. In elections a lot of unfair practices are used. Some of these are given below:
(a) Inclusion of false names and exclusion of genuine names in the voters’ list.
(b) Misuse of government facilities and officials by the ruling party.
(c) Excessive use of money by rich candidates and big parties.
(d) Intimidation of voters and rigging on the day of polling.
(e) Booth capturing is also done by several influential candidates for winning elections.
3. Our Constitution entitles every citizen to elect its representative and to be elected as a
representative. The makers of our Constitution have made a special system of reserved
constituencies for the weaker sections. It has been done to safeguard the rights of weaker
sections to get elected to the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative which they otherwise
may not have due to lack of the required resources, education and contacts to contest and
win elections against others. Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to
the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). Currently, in the Lok Sabha, 79
seats are reserved for the Scheduled Castes and 41 for the Scheduled Tribes. In many
states, seats in rural (panchayat) and urban (municipalities and corporations) local bodies
are now reserved for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) as well. Similarly, one-third of the
seats are reserved in rural and urban local bodies for women candidates.
4. Yes, it’s true. People’s participation in election is usually measured by voter turnout figures.
Over the last fifty years in India the turnout has either remained stable or actually gone
up. Common people in India attach a lot of importance to elections. They feel that through
elections they can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programmes
favourable to them. They also feel that their vote matters in the way things are run in the
country. The interests of voters in election-related activities have been increasing over the
years.
WORKSHEET–88
1. No. In fact, the Election Commission of India is powerful enough to conduct free and fair
elections. It implements the code of conduct and punishes any candidate or party that
violates it. While on election duty, government officials work under the EC and not the
government.
2. It is true that party politics creates tension in the society, but it is wrong to say that
elections should be decided by consensus. Competition in politics works out for the good of
the people as politicians compete with each other in fulfilling their promises. They might
not be honest, but they know that they need to work to be elected. Thus, even their selfish
actions benefit the people
3. Voter’s ID card is a new system to prove identity of a person. The government has given
this card to every person who is on the voters list. The voters need to carry this card when
they go to cast vote, so that no one can vote for someone else.
4. Elections are very expensive in India. For instance, the government spent about ` 1,300
crores in conducting Lok Sabha elections in 2004. It is about ` 20 per person on the voters
list. The amount spent by parties and candidates was more than what the government
spent. The expenditure made by government, parties and candidates was around ` 3,000
crores, i.e., ` 50 per vote. So, it is clear that a large amount of money is spent in conducting
elections in India.
Chapter Test
1.Election Commission 2. The President of India
3.5 years 4. Lok Sabha
5.Uttar Pradesh
6. (c) The right to vote should be given to the selected people only.
7.Election is a mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular
intervals and change them if they wish to do so. Therefore, elections are considered
essential in our times for any representative democracy.
In an election the voters make many choices:
(a) They can choose who will make law for them.
(b) They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions.
(c) They can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and help in
law-making.
8. An electoral competition has many demerits. Three of them are given below:
(a) It creates a sense of disunity and factionalism in every locality. People often make
complains of ‘party-politics’ in almost every locality.
(b) Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another.
(c) Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections. Some people are of the
opinion that this pressure to win electoral fights does not allow sensible long-term
policies to be formulated.
9. In our country elections are conducted by an independent and very powerful Election
Commission. The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President of India. But
once appointed, the Chief Election Commissioner is not answerable to the President or the
government. The powers enjoyed by the Election Commissioner of India are as follow:
(a) Election Commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections
from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.
(b) It implement the Code of Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates
it.
(c) During the election period, the Election Commission can order the government to
follow some guidelines, to prevent use and misuse of government power to enhance its
chances to win elections, or to transfer come government officials.
(d) When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the Election
Commission and the government.
WORKSHEET–89
A. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (b)

B. 1. reserved 2. 18 3. nomination, security
4. representatives, policies 5. Election Commission
WORKSHEET–90
A. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F
5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T
9. F 10. T
qq
WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS
WORKSHEET–91
1. The Supreme Court
2. The Prime Minister
3. (a) In a Parliamentary democracy like India, it is only the leader of the majority party
in the Lok Sabha can become the Prime Minister. If a directly elected Prime Minister
who does not have the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha is appointed as Prime
Minister, he will be able to get his policies and laws passed in the Lok Sabha. In that
situation government will not be able to run smoothly and effectively.
4. One day is too little to bring any potential changes in any state. A Chief Minister may be
very talented and dynamic, he may be a man of vision, but he can’t do anything in one
day. The state is so big, there are so many problems there. How can one think of bringing
constructive changes in one day? It is all fantasy and can happen in films only.
5. Power of the Prime Minister as head of the government.
The Prime Minister:
(i) chairs cabinet meetings.
(ii) coordinates the work of different departments.
(iii) exercises general supervision of different ministries.
(iv) distributes and redistributes work to the ministers.
(v) has the power to dismiss ministers.
(vi) his/her decisions are final in case of disagreement between the departments.
WORKSHEET–92
1.The Prime Minister
2.The President
3.The Parliament
4.The President
5.The senior most judge of the Supreme Court.
6.At different levels of any government we find functionaries who take day-to-day decisions
but do not exercise supreme power on behalf of the people. All those functionaries are
collectively known as the executive. They are called executives because they are in charge of
the execution of the policies of the government. Thus, when we talk about the government,
we usually mean the executive.
7. Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget
of the government or any other money related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The
Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes in it. It is up to the Lok Sabha
whether it accepts such changes or not.
8. As the Parliament plays an important role in modern democracies, its powers and functions
have been divided into two parts in most of the large countries of the world. One House is
usually directly elected by the people and exercises real power on behalf of the people. In
case of India it is the House of People also known as the Lok Sabha or the Lower House. The
second House is usually indirectly elected and performs some special functions. In India,
this is known as the Council of States also known as the Rajya Sabha or the Upper House.
Thus, the Parliament of India consists of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The
President of India is a part of the Parliament but he is not a member of either House. That
is why all laws made in the Houses come into force only after they receive the assent of
the President.
WORKSHEET–93
1. Janata Dal
2. Civil servants
3. Presidential form of government.
4. The Lok Sabha
5. Legislature
6. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that
commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister. In case no single party or al-
liance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority
support. The Prime Minister does not have a fixed tenure. He continues in power so long
as he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition.
After the appointment of the Prime Minister, the President appoints other ministers on
the advice of the Prime Minister. The Ministers are usually from the party or the coalition
that has the majority in the Lok Sabha.
7. All the major appointments are made in the name of the President.
(a) The President appoints the Chief Justice of India, and the Judges of the Supreme Court
and the High Court of the states.
(b) He appoints the Governors of the states.
(c) He appoints the Election Commissioners.
(d) He appoints ambassadors to other countries.
8. Presidents all over the world are not always nominal executives. Like President of India
in many countries of the world the President is both the head of the state and the head of
the government. The President of USA is an appropriate example of this kind of President.
He is directly elected by the people. He personally chooses and appoints all ministers. The
law-making is still done by legislature but the President can veto any law. The President
does not need the support of the majority of members in the Congress and is neither
answerable to them. He has a fixed tenure of four years and completes it even if his party
does not have any majority in the Congress. As the President is the central figure, this
system of government is called the Presidential form of government.
WORKSHEET–94
1. Vice President
2. Minister of state for Home Affairs
3. 14 days
4. The states
5. In all democracies, an assembly of elected representatives exercises supreme political
authority on behalf of the people. Such a national assembly of elected representatives is
called the Parliament. We need it because of the following reasons:
(a) The Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. This task of
law-making or legislation is very crucial for the Parliament.
(b) Parliaments all over the would exercise some control over those who run the
government. In India this control is direct and full. Those who run the government
can take decisions only so long as they enjoy support of the Parliament.
(c) Parliaments control all the money that the governments have.
(d) Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debates on public issue and national
policy in any country. Parliament can seek information about any matter.
6. Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in the following ways:
(a) Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the Houses. But if there is a dispute
between the two Houses, the final decision is taken in a joint session in which members
of both the Houses sit together. As the Lok Sabha consists of a large number of
members, its view prevails in such a meeting.
(b) Lok Sabha exercises more powers. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of the
government or any other money related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The
Rajya Sabha can delay it for 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or
may not accept these changes.
(c) The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. Only a person who enjoys the majority
support of the members of the Lok Sabha is appointed as the Prime Minister. If the
majority of the Lok Sabha members say that they have no confidence in the Council
of Ministers, then all the ministers including the Prime Minister have to resign. This
power is not enjoyed by the Rajya Sabha.
7. The Office Memorandum was the culmination of a long chain of events. The Government
of India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in 1979. It was headed
by B.P Mandal hence called the Mandal Commission. The Commission was asked to
determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India
and recommend steps to be taken for their advancement.
The Commission gave its report in 1980 and made many recommendations. One of them
was 27 per cent of the government jobs to be reserved for socially and economically
backward classes. The report and recommendations were discussed in the Parliament.
For several years many parties kept demanding the implementation of the Commission’s
recommendations.
Then came the Lok Sabha elections of 1989. In these elections Janata Dal got victory and its
leader V.P. Singh became the Prime Minister. Several developments took place after that:
(a) The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the implementation
of the recommendations of the Mandal Commission.
(b) On 6 August, 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to implement the
recommendations.
(c) Next day, Prime Minister V.P. Singh informed the Parliament about its decision
through a statement in both the Houses of the Parliament.
(d) The decision of the Cabinet was sent to the Department of Personnel and Training.
The senior officers of the department drafted an order in line with Cabinet decision
and took the minister’s approval. An officer signed the order on behalf of the Union
Government.
WORKSHEET–95
1. Differences between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha:
Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha
1. Members of Lok Sabha are directly 1. Members of Rajya Sabha are elected by
elected by the eligible voters. the elected members of State Legisla-
tive Assemblies.
2. The normal life of every Lok Sabha is 2. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body.
5 years. After five years the term of all It is not subject to dissolution, but one-
elected representatives comes to an third of its member retire every two
end. The Lok Sabha stands dissolved. years.
3. The maximum strength of the House 3. It has not more than 250 members.
is 552.
4. Money Bills can only be introduced 4. The Rajya Sabha does not exercise
in the Lok Sabha. Also it is the Lok much power over Money Bills.
Sabha which grants the money for
running the administration of the
country.
5. The Lok Sabha is more powerful than 5. The Rajya Sabha is less powerful than
the Rajya Sabha. the Lok Sabha.
2. Two Houses of Parliament in India:
(i) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
(ii) Lok Sabha is more powerful.
(iii) (a) If both the houses disagree on an ordinary bill, the will of Lok Sabha will prevail
in the joint session due to its larger number.
(b) Lok Sabha enjoys more powers in money matter. For example, a money bill can only
be introduced in Lok Sabha.
(c) Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers.
(d) Only Lok Sabha can pass the no confidence motion against the Council of Ministers.
3. When a party or coalition of parties gets a clear majority in the elections, the President has
to appoint the leader of the majority party or the coalition that enjoys majority support in
the Lok Sabha. When no party or coalition that enjoys majority support in the Lok Sabha.
When no party or coalition gets a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President exercise his
discretion. The President appoints a leader who in his opinion can muster majority support
in the Lok Sabha. In such a case, the President can ask the newly appointed to prove
majority support in the Lok Sabha within a specified time.
4. Money bill refers to the bill for legislation which deals with the money matter and financial
statement the Lok Sabha exercises supreme power in the matter of money. Once the Lok
Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money related law the Rajya
Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes
in it. The Lok Sabha may or not accept these changes.
Chapter Test
1. 20
2. Supreme Court
3. The President
4. It is not under the control of the legislature or the executive, the judges do not act on the
direction of the government and the judges do not act according to the wishes of the party
in power.
5. 25 years
6. When a party or coalition of parties secures a clear majority in the elections, the President,
has to appoint the leader of the majority party or the coalition that enjoys majority support
in the Lok Sabha. But when no party or coalition gets a majority in the Lok Sabha, the
President exercises his discretion. The President appoints a leader who in his opinion can
muster majority support in the Lok Sabha. In such a case, the President can ask the newly
appointed Prime Minister to prove majority support in the Lok Sabha within a specified time.
7. (a) Institutions involve rules and regulations. This can bend the hands of leaders.
Institutions involve meetings, committees and routines. This often leads to delay
and complications. One might feel it is much better to have one person take all
decisions without any rules, procedures and meetings. But that is not the spirit of
democracy.
(b) Some of the delays and complications introduced by institutions are very useful. They
provide an opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted in any decision.
(c) Institutions make it difficult to have a good decision taken very quickly. But they
also make it equally difficult to rush through a bad decision. That is why democratic
governments insist on political institutions.
8. A civil servant is usually more educated and has more expert knowledge of the subject. The
advisors working in the Finance Ministry know more about economics than the minister.
Sometimes, the ministers may know very little about the technical matters which come
under their ministry. Despite that, it is the minister who has the final say on matters such
as defence, industry, health, etc.
In a democracy, the will of the people is supreme. The minister is elected by the people and
thus empowered to exercise the will of the people on their behalf. He is finally answerable
to the people for all the consequences of his decision. This is why the minister takes all
the final decisions. The minister decides the overall framework and objectives in which
decisions on policy should be made.
The minister takes the advice of experts on all technical matters. But very often experts
hold different opinions or place before him more than one option.
In the light of the above facts, we can say that in a democracy, the political executives have
more power than the permanent civil servants.
WORKSHEET–96
A. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (c)

B. 1. Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha 2. Judiciary
3. special 4. money 5. civil
WORKSHEET–97
A. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F
5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T
9. F 10. T
qq
DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS
WORKSHEET–98
1. The state has no religion of its own. 2. B.R. Ambedkar
3. President 4. In 1993 5. 6
4. About 600 people were secretly picked up by the US forces from all over the world and put
in the prison in Guantanamo Bay, an area near Cuba controlled by American Navy. The
American government said that they were the enemies of the US and linked to the attack
on New York on 11 September, 2001.
5. The Amnesty International, an International Human Rights Organisation, collected
information on the condition of the prisoners in Guantanamo Bay and reported that the
prisoners were being tortured in ways that violated the US laws. They were being denied
the treatment that even the prisoners of war must get as per international treaties. Many
prisoners had tried protesting against these conditions by going on a hunger fast. Prisoners
were not released even after they were officially declared not guilty.
6. (a) Saudi Arabia is ruled by a hereditary king and the people have no role in electing or
changing their rulers.
(b) The king selects the legislature as well as the executive. He appoints the judges and
can change any of their decisions.
(c) Citizens cannot form political parties or any political organisations. Media cannot
report anything that the monarch does not like.
(d) Every citizen is required to be Muslim. Non-Muslim residents can follow their religion
in private but not in public.
WORKSHEET–99
1.
Saudi Arabia
2.
Guantanamo Bay
3.
Through media
4.
An international human rights organisation.
5. 1. One cannot use this freedom to instigate violence against others
2. One cannot use it to incite people to rebel against government
3. One cannot use it to defame others by saying false things that cause damage to a
person’s reputation.
6. He found that untouchability still existed in many parts of the places:
(a) Tea stalls kept two kinds of cups, one for dalits and one for others.
(b) Barbers refused to serve dalit clients.
(c) Dalit students were made to sit separately in the classroom or drink water from
separate pitcher.
(d) Dalit grooms were not allowed to ride a horse in the wedding procession. Dalits were not
allowed to use common handpump or if they did, the handpump was washed to purify it.
7. (a) Every country that is a democracy gives rights to its citizens.
In a democracy, every citizen has right to vote and the right to be elected. For
democratic elections to take place, it is necessary that the citizens should have the
right to express their opinions, form political parties and take part in other political
activities. Moreover, in democratic countries, special provisions are made for the
protection of the rights. In most of the democratic countries, more important rights
are placed higher in the Constitution. The Constitution of India also contains a list of
Fundamental Rights. Provisions have also been made for the protection of these rights.
8. (a) Under right to freedom, all the citizens enjoy the freedom to move freely throughout the
country. However, due to the security reasons, the freedom of movement of ordinary
citizens can be restricted and their entry in border areas or army cantonment areas is
generally restricted. This is very much justified from security point of view.
(b) In certain cases (specially in remote and tribal areas such restrictions can be justified
so that people of the area can maintain the cultural or ethnic identity. According to
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution outsiders are not allowed to buy property and
settle permanently in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
(c) Such a restriction cannot be justified because it is a clear violation of the right to
freedom of expression.
WORKSHEET–100
1. 24 hours
2. For sustenance of a democracy and to protect minorities from the oppression of majority.
3. No one can emplay a child below the age of 14 years to work in any factory or mine or any
hazardous work.
4. To offer religious instruction in government schools
5. We can approach the Supreme Court.
6. Rights are essential in a democracy for many reasons:
(a) In a democracy, every citizen has to have the right to vote and the right to be elected
to the government.
(b) For any democratic elections to take place, it is necessary that the citizens should have
the right to express their opinions, form political parties and take part in political
activities.
(c) Rights protect the minority from the oppression of the majority. They ensure that the
majority cannot do whatever it likes.
7. India is a secular state. It means the state has no religion of its own. It remains neutral
and impartial in dealing with religions. According to our Constitution every person has a
right to profess, practise and propagate the religion he or she believes in. Every religious
group or sect is free to manage its religious affairs.
A right to propagate one’s religion, however, does not mean that a person has right to
compel another person to convert into his religion by means of force, fraud, inducement
or allurement. Religious practices which treat woman as inferior are not allowed. For
example, one cannot force a widow to shave off her head or wear white clothes in the name
of religion.
WORKSHEET–101
1. Right against Exploitation:
(a) The Constitution prohibits ‘traffic in human beings’. Traffic here means selling and
buying of human beings, usually women, for immoral purposes.
(b) It prohibits forced labour or begar in any form.
(c) It also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen to
work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work.
2. Under the Right to equality, the Indian Constitution has sought to lessen or remove the
social discrimination and economic disparities. Its essential features are as follows:
(a) Equality before law. Under this every person is equal before law and equal protection
under law within the India territory.
(b) Prohibition of discrimination. Under this, state cannot discriminate against any
citizen on the grounds of caste, race, religion, place of birth, etc.
(c) Abolition of titles. Under the Right to equality the Indian state is prohibited from
conferring on Indian citizens any titles other than related to academics, sports and
military distinction.
(d) Ban on untouchability. Under right to equality the practice of untouchability has
been forbidden in any form and to follow up, our Constitution has made untouchability
a punishable offence.
Importance. Right to equality is very significant to Indian polity as every citizen even
from the Prime Minister to the cobbler is liable to be treated equally before law.
3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognises many rights
that are not directly a part of the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution.
These include:
(a) Right to work: opportunity to everyone to earn livelihood by working.
(b) Right to safe and healthy working conditions, fair wages that can provide decent
standard of living for the workers and their families.
(c) Right to adequate standard of living including adequate food, clothing and housing.
(d) Right to social security and insurance.
(e) Right to health: medical care during illness, special care for women during childbirth
and prevention of epidemics.
(f) Right to education: free and compulsory primary education, equal access to higher
education. Thus, International Covenants play a significant role in expanding the scope
of rights.
4. Rights are necessary for the sustenance of democracy because
(i) Every citizen must have the right to vote and the right to be elected.
(ii) Every citizen should have the right to express his/her opinion.
(iii) Citizens have the right to form political parties.
(iv) Right to project minorities from the oppression of majority.
(v) Right to act as a check on misuse of government power. (Any other relevant point)
WORKSHEET–102
1. From time to time, the courts gave judgements to expand the scope of rights Certain rights
like right to freedom of press, right to information and right to education are derived from
the Fundamental Rights.
(a) Now school education has become a right for Indian citizens. The governments are
responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all children up to the age
of 14 years.
(b) The Parliament has enacted a law giving the right to information to the citizens. This
Act was made under the Fundamental Right to freedom of thought and expression.
We have right to seek information from government offices.
(c) Recently, the Supreme Court has expanded the meaning of the right to life to include
the right to food.
2. A person can go to court against the violation of a fundamental right, if it is of social or
public interest. This is called Public Interest Litigation (PIL). Under this, an individual
or a group of people can approach the Supreme Court or the High Court for the protection
of public interest against a particular law or action of the government.
3. In India, people follow different religions. Therefore, India remained neutral in matters
of religion and chose to be a secular country. A secular state or a country is one that does
not establish any one religion as official religion.
Following constitutional provisions declare India to be a secular state:
(a) The Constitution provides to all its citizens the freedom to profess, practise and
propagate any religion of their choice.
(b) There is no official religion for India. Unlike Sri Lanka where Buddhism is the state
religion, Islam in Pakistan and Christianity in England, our Constitution does not
provide any special status to any religion.
(c) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
4. In India, like most other democracies in the world, some rights are mentioned in the
Constitution. These rights are fundamental to our life and are given a special status.
They are called Fundamental Rights. It talks about securing for all its citizens equality,
liberty and justice. Fundamental Rights are an important basic feature of the Indian
Constitution. These are preserved in the Part III of the Constitution.
Importance of Fundamental Rights:
(a) Fundamental Rights create a feeling of security amongst the minorities in the country.
(b) No democracy can function in the absence of basic rights such as freedom of speech
and expression.
(c) Fundamental Rights grant the standards of conduct, citizenship, justice and fair play.
They act as a check on the government.
Chapter Test
1. Human rights
2. The State
3. (a) Every religious sect is free to manage its religious affairs.
(b) A person has the right to propagate his religion.
4. (c) He is not allowed to consult his lawyer.
5. (d) Citizens enjoy the freedom of religion.
6. Freedom means absence of interference in our affairs by others. Under the Indian
Constitution all citizens have the right to:
— Freedom of speech and expression
— Assemble in a peaceful manner
— Form associations and unions
— Move freely throughout the country
— Reside in any part of the country
— Practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. Every citizen
is free to do anything but with some limitations. The government imposes certain
restrictions on these freedoms in the larger interests of all society.
7. Every person has a right to profess, practice and propagate the religion he or she believes
in. Every religious group or sect is free to manage its religious affairs. A right to propagate
one’s religion, however, does not mean that a person has right to compel another person
to convert into his religion by means of force, fraud, or allurement. Of course, a person is
free to change religion on his or her own will. Freedom to practice religion does not mean
that a person can do whatever he wants on the name of religion. For example, one cannot
sacrifice animals or human beings as offerings to supernatural forces or Gods. Religious
practices that treat women as inferior or those that infringe women’s freedom are not
allowed.
8. Fundamental Rights are the source of all rights. But apart from these rights, our
Constitution and law offer a wider range of rights. Over the years the scope of rights has
expanded.
(a) From time to time, the courts give judgements to expand the scope of certain rights
like right to freedom of press, right for information and right to education. Now school
education has become a right for Indian citizens. The Parliament has enacted a law
giving the right to information to the citizens. We have a right to seek information
from government officer.
(b) Recently, the Supreme Court has expanded the meaning of right to life to include the
right to food.
(c) Sometimes the expansion takes place in what is called Human Rights.
(d) Some international covenants have also contributed to the expansion of rights. They
recognise many rights such as right to work, right to adequate standard of living
including adequate food, clothing and housing, right to health, etc. which are not
directly a part of the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution.
WORKSHEET–103
A. 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b)

B. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F
WORKSHEET–104
A. 1. Rights 2. six 3. law 4. violence 5. exploited

6. official 7. conserve 8. free, compulsory 9. court 10. three

ECONOMICS
POVERTY AS A CHALLENGE
WORKSHEET–105
1. 26 crore 2. Mahatma Gandhi 3. Income method
4. 2400 cal. per person per day 5. ` 454 per month
6. Poverty is seen in terms of poor having to live only in a poor surrounding with other poor
people, excluded from enjoying social equality of better off people in better surroundings e.g.
working of caste system in India in which people belonging to certain castes are excluded
from equal opportunities.
7. Various dimensions of poverty are:
1. It means hunger and lack of shelter.
2. It means lack of clean water and sanitation facilities.
3. It means people living with a sense of helplessness.
8. Vulnerability to poverty is a measure which describes the greater probability of certain
communities of becoming or remaining poor in the coming years. It is determined by
the options available to different communities for finding alternative living in terms of
education and jobs.
9. A case of farmer in small village near Meerut — He does not own land, does jobs for other
big farmers, earning in less, has a big family, cannot afford medication for old parents, not
able to manage two square meals a day. The village has a school but the farmer cannot send
his children to school. Therefore, unemployment, illiteracy and helplessness are related to
poverty.
10. The indicators of poverty as seen by social scientists are social indicator which include
literacy level, lack of access to health care, lack of jobs opportunities. social exclusion,
vulnerability.
WORKSHEET–106
1.5 years 2. 36 per cent
3.NSSO 4. Scheduled castes are most vulnerable to poverty.
5.Scheduled tribe
6.Poverty is a situation in which one is unable to get even the minimum basic necessities
of life such as food, clothing and shelter in his or her sustenance. A person is considered
poor or below the poverty line if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given
minimum level necessary to fulfill basic needs.
7. The average calorie requirement for people in urban areas is 2100, while in rural areas it
is 2400 calories per person per day. Yes, there is a difference.
Since people living in rural areas engage themselves in physical work, calorie requirement
in rural areas is considered to be higher than urban areas.
8. For the year 2000 poverty line for a person was fixed at ` 328 per month for rural areas
and ` 454 for urban areas. Basis of calculation is monetary expenditure per capita need
for buying the calorie requirements.
9. For making comparisons between developing countries the World Bank uses a uniform
standard for the poverty line i.e. minimum availability of the equivalent of $1 per person
per day.
10. There are two methods to measure poverty line:
1. Income method — A person is considered poor if his or her income falls below a given
‘minimum level’ necessary to fulfil basic needs. All those families whose total income in a
month is less than poverty line fixed by government are considered below poverty line.
2. Expenditure method — A minimum nutritional food requirement for survival is
estimated and energy obtained is measured in calories. This calorie amount is
converted into rupees. The minimum value of clothes, education, etc. is also added to
the money value of food requirement. The total amount is considered as poverty line
and families spending less than this are considered below poverty line.
WORKSHEET–107
1. Urban casual labour, rural agricultural households
2. Women, children, old people
3. China
4. To reduce the proportion of poor people living below $1 a day to half the 1990 level
by 2015.
5. Sub-Saharan Africa
6. The proportion of poor is not the same in every state. State level poverty has declined but
varies from one state to another.
1. In 20 states and union territories poverty ratio is less than natural average.
2. Poverty exists in Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Tripura, U.P.
3. Orissa and Bihar are poorest.
4. In Orissa, M.P., Bihar, U.P. both rural and urban poverty is high.
7. There has been a significant decline in poverty in some states:
1. Punjab and Haryana — High agricultural growth.
2. Kerala — Focussed on Human Resource Development.
3. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu — Public Distribution System
4. West Bengal — Land Reform Measures.
WORKSHEET–108
1. South Asia 2. Textile
3. Industries were not able to provide jobs to all due to lack of resources, lack of capital to
buy better machinery.
4. Unequal distribution of land
5. PMRY
6. 1. Poverty has declined substantially in China (from 606 in 1981 to 212 million in 2001)
as result of rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource
development.
2. In India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan. The decline has not been
rapid.
3. Number of poor has declined marginally from 475 million in 1981 to 428 million in
2001.
7. 1. The proportion of people in developing countries living in poverty has fallen from 28%
in 1991 to 21% in 2001.
2. The number of poor in south-east Asian countries such as India, Pakistan has decline
from 475 million to 428 million in 2001.
3. In sub-Saharan Africa poverty rose from 41% to 46% in 2001.
4. Poverty has also resurfaced in some of former socialist countries.
8. (a) Orissa, Bihar (b) Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab (c) Tamil Nadu–21.1%, Haryana–8.7%.
WORKSHEET 109
1. REGP
2. A person with Income, of `450 per month is considered urban poor.
3. Poverty
4. 26 per cent
5. 21 per cent
6. 1. The British government did not encourage industry in India.
2. Backwardness in agriculture — using old, traditional methods of farming.
3. Slow rate of economic growth.
4. Industries were not able to provide enough jobs.
7. Features of NREGA are:
1. Provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200
districts.
2. One-third of proposed jobs would be reserved for women.
3. If an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days he or she will be entitled
to a daily unemployment allowance.
8. 1. Lack of proper implementation and right targeting.
2. Lot of overlapping of schemes.
3. Benefits of the schemes did not reach the deserving poor.
9. The objectives of Indian Development strategy are:
1. Removal of unemployment.
2. Removal of poverty.
3. Rapid economic growth.
WORKSHEET 110
1. Causes of poverty:
(a) India was a colony of the British who drained the country economically, destroyed
traditional crafts and discouraged development of industries.
(b) Unequal distribution of land and other resources have resulted in huge income
inequalities. Inspite of major policy initiatives like land reforms, the result is not bright.
Where there are industrial houses who are top 10 in the world. There are people who
do not get even square meals a day.
2. The common method used to estimate poverty line in India is based on income or
consumption method.
Income Method. For the year 2000, the poverty line for a person was fixed at `328 permonth
for the rural areas and `454 for the urban areas.
Consumption Method. The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories
per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas.
3. Causes for the widespread poverty in India:
(i) Low level of economic development under colonial rule
(ii) Less job opportunities
(iii) Low growth rate of income
(v) High growth rate of population (Any other relevant point)
(vi) Low per capital income (Any three points to be explained)
4. The proportion of poor is not the same in every state. Though there has been a decline in
poverty in every state from the early seventies but the success rate of reducing poverty
has varied from state to state. In 20 states and union territories, the poverty ratio is less
than the national average of 26. On the other hand, poverty is still a serious problem in
Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh. Odisha and Bihar continue to be the two
poorest states with poverty ratios of 47 and 43 per cent respectively. Both rural and urban
poverty are quite high in states like Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and UP But states
like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir and
West Bengal have shown a significant decline in poverty. Public distribution of foodgrains,
focus on human resource development, high agricultural development and land reform
measures are some of the factors responsible for the decline in poverty in these states.
5. Poverty means hunger and lack of shelter. It also is a situation where a person fails to attain
the basic facilities like medical facilities, educational facilities and basic civic amenities.
Around 25,000 people die everyday of hunger or hunger-related causes, according to the
United Nation and most of them are children. Though there is plenty of food in the world
for everyone but due to lack of money to buy, people are malnourished, they become weaker
and often sick. This makes them increasingly less able to work, which then makes them
even poorer and hungrier. This downward spiral often continues until death for them and
their families. Several programs have been started to solve this problem in India. ‘Food
for work’ programs—where the adults are paid with food to build schools, dig wells, make
roads and so on. This both nourishes them and builds infrastructure to end the poverty.
‘Food for education’ programs—where the children are provided with food when they attend
school. Their education will help them to escape from hunger and global poverty.
WORKSHEET 111
1. Anti-Poverty Measures taken by the Government of India:
1. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005
The Act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household
in 200 districts.
2. National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) 2004 was launched in 150 most backward
districts of the country. It is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment.
3. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) 1995
The aim is to create self-employment opportunities for educated youth in rural areas
and small towns.
4. Rural Empoyment Generation Programme (REGP) 1995
The aim is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas.
5. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 1999. It aims at bringing the poor
families above poverty line by organising them into self-help groups through bank
credit and government subsidy.
2. 1. The proportion of people in developing countries living in poverty has fallen from
28 per cent in 1991 to 21 per cent in 2001.
2. The number of poor in south-east Asian countries such as India, Pakistan has declined
from 475 million to 428 million in 2001.
3. In sub-Saharan Africa poverty rose from 41 per cent to 46 per cent in 2001.
4. Poverty has also resurfaced in some of former socialist countries.
References:
1. Global poverty has reduced drastically but in India it is not so rapid.
2. The government has initiated programs like NREGA 2005, NFWP to reduce poverty
and achieve high economic growth.
3. No. There is a strong link.
1. Urban India
Opportunities available such as:
Literacy – Each and every child can go to school.
Because of good Industrial growth job opportunities exists in Urban India.
2. While Rural India is dependent on agricultural and the progenies such as MNERGA
are not being implemented properly.
Chapter Test
1. Increasing population and illiteracy
2. Illiteracy, unemployment, indebtedness
3. 2015
4. Anti-poverty programme and public distribution system
5. NSSO, AAY and PMGY.
6. Ample job opportunities.
7. 1. National food for work programme was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts
of the country.
2. The programme is open to all rural people who are in need of wage employment and
desire to do manual unskilled work.
3. It is a centrally sponsored scheme and foodgrains are provided free of cost to the states.
8. (a) China, South-East Asia
(b) Sub-Saharan Africa.
9. There are two methods to determine poverty line:
1. Income method — A person is considered poor if his or her income falls below a given
‘minimum level’ necessary to fulfil basic needs. All those families whose total income in a
month is less than poverty line fixed by government are considered below poverty line.
2. Expenditure method — A minimum nutritional food requirement for survival is
estimated and energy obtained is measured in calories. This calorie amount is
converted into rupees. The minimum value of clothes, education, etc. is also added to
the money value of food requirement. The total amount is considered as poverty line
and families spending less than this, are considered below poverty line.
WORKSHEET–112
A. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a)

6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
WORKSHEET–113
Do it yourself.
WORKSHEET–114
Do it yourself.
qq
FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA
WORKSHEET–115
1. Availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all at all times
2. Amartya Sen 3. In 1995 4. In 1943
5. 1. Availability of food — There should be enough food production in the country i.e.,
enough for local consumption and can be stored for future.
2. Accessibility — Each one should have access.
3. Affordability — Food can only be consumed by everyone if one has the money to buy
it. ie. food should be provided at reasonable prices.
6. During a calamity production may decrease. This creates shortage of food, prices will rise.
All will not be able to afford food. This will lead to starvation or famine.
7. A famine is characterised by widespread death due to starvation and epidemics caused
by forced use of contaminated water or food and loss of body resistance due to weakening
from starvation.
8. The agricultural labourers, fisherman transport workers and other casual labourers were
affected the most by dramatically increasing price of rice.
9. There is a need for food security for:
(a) The poorest section of the society.
(b) During a calamity production may decrease leading to shortage of food, prices will rise.
This may lead to hunger, starvation or famine like conditions therefore, a country must
have enough stock of foodgrains for its people in present situation and for future or
whenever there is a calamity.
WORKSHEET–116
1. Landless workers, beggars and casual workers
2. 0–5 years
3. Remote areas, backward areas and areas prone to natural disasters.
4. Wheat
5. 1. In rural areas — The landless workers, traditional artisans, beggars.
2. In urban areas — People employed in ill-paid occupation, casual labourers, seasonal
labourers.
3. SCs, STs, OBCs.
4. People affected by calamity.
6. The social composition along with the inability to buy food also plays a role in food
insecurity. The SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs (lower castes among them) who
have either poor land base or very low land productivity are prone to food insecurity. The
people affected by natural disasters, who have to migrate to other areas in search of work,
are also among the most food insecure people. A high incidence of malnutrition prevails
among women. A large proportion of pregnant and nursing mothers and children under
the age of 5 years constitute an important segment of the food insecure population.
7. Hunger is another aspect indicating food insecurity. A hungry person cannot contribute
to work. Hunger has chronic and seasonal dimensions.
8. The worst affected groups are landless people with little or no land to depend on, traditional
artisans, providers of traditional services, better self-employed people.
9. The food insecure people are disproportionately large in some regions of the country, such
as economically backward states with high incidence of poverty, tribal and remote areas,
regions more prone to natural disasters etc. The states of Uttar Pradesh (eastern and south-
eastern parts), Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, parts of Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra account for larger number of food insecure people in the country.
WORKSHEET–117
1. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu 2. Stock of foodgrains
3. Ration shops 4. NFWP
5. India is aiming at self-sufficiency in foodgrains since Independence. After Independence,
Indian policy makers adopted all measures to achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains. India
adopted a new strategy in agriculture, which resulted in the ‘Green Revolution’ especially
in the production of wheat and rice. The Green Revolution in the late 1960s introduced
the Indian farmer to cultivation of wheat and rice using high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of
seeds. Compared to the traditional seeds, the HYV seeds promised to produce much greater
amounts of grain on a single plant. As a result, the same piece of land would now produce
far larger quantity of grain on a single plant. As a result, the same piece of land would now
produce far larger quantities of foodgrains than was possible earlier. HYV seeds, however,
needed plenty of water and also chemical fertilisers and pesticides to produce best results.
Higher yields were possible only from a combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical
fertilisers, pesticides etc.
6. The increase in foodgrains was, however, disproportionate. The highest rate of growth was
achieved in Punjab and Haryana. Production in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar,
Orissa and the north-eastern states continued to stagger. Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh,
on the other hand, recorded significant increase in rice yields.
7. A high incidence of malnutrition prevails among women. This is a matter of serious concern
as it puts even the unborn baby at risk of malnutrition. A large proportion of pregnant and
nursing-mothers and children under the age of 5 years constitute an important segment
of food increase population. According to NHFS the number of such women and children
is 11 crores.
8. 1. Eastern and South-eastern U.P. 2. Bihar 3. Jharkhand 4. Orissa 5. West Bengal
6. Chhattisgarh and parts of Madhya Pradesh
9. Chronic Hunger Seasonal Hunger
1. It is a consequence of diets persistently 1. It is related to cycles of food growing and
inadequate in terms of quantity and harvesting.
quality.
2. Poor people suffer from this type of 2. This type of hunger exists when a person
hunger because of very low income and is unable to get work for entire year.
in turn inability to buy food for survival.
WORKSHEET–118
1. TPDS
2. Co-operative societies set up shops to sell goods at low price to the poor people.
3. Mother Dairy
4. Maharashtra
5. The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops
among the poorer section of the society. This is called public distribution system. It is
the most important step in ensuring food security. Earlier PDS was universal with no
discrimination between poor and non-poor. Later in 1992 Revamped Public Distribution
System provided the benefits to remote and backward areas. In 1997 TPDS adopted the
principle of targeting poor in all areas. In 2000 AAY and APS targeted poorest of poor and
indigent senior citizens. Therefore PDS has been influential in averting widespread hunger,
led to stabilising prices. It has also contributed to an increase in foodgrain production.
6. 1. Instances of hunger are prevalent despite of overflowing granaries. FCI godowns are
overflowing with grains with some rotting away and some being eaten by rats.
2. In certain states the poor have to depend on markets rather than ration shops for their
food requirements.
3. PDS dealers divert grains to open market to get better margin and sell poor quality
grains at ration shops.
7. Antyodaya Anna Yojana was launched in Dec. 2000. Under the scheme 2 crore poorest
among BPL families were provided 35 kg of foodgrains at highly subsidised rate of Rs
2 per kg for wheat and Rs 3 per kg of rice. Earlier only 1 crore families were provided
25 kg of foodgrains By 2004 it expanded to 2 crore families and 35 kg of foodgrains.
8. There are three kinds of ratio cards:
(a) Antyodaya cards for the poorest of the poor.
(b) BPL cards for those below poverty line.
(c) APL cards for all others.
9. Food Security System has two components:
1. Buffer stock — It is the stock of foodgrains (wheat, rice) procured by the government
through Food Corporation of India. The FCI purchases foodgrain from farmers in
states where there is surplus production. Farmers are paid a pre-announced price for
their crops called Minimum Support Price. MSP is declared by the government every
year before the sowing season to provide incentives to farmers for raising production
of wheat and rice.
The purchased foodgrains are stored in granaries. The government distributes these
foodgrains in deficit areas and among the poor strata of society at a price lower than
the marked price. This is called Issue Price.
2. Public Distribution System — The food procured by the FCI is distributed through
government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is
called Public Distribution System (PDS). Ration shops are also called Fair Price Shops.
They keep stock of foodgrains, sugar, kerosene oil (essential commodities) and are sold
to people at a price lower than the market price.
WORKSHEET–119
1. Gujarat 2. 1940s
3. During sowing and harvesting time 4. Decreased
5. In Maharashtra Academy of Development Science has facilitated a network of NGOs for
setting up grain banks in different regions. ADS organises training and capacity building
programmes on food security for non-government organisation. ADS grain banks have
influenced the government policy on food security. Therefore, it is acknowledged as a
successful and innovative food security intervention.
6. The cooperative societies set-up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people. 94% of fair
price shops in Tamil Nadu are run by cooperatives. In Delhi, Mother Diary provides milk
and vegetables to consumers at controlled rates decided by the government of Delhi. Amul
Cooperative in Gujarat has brought about White Revolution in the country. Cooperatives
are functioning in different parts of the country thus ensuring food security to people.
WORKSHEET–120
1. The Public Distribution System is now criticised for being inefficient:
(a) The PDS does not reach many poor households. It supplies only a small proportion,
underscoring the importance of the open retail market as the primary supplier of grain.
Instances of hunger are prevalent despite overflowing granaries.
(b) FCI godowns are also well-stocked but the stocks are rotting or eaten by rats.
(c) PDS dealers are sometimes found resorting to malpractices like diverting the grains to
open market to get better margins, selling poor quality grains at ration shops, irregular
opening of the shops.
(d) It is plagued by high costs and leakage. The direct price support to farmers increases
the cost of procuring foodgrains by the government.
2. The availability of foodgrains (even in adverse weather conditions or otherwise) at the
country level has been ensured with creation of buffer stock. It is created to distribute
foodgrains in the deficit areas of the country.
Foodgrains from buffer stock are also distributed among the poor at a lower price than the
market price through fair price shops. It also helps to resolve the problem of shortage of
food during the calamity or adverse weather condition.
3. The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops
among the poorer section of the society. This is called Public Distribution System (PDS).
It is the most important step in ensuring food security. Earlier PDS was universal with no
discrimination between poor and non-poor. Later in 1992 Revamped Public Distribution
System provided the benefits to remote and backward areas. In 1997 TPDS adopted the
principle of targeting poor in all areas. In 2000 AAY and APS targeted poorest of poor
and indigent senior citizens. Therefore, PDS has been influential in averting widespread
hunger, led to stabilising prices. It has also contributed to an increase in foodgrain
production
WORKSHEET–121
1. Minimum Support Price (MSP) is the price which is announced by the government before
the sowing season. The FCI purchases wheat and rice from the farmers in states where
there is surplus production at the MSP.
The government is able to create a buffer stock of foodgrains procured through the FCI
which can be
(a) distributed and sold to the people, below the poverty line, through ration shops or fair
price shops, at subsidised rates.
(b) sent to the calamity affected area and famine like situation can be averted.
(c) diverted to the affected areas affected by famine and droughts.
2. Although a large section of people suffer from food and nutrition insecurity in India the
worst affected groups are landless poor households in rural areas and people employed
in ill-paid occupations and casual labourers engaged in seasonal activities in the urban
areas. Others are SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs (lower castes among them) who
have either poor land-base or very low land productivity. The people affected by natural
disasters, who have to migrate to other areas in search of work, are also among the most
food insecure people. A large proportion of pregnant and nursing mothers and children
under the age of 5 years constitute an important segment of the food insecure population.
3. The PDS is an effective instrument because
(a) It helped in stabilising prices.
(b) Food is available at affordable prices.
(c) Instrumental in averting widespread hunger and famine by supplying food from surplus
region of the country to the deficit ones.
(d) Increase in foodgrain production
(e) Income security to farmers in certain regions.
4. With increasing population there are problems related to population and climate change
has an impact on agriculture production leads to price rise.
Steps to be taken by government are:
(a) Developing new methods of farming
(b) Use of biotechnology.
Chapter Test
1. In 1968
2. APS
3. AAY
4. Collector
5. Self-sufficiency in foodgrains.
6. Extremely inadequate purchasing power.
7. Grain Bank
8. The cooperative societies set-up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people. 94% of fair
price shops in Tamil Nadu are run by cooperatives. In Delhi, Mother Diary provides milk
and vegetables to consumers at controlled rates decided by the government of Delhi. Amul
Cooperative in Gujarat has brought about White Revolution in the country. Cooperatives
are functioning in different parts of the country thus ensuring food security to people.
9. Food security is ensured in a country only if (1) enough food is available for all the persons;
(2) all persons have the capacity to buy food of acceptable quality; and (3) there is no barrier
on access to food.
During a calamity production may decrease. This creates shortage of food, prices will rise.
All will not be able to afford food. This will lead to starvation or famine.
10. Role of FCI in providing food security:
1. Buffer stock — It is the stock of foodgrains (wheat, rice) procured by the government
of wheat and rice.
foodgrains in deficit areas and among the poor stata of society at a price lower than
2. Public Distribution System — The food procured by the FCI is distributed through
WORKSHEET–122
A. Do it yourself.
B. Column I Column II Column III
Programme Year Objective
1. FFW 2004 (4) Poor in all areas (3)
2. AAY 1977-78 (1) Food security (5)
3. TPDS 1960 (5) Wage employment (4)
4. NFWP 1997 (3) Poorest of the poor (2)
5. PDS 2000 (2) Food for work (1)
WORKSHEET–123
Do it yourself.

DISATER MANAGEMENT
PREVENTING COMMON HUMAN INDUCED DISASTER
WORKSHEET–124
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b)
5. 1. Don’t panic.
2. Don’t look at fireblast as it can cause blindness.
3. Close all doors and windows and stay indoors
4. Cover all food and water.
5. Don’t consume water, milk, food obtained following a nuclear blast.
6. Await government instructions or communication if you have to move out of your house.
6. There are two types of nuclear bombs or weapons:
1. Weapons that produce their explosive energy through nuclear fission reaction e.g.
Atomic bombs.
2. Nuclear weapon or bombs that produce a large amount of its energy through nuclear
fusion reactions and are thousand times more powerful than nuclear fission bombs e.g.
Hydrogen bombs.
WORKSHEET–125
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b)
5. The elements of risk from chemical and industrial accidents are:
1. Areas close to an industrial set-up such as agricultural land or settlement.
2. People working in the industry.
3. People residing in neighbouring areas.
6. The causes of chemical accidents are:
1. Release of chemicals due to human error.
2. Technological failure.
3. Natural activities like earthquake or natural fire, flood.
Impact of chemical accidents:
1. Hazardous material can cause death.
2. Lead to serious injury, long-lasting health effects.
3. Damages buildings, homes and other properties.
WORKSHEET–126
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a)
5. Hazard Mapping — (a) Inventories and maps of storage locations of toxins along with
possible features should be displayed and known to all.
(b) The community staying in the immediate vicinity should be aware of hazards and its
possible effects.
(c) The map should also determine the area that may get affected in case accident occurs.
A safe route for evacuation should be marked on the map.
Land use planning:
(a) Densely populated residential areas should be located at a distance from industrial
areas.
(b) A buffer zone should separate the industrial and residential zone.
(c) Better planning is required to handle the waste that is generated so that the
environment is not affected.
6. (a) The community should be aware of the hazardous installations and know how to handle
the situation.
(b) The local community has to be informed of about the response steps to be taken in case
of accident.
(c) Community members should monitor the pollution levels of the industry and participate
in mock drills for evacuation.
Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d)
5. 1. Poisonous gases 2. Viruses
Impact of biological disasters — A biological disaster is a release of germs or other biological
substances that are inhaled and make the victim fall sick. Some biological agents cause
contagious diseases. Illness for biological weapons are not likely to be recognised in the
initial stage. The time delay in recognition can result in widespread secondary exposure
to others also.
6. 1. If you become aware of unusual or suspicious release of unknown substance nearby
get away from the substance as quickly as possible.
2. Cover your mouth and nose with layers of fabric that can filter the air but allows
breathing.
3. Make others aware of danger.
WORKSHEET–127
A. 1. Inventories 2. Green Belt 3. safety 4. wind flow
B. Column I Column II Column II
1. Cobalt 60 Technical failure (3) Environment (3)

2 Pesticides Chemical (2) Agriculture (2)
3. Gas leak Radioactive (1) Life (1)
WORKSHEET–128
A. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. T
COMMUNITY PLANNING FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
WORKSHEET–129
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b)

5. The community should be at the heart of any disaster management initiative because it
is the first responder. They are the ones to act first. Only the people living in area have
maximum knowledge about the area. It is the natural instinct of the community to respond
quickly on such occasions since over dependence on external resources is time-consuming.
6. 1. Hazard identification
2. Early warning and communication
3. Search and rescue teams (First aid teams)
4. Evacuations:
(a) Map for safe evacuations
(b) Locate safe areas
(c) Conduct mock drills
5. Prepare a disaster supply kit with essential commodities.
6. Relief coordination.
WORKSHEET–130
A. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F
B. Do it yourself
WORKSHEET–131
Do it yourself.

PRACTICE PAPER-1
1. The tree grows in straight lines having uniform height.
2. It is a situation in which one is unable to get even the minimum basic necessities of life
for his or her sustenance.
3. 382.
4. Only Lok Sabha can be dissolved. Rajya Sabha is a permanent body.
5. Rigging and booth capturing.
6. Giving 100 days employment to every household every year.
7. Prime Minister
8. 2400 calories per person per day in rural and 2100 calories per person per day in urban
area.
9. Regulation of trade in forest produce by the British govt. had the following impacts:
(i) It became very difficult for the villagers to meet their daily requirements such as getting
wood for their houses, collecting fruits and roots for food and acquiring fodder for their
animals.
(ii) People could not even practice hunting and fishing as it became illegal.
(iii) People had to undergo harsh punishment.
(iv) Women found it difficult to collect fuel wood and wandered here and there in search
of wood.
(v) The police constables and forest guards started harassing people.
10. (a) Latitude. India extends between 8° 4' N and 37° 6' N latitude. The Tropic of Cancer
divides the country into almost two equal parts. Part of India lying North of the
Tropic of Cancer enjoys a subtropical climate. This is characterised by wide range of
temperature and rainfall–Summers are hot and winters are cool. The Himalayan region
experiences a very cold climate in winters.
(b) Altitude. The Himalayas act as an effective climate divide. The Great Himalaya range
obstructs the passage of cold continental air from the north into India in winter and
also forces the south westerly monsoon (rain-bearing) winds to give up most of their
moisture before crossing the range northward. The result is heavy precipitation (both
rain and snow) on the Indian side but arid conditions in Tibet.
11. Two main similarities in the exploitation of the Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders
were as under:
1. Both the Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders had to suffer the loss of grazing
lands. In India, the colonial rulers gave pasture lands to selected individuals in order
to expand agriculture. Most of the lands thus taken over, were in fact, grazing tracts
used by the pastoralists regularly. Thus, the number of pastures suffered a steep
decline causing a host of problems for the pastoralists.
Similarly, the Maasai in Africa had to loose over 60 per cent of their pasture land during
the colonial period. The Maasai land was not only taken over by the white settlers but it
was also handed over to local peasant communities in order to expand cultivation. It is
worth mentioning that 70 per cent of National Parks and game reserves in East Africa,
are on grazing lands, in particular the Maasai land. Thus, in both the cases, the colonial
rulers encouraged the expansion of agriculture causing a great loss of pasture lands.
2. Both in India and Africa, the forest lands were reserved and the pastoral activities
were completely banned in these tracts. The pastoralists were not allowed to enter
and graze their herds on reserved lands. As has already been discussed, mostly these
forest reserves were, originally the pasture lands both in India and Africa.
12. Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. To
run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines, sleepers were essential
to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000
sleepers. As the railway tracks spread through India, larger and larger number of trees
were cut down. Forests around the railway tracks started disappearing.
13. The three main processes of population growth are:
1. Birth rate 2. Death rate 3. Migration
14. According to our election commission laws, no party or candidate can
(i) Bribe or threaten voters
(ii) Appeal to voters in the name of caste or religion.
(iii) Use government resources for election campaign:
(iv) Spend not more than 25 lakh in a constituency for Lok Sabha election or 10 lakh in a
constituency in an assembly election. (Any other relevant point)
15. 1. Poverty has declined substantially in China (from 606 in 1981 to 212 million in 2001)
as result of rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource
development.
2. In India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, the decline has not
been rapid.
3. Number of poor has declined marginally from 475 million in 1981 to 428 million
in 2001.
16. All the major appointments are made in the name of the President.
(a) The President appoints the Chief Justice of India, and the Judges of the Supreme Court
and the High Court of the states.
(b) He appoints the Governors of the states.
(c) He appoints the Election Commissioners.
(d) He appoints ambassadors to other countries.
17. 1. Availability of food. There should be enough food production in the country, i.e.
enough for local consumption and can be stored for future.
2. Accessibility. Each one should have access.
3. Affordability. Food can only be consumed by everyone if one has the money to buy
it, i.e., food should be provided at reasonable prices.
18. (a) Better efficiency levels
(b) Higher productivity and higher income
(c) Leads to development.
19. In India, people follow different religions. Therefore, India remained neutral in matters
of religion and chose to be a secular country. A secular state or a country is one that does
not establish any one religion as official religion.
Following constitutional provisions declare India to be a secular state:
(a) The Constitution provides to all its citizens the freedom to profess, practise and
propagate any religion of their choice.
(b) There is no official religion for India. Unlike Sri Lanka where Buddhism is the state
religion, Islam in Pakistan and Christianity in England, our Constitution does not
provide any special status to any religion.
(c) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
20. A case of farmer in small village near Meerut—He does not own land, does jobs for other
big farmers, earning in less, has a big family, cannot afford medication for old parents, not
able to manage two square meals a day. The village has a school but the farmer cannot send
his children to school. Therefore, unemployment, illiteracy and helplessness are related to
poverty.
21. Planting different crops in the same field next to one another. It helps as wind breaks
and give the soil a chance to rest from the prevision crop that may have depleted certain
elements not required by the new crop. It works the same as crop rotation, however, the
entire field is not fallow.
22. The steps adopted by the government to conserve flora and fauna are:
1. 14 biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to protect flora and fauna.
2. Financial and technical assistance is being provided to many Botanical gardens by the
3. Project Tiger, Project Rhino and many other eco-developmental projects have been
introduced.
4. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and zoological gardens are being set up to take
Examples of bio-reserves in India:
Sunderbans in West Bengal and Niligiri have been included in the world network of
biosphere reserve.
23. Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in the following ways:
(a) Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the Houses. But if there is a dispute
between the two Houses, the final decision is taken in a joint session in which members
of both the Houses sit together. As the Lok Sabha consists of a large number of
members, its view prevails in such a meeting.
(b) Lok Sabha exercises more powers in matters of money bills. Once the Lok Sabha passes
the budget of the government or any other money related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot
reject it. The Rajya Sabha can delay it for 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok
Sabha may or may not accept these changes.
(c) The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. Only a person who enjoys the majority
support of the members of the Lok Sabha is appointed as the Prime Minister. If the
majority of the Lok Sabha members say that they have no confidence in the Council
of Ministers, then all the ministers including the Prime Minister have to resign. This
power is not enjoyed by the Rajya Sabha.
24. The government formulated several anti-poverty schemes to eradicate poverty such as
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005, Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana
(PMRY), Rural Employment Generation Programme, Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar
Yojana (SGSY), Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY), Antyodaya Anna Yojana
(AAY), National Food for Work Programme.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005
• National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005 was passed in September
2005.
• The Act assures 100 days employment every year to every household.
• Initially covering 200 districts, the Act would be extended later on to cover 600 districts.
• One-third of the jobs are reserved for women.
• The central government will also establish National Employment Guarantee Funds.
Similarly state governments will establish State Employment Guarantee Funds for
implementation of the scheme. Under the programme if an applicant is not provided
employment within fifteen days she/he will be entitled to a daily unemployment
allowance.
25. Right against Exploitation:
(a) The Constitution prohibits ‘traffic in human beings’. Traffic here means selling and
buying of human beings, usually women, for immoral purposes.
(c) It also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen to
work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work.
26. Buffer stock is the stock of foodgrains and rice procured by the government through Food
Corporation of India (FCI).
Buffer stock is created by the government:
(i) to distribute foodgrains in the deficit areas.
(ii) to use among the poorer strata of society at a lower price.
(iii) to resolve the problem of shortage of food during adverse weather conditions or during
the period of calamity. (Any other point to maintain food security
27. The triangular trade refers to the trade between England, India and China in the 18th
century.
The English East India Company was buying tea and silk from China for sale in England.
As tea became a popular English drink, the tea trade became more and more important.
England at this time produced nothing that could be easily sold in China. The western
merchants did not have a way to finance the tea trade.
They could buy tea only by paying in silver coins or bullion. This meant an outflow of
treasure from England.
At last it was decided that opium would be grown in India and transported to China in
exchange of tea.
28. Advancing monsoon (The rainy season). By early June, the low pressure condition over the
northern plains intensifies. The windward side of the Western Ghats receives very heavy
rainfall. The maximum rainfall of this season is received in the north-eastern part of the
country. Mawsynram in the southern ranges of the Khasi hills receives the highest average
rainfall in the world. Another phenomenon associated with the monsoon is its tendency
to have ‘breaks’ in rainfall. Thus, it has wet and dry spells. They are interspersed with
rainless intervals.
29.
OR
30.

PRACTICE PAPER-2
1. They wanted better control over the population.
2. Public Distribution System.
3. Monsoon type.
4. Fundamental Rights are necessary because they are fundamental to our lives and give us
a special status.
5. No this decision do not go against the principles of election as criminal cases are debarred
from contesting elections.
6. World Bank uses a uniform standard of poverty line to make uniformity throughout the
world.
7. President.
8. For the year 2000 poverty line for a person was fixed at `328 per month for rural areas
and `454 for urban areas. Basis of calculation is monetary expenditure per capita needed
for buying the calorie requirements.
9. Forest provide timber, gum, fodder, medicines, fuel wood etc. to us.
10. The cold weather season begins from mid-November and stays till February. The weather
is normally marked by clear sky, low temperatures and, feeble variable winds. The coldest
months are December and January. The days are generally warm and the nights are cold.
During the winter season, north-east trade winds prevail over India. They blow from land
to sea and hence, it is a dry season. Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall due to these
winds. This is because in this region these winds blow from sea to land, thereby carrying
moisture along with them. A characteristic feature of the cold weather season over the
northern plains is the inflow of cyclonic disturbances from the west and the north-west.
These low pressure systems originate over the mediterranean sea and western Asia and
move into India, alongwith the westerly flow and cause the much needed winter rains over
the plains and snowfall in the mountains. Winter rainfall is of great importance for rabi
crops.
11. The lessons that we can draw from the conversion of the countryside in the USA from a
bread basket to a dust bowl are as follow:
(a) Man should respect the ecological conditions of each region.
(b) Man’s high ambitions and desires to conquer nature can lead to ecological imbalance
resulting in death and destruction everywhere. Hence, he must control his greed and
desires. He can’t get success by ignoring nature.
(c) Whatever technologies are developed, they should be nature-friendly otherwise our
life would be perished.
(d) Nature will protect us only when we will protect it. Hence, we must think about it
sensibly for our own sake.
12. Forests play a vital role in social, cultural, historical, economic and industrial development
of any country and in maintaining its ecological balance.
Forests are renewable resources and play a major role in enhancing the quality of envi-
ronment. They modify local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream flow, support
a variety of industries, they are the resource base for sustenance of its population and a
storehouse of biodiversity and offer panoramic or scenic view for recreation. It controls
wind force, temperature and causes rainfall. It provides humus to the soil and shelter to
the wildlife.
13. Health is an important component of population composition, which affects the process of
development.
1. Sustained efforts of government programmes have registered significant improvements
in the health condition of the Indian population.
2. Death rates have declined considerably.
3. The substantial improvement is the result of many factors including improvement
in public health, prevention of infectious diseases and application of modern medical
practices in diagnosis and treatment of ailments.
14. In a democratic election the list of people eligible to vote is prepared much before the
election. This list is officially called the Electoral Roll and is commonly known as the Voters’
List. This is an important step, for it is linked to the first condition of democratic election.
Every one should get equal opportunity to choose representatives. Everyone deserve to
have an equal say in decisions that affect them.
The electoral roll is normally revised every year to add the names of those who are to turn
18 on the 1st January of that year or have moved into a constituency and to remove the
names of those who have died or moved out of a constituency.
15. Vulnerability to poverty is a measure which describes the greater probability of certain
communities of becoming or remaining poor in the coming years. It is determined by the
options available to different communities for finding alternative living in terms of educa-
tion and jobs.
16. Some features necessary for a democratic country are: Equality, Liberty and fraternity.
Equality means equality before law. No person is above another. The law treats every
individual as equal. Similarly there is liberty of thought, expression, to assemble peacefully
and to form association. It also ensures its people against exploitation. Also people elect
their representatives in a democratic country.
17. Anti-Poverty Measures
Removal of poverty has been the main concern of economic planning in India. To tackle
this problem government adopted the following four measures:
1. Government gave priority to the development of basic and heavy industries and agri-
culture with a view to create employment opportunities and bring about rapid economic
development so that the benefits from the economic development could ultimately
trickle down to poorer sections of the society.
2. Several land reform measures were undertaken by the government such as abolition of
Zamindari system, tenancy reforms, consolidation of land holdings, security of tenant
farmers against eviction, fixation of rents, fixation of ceilings on land holdings, distri-
bution of surplus land among small and landless farmers.
3. Government provided protection to cottage and small scale industries and reserved
some production activities for them to promote them so that more labourers could be
provided with employment.
4. Government took income redistribution measures to bridge the gap between the rich
and the poor. This was achieved by taxing the rich and middle classes and subsidising
essential goods for lower income group people.
Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Government of India has taken the following steps to remove poverty:
Consistent efforts have been made since the First Five Year Plan to bring about rural
development and for the upliftment of the poverty-stricken rural masses. What started as
Community Development Movement led into a series of special schemes and programmes.
They further evolved over the years into schemes for direct attack on poverty in a targeted
manner.
18. Medicinal plants are considered valuable for their causative characteristics. Some of the
medicinal plants are described below:
1. Amla is the wonder plant, a unique gift of the mother nature to the mankind. Its fruit
is the richest source of Vitamin C.
2. Neem tree is popularly known as the miracle tree.
3. Aloe vera is the popular herb with the botanical name of Aloe barbadenis.
4. Tulsi is known as Holy Basil in English and Tulsi in Sanskrit.
5. Ashwagandha is the powerful herb that is believed to increase health and longevity.
19. From time to time, the courts gave judgements to expand the scope of rights Certain rights
like right to freedom of press, right to information and right to education are derived from
the Fundamental Rights.
(a) Now school education has become a right for Indian citizens. The governments are
responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all children up to the age
of 14 years.
(b) The Parliament has enacted a law giving the right to information to the citizens. This
Act was made under the Fundamental Right to freedom of thought and expression.
We have right to seek information from government offices.
(c) Recently, the Supreme Court has expanded the meaning of the right to life to include
the right to food.
20. Farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their crops called Minimum Support Price. MSP
is declared by the government every year before the sowing season to provide incentives
to farmers for raising production of wheat and rice.
foodgrains in deficit areas and among the poor strata of society at a price lower than the
marked price. This is called Issue Price.
21. It is worth mentioning that cricket retained its village game character. It remained a pre-in-
dustrial sport that gained its maturity during the early phase of the Industrial Revolution
in the late 18th century. Thus, the game of cricket retains in itself the characteristics of
both the past and the present-day. Cricket’s connection with a rural past, can be discussed
as under:
(i) Originally, there was no limit of time in the cricket matches. It continued as long as
it took to bowl out a side twice. It was so as the pace of village life was slower and
the cricket rules were formulated before the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial
Revolution brought with it the modern factory work. It meant that workers were
paid by the hour or by the day. Thus, the village life too, became somewhat quicker.
However, even then the times of the Test match were fixed to three days and then to
five days.
(ii) The vagueness regarding the size of a cricket ground is an indicator of its village origins.
In the beginning cricket was played outside the village on common lands. The common
lands had no fences and were the public property. The size of the commons was not
equal. It varied from village to village. Thus, there were no marked boundaries or
boundary hits. Even when the boundaries came to be written into the laws of cricket,
their distance from the wicket remained unspecified.
(iii) As far as the game’s equipment is concerned, it continued to retain its origin in rural
England. Even today it can be easily found that almost all the important tools of cricket
are made of natural, pre-industrial materials. The bat, stumps and the balls all are
made of wood. In the beginning the bat was made of single piece of wood. But now it
consists of two pieces, i.e., the blade and the handle. Blade is made out of the wood of
the willow tree and handle is made out of cane. Ball is made of cork, twine and leather.
Modern industrial materials such as plastic, fibre glass and metal are not used in
cricket equipment.
However, it should be kept in mind that technological change has clearly influenced
the protective equipment of the game. Pads and protective gloves used by the players
are made of vulcanised rubber. Pads were introduced in 1848. Similarly, the helmets
used by the players are made of metal and synthetic light weight materials.
22. The huge diversity in flora and fauna kingdoms is due to the relief factors comprising
land and soil and climatic factors that include temperature, photoperiod (sunlight) and
precipitation.
(a) Land. Land affects the natural vegetation directly and indirectly. It influences the
type of vegetation. For example, the fertile land is used for agriculture and the rough
terrains having grassland and woodlands provides shelter to a variety of wildlife.
(b) Soil. Different types of soils support different types of vegetation. For example, the
sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes while wet, marshy, deltaic
soils support mangroves and deltaic vegetation. The hill slopes with some depth of soil
have conical trees.
(c) Temperature. Temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil
determines the type of vegetation, such as the slopes of the Himalayas and the hills of
the Peninsula have subtropical temperate and alpine vegetation.
(d) Photoperiod (Sunlight. The variation in duration of sunlight at different places
is due to differences in latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day. Regions
receiving sunlight for longer duration have dense vegetation and trees grow faster in
summer.
(e) Precipitation. India receives rainfall by southwest monsoon and retreating northeast
monsoons. Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to other
areas of less rainfall.
23. Challenges to Free and Fair Election are:
• Candidates and parties which use money and muscle power enjoy unfair advantage
over small party and independent candidates.
• Candidates with criminal background sometimes force the other candidates out of
electoral race. They at times manage to get a popular party ticket.
• Domination of political parties by some families and distribution of tickets to relatives.
• Not much difference between candidates of major political parties. This means little
choice for the voters.
• It is difficult for small party and independent candidates to compete with candidates
of big political powers in terms of resources.
Because of the above-mentioned challenges, there continues to be a demand for electoral
reforms by different sections of society. Though, the Election Commission has taken a
number of measures but still the lot more needs to be done in this direction.
24. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 was passed in September 2005. It pro-
vided that the one-third of the jobs would be reserved for women. For the implementation
of this scheme central and state governments will establish Employment Guarantee Funds.
Under this programme, if an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days, he/she
will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.
National food for work Programme was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward

districts of the country. This programme is open to all poor in rural areas who want to do
manual unskilled work.
Allocation for National Food for work programme has been increased from ` 4,020

crore in 2004-05 to ` 11,000 crore in 2005-06.
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) has been launched on April 12, 2005 with the
objective of providing greater access of the rural population especially the rural poor to the
public Health care facilities.
Antyodaya Anna Yojana for Coverage has been increased to 2.5 crore families in
2005-06 from 2 crore in 2004-05. An ambitious programme for creation of rural infrastruc-
ture viz., Bharat Nirman has been launched to bring an additional one crore hectares under
assured irrigation; to connect all villages with a population of 1000 (500 in hilly/ tribal
areas) with a road; to construct 60 lakh additional houses for the poor; to provide drinking
water to the remaining 74,000 habitations; to reach electricity to the remaining 1,25,000
villages and offer electricity connection to 2.3 crore households; and to provide telephone
connectivity to the remaining 66,822 villages.
While addressing the need for strengthening the rural infrastructure social development
in general should not be lost sight of. Bharat Nirman should not just be restricted to the
building of critical infrastructure in the rural areas in six identified fields, but should also
encompass within its scope the overall development of India’s rural society.
Bharat Nirman will be possible only after the upliftment of rural India in general.

25. Collective responsibility means that council of ministers are held responsible collectively.
The cabinet works as a team on the principle of collective responsibility. The different
cabinet Ministers may have different views and opinions on any matter but once the
decisions are taken, everyone has to own up the responsibility. No minister can openly
criticise any decision of the government even if it is concerning another ministry or
department. That is why it is said that Cabinet Ministers sink and swim together.
26. After Independence many measures were adopted to achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains.
India adopted a new strategy in agriculture like Green Revolution to increase the
production of wheat. The success of wheat was later replicated in rice. The highest rate of
growth was achieved in Punjab and Haryana, where foodgrain production jumped from
7.23 million tonnes in 1964-65 to reach an all-time high of 30.33 million tonnes in 1995-96.
Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, on the other hand, recorded significant increases in rice
yield. India has become self-sufficient in food grains during the last thirty years because
of a variety of crops grown all over the country. The availability of foodgrains (even in
adverse weather conditions or otherwise) at the country level has further been ensured
with a carefully designed food security system by the government.
27. The Raikas were a prominent pastoral nomad group in the deserts of Rajasthan. They
were found in considerable numbers in Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner. They
practised both cultivation and pastoralism. As you know rainfall in deserts is scanty and
uncertain as well. As no crop could be grown on vast stretches, the Raikas had to combine
cultivation with pastoralism. They stayed in their home villages during the monsoons as
sufficient fodder was available for their animals at this time. But by October the pastures
were exhausted and the grazing grounds became dry. Hence, they had to move out in
order to search new pasture and water. The process was repeated and they came back
to their home villages again during the next monsoon. One group of the Raikas herded
camels and another reared goats and sheep. The Raikas who herded camels were known
as Maru (desert) Raikas. Their settlements predominated the Thar desert near Jaisalmer
in Rajasthan. The settlement of the Maru Raikas was known as dhandi.
Dhangars of Maharashtra were an important pastoral community of the plateau. Their
major concentration was in the semi-arid tracts of central plateau of Maharashtra.
The Dhangars were divided into various castes such as the Hatkars, Ahirs, Thellari,
Khutekasrs, Kannade, Dange, Khatiks etc. They followed various occupations. Some of
them were shepherds, some buffaloe herders and some others were blanket weavers.
The Dhangar Shepherds, generally, stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during
the monsoon. It was a semi-arid region having low rainfall and infertile land. The area
was covered with thorny scrub. Bajra was the leading crop of this region as nothing but
dry crop could be sown here. However, the tract provided vast pasture for the Dhangar
flocks during the monsoon.
28. Change in pressure conditions over the southern oceans affect the monsoon. A feature
connected with it is El Nino, a warm ocean current that flows past a peruvian coast
in place of cold peruvian current every 2 to 5 years. The presence of El Niño leads to
an increase in sea-surface temperature and weakening of trade winds in the region.
The changes in pressure condition are connected to El Nino and hence, the phenomena is
referred to as ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation).
29
OR
30.

PRACTICE PAPER-3
1. Forest Act of 1878 divided forest into three categories viz, reserved, protected and village
forests.
2. National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).
3. Climate in the average weather conditions of a place over a long period of time. It is
generally of about 30-40 years.
4. A party candidate is nominated by a party to contest election from a constituency,
whereas, an independent candidate has no such affiliation to any party.
5. Supreme Court being the highest court in the country controls the entire judicial system.
It taken disputes between:
(a) Citizens of the country
(b) Citizens and the government
(c) Two or more state government
(d) Central government and the State government
It is also the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases.
6. Food insecure people are the landless labourers, women, elderly people, disabled persons
in a family etc.
7. Rights are claims of a person over the other fellow beings, over the society and over the
government. If there are no rights it would lead to anarchy.
8. Social exclusion or marginalisation is social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of
the society.
9. (a) The threshing machines were opposed because they reduced the number of people
needed for agricultural operations.
(b) It created unemployment.
(c) This problem became more acute when the soldiers returned to their villages after
the Napoleonic wars and needed jobs to survive.
10. All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and interrelated to each other
in their physical environment, thus, forming an ecosystem. Ecosystem is a system of
interdependence comprising the physical environment and the organisms living within.
Plants, animals, human beings and the environment are the components of ecosystem.
Plants are the main natural component on the earth which can use the sun’s energy to
prepare food. Plants are the backbone of the natural resources of the country. The nature
of plants in an area, to a large extent, determines the animal life of that area. When the
vegetation is altered, the animal life also changes. Human beings are also an integral
part of the ecosystem. They utilise the vegetation and wildlife. All the living beings on
the earth are dependent on plants directly or indirectly.
11. Before the age of democratic revolution and development of capitalist market in 18th
century Europe most people dressed according to their regional codes. It was also strictly
regulated by class, gender or status in the social hierarchy. After the eighteenth century
growth of an industrial society and spread of democratic ideas, completely changed the
ways in which people thought about dress and its meaning. People could use style and
materials that were drawn from other cultures and locations, and western dress styles
were adopted world wide. Laws no longer barred people right to dress in the way they
wished. Women too campaigned for dress reform in the form of simple dresses and shorten
skirts.
12. Indians used to wear turbans to protect them from the heat and it was also a sign
of respect. Turban could not be removed at will. In contrast Europeans used to wear
hats which had to be removed before social superiors as a sign of respect. This cultural
difference created misunderstanding. The British were often offended if Indians did not
take off their turban when they met colonial officials. Many Indians on the other hand
wore the turban to consciously assert their regional or national identity.
Another such conflict related to the wearing of shoes. At the beginning of the nineteenth
century, it was customary for British officials to follow Indian etiquette and remove their
footwear in the courts of ruling kings or chiefs. In 1824-1828, Governor-General Amherst
insisted that Indians take their shoes off as a sign of respect when they appeared before him,
but this was not followed strictly. When Lord Dalhousie became Governor General, ‘shoe
respect’ was made stricter and Indians were made to take off their shoes when entering any
government institution. Those who wore European clothes were exempted from this rule.
Many Indian government servants were increasingly uncomfortable with these rules.
13. The endemic vegetation is referred to those species of flora and fauna which are indigenous
to a place. They are also teamed as virgin vegetation. The examples of endemic species are
Andaman teak, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, Mithun in Arunachal Pradesh. On the
other hand those species which came from outside a place are known as exotic vegetation.
14. Money bill refers to the bill for legislation which deals with the money matter and financial
statement the Lok Sabha exercises supreme power in the matter of money. Once the Lok
Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money related law the Rajya
Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes
in it. The Lok Sabha may or not accept these changes.
15. A high incidence of malnutrition among women is a matter of serious concern because
if the women are malnourished it would affect the quality of life of the children. The
malnourished lactating and pregnant women would lead to weak siblings and severely
affect the life of the infants. The children of such malnurished women lack the strength
to cope with the challenges of life. We see that the family as a whole suffers. On the other
hand a highly nourished women give birth to healthy children. Women suffer a lot among
a family as she is supposed to feed her sons and daugthers before taking her own meal.
This sometimes leads to frugal diets to the mother.
16. The rights mentioned in the Constitution are fundamental to our life and are given a
special status. They are called Fundamental Rights. There are six Fundamental Rights
which are as follow:
(i) Right to Equality. It ensures equality before the law or equal protection of the
laws which means that the laws apply in the same manner to all, regardless of a
person’s status. This is called the rule of law. It means that no person is above the
law. There cannot be any distinction between a political leader, government official
and an ordinary citizen. The government shall not discriminate against any citizen
on grounds of religion, caste, ethnicity, sex or place of birth. Every citizen shall have
access to public places like cinema halls, hotels etc. The same principle applies to
public jobs. All citizens have equality of opportunity in matters relating to employment
or appointment to any position in the government.
(ii) Right to Freedom. Freedom means absence of constraints. But one cannot exercise
freedom in such a manner that violates others’ right to freedom. Accordingly,
the government can impose certain reasonable restrictions on our freedoms in the
larger interests of the society. The Indian Constitution guarantees following rights
to its citizens:
(a) Right to assemble in a peaceful manner.
(b) Right to form associations and unions.
(c) Right to move freely throughout the country or reside in any part of the country.
(d) Right to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
(e) Right to personal liberty.
(iii) Right against Exploitation.
(a) The Constitution prohibits ‘traffic in human beings’. Traffic here means selling
and buying of human beings, usually women, for immoral purposes.
(c) It also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen
years to work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work.
(iv) Right to Freedom of Religion. In India, people follow different religions. Therefore,
India remained neutral in matters of religion and chose to be a secular country.
A secular state or a country is one that does not establish any one religion as official
religion. Every person has a right to profess, practise and propagate the religion he
or she believes in. Every religious group or sect is free to manage its religious affairs.
(v) Cultural and Educational Rights. The Cultural and Educational Rights is one of
the six fundamental rights that have been granted to us in the Indian Constitution.
This right allows every citizen of India to conserve his/her language and culture.
(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies. The Fundamental Rights in the Constitution
are important because they are enforceable. This is called the Right to Constitutional
Remedies. It authorises the citizens to approach the Supreme Court or the High Court
of a state (court of law) in case of any denial of Fundamental Rights. The courts can
issue various types of writs to safeguard the Fundamental Rights of a citizen. When
any of our rights are violated we can seek remedy through courts.
17. With increasing population there are problems related to population and climate change
has an impact on agriculture production leading to price rise.
Steps to be taken by government are:
(a) Developing new methods of farming (b) Use of biotechnology.
18. Quality of people refers to education, knowledge and skill of the people while quantity
of people refers to total population of the country. For example, in a developing country
like India the population is very high. Most people do not get basis necessity of life such
as education, health etc. If the government invests in sectors like education, health, skill
development, then the productive power of the country will definately increase.
19. It is sometimes necessary to regulate election campaigns to ensure that every political
party and candidate gets a fair and equal chance to compete. To execute it some election
laws have been made according to which no party or candidate can:
(a) Bribe or threaten voters.
(b) Appeal to them in the name of caste or religion.
(c) Use government resources for election campaign.
(d) Spend more than `25 lakh in a constituency for a Lok Sabha election or `10 lakh in a
constituency for an Assembly election.
If they do so, their election can be rejected by the court even after they have been declared
elected.
20. No. There is a strong link.
1. Urban India
Opportunities available such as:
Literacy – Each and every child can go to school.
Because of good Industrial growth job opportunities exists in Urban India.
2. While Rural India is dependent on agricultural and the progenies such as MNERGA
are not being implemented properly.
21. The 19th century Indian society was a traditional society. Though it had no formal
sumptuary laws as that of Europe, it was divided on religious and caste bases and had
its own strict social codes regarding food and dress. It was the caste organisation that
defined the dress and food norms to be followed by the upper caste Hindus and the lower
caste Hindus. These norms were to be followed strictly as they had the force of law. Thus,
any change in clothing styles threatening these norms caused violent social reactions. An
incident of one such caste conflict occurred between Shanars and Nairs in Travancore
during the early years of the 19th century.
22. The huge diversity in flora and fauna kingdoms is due to the relief factors comprising
land and soil and climatic factors that include temperature, photoperiod (sunlight) and
precipitation.
(a) Land. Land affects the natural vegetation directly and indirectly. It influences the
type of vegetation. For example, the fertile land is used for agriculture and the rough
terrains having grassland and woodlands provides shelter to a variety of wildlife.
(b) Soil. Different types of soils support different types of vegetation. For example, the
sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes while wet, marshy, deltaic
soils support mangroves and deltaic vegetation. The hill slopes with some depth of
soil have conical trees.
(c) Temperature. Temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil
determines the type of vegetation, such as the slopes of the Himalayas and the hills
of the Peninsula have subtropical temperate and alpine vegetation.
(d) Photoperiod (Sunlight). The variation in duration of sunlight at different places
is due to differences in latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day. Regions
receiving sunlight for longer duration have dense vegetation and trees grow faster in
summer.
(e) Precipitation. India receives rainfall by southwest monsoon and retreating northeast
monsoons. Areas of heavy rainfal
23. Collective responsibility means that council of ministers are held responsible collectively.
The cabinet works as a team on the principle of collective responsibility. The different
cabinet Ministers may have different views and opinions on any matter but once the
decisions are taken, everyone has to own up the responsibility. No minister can openly
criticise any decision of the government even if it is concerning another ministry or
department. That is why it is said that Cabinet Ministers sink and swim together.
24. FCI which functions under the administrative control of Department of public distribution
is the central government’s nodal agency for food grain procurement. It provides effective
price assurance for wheat, paddy and coarse grains. Purchases are organised in more than
8000 centres for wheat and 4000 centres for paddy every year in the immediate Post-
harvest season. This process of procurement helps to meet the commitment of the public
distribution system and for building the buffer stock. The buffer stock is to provide food
security to the country. It is a reserve stock which can be drawn upon at the time of crop
failure. Thus food security is ensured in India.
25. These freedoms are also not without restrictions. Unrestricted freedom can lead to
lawlessness and anarchy. Right to freedom of speech and expression does not give us
the right to speak anything against anybody. Though it gives us freedom to criticise the
government while discussing with others or writing an article in the newspaper and
magazine but we cannot use it to instigate people to rebel against the government.
Similarly, the right to form association or union does not mean that one should form such a
union or an association which may pose danger to the safety of the country or indulging in
immoral or illegal activities. In the interest of the sovereignty of India certain restrictions
can be imposed on the exercise of Right to Freedom.
26. The launching of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) on
February 2, 2006 to provide enhanced livelihood security for the poor in rural areas by
providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to
every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work constituted
a major milestone in the social sector in 2005-06.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 was passed in September 2005.
It provided that the one-third of the jobs would be reserved for women. For the
implementation of this scheme central and state governments will establish Employment
Guarantee Funds. Under this programme, if an applicant is not provided employment
within 15 days, he/she will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.
National food for work Programme was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts
of the country. This programme is open to all poor in rural areas who want to do manual
unskilled work.
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) has been launched on April 12, 2005 with the
objective of providing greater access of the rural population especially the rural poor to
the public Health care facilities.
Antyodaya Anna Yojana for Coverage has been increased to 2.5 crore families in 2005-
06 from 2 crore in 2004-05. An ambitious programme for creation of rural infrastructure
viz., Bharat Nirman has been launched to bring an additional one crore hectares under
assured irrigation; to connect all villages with a population of 1000 (500 in hilly/ tribal
areas) with a road; to construct 60 lakh additional houses for the poor; to provide drinking
water to the remaining 74,000 habitations; to reach electricity to the remaining 1,25,000
villages and offer electricity connection to 2.3 crore households; and to provide telephone
connectivity to the remaining 66,822 villages.
While addressing the need for strengthening the rural infrastructure social development
in general should not be lost sight of. Bharat Nirman should not just be restricted to the
building of critical infrastructure in the rural areas in six identified fields, but should also
encompass within its scope the overall development of India’s rural society.
Bharat Nirman will be possible only after the upliftment of rural India in general.
27. The impact of westward expansion of the settlers:
(a) Westward expansion of the settlers led to displacement of local tribes. They were
driven beyond river Mississippi and further west.
(b) The settlers began agriculture on an extensive scale. They slashed and burnt forests,
pulled out the stumps, cleared the land for cultivation and built log cabins in the forest
clearings. Then they cleared larger areas and erected fences around the fields. They
ploughed the land and sowed corn and wheat. Thus, agriculture was undertaken at
the expense of grasslands and forests.
(c) The settlers continued moving further west to explore new land and raise a new crop.
After the 1860s, the settlers reached the Great Plains across the river Mississippi.
They started growing wheat there and soon turned this region a major wheat
producing area of America.
28. Effects of monsoon rainfall in India:
(a) Indian agriculture is largely dependent upon the water from the monsoon rains. Late,
low or excessive rains have a negative impact upon crops.
(b) Due to the uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are some regions
that are drought prone and some that are flood afflicted.
(c) The monsoon provides India with a distinct climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the
presence of great regional variations, it has a unifying influence upon the country and
its people.
29.
OR
30.

PRACTICE PAPER-4
1. Polo.
2. Poverty refers to a situation in which people are unable to meet their basic necessities of
life like food, clothing, shelter, health, education and housing.
3. A warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian coast in place of cold Peruvian current
every 2 to 5 years.
4. Begar means working without remuneration.
5. In Parliamentary form of government people elect Members of Parliament through election
and the party which gets the majority seats elect its Prime-minister.
6. Women, children and old age people, landless labourers.
7. Electronic Voting Machine.
8. A severe general shortage of food caused by failure of food crops (period during which this
shortage occurs).
9. The colonial government restricted the lives of the Maasai pastoralists. Their freedom was
snatched when their best grazing lands were gradually taken over in the late 19th century
for the white settlement and they (the maasai) were pushed into a smaller area to South
Kenya and north Tanzania. The Maasai lost about 60% of their pre-colonial lands. They
were confined to an arid zone with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures. Under colonial
government, the cultivation expanded. Due to the expansion of cultivation, pasturelands
were turned into cultivated fields, which created a number of problems for the Maasai
pastoralists. Large areas of Maasai grazing land were also turned into game reserves. For
example, the National Park in Tanzania was created over 14,760 km of Massai grazing
land. The pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. They could neither hunt
animals nor graze their herds in these areas. From the late 19th century, the colonial
government began imposing restrictions on the mobility of the Nomadic pastoralists and
the new territorial boundaries suddenly changed the life of the pastoralists. This adversely
affected both their pastoral and trading activities. They were cut-off from their grazing
lands and were forced to live within a semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts. Since
they could not shift their cattle to places where pastures were available, large numbers of
Maasai cattle died of starvation and disease.
10. The climate of India is described as the monsoon type. Despite an overall unity in the
general pattern there are perceptible regional variations in climatic conditions within
the country. Factors that affect the climate of a place depends on latitude, altitude,
pressure and wind system, distance from sea, ocean currents and relief features. Two
important elements that affect the regional variations are temperature and precipitation.
Temperatures vary from 50° to 20° in summers in different parts of India. Similarly it
varies from minus 45° to 22°C. Similarly there are variations in precipitations which varies
from 400 cm in Meghalaya to less than 10 cm in Ladakh and Western Rajasthan.
11. (i) First dress code relates to turban and the hat. They not only looked different but
signified different things. Turban in India was a sign of respectability and could not
be removed at will. In western tradition hat had to be removed before social superiors
as a sign of respect.
(ii) Second relates to wearing of shoes. Shoes has to be removed in places of worship and at
home in Indian tradition. British officials followed this custom in the courts of ruling
kings and chiefs. Later on Britishers stopped following this practice and even forced
Indians to take of shoes at the courts. This created a lot of resentment among Indians.
12. Unlike hockey and football which became international games, played all over the world,
cricket remained a colonial game. Cricket was limited to the countries which became a
part of the British empire. The pre-industrial oddness made it hard game to export. It took
root only in the countries which were conquered by the British. In these colonies, cricket
was established as a popular sport either by white settlers or by local elites who wanted
to copy the habits of their colonial masters.
13. Tropical deciduous forests (Monsoon forests):
1. These forests are the most widespread forests of India. They are also called the monsoon
forests and spread over the region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.
2. Trees of this forest-type shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in dry summer.
3. On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist
and dry deciduous.
Moist deciduous forests:
1. These forests are found in areas receiving rainfall between 200 and 100 cm.
2. These forests exist, mostly in the eastern part of the country – northeastern states,
along the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Odisha and Chhattisgarh, and
on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
3. Teak is the most dominant species of this forest, bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood,
khair are other commercially important trees.
Dry deciduous forests:
1. These forests are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm.
2. These forests are found in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau and the plains
of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
3. There are open stretches in which teak, sal, peepal, neem grow. A large part of this
region has been cleared for cultivation and some parts are used for grazing.
4.In these forests, the common animals found are lion, tiger, pig, deer and elephant.
14. Every candidate contesting election has to make a legal declaration giving full details of:
(a) Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate.
b) Details of assets and liabilities of the candidate and his/her family
(c) Educational qualification of the candidate.
This provides an opportunity to the voters to make their decision on the basis of the
information provided by the candidates.
15. Food Security System has two components:
1. Buffer stock. It is the stock of foodgrains (wheat, rice) procured by the government
of wheat and rice.
foodgrains in deficit areas and among the poor strata of society at a price lower than
2. Public Distribution System. The food procured by the FCI is distributed through
16. All the courts at different levels in the country are collectively called the judiciary.
It is independent and powerful institution and is considered essential for democracies.
The Indian judiciary consists of a Supreme Court for the entire nation, High Courts in the
states, District Courts and the courts at local level. The judiciary in India is also one of
the most powerful in the world.
India has an integrated judiciary. It means the Supreme Court controls the judicial
administration in the country. It can take up any dispute
 between citizens of the country.
 between citizens and government.
 between two or more state governments.
 between governments at the union and state level.
Independence of the judiciary means that it is not under the control of the legislature or
the executive. The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the
wishes of the party in power. That is why all modern democracies have courts that are
independent of the legislature and the executive.
The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of
the country.
They can declare invalid any law of the legislature or the actions of the executive, whether
at the Union level or at the state level, if they find such a law or action is against the
Constitution. Thus, they can determine the Constitutional validity of any legislation or
action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before them. This is known as
the judicial review. If the Court finds that a law or an order of the executive disobeys the
provisions of the Constitution, it declares such law or order null and void.
The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian
of the Fundamental Rights. That is why, the judiciary enjoys a high level of confidence
among the people.
17. Various dimensions of poverty are:
1. It means hunger and lack of shelter.
2. It means lack of clean water and sanitation facilities.
3. It means people living with a sense of helplessness.
19. (a) Under right to freedom, all the citizens enjoy the freedom to move freely throughout the
country. However, due to the security reasons, the freedom of movement of ordinary
citizens can be restricted and their entry in border areas or army cantonment areas is
generally restricted. This is very much justified from security point of view.
(b) In certain cases (specially in remote and tribal areas) such restrictions can be justified
so that people of the area can maintain the cultural or ethnic identity. According to
the article 370 of the Indian Constitution, outsiders are not allowed to buy property
and settle permanently in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
(c) Such a restriction cannot be justified because it is a clear violation of the right to
freedom of expression.
20. Poverty in India also has another aspect or dimension. The proportion of poor people is not
the same in every state.
Although state level poverty has witnessed a secular decline from the levels of early
seventies, the success rate of reducing poverty varies from state to state. Recent estimates
show that in 20 states and union territories, the poverty ratio is less than the national
average. On the other hand, poverty is still a serious problem in Orissa, Bihar, Assam,
Tripura and Uttar Pradesh. Orissa and Bihar continue to be the two poorest states with
poverty ratios of 47 and 43 per cent respectively. Along with rural poverty, urban poverty
is also high in Orrisa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesg.
In comparison, there has been a significant decline in poverty in Kerala, Jammu and
Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal. States like Punjab and
Haryana have traditionally succeeded in reducing poverty with the help of high agricultural
growth rates. Kerala has focused more on human resource development. In West Bengal,
land reform measures have helped in reducing poverty. In Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu public distribution of good grains could have been responsible for the improvement.
21. From the 1780s, the poor famers of Bihar and Bengal found their village headmen giving
them money advances to produce opium. When offered a loan, the cultivators were tempted
to accept, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loan at a later stage. But
the loan tied the peasant to the headman and through him to the government. By taking
the loan, the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specified area of land and handover
the produce to the agents once the crop had been harvested
22. Monsoon plays a crucial role in the Indian economy. Since India is primarily an agricultural
nation it banks heavily on good monsoon. A good monsoon is favourable for farmers while
poor or insufficient rainfall can cause crop failure. This directly affects the economy of the
country.
23. The rights mentioned in the Constitution are fundamental to our life and are given a special
status. They are called Fundamental Rights. There are six Fundamental Rights which are
as follow:
(i) Right to Equality. It ensures equality before the law or equal protection of the laws
which means that the laws apply in the same manner to all, regardless of a person’s
status. This is called the rule of law. It means that no person is above the law. There
cannot be any distinction between a political leader, government official and an
ordinary citizen. The government shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds
of religion, caste, ethnicity, sex or place of birth. Every citizen shall have access to
public places like cinema halls, hotels etc. The same principle applies to public jobs. All
citizens have equality of opportunity in matters relating to employment or appointment
to any position in the government.
(ii) Right to Freedom. Freedom means absence of constraints. But one cannot exercise
freedom in such a manner that violates others’ right to freedom. Accordingly,
the government can impose certain reasonable restrictions on our freedoms in the
larger interests of the society. The Indian Constitution guarantees following rights to
its citizens:
(a) Right to assemble in a peaceful manner.
(b) Right to form associations and unions.
(c) Right to move freely throughout the country or reside in any part of the country.
(d) Right to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
(e) Right to personal liberty.
(iii) Right against Exploitation.
(a) The Constitution prohibits ‘traffic in human beings’. Traffic here means selling
and buying of human beings, usually women, for immoral purposes.
(c) It also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen
years to work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work.
(iv) Right to Freedom of Religion. In India, people follow different religions. Therefore,
India remained neutral in matters of religion and chose to be a secular country.
A secular state or a country is one that does not establish any one religion as official
religion. Every person has a right to profess, practise and propagate the religion he
or she believes in. Every religious group or sect is free to manage its religious affairs.
(v) Cultural and Educational Rights. The Cultural and Educational Rights is one of
the six fundamental rights that have been granted to us in the Indian Constitution.
This right allows every citizen of India to conserve his/her language and culture.
(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies. The Fundamental Rights in the Constitution
are important because they are enforceable. This is called the Right to Constitutional
Remedies. It authorises the citizens to approach the Supreme Court or the High Court
of a state (court of law) in case of any denial of Fundamental Rights. The courts can
issue various types of writs to safeguard the Fundamental Rights of a citizen. When
any of our rights are violated we can seek remedy through courts.
24. Buffer stock is the stock of foodgrains and rice procured by the government through Food
Corporation of India (FCI).
Buffer stock is created by the government:
(i) to distribute foodgrains in the deficit areas.
(ii) to use among the poorer strata of society at a lower price.
(iii) to resolve the problem of shortage of food during adverse weather conditions or during
the period of calamity. (Any other point to maintain food sec.
25. (a) Unfair practices, financial aid to reopen sugar mill should be stopped by the election
commission
(b) Misuse of government machinery by the ruling party.
(c) Unfair practices during the election. Inclusion of bogus names in the voter’s list must
be cancelled in order to have fair election.
26. Anti-Poverty Measures taken by the Government of India:
1. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005
The Act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household
in 200 districts.
2. National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) 2004 was launched in 150 most backward
districts of the country. It is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment.
3. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) 1995
The aim is to create self-employment opportunities for educated youth in rural areas
and small towns.
4. Rural Empoyment Generation Programme (REGP) 1995
The aim is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas.
5. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 1999. It aims at bringing the poor
families above poverty line by organising them into self-help groups through bank
credit and government subsidy.
27. Governor-General Lord Dalhousie made ‘shoe respect’ very strict. Indians were made to
take off their shoes when entering any government institution. This made the Indians very
unhappy.
to take off his shoes in the court of sessions judge. As a result, he was barred entry into
the courtroom.
The British insisted that since Indians took off their shoes when they entered a sacred
place or home, they should do so when they entered the courtroom. In the controversy that
followed, Indians urged that taking off shoes in sacred places and at home was linked to
two different questions—first, there was the problem of dirt and filth. Shoes collected dirt
on the road. This dirt could not be allowed into spaces that were clean, particularly when
people in Indian homes sat on the ground. Second, leather shoes, and the filth that stuck
under it were seen as polluting. But public buildings like the courtroom were different
from home.
28. The steps adopted by the government to conserve flora and fauna are:
1. 14 biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to protect flora and fauna.
2. Financial and technical assistance is being provided to many Botanical gardens by the
3. Project Tiger, Project Rhino and many other eco-developmental projects have been
introduced.
4. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and zoological gardens are being set up to take
Examples of bio-reserves in India:
Sunderbans in West Bengal and Niligiri have been included in the world network of
biosphere reserve.
Growing demand for cultivated land and development of industries and urbanisation has
led to the clearing of forest. This whole scenario is responsible for the depletion of flora
and fauna in our country.
29.
OR
30.
30.

PRACTICE PAPER-5
1.Rice cultivation
2.$ 1 per person/day
3.A literate is a person who can read and write and who is above 7 years of age.
4.An election is a process by which a democratically elected government in formed.
5.Muscle power and money power.
6.Minimum support price is declared by the govt. every year before the sowing season to
provide incentive to farmers for raising crops–especially wheat, rice, sugarcane etc.
7. President of India is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both the
Houses of Parliament and State Assemblies.
8. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
 It was launched in 1999.
 The programme aims at bringing the assisted poor families above the poverty line by
organising them into self-help groups through a mix of bank credit and government
subsidy.
9. The pastoralists cope with the changes in a variety of ways:
(a) Some pastoralists reduced the number of cattle in their herds since there was not
enough pasture to feed large number of cattle. Others discovered new pastures when
their mobility to other grazing grounds was restricted.
(b) The new political boundaries between India and Pakistan stopped their movement. So
they had to find new places to go. In recent years, they have been migrating to Haryana
where sheep can graze on agricultural lands after the harvests are cut.
(c) Over the years, some rich pastoralists started buying lands and settling down by giving
up their nomadic lives. Some became settled peasants cultivating land, while others
took extensive trading as their occupation.
(d) Many poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders to survive. At times,
they lost their cattle and sheep and became labourers, working on fields or in small
towns. Thus, the pastoralists were not only able to survive but also expanded in large
numbers. When the pasturelands in one place was closed to them, they changed the
direction of the movement, reduced the size of the herds, combined pastoral activity
with other forms of income and adapted to the changes in the modern world.
10. The vast diversity in flora and fauna kingdom is due to the following factors:
1. Relief and 2. Climate.
Relief
1. Land. We see different kinds of vegetation in the mountainous regions, plains and
plateaus and desert areas. The kind of plants which grow in dry and wet areas also
differ. The land influences the natural vegetation. The fertile land is used for cultivation
and growing crops. The woodland and grassland grow in rough terrains and slopes.
2. Soil. The soil differs from place to place, and each soil has different characteristics and
support different types of plants e.g. the dry sandy soil of the desert supports cactus and
thorny bushes. The water and soil of the delta region support mangroves and wetland
forest.
Climate
1. Temperature. It determines the extent of vegetation along with soil, precipitation
and humidity. In places above the snow line, in the Tundra region, only mosses and
lichens are found. In areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall, many species of
plants, trees, bushes, scrubs and creepers are found at the same place.
2. Photoperiod (sunlight). The amount of sunlight received by a place depends upon
the latitude of a place, altitude, season and duration of the day. The trees grow faster
due to longer sunlight.
3. Precipitation. In India most of the rainfall is brought by the advancing south-west
monsoon and retreating north-east monsoon. Areas of heavy rainfall have dense
vegetation and dry and arid region have sparse vegetation.
11. The enclosure movement gave rise to strong resentment among the poor and affected them
in various ways:
1. It caused unemployment among the poor. The poor were displaced of the land, in
particular, in the midlands and the countries around. With the coming of the enclosure
system, they had to return land they had been cultivating on their own, to landowners.
Only few were lucky enough to get it again when it was redistributed. Thus, a large
number of them were deprived of their rights and driven off the land. As a result,
they became landless tramping in search of work. It gave rise to the grave problem of
unemployment.
2. The poor had to lose their customary rights with the coming of the fences. As the
enclosed land turned to be the private property of one landowner, the poor were no
longer able to collect their firewood from the forests or to graze their cattle on the
commons. They could no longer hunt small animals, collect berries for food or gather
the stalks lying on the fields after harvesting. Now, everything had a price and the
poor were not able to pay for it.
3. Before the coming of the enclosure system, the labourers enjoyed job security. Usually
they lived with their landowners and helped them throughout the year. But this
practice started disappearing by 1800 A.D. The landowners in order to earn more
profits, started employing labourers only during harvest time. Consequently, the poor
had no work for a very large part of the year. Thus, they had to face insecurity of work,
uncertainty of employment and instablity of income.
12. As we know, different societies observe their different cultural norms. The European
dress codes were quite different from the Indian dress codes. It sometimes resulted in
misunderstandings and conflicts. The wearing of shoes and the headgear were two such
points.
When the British became the masters of India, they were distinguished as ‘hat wearers’
whereas the Indians were ‘turban wearers’. There was a significant difference between the
two headgears. According to the western tradition, the hat was to be removed before social
superiors as a mark of respect. However, it was not so with turban. In Indian tradition, the
turban was a sign of respectability. It could not be removed at will. This cultural difference
occasionally gave birth to misunderstanding. The British often took it as offended as the
Indians did not take off their turban in presence of their colonial officials. Many Indians
on the other hand wore turban ceremonially or on formal occasions as a matter of honour
and regional or national assertion.
Another point of difference was regarding the wearing of shoes. It is worth mentioning
that in Indian society it had become customary to remove shoes while entering home or
a sacred place. In the early years of the 19th century it became customary even for the
British officials to remove their shoes while visiting the courts of the ruling kings or chiefs.
Some British officials also were to wear Indian costumes at official functions.
The British remained adamant on their arguement that as the Indians took off their shoes
while entering home or a sacred place, they should also remove them while entering in the
courtroom. But the Indians argued that the Indian tradition of removing shoes in sacred
places and at home, was followed because of two reasons:
(i) People in Indian homes, normally sat on the ground. The shoes accumulated dirt and
filth from outside. Hence, these were to be removed as a necessity of keeping the place
neat and clean.
(ii) The leather shoes and the filth sticking under it was polluting. Hence, it was necessary
to take them off while entering a sacred place or home.
The Indians pleaded that as the public buildings such as the courtroom, were quite different
from home, there was no necessity of such a rule. However, it was only years later that the
rule came to be changed.
13. Jet streams are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12,000 m) westerly winds in the
troposphere. Their speed varies from about 110 km/hr in summer to about 184 km/hr in
winter. Jet steams are located approximately over 27°–30° north latitude, therefore, they
are known as subtropical westerly jet streams. Over India, these jet streams blow south of
the Himalayas, throughout the year except in summer. The western cyclonic disturbances
experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country are brought in by this
westerly flow. In summer, the subtropical westerly jet stream moves north of the Himalayas
with the apparent movement of the sun. An easterly jet stream, called the tropical easterly
jet streams blows over peninsular India.
14. First of all, we will try to imagine a democracy without election. A rule of people is possible
without any elections if all the people can sit together everyday and take all the decisions.
But this is not possible in large community.
It is also not possible for everyone to have the time and knowledge to take decisions on all
matters. Therefore in most democracies, people rule through their representatives. But
the question arises, how to ensure whether these representatives rule as per the wishes
of the people?
This requires a mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular
intervals and change them if they wish to do so. This mechanism is called election.
Hence, elections are considered essential in our times for any representative democracy.
15. There are two methods by which the number of people who are living below the poverty
line is estimated:
1. Expenditure method and
2. Income method.
1. Expenditure Method. In this method, the total minimum food requirement is first
estimated in calories which is 2,400 calories per day for an average man in rural
areas and 2,100 calories per day in urban areas. Then this calories is converted into
money value along with the minimum money value of other basic requirements such
as clothing, shelter etc.
The total amount, thus estimated is considered as Poverty Line. All those families
which spend less than the Poverty Line for their consumption are considered as families
living below the Poverty Line.
2. Income Method. In 2004-5, the Poverty Line for rural areas was fixed at ` 446.68 per
capita per month and for urban areas it was fixed at ` 578.80.
16. All the courts at different levels in the country are collectively called the judiciary.
It is independent and powerful institution and is considered essential for democracies.
The Indian judiciary consists of a Supreme Court for the entire nation, High Courts in the
states, District Courts and the courts at local level. The judiciary in India is also one of
the most powerful in the world.
India has an integrated judiciary. It means the Supreme Court controls the judicial
administration in the country. It can take up any dispute
 between citizens of the country.
 between citizens and government.
 between two or more state governments.
 between governments at the union and state level.
Independence of the judiciary means that it is not under the control of the legislature or
the executive. The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the
wishes of the party in power. That is why all modern democracies have courts that are
independent of the legislature and the executive.
The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of
the country.
They can declare invalid any law of the legislature or the actions of the executive, whether
at the Union level or at the state level, if they find such a law or action is against the
Constitution. Thus, they can determine the Constitutional validity of any legislation or
action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before them. This is known as
the judicial review. If the Court finds that a law or an order of the executive disobeys the
provisions of the Constitution, it declares such law or order null and void.
The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian
of the Fundamental Rights. That is why, the judiciary enjoys a high level of confidence
among the people.
17. Food insecurity is indicated by hunger also. Hunger is a cause and effect of poverty. The
most abundant asset available to the poor is labour, which could be used to earn a living.
However, hunger means that this labour is ineffective, entrapping the poor in hunger and
poverty. For many, hunger is gnawing pain in the stomach when a meal is missed. On the
other extreme, hunger is physical depletion of those suffering from chronic under-nutrition.
Attainment of food security means eliminating current hunger and reducing the risk of
future hunger. Hunger is multi-dimensional. It has chronic and seasonal dimensions.
Chronic hunger is the result of the poor diets which are insufficient both in quantity and
quality and do not provide basic energy. Poor people have no purchasing power, so they
cannot buy the minimum food requirements for themselves and members of their family
and suffer from chronic hunger. Some farmers commit suicide in different parts of the
country on account of crop failure, inability to repay loans or sheer indebtedness. Enough
foodgrains are available, but not “economically accessible” to many. Such people suffer
from chronic hunger. Seasonal hunger is related to growing and harvesting of food crops.
This type of hunger is found in rural areas because of the seasonal nature of agricultural
activities. In urban areas it is found among casual labourers because they do not find work
throughout the year.
18. Forests are renewable resources. The plants, animals and micro-organisms recreate the
quality of air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produces our food without
which we cannot survive. Forests play a key role in the ecological system as they are also
the primary producers on which all living things depend.
Forests modify the local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream flow, provide
livelihood for many communities. They control wind force and temperature and cause
rainfall. They provide humus to the soil and shelter to wild animals.
Forest cover in India has reduced rapidly due to industrialisation and urbanisation and
over-grazing of pastures. The vegetation in many parts have been modified except in the
inaccessible regions of the Himalayas.
19. India is a secular state. The constitution confers on the people of India the freedom
1. to follow any religion of their choice,
2. to practise it according to their specific ways and
3. to preach it.
Right to freedom of religion was very essential in case of India because most of people in
India follow different religions. Secularism is based on the idea that state is concerned only
with relations among human beings and not with the relations between human beings and
God. A secular state is that which does not establish any religion as the official religion.
The state has to be neutral and impartial in dealing with all religions. The state has no
religion of its own.
20. The proportion of poor is not the same in every state. State level poverty has declined but
varies from one state to another. In 20 states and union territories poverty ratio is less
than natural average.
1. Poverty exists in Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh.
2. Odisha (47%) and Bihar (43%) are poorest.
3. In Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh both rural and urban poverty is
high.
21. The changes which were brought in the game of cricket in the late 18th century are as
follows:
(a) It became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground.
(b) The weight of the ball was now 5½ to 5¾ ounces.
(c) It also opened new possibilities for spin and swing.
(d) The straight bat was introduced. So, batsmen had to master timing and short selection.
(e) The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches. Also a third
stump become common.
(f) About 40 runs were viewed as a very big score, probably due to the bowlers bowling
quickly at shins unprotected by pads.
(g) The first leg-before-law was published in 1774.
(h) In 1780, three-day matches were started.
22. In mountainous areas, the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude leads to the
(a) Wet temperate type of forests are located between a height of 1000-2000 metres.
Evergreen broad-leaf trees such as chir, ash, oak, chestnuts are found in this region.
(b) Between 1500-3000 metres above sea-level, temperate forests such as pine, deodar,
silver fir, spruce and cedar are found.
(c) At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 metres above sea level, Alpine vegetation
such as silver fir, junipers, pines and birches is found. Above the snowline of 5000
metres, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation.
23. Existence of an independent judiciary is the most important prerequisite of the successful
working of Democracy. Independence of judiciary means neither the legislature nor the
executive are able to exercise any influence on the judiciary. The judges do not act according
to the wishes of the government or the party in power.
The judges of the Supreme Court and the High courts of India are appointed by the
president of India on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with the chief
justice of India. The senior most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the chief justice
of India. Once the person is appointed as the Chief Justice or the justice of the Supreme
Court or the high courts, it is nearly impossible to remove him/her from the position. It
is as difficult as the removal of the President of India. The Judges can be removed only
through the impeachment proceedings of the Parliament which requires support of two-
third members of both the Houses of Parliament separately. It has never happened in
Indian democracy till date.
Indian judiciary is also one of the most powerful judiciaries in the world because of
the powers vested in the supreme court and the High courts of India to interpret the
Constitution of the countries. They have the power to declare a law passed by the Union
or some legislature or the orders passed by the Union or state government as invalid if
that law violates the constitution.
24. Food security was defined by the World Food Summit held in 1995 as, “Food security at
the individual, household, regional, national and global levels exists when all people, at all
times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their
dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” They further declared
that “Poverty eradication is essential to improve access to food.”
Food security does not mean availability of basic foodstuffs only. It means availability,
accessibility and affordability of sufficient, safe and nutritious food to all people at all times.
Availability of food means enough foodgrains are available in the country. Accessibility
to food means it is within the reach of each and every person and poor are not in the dark
about their entitlements. Affordability means the poor are not economically unable to buy
their regular quota from the fair price shops and they have the capacity to buy food of
acceptable quality.
Food security is attained when all people, at all times, have the physical and economic
access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to be healthy and active.
25. The Prime Minister is the most important political institution in the country. The President
appoints the Prime Minister (the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties
that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha). The Prime Minister does not have a fixed
tenure. He continues in power so long as he remains the leader of the majority party or
coalition.
(a) He chairs cabinet meetings
(b) He coordinates the work of different Departments
(c) His decisions are final in case disagreements arise between Departments.
(d) He exercises general supervision of different ministries.
(e) All ministers work under his leadership.
(f) The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers.
(g) He also has the power to dismiss ministers.
(h) When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits. Thus, if the Cabinet is the
most powerful institution in India, within the Cabinet it is the Prime Minister who is
the most powerful.
26. Causes of poverty
(i) British government did not encourage industry in India. Handicraft and small cottage
industries were crushed, for example the textile industry.
(ii) Backwardness in agriculture
(iii) Due to lack of capital and technology, there is a slow rate of economic growth.
(iv) The industries, both in the public and the private sector, did provide some jobs, but
these were not enough to absorb all the job seekers.
(v) Unequal distribution of wealth
(vi) Social factors such as illiteracy, social structure and overpopulation
27. Commercial forestry came to India in 1860s when Indian forest service was set up in 1864
and the first Indian Forest Act was passed in 1865. Forests were divided into reserved,
protected, and village forest. Under this one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This
is known as plantation. This caused many hardships all over the country:
1. It became very difficult for the villagers to meet their daily requirements such as getting
wood for their houses, collecting fruits and roots for food and acquiring fodder for their
animals.
2. People could not even practise hunting and fishing as it became illegal.
3. Wood-stealing became a common practice as people had no substitute but to steal.
4. People had to undergo harsh punishment if caught red handed while stealing or they
had to offer bribes to the forest staff.
5. Women who usually used to collect fuel wood had to wander here and there in search
of wood.
6. The police constables and forest guards started harassing people by demanding free
food from them.
28. The ecosystem has been disturbed because of excessive exploitation of the plants and animal
resources by human beings. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species are
extinct. Quite a few animal species are also endangered and some have become extinct.
The main causes for this major threat to nature are habitat destruction, which have led
to the decline in India’s biodiversity and habitat degradation. The body parts of many
wildlife species like rhino horn, tiger parts, ivory have great value in the international
market, command high prices and rampant illegal trade continues. Therefore, to maintain
the ecological balance bio-diversity needs to be conserved.
29
OR
30.
qq
NOTES
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................

Solution To MNM Social Science Ix Nov. 2014

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solution To MNM Social Science Ix Nov. 2014

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Base

Niti Arora Kumkum Kumari

New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.

1. Vast meadows in the high mountains

2. This is the cold weather season. 2. This is a season of transition between

8. Tropical rainforest Tropical deciduous forest

A. Type of forests Plant species Areas

B. Plant Plant Importance

A. 1. Peacock 2. Endemic 3. Exploitation 4. Sundari

1. Kerala 2. Primary 3. 64 per cent

B. 1. started declining gradually 2. population size and composition

A. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (b)

A. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (c)

A. 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b)

A. 1. Rights 2. six 3. law 4. violence 5. exploited

A. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a)

FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA

1. Cobalt 60 Technical failure (3) Environment (3)

COMMUNITY PLANNING FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b)

 between citizens and government.

 between two or more state governments.

 between governments at the union and state level.

 between citizens and government.

 between two or more state governments.

 between governments at the union and state level.

You might also like