Chapter 2 Atomic Structure and Bonding

Yousuf Wasil Khan
yousufwasil@gmail.com
03448920839
yousufwasil@gmail.com 1
Yousuf Wasil Whatsapp: 03448920839
Chapter 2
Atomic structure and Bonding
2.1 Structure of atom
2.2 Number of particles in an atom
2.3 Electronic Configurations
2.4 Periodic Table
2.5 Isotope
2.6 Element, Compound and Mixture
2.7 Intro to Chemical Bonding
2.1 Structure of atom Relative masses and charges
1) Atom Relative Relative
Particles
A smallest unit of matter which charge mass
makes a chemical element.
Proton +1 1
- Atoms are mostly empty
- Consists of a small nucleus that
contains protons and neutrons Electron -1 1/1840
- electrons are found in shells in
the empty space around the Neutron 0 1
nucleus
Note:
Actual charge = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Actual mass = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
2.1 Structure of atom
2) Proton number
E.g Identify following elements
Proton number is the total number of
protons in an atom ( atomic number) a) Proton number = 26
Refers to identification of an element
No two different elements can have

same proton number
3) Nucleon number b) Proton number = 18

Total number of protons and neutrons
in an atom. ( mass number)
2.2 Number of particles in an atom
i) for neutral atom e.g find number of protons,
no. of protons = no. of electrons neutrons and electrons in following
i) 11Na23 ii) 17Cl35 iii) 92U235
ii) no. of neutrons p = 11 p = 17 p = 92

= Mass number - Proton number n = 12 n = 18 n = 143
e = 11 e = 17 e = 92
iii) for negatively charged particles
(ions/anions)
= Number of electrons increase e.g find number of protons and
electrons in following
iv) for positively charged particles i) K+ ii) Mg+2 iii) N-3 iv) S-2
(ions/cations) p = 19 p = 12 p = 7 p = 16
Number of electrons decrease
e = 18 e = 10 e = 10 e = 18
e e Electrons inside an atom exist in
fixed energy levels at fixed distances
e e called Shells
First shell, n = 1, it can accommodate
e a maximum of 2 e
Second shell, n = 2, it can accommodate
a maximum of 8 e
e e n n e e
p
Third shell, n = 3 , it can accommodate
e e n p e e
p a maximum of 18 e but we will keep 8
Nucleus e for O levels
The last shell is known as Valence shell
e The electrons of last shell is known
valence electrons
e e
The number of electrons in last shell is
known as valency
e e
Write Electronic Configuration of
following c) 9F19
= 2, 7
a) 11Na23
(Total Shells = 2)
= 2, 8, 1
(Valency = 7)
(Total Shells = 3)
(Valency = 1)
d) 19K39
b) 17Cl35
= 2, 8, 8, 1
= 2, 8, 7
(Total Shells = 4)
(Total Shells = 3) (Valency = 1)
(Valency = 7)
2.4 Periodic Table
2.4 Periodic Table
e.g
- Elements in periodic table are
arranged according to proton number
Electronic Configuration = 2, 8, 5
- Vertical columns are called groups, Group = 5
they represent valency of an atom Period = 3
i.e number of electrons in valence e.g

shell
- Horizontal rows are called Periods
they represent number of shells in an Electronic Configuration = 2, 6
atom Group = 6
Period = 2
- Elements in same group have same
chemical property e.g
i.e All elements in same group will
react with similar substances
Electronic Configuration = 2, 8, 8, 2
Group = 2
Yousuf Wasil Whatsapp: 03448920839 yousufwasil@gmail.com 9 Period = 4
(s/22/P11)
(s/21/P11)
(s/21/P11)
(w/21/P12)
2.5 Isotope
-Isotopes have similar chemical
Particles of the same element having properties as
same number of protons but different they have same number of electrons
number of neutrons
-Isotopes have different physical
17 Cl35 17 Cl37 properties as
p = 17 p = 17 they have same different number of
neutrons
n = 18 n = 20 e.g rate of diffusion, colour intensity
e = 17 e = 17 etc
e.g Finding average atomic mass
35Br79 35Br81 = Natural abundance is 75%
35Cl
p = 35 p = 35
37Cl = Natural abundance is 25%
n = 44 n = 46
Average
e = 35 e = 35 atomic mass= 75
___ x 35 + 25
___ x 37 = 35.5
100 100
(s/22/P12)
(s/21/P12)
(s/22/P21)
(s/22/P23)
(m/21/P22)
(s/22/P11)
An element is a substance which is

made up of similar atoms or molecules
of similar atoms
Atom: smallest particle which cannot be
split
Cl2 Cl2 Na Na
Molecule: A particle that is made up of Cl2 Cl2 Na Na
group of atoms Cl2 Cl2 Na Na
Cl2 Cl2 Na Na
Cl2 Cl2 Na Na
Cl2 Cl2 Na Na
Fe Fe O2 O2 Element: Chlorine Element: Sodium

Fe Fe O2 O2
Fe Fe O2 O2 particle: molecule particle: atom
Fe Fe O2 O2
Fe Fe O2 O2
Fe Fe O2 O2
Element: Iron Element: Oxygen
particle: atom particle: molecule

Compound: Mixture:
A substance that has molecules made of
A substance that is made up different
group of different element atoms
type of particles
H2O H2O H2O CO2 CO2 CO2

H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O
H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O
O2
H2O H2O H2 H2O H2O H2O
Compound: Compound: pure water

Impure water
Water Carbon dioxide
(Mixture)
Individual Individual
particle: particle:
Molecule Molecule
When a compound is formed: When a mixture is formed:
1) Energy exchange takes place
1) little energy exchange takes place
C + O2 CO2
Mixing salt (NaCl) in water
Burning of coal
2) Properties of mixture is similar to
2) Compound complete changes the
that of its components
property of its elements
Air is a mixture of N2, CO2, and O2
Na: Highly explosive solid
Cl2: Poisonous gas Air itself is a gas
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl N2, CO2, and O2 are also gases
NaCl: Edible salt
3) Composition of compound is always 3) Composition of mixture can vary

fixed 50g of sand and 50g of salt is mixture
Water, H2O: Always be 2 H 5 g of sand and 50g of salt is also
1 O mixture
(s/22/P12)
2.7 Intro to Chemical Bonding
2) Argon, 18 Ar 36
Chemical bonding in an attractive force
Electronic Configuration: 2, 8, 8
that exist between atom or ions
Outermost shell is complete so it
Chemical bonding occurs to complete doesn’t need bonding
their outer most shell 3) Oxygen, 8O16
Complete outer most shell stabilises an Electronic Configuration: 2, 6
atom Outermost shell isn’t complete so it
need bonding
It can be achieved by transfer or
sharing of electrons between atoms 4) Neon, 10Ne20
Electronic Configuration: 2, 8
Which of following needs bonding
Outermost shell is complete so it
1) Calcium, 20Ca40 doesn’t need bonding
Electronic Configuration: 2, 8, 8, 2
Outermost shell isn’t complete so it
need bonding
2.8 Types of Bond - i) Ionic
Ionic bond is type of bond that exist
between oppositely charged ions +1 -1
formed by transfer of electron from
metal(Group 1, 2, and 3) to non metal
(Group 4, 5, 6 and 7)
e.g Representation using dot and cross Na Cl
diagram for valence shells
i) NaCl
Na:
Cl:
Na Cl
ii) MgO Mg: O: iii) AlN Al: N:
Mg O
Al N
+2 -2 +3 -3
Mg O
Al N
iv) MgF2 Mg: F:
+2
-1
Mg F
Mg F
-1
F
F
iv) Na2O Na: O:
+1
-2
Na O
Na O
+1
Na
Na
(s/22/P12)
2.9 Types of Bond - ii) Covalent
Covalent bond is type of bond that exist
between two non metals which is formed e.g O2
by sharing of electrons
e.g Cl2
O O
Cl Cl
No. of electrons needed = No. of electrons shared
O O
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
O O
Single bond
Yousuf Wasil Whatsapp: 03448920839 yousufwasil@gmail.com 30 Double bond
e.g N2 e.g H2O
N N O H H
N N
O
H H
O
N N H H
Triple bond
e.g CO2 e.g NH3
O C O H N H
H N H
O C O
H H
O C O H N H
e.g CH4
e.g HCl
H C H
H Cl
H Cl
H C H
H C H H
H Cl
yousufwasil@gmail.com 33 H
(s/22/P21)
Yousuf Wasil Whatsapp: 03448920839 yousufwasil@gmail.com

(s/22/P11)
(s/22/P11)
(s/20/P11)
2.10 Structure of Ionic Compound
Properties of Ionic Compound
Solid Structure of Ionic Compounds is
known as: Giant Crystal Lattice 1) Ionic Compounds have high melting
e.g NaCl and boiling point
Cl- Na+ Cl- Reason: Large amount of energy is
required to overcome the strong
electrostatic forces between ions
Na+ Cl- Na+
2) Ionic Compounds are non
Cl- Na+
conductors of electricity in solid form
In solid form the ions are at their fixed
position
Cl- Na+ Cl- In molten or in aqueous from the ions
Cl- are free to move therefore can conduct
electricity
Cl- 3) Ionic Compounds are mostly
Cl- Na+ soluble in water
Each Na+
is surrounded by 6 ions Cl-
The polar water molecules are attracted
Each Cl- is surrounded by 6 Na+ ions to ions and cause lattice structure to
yousufwasil@gmail.com 38break
(s/21/P21)

(s/22/P12)
(s/20/P11)
2.11 Structure of Covalent Compounds
Broadly of two types
1) Simple Molecular Structure Properties
2) Giant Macromolecular Structure 1. Covalent compounds with simple
molecular structure are volatile with
Type 1: Simple Molecular Structure
low melting and boiling point. Volatile
Substance is made up individual means they can evaporate easily.
molecules with weak intermolecular Reason : The intermolecular forces are
forces weak
e.g CO2 e.g H2 O
2. Most covalent compounds do not
O C O O dissolve in water
O
H H H H Reason : There are no ions to attract
O
C water molecules
O O O
O
C H H H H
O
O O 3. They are non conductors of
O C O H H H H electricity in any state
Reason : There are no free moving ions
Other examples: I2, O2, N2, CH4, NH3, or electrons present
Type 2: Giant Macromolecular Structure Properties:
Substances are made of large molecules 1. Very high melting and boiling point
with a continuous lattice of covalent There strong covalent bonds
bonds between atoms
e.g Sand, SiO2 2. Remains insoluble in water
There are no ions to attract water
O (Structure molecules
O
continues in
3. Non conductors of electricity in any
every direction)
Si state
Si
O
O O There are no free moving ions or
O electrons for conduction of electricity
O
e.g Diamond, C(s)

C C
(Structure
C C continues in
every direction)
C C
C C
e.g graphite, C(s) Structure of graphite:
Layered structure with weak

intermolecular forces between the
layers
Each carbon is covalently bonded to
three other carbon atoms.
There is one free electron per carbon
Properties.
-Graphite are conductors of electricity
and hence can be used as electrodes
-Graphite layers can slip
Another elemental form of Carbon and hence can be used as lubricant
Graphite and Diamonds are known for heavy machinery and in pencils
as allotropes of carbon
-They have high melting and boiling
point
Yousuf Wasil Whatsapp: 03448920839 yousufwasil@gmail.com 43 There are strong covalent bonds
2.12 Metallic Bond Properties
Type of bond formed in metals
between sea of delocalised electrons 1. High melting and boiling point
and positive ions The force of attraction between
e.g Iron bar electrons and positive ions is very
e e e e strong
e e e e e
2. Good conductors of electricity in
+ + + + e
e e e solid and liquid state
e e
e There are free moving electrons which
+ + + + conduct electricity
e e e e e
e 3. Good conductors of heat
+ + + + e
e The particles are closely packed hence
e e e e e e e
e can allow conduction of thermal
energy easily
Other examples:
4. High density
Cu(s), Mn(s), Mg(s), Ca(s),
The particles are closely packed
(s/22/P11)
(s/22/P11)

(s/22/P11)
(m/22/P22)
(s/21/P11)
(s/20/P11
(s/20/P11

Chapter 2 Atomic Structure and Bonding

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 Atomic Structure and Bonding

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Yousuf Wasil Khan

Actual charge = 1.6 x 10-19 C

Actual mass = 1.67 x 10-27 kg

No two different elements can have

3) Nucleon number b) Proton number = 18

ii) no. of neutrons p = 11 p = 17 p = 92

i.e number of electrons in valence e.g

An element is a substance which is

Fe Fe O2 O2 Element: Chlorine Element: Sodium

Element: Iron Element: Oxygen

particle: atom particle: molecule

H2O H2O H2O CO2 CO2 CO2

Compound: Compound: pure water

NaCl: Edible salt

3) Composition of compound is always 3) Composition of mixture can vary

No. of electrons needed = No. of electrons shared

Yousuf Wasil Whatsapp: 03448920839 yousufwasil@gmail.com

Yousuf Wasil Whatsapp: 03448920839 yousufwasil@gmail.com

e.g Diamond, C(s)

Layered structure with weak

Yousuf Wasil Whatsapp: 03448920839 yousufwasil@gmail.com

You might also like