Chapter 3 Stoichiometry

Yousuf Wasil Khan
yousufwasil@gmail.com
03448920839
Yousuf Wasil Whatsapp: 03448920839 yousufwasil@gmail.com
1
Chapter 3
Moles and stoichiometry
3.1 Chemical symbols
3.2 Relative Atomic/Molecular Mass
3.3 Composition of elements in a compound
3.4 Empirical formula
3.5 Writing balanced chemical reaction
3.6 Ionic Equation

3.7 Moles and number of particles
3.8 Moles and mass in grams
3.9 Moles and volumes of gas
3.10 Moles and concentration of solutions
3.11 Moles and ratio in chemical equations (stoichiometry)
2
3.1 Chemical Symbols
For elements
For Covalent Compounds
1. first letter CO2
Carbon dioxide
Carbon C Hydrogen H CO
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen N Oxygen O
Sulphur trioxide SO3
2. First two letters Sulphur dioxide SO2
Helium He Calcium Ca Ammonia NH3
Neon Ne Cobalt Co Methane CH4
Tetrachloromethane CCl4
3. First and third letter
Chlorine Cl Magnesium Mg Oxygen O2
Zinc Zn Chromium Cr Nitrogen N2
Ozone O3
4. Latin name
Iron (ferrum) Fe
Lead (Plumbum) Pb
3
3.1 Chemical Symbols Anions:
For Ionic Compounds Cl-
Chloride
Cations: Bromide Br-
Sodium Na+ Iodide I-
Lithium Li+ Hydroxide OH-
Potassium K+ NO3-1
Nitrate
Silver Ag+ Hydrogen Carbonate HCO3-1
Copper(I) Cu+ Hydrogen Sulphate HSO4-1
Ammonium NH4+
Oxide O-2
Lead(II) Pb+2
Sulphide S-2
Copper(II) Cu+2
Sulphate SO4-2
Magnesium Mg+2
Sulphite SO3-2
Calcium Ca+2 Carbonate CO3-2
Zinc Zn+2
Barium Ba+2 Phosphate PO4-3
Aluminium Al+3
4
3.1 Chemical Symbols 5) Copper(II) Carbonate
Rules for Ionic Compounds Cu+2 CO3-2
1. Equal Charges are cancelled out CuCO3
2. Unequal Charges are cross multiplied
6) Ammonium Sulphate
1) Sodium bromide
NH4+ SO4-2
Na+ Br-
NaBr (NH4)2SO4
2) Lithium oxide 7) Aluminium Hydroxide
Li+ O-2
Al+3 OH-1
Li2O
Al(OH)3
3) Magnesium Chloride
Mg+2 Cl-1 8) Copper(II) Phosphate
MgCl2 Cu+2 PO4-3
4) Lead(II) Oxide Cu3(PO4)2
Pb+2 O-2
PbO 5
(m/20/P22)

6
(m/22/P22)

7
(w/21/P21)

8
3.2 Relative Atomic/Molecular Mass The relative molecular mass (Mr)
of a substance is defined as the
The relative atomic mass (Mr) of a
average mass of molecule of a
substance is defined as the average
compound, compared with the
mass of an atom of an element,
mass of 6C12 atom which is taken
compared with the mass of 6C12 atom
as 12 units
which is taken as 12 units
(For ionic compounds formula mass term is used)
1/12th of
Carbon 6C12 i) Molecular mass of H2SO4
= (2x1) + (32) + (16 x 4) = 98
1 unit of ii) Formula mass of Cu(PO4)3

atomic mass = (63.5) + (31x3 )+ (16 x 12) = 286.5
Carbon atom of 6C12
iii)Formula mass of Na2SO4.10H20
2He4 Atomic mass of 4 means its 4 = (23 x2) + (32) + (16 x 4) + (10 x 18)
times heavier than 1/12th of Carbon = 322
6 C 12
iv)Molecular mass of C4H10
= (12 x4) + (10 x 1) = 58
9
(s/22/P12)
(s/18/P12)

10
(s/22/P22)

11
3.3 Composition of elements in a compound
Formula for percentage composition: Formula for mass composition:
% element = Total Ar of element x 100 Mass of = Total Ar of element Mass of

x
Mr of Compound element Mr of Compound sample
E.g find mass of Carbon, Hydrogen and

E.g find percentage of Nitrogen in Ca(NO3)2
oxygen in 850 g of C6H16O2
Mass of = 12 x 6 x 850 = 510 g

= 14 x 2 x 100 Carbon (12x6)+(16)+(32)
40 + (14 x 2) + (16 x 6)
Mass of = 16 x 1 x 850 = 113.3 g
Hydrogen (12x6)+(16)+(32)
= 17.1 %
Mass of = 16 x 2 x 850 = 226.7 g

Oxygen (12x6)+(16)+(32)

12
(s/21/P12)

13
(s/21/P21)

14
3.4 Empirical formula Ratio = Molecular mass
It is the simplest ratio of molecular Empirical mass
formula of a compound = 30 = 2
Molecular Formula: C6H16O2 15
= (CH3)2
Empirical Formula: C3H8O
= C2H6
Finding empirical formula e.g Find empirical formula 2.8g Fe and
1.2 g of O Fe O
e.g Find empirical formula 80% C and
20% H. Also find its molecular formula
Divide by Ar 2.8 1.2
given that its Mr = 30
C H 56 16
Divide by Ar 80 20 Divide by smallest value 0.05 0.075
12 1 0.05 0.05
Divide by smallest value 6.67 20 Multiply both by 2 2 x ( 1 1.5 )
6.67 6.67
2 3
1 3
CH3 Fe2O3
15
(s/22/P11)

16
(s/22/P11)

17
(m/22/P22)

18
3.5 Writing balanced chemical reaction
1. Reactants are written on left side
and products are written on
products C2H4 (g) + 3 O2 (g) 2 CO2(g) + 2 H2O (l)
Reactants Products
2 HCl (aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCl2 + 2H2O (l)
2. Law of conservation of mass is

observed i.e number of atoms of CaCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
specific element on left side are equal (aq) (g) (l)
to right side
N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3 C4H10(g) + 6.5 O2 (g) 4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O (l)
3. State symbols are written as (s), (l),

(g) or (aq)

19
(s/19/P21)

20
(s/20/P22)

21
(w/20/P22)

22
3.6 Ionic Equation
An equation that only represents
particles which chemically change
ii) AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
during a reaction
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq)+ Cl-(aq)
Aqueous forms of ionic compounds are
written as separate ions K+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + AgCl(s)
The aqueous ions which remain

unchanged (spectator ions) are Overall equation:
cancelled out
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)
e.g Write ionic equation of following
i) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
Final: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)

23
(s/22/P11)

24
(s/19/P11)

25
1. Mole:
Particle = Molecules
Amount of substance that has Avogadro’s
CH4(g)
number of particles No. of molecules = 12.04 x 1023
Particle can be atom, molecule or ion No. of moles = 2 mol
Avogadro’s number = 6.02 x 1023
General formula:
Particle = atoms no. of moles = no. of particles
Fe(s) No. of atoms = 6.02 x 1023 6.02 x 1023
No. of moles = 1 mol or
no. of particles = moles x 6.02 x 1023

Particle = Molecules
CO2(g) No. of molecules = 6.02 x 1023
No. of moles = 1 mol

26
e.g find number of atoms in 1.4 moles
of Na(s) e.g find number of atoms in 1.5 moles
of O2(g)
no. of particles = moles x 6.02 x 1023
= 1.4 x 6.02 x 1023 no. of particles = moles x 6.02 x 1023
= 1.5 x 6.02 x 1023
= 8.4 x 1023 atoms
= 9.03 x 1023 molecules
no. of atoms = 9.03 x 1023 x 2

e.g find number of molecules in 0.2
= 18.06 x 1023 Atoms
moles of H2O(l)
e.g find moles of a O2 having 2.8 x 1022
no. of particles = moles x 6.02 x 1023 molecules
= 0.2 x 6.02 x 1023 2.8x 1022
Moles = = 0.047 mol
= 1.2 x 1023 6.02 x 1023

27
2. Molar mass
It is the mass of one of mole of no. of moles = 0.5 mol
substance
H2O(l) no. of molecules = 3.01 x 1023
This is numerically equal to relative Mr = 18
molecular mass expressed in grams
mass = 9 grams
no. of moles = 1 mol

no. of atoms = 6.02 x 1023 General formula:
26Fe56(s)
Ar = 56 no. of moles = mass in grams
Molar mass = 56 grams Molar Mass (Mr or Ar)
or
mass in grams =moles x Molar mass Mr (Ar)
H2O(l)
no. of molecules = 6.02 x 1023
Mr = 18
Molar mass = 18 grams Mr = molecules
Ar = atoms
28
e.g find number of moles in 25 g of
CaCO3 e.g How many grams are there in 10
moles of water
moles = mass in grams
Mr mass in grams = moles x Mr
moles = 25
40 + 12 + (16 x 3) mass in grams = 10 x 18
moles = 0.25 mol
= 180 g
e.g find number of moles in 88 g of
CO2 e.g find Mr of a substance if 0.25
moles = mass in grams
moles has a mass of 8 grams
Mr
Mr = mass in grams
moles = 88 moles
12 + (16 x 2) Mr = 8
0.25
moles = 2 mol
Mr = 32
29
(s/21/P11)

30
(w/21/P11)

31
Molar gas volume:
It is volume occupied by any gas at no. of moles = 0.5 mol
room temperature and pressure (r.t.p) O2 no. of molecules = 3.01 x 1023
which is equal to 24 dm3 (or 24000 cm3) volume = 12 dm3

CO2 no. of molecules = 6.02 x 1023 no. of moles = volume of gas (dm3)
volume = 24 dm3 24
or
volume of gas = no. of moles x 24
H2 no. of molecules = 6.02 x 1023
(dm3)
volume = 24 dm3
or
no. of moles = 1 mol volume of gas = no. of moles x 24000
O2 no. of molecules = 6.02 x 1023 (cm3)
volume = 24 dm3
32
e.g find volume in dm3 of 3.5 moles of
Neon gas at r.t.p e.g find moles of 5000 cm3 of CH4 at
r.t.p
(dm )3 no. of moles = volume of gas (dm 3)
24000
V = 3.5 x 24
= 84 dm3 no. of moles = 5000 = 0.208 mol
24000
e.g find volume in cm3 of 0.8 moles of e.g find volume in cm3 of CO2 having a
Chlorine gas at r.t.p mass of 15 g.
(cm3) no. of moles = mass = 15 = 0.34 mol
Mr 44
V = 0.8 x 24000
= 19200 cm3
Vol(cm3) = no. of moles x 24000
Vol(cm3) = 0.34 x 24000
= 8160 cm3
33
Solution:
A Solute dissolved in solvent Concentration = mass in grams x 1000
Concentration refers to how much (g/dm3) vol (cm3)
solute ( grams or moles ) is dissolved
or
in volume of solvent (cm3)
Concentration = moles x 1000
Solvent (mol/dm3) vol (cm3)
Solute
(Measured in (Measured in
grams or moles) volume of
e.g 0.1 mol of cm3)
NaCl e.g 250 cm3 of
distil water
Solution
(Measure in concentration of
g/dm3 or mol/dm3 )

34
e.g find concentration in mol/dm3 of

e.g find number of moles in 32.5 cm3
a solution if 0.3 moles of solute is
of 1.4 mol/dm3 solution
added into 350 cm3 solvent
Concentration = moles x 1000 moles = Concentration x vol (cm3)

(mol/dm3) vol (cm3) 1000
= 0.3 x 1000 moles = 1.4 x 32.5 = 0.0455 mol

350 1000
= 0.857 mol/dm3

35
(s/22/P12)

36
(w/21/P11)

37
A chemical equation always reacts in a 1) Mole-ratio-mole
fixed proportion of reactants and
i) Find moles of O2 needed to react
products based on their balancing of
with 0.2 moles of C2H4.
molar ratios
C2H4(g) O2(g)
C2H4(g) + 3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
1 3
moles 1 3 2 2 0.2 x
x = 0.6 moles of O2 needed
mass 28 g 96 g 88 g 36 g
ii) Find moles of H2O formed when 7.5
Vol 24 dm3 72 dm3 48 dm3 - moles of O2 is reacted with excess of
of C2H4.
gas H2O O2(g)
2 3
x 7.5
x = 5 moles of H2O formed

38
2) mass-ratio-mass
CaO(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g)

2(1+ 35.5) 40 + (35.5 x 2) 24 + 12 + (16 x 3) 24 + 16
73 g 111 g 84 g 40 g
e.g find mass of CaCl2 formed from e.g find mass of MgO formed from 230
120 grams of HCl added to excess of grams of MgCO3
CaO.
HCl(aq) MgCO3(s) MgO(s)

CaCl2(aq)
84 40
73 g 111 g
120 x 230 x
x = 109.5 g of MgO formed

x = 182.4 g of CaCl2 was formed

39
(m/22/P22)

40
(w/21/P21)

41
3) volume-ratio-volume of gases
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
C3H8(g) + 5 O2 3 CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
Find volume of NH3 gas formed when
Find volume of O2 needed to react with 0.4 dm3 of H2(g) reacts with excess of
250 cm3 of C3H8 N2(g)
(Volume ratio is same as moles ratio)
NH3(g) H2(g)
2 3
C3H8(g) O2 x 0.4
1 5
250 x x = 0.267 dm3 of NH3(g) formed
x = 1250 cm3

42
(w/19/P11)

43
4) mixed - ratios
x = 0.067 mol of Al needed
(Solve in terms of moles)
Mass of Al = mol x Ar
2 Al(s) + 3 H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3 H2(g)
= 0.067 x 27
i) find mass of Al needed to react with = 1.81 g
50.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 of H2SO4
ii) Find volume of H2(g) formed from 50
g of Al
no. of moles of H2SO4 = conc. x vol
1000 moles of Al = mass = 50 = 1.85 mol
Ar 27
= 2 x 50
1000 Al(s) H2(g)
2 3
= 0.1 mol
1.85 x
Al(s) H2SO4
x = 2.78 mol
2 3
x 0.1 Volume of gas= n x 24 = 2.78 x 24
= 66.6 dm3
44
(s/22/P21)

45
(s/22/P23)

46
(s/22/P22)

47
(s/21/P22)

48
(s/21/P22)

49
Percentage Yield e.g
It is the ratio of actual products CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
formed (experimental value) divided by 40 + 12 + (16 x 3) 40 + 16
theoretical value (calculated) value of 100 g 56 g
products in terms of percentage
Find percentage yield if 50 g of CaCO3
resulted in 25 g of CaO being formed
% yield = Experimental value x 100
CaCO3(s) CaO(s)
Theoretical value
100 g 56 g
Note: Experimental value is always less

50 x x = 50x 56 = 28 g
than theoretical value 100
Reason: impurity in reactants cause x = 28g of CaO should have formed
less products to form
% yield = Experimental value x 100
Theoretical value
% yield = 25 x 100 = 89.3 %

28 50
(s/21/P11)

51
s/21/P12

52
(s/19/P11)

53
(w/19/P11)

54
Limiting reactant:
Ratio of products will always be taken
A substance that is completely used up
with limiting reactant
during a chemical reaction
e.g 2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g)
Excess:
A substance that is left unreacted find mass of H2O produced if 20 g of H2
during a chemical reaction is called is made to react with 100 g O2
excess H2(g) O2(g)
4g 32g x = 160 g of O2 is needed
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g)
2 1 20g x Available is 100 g so O2 is
limited
i) What will happen if 2 moles of H2(g) is
H2 : excess
made to react with 1.6 moles of O2
O2(g) H2O(g)
x = 112.5 g of H2O is
= 0.6 moles of O2 remains unreacted 32g 36 g
formed
100 g x
O2: Excess H2: Limiting reactant Note: In limiting reactant questions,

both reactants are always provided
55
(s/21/P12)

56
(w/21/P11)

57
(w/21/P12)

58
(s/19/P12)

59
Titration:
Acid
An experimental procedure to find
e.g HCl
unknown concentration of acid or C1, Concentration: unknown
alkali using a burette and conical flask V1, Volume: 32 cm3
with an indicator in neutralisation Burette
reactions
Acid: Ionic compound with a positive

ion as H+ Alkali
Conical e.g Ca(OH)2
HCl HNO3 H2SO4 H2CO3 flask C2, Concentration: 1.5 moldm-3
V2, Volume: 25 cm3
Alkali: Ionic compound with a negative
ion as OH-
Reaction: Ca(OH)2 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + 2 H2O
NaOH KOH Ca(OH)2 LiOH Formula:
C2V2 n1 = Moles of acid in reaction
C1V1
=
n1 n2 n2 = Moles of alkali in reaction
C1(32) 1.5(25)
= C1 = 2.34 moldm-3
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(s/19/P11)

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Chapter 3 Stoichiometry

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Yousuf Wasil Khan

3.2 Relative Atomic/Molecular Mass

3.3 Composition of elements in a compound

3.4 Empirical formula

3.5 Writing balanced chemical reaction

3.6 Ionic Equation

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1 unit of ii) Formula mass of Cu(PO4)3

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Formula for percentage composition: Formula for mass composition:

% element = Total Ar of element x 100 Mass of = Total Ar of element Mass of

E.g find mass of Carbon, Hydrogen and

Mass of = 12 x 6 x 850 = 510 g

Mass of = 16 x 2 x 850 = 226.7 g

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2. Law of conservation of mass is

N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3 C4H10(g) + 6.5 O2 (g) 4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O (l)

3. State symbols are written as (s), (l),

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The aqueous ions which remain

Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Final: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)

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no. of particles = moles x 6.02 x 1023

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no. of atoms = 9.03 x 1023 x 2

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no. of moles = 1 mol

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no. of moles = 1 mol

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e.g find concentration in mol/dm3 of

Concentration = moles x 1000 moles = Concentration x vol (cm3)

= 0.3 x 1000 moles = 1.4 x 32.5 = 0.0455 mol

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x = 5 moles of H2O formed

CaO(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g)

HCl(aq) MgCO3(s) MgO(s)

x = 109.5 g of MgO formed

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250 x x = 0.267 dm3 of NH3(g) formed