SSP 113 New Module

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The compiler gratefully acknowledge the kindness of the authors, publishers, editor
and copyright holders whose selections and other copyrighted materials are used in this
module. Many of these are in the public domain or are traditional pieces whose precise
publishers and dates of publications are unknown.
The compiler wish to express deep and profound sense of gratitude to the School
Administrator of Goldenstate College, to Dr. Warren A. Manilay, MNSA, Dr. Sara Jane T.
Manilay, Dr. John Ralph T. Manilay, and Dr. Mary Rose S. Manilay who brought this work
towards completion.
Deep appreciation to Dr. Josie Yap-Tirador, the Vice President for Academic Affairs,
for her unwavering commitment to improve the standards of language learning and critical
thinking.
Sincere thanks to Dr. Richard F. Fermocil and Elviro H. Bacalanmo, MAEd for
their expert help, valuable guidance and critical reviews.
Heartily thanks to the students of English Language Arts for providing the inspiration
to enrich language teaching classes with relevant content and meaningful strategies and
approaches.
Above all to the Lord Almighty, for simply giving the wisdom and life to pursue this
remarkable endeavour.
The Compiler
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Table of Contents
Title Page
Acknowledgment
Table of Contents
Course Outline
Online Rules and Regulations
Course Description
Week 1 – 3 Introduction to Globalization
Learning Exercises / Activities & Rating Guide
Week 4 – 6 The Structures of Globalization
Week 7 – 9 Global Demography
Week 10 – 12 A World of Ideas
Week 13 – 15 Cultural Globalization
Week 16 – 18 Global Citizenship
References
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Course Outline
Course Name SSP 113- The Contemporary World
Course Credit 3 Units
Pre-requisite None
Contact Hours / Week 3 Hours
Introduction to Globalization
 Concept of globalization
 Advantages and disadvantages of globalization
Theories of globalization
 Liberalism
Week 1 - 3  Political Realism
 Marxism
 Constructivism
 Post Modernism Feminism
Learning Exercise / Activities
Rating Guide
The Structure of Globalization
 Global economy
 Global Market
Week 4 - 6  Market integration
 The Rise of Free Trade
 Free Trade Areas
 Trade Agreement
 International Financial Institutions
 Contemporary Global Governance
Rating
Global Demography
 Introduction to global demography
Week 7 - 9  Global Demographic Trends and Patterns
 Crude birth and death rates
 Total fertility rate
 Infant and child mortality decline
 Life expectancy and longevity
 Age distribution: working-age population
 Migration
 Urbanization
Looking Forward to the Future
Rating
3
Guide A World of Ideas
 Introduction to World of Ideas
 Global media culture
 Various forms of Global Integration
 Factors that have affected the process of
economic globalization.
Week 10 - 12  The globalization of religion
 Introduction to global religion
Rating Guide
Cultural Globalization
 Understanding cultural globalization
Week 13 - 15 Weird, deadly and dangerous culture across
the world
Borrowing and translating popular culture
 The persistence of local culture
Rating Guide
Global Citizenship
 Define global citizenship
 Define global citizen?
Week 16 - 18  Global citizenship education
World of Region: North and South
 North and South (Immergence
 Origin of third world concept
 Emergence of the term South
Rating Guide
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ONLINE RULES AND REGULATIONS
1. Students must provide notebook and ballpen for note taking.
2. Students must mute his / her speaker as the discussion started.
3. As the online class started, please observe the following:
a. Find a place that is noise free but with strong signal for internet
connection
a. Unnecessary exercises are not allowed while the online class are going on.
b. Make sure that everybody is ready for the session.
c. Be on your well-mannered position, lying or sleeping position is not permitted.
d. Eating during online class is not allowed.
e. If you have questions / queries regarding with the discussion, just press the
hands-up emoticon to acknowledge your questions.
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The contemporary world
(SSP 113)
Course Description.
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the

multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social
sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technological, and other
transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the
interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course
provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development,
and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines,
it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
Learning Objectives.
1. To distinguish different interpretations of and approaches to globalization -

Describe the emergence of global economic, political, social, and cultural
systems
2. To analyse the various contemporary drivers of globalization
3. To understand the issues confronting the nation-state
4. To assess the effects of globalization on different social units and their
responses
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Week 1 - 3. Introduction to Globalization
1. To define globalization
2. To understand how globalization happened and how significant it is in our
life
3. To assess the effects of globalization
Discussion.
Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of human

beings, goods, and services, capital, technologies or cultural practices) all over the
planet. One of the effects of globalization is that it promotes and increases
interactions between different regions and populations around the globe.
Concept of Globalization
An Official Definition of Globalization by the World Health Organization (WHO)
According to WHO, globalization can be defined as” the increased

interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries. It is generally
understood to include two inter-related elements: the opening of international borders
to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the
changes in institutions and policies at national and international levels that facilitate
or promote such flows.”
What Is Globalization in the Economy?
According to the Committee for Development Policy (a subsidiary body of the

United Nations), from an economic point of view, globalization can be defined as:
“The increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the
growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, the flow of
international capital and the wide and rapid spread of technologies. It reflects the
continuing expansion and mutual integration of market frontiers and the rapid
growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and
marketization are the two major driving forces for economic globalization.”
What Is Globalization in Geography?
In geography, globalization is defined as the set of processes (economic,

social, cultural, technological, and institutional) that contribute to the relationship
between societies and individuals around the world. It is a progressive process by
which exchanges and flows between different parts of the world are intensified.
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When Did Globalization Begin? The History of Globalization
Globalization is not a new concept.
For some people, this global phenomenon is inherent to human nature.

Because of this, some say globalization begun about 60,000 years ago, at the
beginning of human history. Throughout time, human societies’ exchanging trade
has been growing. Since the old times, different civilizations have developed
commercial trade routes and experienced cultural exchanges. And as well, the
migratory phenomenon has also been contributing to these population exchanges.
Especially nowadays, since traveling became quicker, more comfortable, and more
affordable. This phenomenon has continued throughout history, notably through
military conquests and exploration expeditions. But it wasn’t until technological
advances in transportation and communication that globalization speeded up. It was
particularly after the second half of the 20th century that world trades accelerated in
such a dimension and speed that the term “globalization” started to be commonly
used.
THE ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization has benefits that cover many different areas. It reciprocally

developed economies all over the world and increased cultural exchanges. It also
allowed financial exchanges between companies, changing the paradigm of work.
Many people are nowadays citizens of the world. The origin of goods became
secondary and geographic distance is no longer a barrier for many services to
happen. Let’s dig deeper.
1. Access to New Cultures
Globalization makes it easier than ever to access foreign culture, including

food, movies, music, and art. This free flow of people, goods, art, and information is
the reason you can have Thai food delivered to your apartment as you listen to your
favourite UK-based artist or stream a Bollywood movie.
2. The Spread of Technology and Innovation
Many countries around the world remain constantly connected, so knowledge

and technological advances travel quickly. Because knowledge also transfers so fast,
this means that scientific advances made in Asia can be at work in the United States
in a matter of days.
3. Lower Costs for Products
Globalization allows companies to find lower-cost ways to produce their

products. It also increases global competition, which drives prices down and creates
a larger variety of choices for consumers. Lowered costs help people in both
developing and already-developed countries live better on less money.
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4. Higher Standards of Living across the Globe
Developing nations experience an improved standard of living—thanks to

globalization. According to the World Bank, extreme poverty decreased by 35%
since 1990. Further, the target of the first Millennium Development Goal was to cut
the 1990 poverty rate in half by 2015. This was achieved five years ahead of
schedule, in 2010. Across the globe, nearly 1.1 billion people have moved out of
extreme poverty since that time.
5. Access to New Markets
Businesses gain a great deal from globalization, including new customers

and diverse revenue streams. Companies interested in these benefits look for
flexible and innovative ways to grow their business overseas. International
Professional Employer Organizations (PEOs) make it easier than ever to employ
workers in other countries quickly and compliantly. This means that, for many
companies, there is no longer the need to establish a foreign entity to expand
overseas.
6. Access to New Talent
In addition to new markets, globalization allows companies to find new,

specialized talent that is not available in their current market. For example,
globalization gives companies the opportunity to explore tech talent in booming
markets such as Berlin or Stockholm, rather than Silicon Valley. Again, International
PEO allows companies to compliantly employ workers overseas, without having to
establish a legal entity, making global hiring easier than ever.
THE DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is not easily defined. For some, it is a positive process leading

to shared social values worldwide. For others, the term has a negative meaning, and
critics see it as marginalizing less dominant cultures, particularly those in the
developing world.
Some critics refer to it as the “McDonaldization” of culture, due to global
advertising campaigns that undermine cultural diversity.
Consumerism
Large multinational companies promote their products globally, and there are
few countries where the logos for Coca-Cola and Nike haven’t appeared. The
negative effect of global marketing is that local companies are edged out of the
market and the cultures. Similarly, the fast food industry promotes values of
production efficiency. As a result, traditional cuisine appears less cost-effective and
profitable than fast food, causing traditional food outlets to lose business.
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Western Ideals
One criticism is that Western nations, impose cultural values on others

through media and popular culture.
Another criticism is that Western nations, particularly the United States,
impose cultural values on others through media and popular culture. Critics of
globalization call this “cultural imperialism” because the West promotes its culture as
having more worth, or being more correct, than other region’s cultural values. The
domination of news media and Internet services by Western companies, helps
maintain this influence over local views, according to critics.
Language
English is widely used as a common language in business, however, if

business communities see more benefits in speaking Spanish or Chinese, they learn
those instead.
Language is a key expression of cultural diversity. Critics of globalization
claim it marginalizes some languages and may even cause some languages to die
out. Others say this is a myth. Because the world´s dominant economies speak
English, it is often seen as the main culprit in making other languages less important.
Certainly, English is widely used as a second or third language, and this helps the
globalization of business trade; however, if business communities see more benefits
in speaking Spanish or Chinese, they learn those instead.
Poverty
Some critics believe one result of globalization was that 20% of the world
population consumed 80% of global production, leaving 80% of the population in
increased poverty.
Some United Nations members, including the Vatican City, claim that
globalization increases poverty amongst young people, the old, women, indigenous
people and migrants, which has a cultural impact. A representative from
Cuba said one result of globalization was that 20 percent of the world population
consumed 80 percent of global production, leaving 80 percent of the population in
increased poverty. One way to reduce poverty in these groups is for wealthy nations
to accept more imports from developing countries.
The Economic Negative Effects of Globalization
Despite its benefits, the economic growth driven by globalization has not
been done without awakening criticism. The consequences of globalization are far
from homogeneous: income inequalities, disproportional wealth and trades that
benefit parties differently. In the end, one of the criticisms is that some actors
(countries, companies, individuals) benefit more from the phenomena of globalization,
while others are sometimes perceived as the “losers” of globalization. As a matter of
fact, a recent report from Oxfam says that 82% of the world’s generated wealth goes
to 1% of the population.
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The Negative Effects of Globalization on Cultural Loss
Apart from all the benefits globalization has had on allowing cultural
exchanges it also homogenized the world’s cultures. That’s why specific cultural
characteristics from some countries are disappearing. From languages to traditions
or even specific industries.
That’s why according to UNESCO, the mix between the benefits of
globalization and the protection of local culture’s uniqueness requires a careful
approach.
CLEARER RECAP ON POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF

GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is good
There are many advantages to Globalization. Globalization has created jobs,
lowered the price of consumer goods, fuelled innovation and contributed to peace on
earth.
Globalization creates jobs
Globalization has lowered prices
Globalization has improved access to technology
Globalization promotes peace
Globalization improves productivity
Globalization is bad
Globalization has fuelled inequality, eroded worker protections and
contributed to environmental degradation.
Globalization fuels inequality
Globalization leads to reduced public revenues
Globalization creates a race to the bottom
Globalization leaves us vulnerable to infectious diseases
Globalization destroys the environment.
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Theories of Globalization
All theories of globalization have been put hereunder in eight categories:

Liberalism, political realism, Marxism, constructivism, postmodernism, feminism, Trans-
formationalism and eclecticism. Each one of them carries several variations.
1. Theory of Liberalism:
Liberalism sees the process of globalization as market-led extension of modernization. At

the most elementary level, it is a result of ‘natural’ human desires for economic welfare and
political liberty. As such, trans planetary connectivity is derived from human drives to
maximize material well-being and to exercise basic freedoms. These forces eventually
interlink humanity across the planet.
They fructify in the form of:
(a) Technological advances, particularly in the areas of transport, communications and

information processing, and,
(b) Suitable legal and institutional arrangement to enable markets and liberal democracy to
spread on a trans world scale. All people cannot be assumed to be equally amenable to and
desirous of increased globality in their lives. Similarly, they overlook the phenomenon of
power. There are structural power inequalities in promoting globalization and shaping its
course. Often, they do not care for the entrenched power hierarchies between states,
classes, cultures, sexes, races and resources.
2. Theory of Political Realism:
Advocates of this theory are interested in questions of state power, the pursuit of national
interest, and conflict between states. According to them states are inherently acquisitive and
self-serving, and heading for inevitable competition of power. Some of the scholars stand for
a balance of power, where any attempt by one state to achieve world dominance is
countered by collective resistance from other states. Another group suggests that a
dominant state can bring stability to world order. The ‘hegemon’ state (presently the US or
G7/8) maintains and defines international rules and
institutions that both advance its own interests and at the same time contain conflicts
between other states. Globalisation has also been explained as a strategy in the contest for
power between several major states in contemporary world politics. They concentrate on the
activities of Great Britain, China, France, Japan, the USA and
some other large states. Thus, the political realists highlight the issues of power and power
struggles and the role of states in generating global relations. At some levels, globalization
is considered as antithetical to territorial states. States, they say, are not equal in
globalization, some being dominant and others subordinate in the process. But they fail to
understand that everything in globalization does not come down to the acquisition,
distribution and exercise of power. Globalization has also cultural, ecological, economic and
psychological dimensions that are not reducible to power politics. It is also about the
production and consumption of resources, about the discovery and affirmation of identity,
about the construction and communication of meaning, and about humanity shaping and
being shaped by nature. Most of these are apolitical.
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3. Theory of Marxism:
Marxism is principally concerned with modes of production, social exploitation through

unjust distribution, and social emancipation through the transcendence of capitalism. Marx
himself anticipated the growth of globality that ‘capital by its nature drives beyond every
spatial barrier to conquer the whole earth for its market’. Accordingly, to Marxists,
globalization happens because trans-world connectivity enhances opportunities of profit-
making and surplus accumulation. Neo-Gramscians highlight the significance of underclass
struggles to resist globalising capitalism not only by traditional labor unions, but also by new
social movements of consumer advocates, environmentalists, peace activists, peasants,
and women. However, Marxists give an overly restricted account of power.
There are other relations of dominance and subordination which relate to state, culture,
gender, race, sex, and more. Presence of US hegemony, the West-centric cultural
domination, masculinism, racism etc. are not reducible to class dynamics within capitalism.
Class is a key axis of power in globalization, but it is not the only one. It is too simplistic to
see globalization solely as a result of drives for surplus accumulation.
Capitalism
Capitalism is based on private ownership of the means of production and on individual

economic freedom. Most of the means of production, such as factories and businesses, are
owned by private individuals and not by the government. Private owners make decisions
about what and when to produce and how much products should cost.
Communism
Karl Marx, the 19th century father of communism, was outraged by the growing gap
between rich and poor. He saw capitalism as an outmoded economic system that exploited
workers, which would eventually rise against the rich because the poor were so unfairly
treated. Marx thought that the economic system of communism would replace capitalism.
Communism is based on principles meant to correct the problems caused by capitalism.
The most important principle of communism is that no private ownership of property should
be allowed. Marx believed that private ownership encouraged greed and motivated people
to knock out the competition, no matter what the consequences. Property should be shared,
and the people should ultimately control the economy. The government should exercise the
control in the name of the people, at least in the transition between capitalism and
communism. The goals are to eliminate the gap between the rich and poor and bring about
economic equality.
Socialism
Socialism, like communism, calls for putting the major means of production in the hands of
the people, either directly or through the government. Socialism also believes that wealth
and income should be shared more equally among people. Socialists differ from
communists in that they do not believe that the workers will overthrow capitalists suddenly
and violently. Nor do they believe that all private property should be eliminated. Their main
goal is to narrow, not totally eliminate, the gap between the rich and the poor. The
government, they say, has a responsibility to redistribute wealth to make society
more fair and just.
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4. Theory of Constructivism:
Globalization has also arisen because of the way that people have mentally constructed the
social world with particular symbols, language, images and interpretation. It is the result of
particular forms and dynamics of consciousness. Patterns of production and governance are
second-order structures that derive from deeper cultural and socio- psychological forces.
Such accounts of globalisation have come from the fields of
Anthropology, Humanities, Media of Studies and Sociology. Constructivists concentrate on
the ways that social actors ‘construct’ their world: both within their own minds and through
inter-subjective communication with others. Conversation and symbolic exchanges lead
people to construct ideas of the world, the rules for social interaction, and ways of being and
belonging in that world. Social geography is a mental experience as well as a physical fact.
They form ‘in’ or ‘out’ as well as ‘us’ and they’ groups.
5. Theory of Postmodernism:
Some other perspectives of globalization highlight the significance of structural power in the
construction of identities, norms and knowledge. They all are grouped under the label of
‘postmodernism’. They too, as Michel Foucault does strive to understand society in terms of
knowledge power: power structures shape knowledge. Certain knowledge structures
support certain power hierarchies. The reigning structures of understanding determine what
can and cannot be known in a given socio-historical context. This dominant structure of
knowledge in modern society is ‘rationalism’. It puts emphasis on the empirical world, the
subordination of nature to human control, objectivist science, and instrumentalist efficiency.
Modern rationalism produces a society overwhelmed with economic growth, technological
control, bureaucratic organization, and disciplining desires.
This mode of knowledge has authoritarian and expansionary logic that leads to a kind of
cultural imperialism subordinating all other epistemologies. It does not focus on the problem
of globalization per se. In this way, western rationalism overawes indigenous cultures and
other non-modem life-worlds.
6. Theory of Feminism:
It puts emphasis on social construction of masculinity and femininity. All other theories have
identified the dynamics behind the rise of trans-planetary and supra-territorial connectivity in
technology, state, capital, identity and the like. Biological sex is held to mould the overall
social order and shape significantly the course of history, presently globality. Their main
concern lies behind the status of women, particularly their structural subordination to men.
Women have tended to be marginalised, silenced and violated in global communication.
A Brief History: The Four Waves of Feminism
First-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity and thought that occurred within the
time period of the 19th and early 20th century throughout the world. It focused on legal
issues, primarily on gaining women’s suffrage (the right to vote).
Second-wave feminism is a period of feminist activity and thought that first began in the
early 1960s in the United States, and eventually spread throughout the Western world and
beyond. In the United States the movement lasted through the early 1980s.
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Whereas first-wave feminism focused mainly on suffrage and overturning legal obstacles
to gender equality (e.g., voting rights, property rights), second-wave feminism broadened
the debate to a wide range of issues: sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de
facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities.
Second-wave feminism also drew attention to domestic violence and marital rape issues,
establishment of rape crisis and battered women’s shelters, and changes in custody and
divorce law. Its major effort was the attempted passage of the Equal Rights Amendment
(ERA) to the United States Constitution, in which they were defeated by anti-feminists.
Third-wave feminism refers to several diverse strains of feminist activity and study, whose
exact boundaries in the history of feminism are a subject of debate, but are generally
marked as beginning in the early 1990s and continuing to the present. The movement arose
partially as a response to the perceived failures of and backlash against initiatives and
movements created by second-wave feminism during the 1960s, ’70s, and ’80s, and the
perception that women are of “many colours, ethnicities, nationalities, religions, and cultural
backgrounds”. This wave of feminism expands the topic of feminism to include a diverse
group of women with a diverse set of identities.
‘Fourth-wave feminism’ takes hold around the world, characterised by the use of technology
and social media, and the fight against misogyny, workplace harassment and sexual assault.
7. Theory of Trans-formationalism:
This theory has been expounded by David Held and his colleagues. Accordingly, the term
‘globalization’ reflects increased interconnectedness in political, economic and cultural
matters across the world creating a “shared social space”. Given this interconnectedness,
globalization may be defined as “a process (or set of processes) which embodies a
transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions, expressed in
transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power.” While
there are many definitions of globalization, such a definition seeks to bring together the
many and seemingly contradictory theories of globalization into a “rigorous analytical
framework” and “proffer a coherent historical narrative”. Held and McGrew’s analytical
framework is constructed by developing a three part typology of theories of globalization
consisting of “hyper-globalist,” “sceptic,” and “transformationalist” categories. The Hyper
globalists purportedly argue that “contemporary globalization defines a new era in which
people everywhere are increasingly subject to the disciplines of the global marketplace”.
Given the importance of the global marketplace, multi-national enterprises (MNEs) and
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) which regulate their activity are key political actors.
Sceptics, such as Hirst and Thompson (1996) ostensibly argue that “globalization is a myth
which conceals the reality of an international economy increasingly segmented into three
major regional blocs in which national governments remain very powerful.” Finally,
transformationalists such as Rosenau (1997) or Giddens (1990) argue that globalization
occurs as “states and societies across the globe are experiencing a process of profound
change as they try to adapt to a more interconnected but highly uncertain world”. Held and
others present a definition of globalization, and then simply restates various elements of the
definition. Their definition, “globalization can be conceived as a process (or set of processes)
which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations” allows every
change to be an impact of globalization. Thus, by their own definition, all the theorists they
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critique would be considered as “transformationalists.” Held and McGrew also fail to show
how globalization affects organizational interests.
8. Theory of Eclecticism:
Each one of the above six ideal-type of social theories of globalization highlights certain
forces that contribute to its growth. They put emphasis on technology and institution building,
national interest and inter-state competition, capital accumulation and class struggle, identity
and knowledge construction, rationalism and cultural imperialism, and masculinize and
subordination of women. Jan Art Scholte synthesises them as forces of production,
governance, identity, and knowledge.
Learning Exercises / Activities.
I. Essay.
1. Enumerate at least three foreign songs that you listened to,
where did they originate? Who sang the songs? What is the
nationality of the artist/artists?
2. What gadget or device did you use to listen to those music?
Where these gadgets or device are made? Where is the
company based?
3. How did you access the music? Did you download it online?
Did you listen to it on YouTube?
4. Why is knowledge about cultural identity important for our
perception of the world?
5. How can we explain identity changes and conflicts?
6. Why is recollection about our individual and collective past so
important?
7. How is collective self-knowledge affected by migration?
8. What role does modern means of communication play in the
change of collective identities?
9. Can literature and other cultural products affect our identity?
10. Does globalization contribute to making us more alike or more
different?
11. Can memories about the past provoke conflicts and/or
promote reconciliation?
12. Is it possible to objectively communicate knowledge about
other people’s culture and identity?
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RATING GUIDE
(This Rating Guide will be utilized in scoring individual output and performance. Take time to
read and understand the content of the rating guide.)
NEEDS
CRITERIA EXCELLENT SATISFACTORY
IMPROVEMENT
CONTEXT / IDEAS The ideas are full, There are ideas but There is no idea and
Include verifiable detailed and well not detailed and collaboration at all.
ideas and elaborated. slightly elaborated.
elaboration of
answers. (10 Points) (8 Points) (6 Points)
ORGANIZATION The ideas are well The ideas are The ideas have not
Include organized and slightly organized organized and
chronological presented. and have good presented.
presentation of presentation.
ideas. (5 Points) (4 points) (2 Points)
There are no There are slight There are lots of
GRAMMAR AND
grammar errors, an grammar errors, has grammar errors and
PUNCTUATION
excellent choice of good choice of poor choice of
Include correctness
words and words and some words. Punctuation
of grammar, choice
punctuation marks misuse of marks are
of words and use
are appropriately punctuation marks. inappropriately used.
of appropriate
used.
punctuation marks.
(5 Points) (3 points) (2 Points)
TOTAL SCORE
Rated by: ________________________ Date Rated: ___________ Score: _______
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Week 4 - 6. The Structure of Globalization
1. To define economic globalization

2. Identify the institutions that govern international relations
3. To explain the role of international financial institutions in the creation
of a global economy
GLOBAL ECONOMY
Global economy is the exchange of goods and services integrated into a huge single global
market. It is virtually a world without borders, inhabited by marketing individuals and/or
companies who have joined the geographical world with the intent of conducting research
and development and making sales.
International trade permits countries to specialize in the resources they have. Countries
benefit by producing goods and services they can provide most cheaply and by buying the
goods and services other countries can provide most cheaply. International trade makes it
possible for more goods to be produced and for more human wants to be satisfied than if
every country tries by itself to produce everything it needs.
GLOBAL MARKETING
It refers to planning, producing, or creating, placing and promoting a company’s products or
services in the global market.
2 types of economic globalization
1. PROTECTIONISM
-is protecting one’s economy from foreign competition by creating trade barriers
Trade Protectionism comes in two forms:
A quota is a government-imposed trade restriction that limits the number or monetary value
of goods that a country can import or export during a particular period.
Tariffs are required fees on imports or exports.
2. TRADE LIBERALIZATION
-is the act of reducing trade barriers to make international trade easier between countries
FAIR TRADE
-is the concern for the social, economic, and environmental well-being of marginalized small
producers
-it aims for a moral and equitable global economic system
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Market Integration
The nineteenth century saw substantial advances in international market integration, and the
creation of a truly world economy. Technological advance was critical in this. The railroad
locomotive and the marine steam engine revolutionized world transport from the 1830s
onwards. Steamships connected the world's ports to each other, and from the ports the
railroads ran inland, creating a new and faster world transport network. Freight rates fell,
and goods could be carried across the world to ever more distant markets and still be
cheaper in those faraway places than the same item produced locally. Linked closely to
these changes was the electric telegraph, whose lines often ran along the new railroad
networks. Telegraph systems were established in most countries, including the major market
of British India, until 1854. Beginning with the first transatlantic cable, which was laid by
steamship in 1866, these existing domestic telegraph systems were linked together by
marine cables. The resulting international information network was crucial in communicating
details of prices and price movements, reducing the cost of making deals and transactions.
An infrastructural change of major significance came in 1869 with the opening of the Suez
Canal, which linked the Mediterranean Sea by way of Egypt to the Red Sea: now ships
sailing from Europe to Asia could take the new shortcut rather than sail all the way around
Africa. Immediately Asia was some 4,000 miles closer to Europe in transport terms, and
freight costs fell. Yet the low efficiency of early steamships meant that many bulk cargoes
such as rice still were carried to Europe from Asia by sail around the Cape of Good Hope.
Technological change in the shape of steel hulls and steel masts made sailing ships larger
and more efficient, and they continued to be active until the more efficient triple-expansion
engine finally drove the sailing ships from the oceans during the last quarter of the
nineteenth century.
RISE OF FREE TRADE
Physical changes in lowering freight and transaction costs were not the only forces
stimulating market integration. It was normal for countries to impose import duties on foreign
goods, seeking to gain an inflow of gold in their foreign trade accounts by selling more to
each of their trading partners than they bought from them. But in 1846 the merchants of
Manchester, England, the centre of the world's cotton textile industry, struck their famous
victory for free trade by forcing the British government to abandon tariffs on all imported
goods apart from a few luxury items. The tariffs on wheat were the first to go, opening up the
Great Plains of the United States for wheat production to supply Britain. With free trade, no
longer did trade relations with a foreign country have to balance or be in surplus; rather, a
deficit in trade with one country could be offset by a surplus in trade with another country,
liberalizing world trade in a way never previously seen. Britain moved heavily into deficit on
trade account, but this was sustained by considerable invisible inflows generated by her
substantial overseas investments, particularly in the railroad systems of the United States.
Wherein international trade( the importation and exportation) left to its natural course without
tariffs and non-tarriff trade barriers such as qoutas, embargoes, sanctions or other
restrictions.
Tariffs- taxes or duties to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports
Embargo- a government-instituted prevention of exports to a certain country.Official ban on
trade or other commercial activity.
Economic sanctions-commercial and financial penalties applied by one or more countries
against a targeted country, group or individual.
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FREE TRADE AREAS
A group of countries within which tariffs and non-tariffs trade barriers between the members
are generally abolished but with no common trade policy toward non-members. Both in the
sense of geography and price, is the foundation of these trading agreements.
World’s Major Free Trade Areas
 North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)
 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Free Trade Area(AFTA)
 Southern Common Market(MERCOSUR)
 Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa(COMESA)
Here are not Free Trade Areas yet Union and Parnership Agreements
 European Union
 Trans-Pacific Partnership
 Transatlantic Trade and InvestmentPartnership – not yet ratified
UNITED NATION
Institution that govern international Relations
United States President FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT coined the name united nations that was
used in the declaration of United Nation on 1 of January 1942. UN means allies to fight
against the Axis Powers in the Second World War II. Only 26 nation’s representatives
pledge their governments to:
1. Each Government pledges itself to employ its full resources, military or economic, against
those members of the tripartite pact and its adherents with which such government is at war.
2. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto and
not to make a separate armistice or peace with the enemies.
TRADE AGREEMENT
Trade agreements are when two or more nations agree on the terms of trade between them.
They determine the tariffs and duties that countries impose on imports and exports. All trade
agreements affect international trade.
IMPORT are goods and services produced in a foreign country and bought by domestic
residents. That includes anything shipped into the country even if it's by the foreign
subsidiary of a domestic firm. If the consumer is inside the countries boundaries and the
provider is outside, then the good or service is an import.
EXPORT are goods and services that are made in a country and sold outside its borders.
That includes anything shipped from a domestic company to its foreign affiliate or branch.
20
3 TYPES OF TRADE AGREEMENT
UNILATERAL. It occurs when a country imposes trade restrictions and no other country
reciprocates.
A country can also unilaterally loosen trade restrictions, but that rarely happens.
BILATERAL are between two countries. Both countries agree to loosen trade restrictions to
expand business opportunities between them. They lower tariffs and confer preferred trade
status with each other.
MULTILATERAL are the most difficult to negotiate. These are among three countries or
more. The greater the number of participants, the more difficult the negotiations are. They
are also more complex than bilateral agreements. Each country has its own needs and
requests
The WTO
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing
with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated
and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The
goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
Functions:
 Administering WTO trade agreements

 Forum for trade negotiations
 Handling trade disputes
 Monitoring national trade policies
 Technical assistance and training for developing countries
 Cooperation with other international organizations
International Financial Institution

The Role of International Financial Institutions in Developing and Least Developed
Countries
Editor’s Note: International financial Institutions such as the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund are facing varied economic, financial, political, social and
environmental issues today. Their role with regards to the administration of global
distributive justice, minimizing poverty or aiding in the developmental processes is being
called into question. In this paper, the author has tried to expose the internal working
procedure of these institutions and the effects of their policies which have been debated
vigorously as skepticism looms large in the wake of a worsening economic situation and
living standards especially in the Developing and Least Developed countries.
21
International Financial Institutions
• - World Bank
• - International Monetary Fund
• - Asian Development Bank
• - African Development Bank
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 190 countries, working to
foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade,
promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the
world.
Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the 190 countries that make up
its near-global membership.
The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—
the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their
citizens) to transact with each other. The Fund's mandate was updated in 2012 to include all
macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on global stability.
The IMF’s fundamental mission is to ensure the stability of the international monetary
system. It does so in three ways: keeping track of the global economy and the economies of
member countries; lending to countries with balance of payments difficulties; and giving
practical help to members.
Economic Surveillance
The IMF oversees the international monetary system and monitors the economic and
financial policies of its 190 member countries. As part of this process, which takes place
both at the global level and in individual countries, the IMF highlights possible risks to
stability and advises on needed policy adjustments.
Lending
The IMF provides loans to member countries experiencing actual or potential balance of
payments problems to help them rebuild their international reserves, stabilize their
currencies, continue paying for imports, and restore conditions for strong economic growth,
while correcting underlying problems.
Capacity Development
The IMF works with governments around the world to modernize their economic policies and
institutions, and train their people. This helps countries strengthen their economy, improve
growth and create jobs.
The World Bank Group (WB) is one of the world’s largest sources of funding and
knowledge for developing countries. Its five institutions share a commitment to reducing
poverty, increasing shared prosperity, and promoting sustainable development.
The World Bank group as it exists today is a member of the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) and consists of:
22
 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
 International Development Association (IDA)
 International Finance Corporation (IFC)
 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
A look at the Articles of Agreement makes it amply clear that the basic function of the group
is the eradication of poverty in addition to the ancillary objects of foreign investment,
international trade and the facilitation of capital investment. Its finances are taken care of by
the shareholders, investors and the donors and other details as to its functioning have also
been laid down in details.
The World Bank and Economic Development MDGs: Progress (percentage of countries).
To its credit the WB has done a commendable job over the years and more particularly in
the past two decades in the economic development of the developing countries by
emphasising on the transfer of information, expertise and knowledge in addition to money.
In recent years, the World Bank has cooperated with many partner agencies in striving to
attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which set specific targets for:
1. Reducing poverty
2. Advancing educational attainment
3. Raising the status of women
4. Reducing child mortality
5. Improving maternal health
6. Combating HIV/ AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensuring environmental sustainability
8. Enhancing development cooperation
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
The Global Governance perspective seeks to examine gaps in the international system for
managing complex issues and to engage stakeholders on practical steps for collective
problem-solving. It pays particular attention to informing successful multilateral negotiations
on creating or reforming global institutions, and to engaging more effectively new
transnational actors from the private sector and civil society.
Making global governance work is a defining challenge of our time, given that too often
international leaders fail to agree on, let alone pursue, concerted action to address pressing
transnational problems at the intersection of peace, security and justice.
The Hague Institute engages governments, international organizations, the business

community, and civil society to create partnerships for policy dialogue and research,
capacity-building, and the exchange of knowledge.
By generating innovative, demand-driven solutions derived from evidenced-based
research, this program aims to improve global collective action by strengthening
institutions, networks, and ideas across borders and professional disciplines.
23
Thematic Focus and Projects
Global Governance Reform
In a rapidly globalizing world, virtually everything is in flow: Information, trade, finances, and
people. Good global governance can serve as a beacon that helps us negotiate these rapids
of contemporary human interaction. The Institute makes policy recommendations to
overcome global governance challenges by improving the efficiency, effectiveness, and
legitimacy of collective actions undertaken by relevant stakeholders.
Global Business, Labor, and Economic Governance
The core theme Global Justice through Business, Labor, and Economic Governance focus
on the role of the private sector, labor, and multilateral economic institutions (for example,
the G20, ASEAN, the EU, the WTO, and the UN system including the IFIs, ILO, and WIPO)
in strengthening the peace-security-justice nexus, including by advancing and shaping
global norms and principles as well as the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
Activities are undertaken under this theme aim to improve the global governance of
economic factors – including trade, financial flows, labor, and intellectual property – by
fostering innovation as well as by maximizing these factors to advance global peace,
security, and justice (for example, by strengthening the role of international institutions in the
transfer and utilization of climate-friendly technologies in developing countries). The role of
climate change as a threat multiplier that places human security and the global economy at
risk is a cross-cutting element of global governance that will frequently feature in research
activities conducted within this pillar. In addition, this core theme will prioritize migration
management, including vis-à-vis the current refugee and internally displaced persons crisis.
Global Security, Justice, and Governance
The project departs from the insight that no single state or group of states can manage
current and emerging global challenges on their own. Since uncertain governance begets
insecurity and insecurity is a gateway to injustice, a renewed effort to upgrade the global
governance architecture so as to manage interdependence effectively, justly, and with
strategic vision is both a moral and a practical imperative. Security, justice, and governance
are inextricably linked.
The Globalized World Needs Global Governance
Global governance is a continuous process of balancing different interests and initiating

cooperative action. The basis for this is the coordination of national policies and
identification of shared norms and rules. Examples include financial market regulation
through the Bank for International Settlements and the guidelines for multinational
enterprises set by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
Furthermore, global governance must also initiate joint action and bring resources together,
as is the case in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank Group.
24
Forms and Formats of Global Governance
Global governance manifests itself in various forms: International agreements (such as the
trade rules of the GATT and GATS) comprise one aspect of global governance, and
international organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank,
and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) comprise another. Furthermore, loose groupings
(such as G7 and G20) and informal discussion fora (like the World Economic Forum) also
contribute to effective global governance.
The actors of global governance are as diverse as the forms and formats. Besides
governments and international institutions, relevant actors also include civil society and
businesses. Their participation ranges from simple consultation in the OECD to decision-
making powers in Internet governance.
A. Essay
1. Which of the economic globalization do you prefer, protectionism or trade

liberalization?Why?
2. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of free trade?
3. What’s the difference between import and export?
4. What is the role of International Financial Institutions in developing and least developed
countries?
5. What is G7,G8 and G20? What are there different agendas?
25
RATING GUIDE
NEEDS
IMPROVEMENT
elaboration of
GRAMMAR AND
PUNCTUATION
Include correctness
of grammar, choice
of words and use
of appropriate
used.
punctuation marks.
TOTAL SCORE
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Week 7 – 9. Global Demography
1. To define Demography
2. To identify the scopes of demography
3. To reflect on the effects of demographical change.
4. To understand the reasons of migration and urbanization
Discussion.
In the past 50 years, the world accelerated its transition out of long-term
demographic stability. As infant and child mortality rates fell, populations began to soar. In
most countries, this growth led to falling fertility rates. Although fertility has fallen, the
population continues to increase because of population momentum; it will eventually level
off. In the meantime, demographic change has created a ‘bulge’ generation, which today
appears in many countries as a large working-age population. This cohort will eventually
become a large elderly population, in both developed and developing countries. Population
growth has been the subject of great debate among economists and demographers. Until
recently, most have agreed on a middle ground, in which population growth per se has no
effect on economic growth. New evidence suggests that changes in the age structure of
populations – in particular, a rising ratio of working-age to non-working-age individuals –
leads to the possibility of more rapid economic growth, via both accounting and behavioural
effects. The experiences of East Asia, Ireland and sub-Saharan Africa all serve as evidence
of the effect of demographic change on economic growth (or lack thereof). Both internal
migration (from rural to urban areas) and international migration complicate this picture. The
overall implications of population growth for policy lie in the imperative for investments in
health and education, and for sound policies related to labour, trade and retirement.
Understanding future trends is essential for the development of good policy. Demographic
projections can be quite reliable, but huge uncertainties – in the realms of health, changes in
human life span, scientific advances, migration, global warming and wars – make overall
predictions extremely uncertain.
1. Introduction
For much of human history, demographic patterns were reasonably stable; human
populations grew slowly, and the age structures, birth rates, and death rates of populations
changed only gradually. Epidemics and pandemics had huge effects on populations, but
these effects were short-lived and had little bearing on long-term trends.
In the past 50 years, however, this trend of long-term stability has given way to the biggest
demographic upheaval in history, an upheaval that is still running its course. In the
developed world, a sharp post-war rise in fertility was followed by an equally sharp fall.
These changes in fertility transformed age structures through the creation of a ‘baby boom’
generation. The ageing of this generation and continued declines in fertility and old-age
mortality are shifting the population balance in developed countries from young to old. In the
meantime, the developing world has experienced a population explosion, the result of
improved nutrition, public health infrastructure and medical care.
27
Even if high fertility – the main underlying cause of rapid population growth – were to
suddenly adjust to the long-run replacement level of 2.1 children per woman, humanity
would continue to experience demographic change for some time. The rapid increase in the
global population over the past few decades has resulted in large numbers of people of
childbearing age. This creates ‘population momentum’, in which the populations of most
countries, even those with falling birth rates, will grow for many years to come. This is
particularly true of developing countries.
Population changes have potentially huge implications for the pace and progress of
economic development. For example, an increasing proportion of elderly may act as a drag
on economic growth where smaller working populations must provide for a larger number of
non-working dependents. Rising life expectancy can also bolster an economy by creating a
greater incentive to save and to invest in education, thereby boosting the financial capital on
which investors draw and the human capital that strengthens economies. Where a country
has experienced a baby boom followed by a decline in fertility, the relative size of the
workforce is increased. Countries that are able to absorb the baby boom generation into
productive employment can experience a rapid increase in economic growth. Countries
unable to take advantage of this opportunity run the risk of creating large, chronically
underemployed and increasingly restive working-age populations.
2. Global Demographic Trends and Patterns
The global population, which stood at just over 2 billion in 1950, is 6.5 billion today. The
world is currently gaining new inhabitants at a rate of 76 million people a year (representing
the difference, in 2005, between 134 million births and 58 million deaths). Although this
growth is slowing, middle-ground projections suggest the world will have 9.1 billion
inhabitants by 2050, when growth will be approximately 34 million a year.
These past and projected additions to world population have been, and will increasingly be,
distributed unevenly across the world. Today, 95 per cent of population growth occurs in
developing countries. The population of the world's 50 least-developed countries is expected
to more than double by the middle of this century, with several poor countries tripling their
population over the period. By contrast, the population of the developed world is expected to
remain steady at around 1.2 billion, with population declines in some wealthy countries.
The disparity in population growth between developed and developing countries reflects the
existence of considerable heterogeneity in birth, death and migration processes, both over
time and across national populations, races and ethnic groups. The disparity has coincided
with changes in the age-group composition of populations. An overview of these factors
illuminates the mechanisms of global population growth and change.
2.1 Crude birth and death rates
One of the simplest ways to consider population growth is through crude birth and death
rates. These are the number of births and deaths per 1,000 people. On a worldwide basis,
the difference between these rates is the rate of population growth. Within regions or
countries, population growth is also affected by emigration and immigration both developed
and developing regions the crude birth rate has decreased by about half over the past 50
years. This implies a much greater absolute reduction in developing regions. The net result
of these reductions is a current crude birth rate in developing regions that is similar to that of
the developed regions 50 years ago.
The reduction in mortality in developing countries since 1950 has been very rapid – so rapid
that the crude death rate in developing countries is now lower than in developed countries.
28
The gradual rise in the crude death rate in developed countries results from the combination
of relatively steady infant and child mortality rates and rising death rates due to an ageing
population. The figure indicates that a similar rise in the death rate will begin in developing
countries in a couple of decades.
2.2 Total fertility rate
The total fertility rate, that is the number of children born per woman, fell from about 5 in
1950 to a little over 2.5 in 2005. This number is projected to fall to about 2 by 2050. This
decrease is attributable largely to changes in fertility in the developing world. In 1950, the
total fertility rate among developed countries was already below 3 children per woman; the
rate among developing countries was over 6. Fertility in the latter is now below 3 children
per woman. The fertility decline in low-income countries can be ascribed to a number of
factors, including declines in infant mortality rates, greater levels of female education and
increased labour market opportunities for women, and the provision of family planning
services.
2.3 Infant and child mortality decline

The developing world has seen significant reductions in infant and child mortality over the
past 50 years. Infant mortality (death prior to age 1) in developing countries has dropped
from 180 to about 57 deaths per 1,000 live births. It is projected to decline further to fewer
than 30 deaths per 1,000 live births by 2050. The past half-century's gains resulted primarily
from improved nutrition, public health interventions related to water and sanitation, and
medical advances such as the use of vaccines and antibiotics. Infant mortality rates in the
developed world have been, and will continue to be, significantly lower than those in the
developing world. Developed countries have seen infant mortality decline from 59 to 7
deaths per 1,000 live births since 1950, and this is projected to decline further still, to 4 by
2050. Child mortality (death prior to age 5) has also fallen, in both developed and
developing countries.
2.4 Life expectancy and longevity

For the world as a whole, life expectancy increased from 47 years in 1950–1955 to 65 years
in 2000–2005. It is projected to rise to 75 years by the middle of this century, with
considerable disparities between the wealthy developed countries, at 82 years, and the less-
developed countries, at 74 years (see Figure 8). As a result of the global decline in fertility,
and because people are living longer, median age is rising (see Figure 9). The proportion of
the elderly in the total population is rising sharply. The number of people over the age of 60,
currently around half the number of those aged 15–24, is expected to reach 1 billion
(overtaking the 15–24 age group) by 2020. It is projected to reach almost 2 billion by 2050.
The proportion of individuals aged 80 or over is projected to rise from 1 per cent to 4 per
cent of the global population by 2050.
The positive correlation between life expectancy and income, which was first discussed in
detail by Preston (1975), is one of the most central relationships in the fields of international
health and development. Preston observed the strong, positive relationship between
national income levels and life expectancy in poorer countries, though the relationship is
nonlinear as life expectancy levels in richer countries are less sensitive to variations in
average income. Preston also noted that life expectancy is increasing over time at all
income levels. Although the basic facts set out by Preston are generally accepted, the
29
mechanisms that lie behind the relationships and the policy implications we can draw from
them are still disputed.Bloom and Canning (forthcoming) discuss Preston's paper in detail.
2.5 Age distribution: working-age population
Baby booms have altered the demographic landscape in many countries. As the
experiences of several regions during the past century show, an initial fall in mortality rates
creates a boom generation because high survival rates lead to more people at young ages
than in earlier generations. Fertility rates fall subsequently, as parents realise they do not
need to produce as many children to reach their desired family size, or as desired family
size diminishes for other reasons. When fertility falls and the baby boom stops, the age
structure of the population then shows a ‘bulge’ – the baby-boom-age cohort – created by
the nonsynchronous falls in mortality and fertility. As this cohort works its way through the
age structure of the population, it represents a share of the population larger than the share
represented by the cohorts that precede.
The baby boom creates particular challenges and opportunities for countries. In its youth, it
is a large cohort to be educated. Jimenez and Murthi (2006), in addressing the challenges of
a large youth cohort (ages 12–24), stress the importance for long-term economic growth of
investing in education and health of the young and the need to ease entry into the labour
market for this group. Once of age to enter the labour force, the baby boom generation
represents an unusually large working-age (approximately ages 15–64) population, which
offers the prospect of a ‘demographic dividend’. Lee and Mason (2006) describe two
aspects of the demographic dividend: falling fertility, leading to more workers per capita and
therefore potentially more resources to devote to development and to family welfare, and
extra savings generated when people expect a longer retirement period.
2.6 Migration
Migration also alters population patterns. Globally, 191 million people live in countries other
than the one in which they were born. On average, during the next 45 years, the United
Nations estimates that over 2.2 million individuals will migrate annually from developing to
developed countries. (The UN estimates regarding future migration are not very informative,
a reflection of the inherent difficulty of constructing accurate projections of migration flows.)
According to the UN Population Division, the United States will receive by far the highest
number of immigrants (1.1 million a year), and China, Mexico, India, the Philippines and
Indonesia will be the main sources of emigrants.
Several factors affect migration from developing to developed countries. A significant
number of working-age people in developing countries are underemployed relative to the
opportunities they perceive in developed countries. At the same time, developed countries
face a declining share of working-age people and a growing number of elderly who need
care, creating more opportunities for immigrants. Because migrants are disproportionately of
working age, migration can affect the age distribution in both sending and receiving
countries. The ratio of workers to dependents will tend to rise more slowly in sending
countries and decline more slowly in receiving countries than it otherwise would. Williamson
(2006) provides an economic explanation of the emigration life-cycle. First, people are too
poor to emigrate; this is the ‘migration poverty trap’. As wealth increases and demographic
booms begin, more people are able to emigrate and more are driven to emigrate. Emigration
later subsides in response to remittances, industrialisation, conditions improving at home,
and there being relatively fewer workers. In the case of Europe, as transport and
30
industrialisation spread within the continent, the poorer countries joined the richer ones in
sending migrants to the Americas.
2.7 Urbanization
In both developed and developing countries, there has been a huge movement from rural to
urban areas since 1950. Less-developed regions, in aggregate, have seen their population
shift from 18 per cent urban in 1950 to 44 per cent in 2006, while the corresponding figures
for developed countries are 52 per cent to 75 per cent. This move toward urban areas – and
the concomitant urbanisation of areas that were formerly peri-urban or rural – is consistent
with the shift that nearly all countries have experienced in moving from agricultural
economies to industrial and service-based economies.
The existence and growth of megacities (that is, those with 10 million or more residents) is a
late-20th century phenomenon that has created new problems. There were 20 such cities in
2003, 15 in developing countries. Tokyo is by far the largest, with 35 million people, followed
by (in descending order) Mexico City, New York, São Paulo and Mumbai (all with 17 to 19
million residents). All cities allow for economies of scale and provide a broad mix of people
and activities, making them centres of economic growth and activity. These characteristics
account, in some measure, for their attractiveness. However, as continued movement to
urban areas leads to megacities, these factors seem to be countered in part by problems
that arise in the areas of transportation, housing, air pollution and waste management. The
conditions in megacities may also exacerbate socioeconomic disparities.
Looking to the Future

What can we expect in the next half-century? Based on the indicators that are available, we
can make a few points.
 All signs suggest that there will be continued but slowing population growth. This
continued growth will result in the addition of roughly 3 billion people to the world
population, before it stabilizes around 2050 at about 9 billion. Managing this increase will
be an enormous challenge, and the economic consequences of failing to do so could be
severe.
The world's population is ageing, and the growth in the sheer number of elderly people
will be huge. The United Nations predicts that 31 per cent of China's population in 2050
– 432 million people – will be aged 60 or over. The corresponding figures for India are 21
per cent and 330 million (see Figure 15). No longer can ageing be thought of as a
developed-world phenomenon. (Further comparison of China and India's demographic
development as it has affected their economic development can be found in Bloom,
Canning, Hu et al 2006.)
 International migration will continue, but the extent is unclear. The pressures that
encourage people to migrate – above all the lure of greater economic well-being in the
developed countries – will undoubtedly persist, but the strength of countervailing policy
restrictions that could substantially staunch the flow of migrants is impossible to predict.
 Urbanization will continue, but here, too, the pace is impossible to predict. Greater
economic opportunities in the cities will surely continue to attract migrants from rural
areas, but environmental and social problems may stymie growth.
31
Although demographic changes are, for the most part, easier to predict than economic
changes, the big-picture outlook is nonetheless unclear. The uncertainties are similar to
those we cited regarding possible changes in the human life span. Will an outbreak of avian
flu or another disease become pandemic, killing many millions and decimating economies?
What happens if these diseases are, or become, resistant to existing drugs? Conversely,
scientific advances in areas such as genomics, contraceptive methods, or vaccines for
diseases such as AIDS or malaria could save and improve millions of lives. Global warming
and other environmental changes, or large-scale war, could completely alter the context of
demographic and economic predictions. Millions of refugees, from any cause, could lead
demographic predictions to be far off the mark, and could, of course, lead to upheavals that
would dwarf the importance of the analysis offered here.
Total fertility: children per woman
Crude birth rate: births per thousand population
Crude death rate: deaths per thousand population
Infant mortality rate: infant deaths per thousand live births, for both sexes combined
Life expectancy: expectation of life at birth for both sexes combined (years)
Population growth rate: average annual rate of population change (per cent)
Migrant numbers: net number of migrants, both sexes combined (thousands) – defined such
that a positive number of migrants means that immigrants outnumber emigrants
Migration rate: crude net migration rate (net migrants per thousand population) – defined
such that a positive rate means that immigrants outnumber emigrants
Percentage urban population: there is no simple definition for ‘urban’ in UN data.
Demographic, administrative, and economic criteria used to report figures on urbanisation
differ across countries.
In addition, we have defined two age groups, as follows:
Working age: 15–64
Non-working age: 0–14 and 65+
32
1. Group yourselves into 3

2. Find a former or current OFW to be interviewed
3. Document you interview.
4. Use the following guide questions
 How long have you stayed abroad?
 What is your purpose why you went there?
 What were your most unforgettable experience? Is it good or bad?
 How does it affect your relationship with your family?
 Should you advice fellow Filipinos to go abroad? Why or why not?
 Share your results to your classmates in front of the class.
RATING GUIDE
NEEDS
IMPROVEMENT
CONTEXT / IDEAS The ideas are full, There are ideas but There is no idea
Include verifiable detailed and well not detailed and and collaboration
ideas and elaborated. slightly elaborated. at all.
elaboration of
GRAMMAR AND
grammar errors, an grammar errors, has grammar errors
PUNCTUATION
excellent choice of good choice of and poor choice of
Include correctness
of grammar, choice
punctuation marks are misuse of marks are
of words and use
appropriately used. punctuation marks. inappropriately
of appropriate
used.
punctuation marks.
TOTAL SCORE
Rated by: _______________________ Date Rated: ___________ Score: _______
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Week 10 – 12. A World of Ideas
1. To analyse how various media drive various forms of global integration.

2. To explain the impact of globalization to religion and the impact of religion
to globalization.
Discussion.
Global Media Cultures
The media have a very important impact on cultural globalization in two mutually
interdependent ways: Firstly, the media provide an extensive transnational transmission of
cultural products and, secondly, they contribute to the formation of communicative networks
and social structures. The rapidly growing supply of media products from an international
media culture presents a challenge to existing local and national cultures. The sheer volume
of the supply, as well as the vast technological infrastructure and financial capital that
pushes this supply forward, have a considerable impact on local patterns of cultural
consumption and possibilities for sustaining an independent cultural production. Global
media cultures create a continuous cultural exchange, in which crucial aspects such as
identity, nationality, religion, behavioural norms and way of life are continuously questioned
and challenged. These cultural socio-economic base, typically a transnational and
commercial cultural industry on one side and a national, publicly regulated cultural industry
on the other side.
Due to their very structure, global media promote a restructuring of cultural and social
communities. The media such as the press, and later radio and TV have been very
important institutions for the formation of national communities. Global media support the
creation of new communities. The internet, for example, not only facilitates communication
across the globe, and also supports the formations of new social communities in which
members can interact with each other. And satellite TV and radio allow immigrants to be in
close contact with their homeland’s language and culture while they gradually accommodate
to a new cultural environment. The common point of departure is the assumption that a
series of international media constitutes a global cultural supply in itself and serves as an
independent agency for cultural and social globalization, in which cultural communities are
continuously restructured and redefined.
In other words, media cultures take part in the process of globalization, including how they
challenge existing cultures and create new and alternative symbolic and cultural
communities.
Various Forms of Global Integration

Global integration is not a new phenomenon in today’s contemporary world. Trade took
place between distant civilizations even in ancient times. This globalization process in the
economic domain has not always proceeded smoothly has it benefited all whom it was
offered, But, despite occasional interruptions, such as the collapse of the Roman Empire or
during the interwar period in this century, the degree of economics integration among
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different societies around the world has generally been rising in the past half century, and
ever greater than it has been and is likely to improve.
These are three (3) factors that have affected the process of economic globalization. These
are:
Improvements in transportation and communication technology have reduced the cost of
transporting goods, services and factors of production and communicating economically
useful knowledge and technology
Tastes of individuals and, societies have generally but not universally, favoured taking
advantage of the opportunities provided by declining costs of transportation and
communication through incre4asing economic integration
The character and pace of economic integration have been significantly influenced by public
policies, although it is not always in the direction of increasing economic integration.
Thus, technology, tastes, and public policy each have important influence on the pattern and
pace of economies in its various dimensions.
The Globalization of religion

Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current revival and
the resurgence of religion. Today, most religion is not relegated to the countries where they
began. Religions have, in fact, spread and scattered on a global scale. Globalization
provided religions a fertile milieu to spread and thrive. As Scholte (2005) made clear:
“Accelerated globalization of recent times has enabled co-religionists across the planet to
have greater direct contact with one another. Global communications, global organizations,
global finance, and the like have allowed ideas of the Muslims and the universal Christian
church to be given concrete shape as never before”
Information technologies, transportation means, and the media are deemed important
means on which religionists rely on the dissemination of their religious ideas. For instance,
countless websites that provided information about religions have been created. This makes
pieces of information and explanations about different religions ready at the disposal of any
person regardless of his or her geographical location. In addition, the internet allows people
to contact each other worldwide and therefore hold forums and debates that allow religious
ideas to spread.
Furthermore, media also play an important role in the dissemination of religious ideas. In
this respect, a lot of television channels, radio stations, and print media are founded solely
for advocating religions. Modern transportations have also contributed considerably to the
emergence, revivalism, and fortification of religion. In this respect, Turner (2007) cited the
case of Islamic revivalism in Asia which “related to the improvement in transportation that
has allowed many Muslims to travel to Mecca, and return with reformist ideas” ). Modern
technology, therefore, has helped religious of different forms, such as fundamentalist,
orthodox, or modernist to cross geographical boundaries and be present everywhere.
Globalization has also allowed religion or faith to gain considerable significance and
importance as a non-territorial touchstone of identity. Being a source of identity and pride,
religion has always been promoted by its practitioners so that it could reach the level of
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globality and be embraced by as many people as possible. Muslims, for instance, aspire to
establish the Islamic Ummah, a community of believers. By paving the way for religions to
come in contact with each other and providing a context for their flourishing and thriving,
globalization has brought such religions to a circle of competition and conflicts.
As Turner explained:
Globalization transforms the generic “religion” into a world-system of competing and

conflicting religions. This process of institutional specialization has transformed local,
diverse and fragmented cultural practices into recognizable systems of religion.
Globalization has, therefore, had the paradoxical effect of making religions more self-
conscious of themselves as being “world religions”
Such conflicts among the world religions exhibits a solid proof confirming the erosion and
the failure of hybridization, as stated in the above excerpt, makes religions more conscious
of themselves as being “world religions” reinforcing their respective specific identities.
These identities are strengthened by globalization and cannot, in any way, intermingle or
hybridize. Since religions have distinct internal structures, their connections to different
cultures and their rituals and beliefs contradict. For instance, Islam and Christianity are
mostly incompatible with each other. These religions cannot be hybridized or homogenised
even if they often come in contact.
Though religion is strengthened and fortified by globalization, its represents a challenge to

globalization’s hybridizing effects. Religion seeks to assert its identity in the light of
globalization. As a result, different religious identities come to the fore and assert
themselves. Such assertions of religious identities constitute a defensive reaction to
globalization. Scholte (2005), in this respect, maintained, “At the same time as being
pursued through global channels, assertions of religious identity have, like nationalist
striving, often also been partly a defensive reaction to globalization” (p.245).
It has been difficult for religion to cope with values that accompany globalization like
liberalism, consumerism, and nationalism. Such phenomena advocate scientism and
secularism. This, in fact, pushed Schlote to speak of the anti-rationalist faiths. Since he
equated rationalism with globalization and considered religion anti-rationalist, it can be
deducted that religion is antiglobalization. To quote Scholte (2005).
Transplanetary relations have helped to stimulate and sustain some renewals of anti-
rationalist faith, but global networks have more usually promoted activities involving
rationalist knowledge. Contemporary revivalist movements have largely replayed a long-
term tendency-one that well predates contemporary accelerated globalization-whereby
certain religious circles have from time to time revolted against modern secularism and
scientism. (p.261).
On the other hand, it can be said that the anti-rationalist qualities ascribed to religion can be
characteristics of fundamentalist and extremist forms of religion. We cannot consider religion
as purely anti-rationalist since many religious people reconcile reason and faith and make
moderate trends within their religions. Nevertheless, globalization’s strict rationalism
manifested in such phenomena as liberalism and secularism can be incompatible with the
norms and the values of certain religions.
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Globalization is also with Westernization and Americanization. The dominance exerted by
these two processes, particularly on the less developed countries, makes religion-related
cultures and identities take defensive measures to protect themselves. Sometimes, extreme
forms of resisting other cultural influence are being done, such as that of the Islamic State of
Iraq and Syria (ISIS). As Ehteshami (2007) pointed out, “Globalization is not only seen as a
rival of Islamic ways, but also as an alien force divorced from Muslim realities. Stressing the
negative impact of the loose morals of Western life is a daily feature of airwaves in the
Middle East” (p.130). The imperialist aspirations of globalization and its incompatibility with
Islam make globalization completely alien to the Muslim realities. Since globalization is
cultural construct at its core and its meaning is the Western discourse, “promoting and
engaging with it on the part of Muslims is like accepting and promoting Western cultural
values and their dominance” (p.131).
The challenges of globalization to religion link automatically to the challenges of religion to

globalization. In other words, while religion takes caution against the norms and the values
related to globalization, it challenges the latter since religion does not approve its hybridizing
effects. The idea of dehybridizing effects of religion is approved also by Samuel
Huntington’s clash of civilizations, which maintains that such de-hybridizing upshots spring
also the religious partitioning and clashes.
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I. Check-up Questions:
1. How do media affect cultural globalization?
2. What is the impact of globalization to religion?
3. What is the impact of religion to globalization?
II. Image Creation

Direction: On an A4 bond paper, paste or sketch an image that shows
the changes in Filipino culture, then and now.
38
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Include correctness
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of words and use
of appropriate
used.
punctuation marks.
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Week 13 – 15. Cultural Globalization
1. To identify and define cultural globalization.

2. To be aware of the different cultures across the world.
3. To discuss the impact of globalization to our cultures.
Discussion.
Cultural globalization, phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life,
as influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a standardization
of cultural expressions around the world. Propelled by the efficiency or appeal
of wireless communications, electronic commerce, popular culture, and international
travel, globalization has been seen as a trend toward homogeneity that will
eventually make human experience everywhere essentially the same. This appears,
however, to be an overstatement of the phenomenon. Although homogenizing
influences do indeed exist, they are far from creating anything akin to a single world
culture.
It also refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the
world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. This process is
marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the
Internet, popular culture media, and international travel.
Weird, deadly and dangerous culture across the world
1. Teeth tossing in Greece: Some cultures pop children’s teeth under their pillows and
wait for a swap with cold hard cash by a fairy. Others throw a baby’s recently
liberated tooth on their roofs.
2. Baby Jumping in Spain: Residents in a small Northern Community take part in baby
jumping, called El Colacho, to keep the devil at bay. Men dressed as the devil run
between and jump over infants, who are laid on mattresses along the streets.
3. Avoiding using red ink in South Korea: Based on their history and customs, red ink
was used to write down names of dead people. It is therefore considered a taboo to
write someone’s name in red.
4. Initiation custom in Brazil: It is strange how young boys prove their bravery and
strength. In the Satare Mawe tribe they showcase the courage by placing hands in a
basket filled with angry bullet ants. The bites are real pain.
5. The Monkey Buffet Festival in Thailand: Some people might be surprised to be

looking at some monkeys atop a buffet table, feasting on sumptuous dishes. In this
annual festivity, over 3000 kgs of fruits and vegetables are fed to several monkeys
that dwell in Lopburi, Bangkok.
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6. Tomato craze in Spain: La Tomatina is the biggest tomato fight that exists. It is a
strange culture among the Valencians in Bunol where tomatoes are used as
weapons. Snowball fights are so last year.
7. The Polterabend custom in Germany: Just before couples are wed, their families and
close friends meet for an informal affair. Then, all guests are requested to break
things such as dinner wares and flower vases, anything except glasses. As soon as
the entire place is in disarray, the couples should clear up the broken things. This
tradition shows the couple the significance of being united and of hard work, which is
necessary to make their marriage work. At least they are in for a hell of a start.
Things can only improve from here.
8. Witches’ Night in the Czech Republic: Prague has more than its fair share of rituals
and traditions, one of which sees young lovers jump over the dying embers of
bonfires. Single men are also encouraged, on this day, to leave tokens of freshly cut
branches on the doorstep of the women of the affections. It was once believed that
the evil powers on this evening, which falls in between the ancient feast days of St.
Jacob and St. Phillip, were far stronger than normal and that for this evening only
they ruled over the good. Flocks of witches riding broomsticks were said to soar the
skies, and the Czechs believed that the bonfires would bring them down in flames.
Nowadays the celebration is far more light-hearted, and the biggest bonfire in the
country takes place in the center of the Czech capital.
9. The Blackening and Henna weddings in muslim countries: A strange culture in Islam
where women from the bride’s family surround her and paint designs on her feet,
arms and hands to symbolize womanhood, provide fertility and luck to the woman.
This happens two days before the wedding. Like tattooes, just not permanent.
10. Bushido and Seppuku of Japan: Bushido has remained the warrior code that
emphasizes loyalty, strength, and integrity. Seppuku is the ritual suicide, which is an
alternative to defeat. This strange custom continues up to today where it is
considered better to commit it rather than surrender.
11. Camel wrestling in Turkey: Many spectators are delighted to watch two male camels
fight. Even though there are no injuries that afflict the animals, as with cock fighting,
or the audience, as with bull running in Spain. Still, people are asked to stay away
from the camels throughout the wrestling match. Agitated camels tend to discharge
saliva with a sticky texture and a disgusting smell.
12. The Haka in New Zealand: The Maori practices a way of spectating that involves
grunting, menacing facial expressions, loud chanting, stomping, guttural howling,
tongue wagging and chest thumping. It may sound like a guy trying to pick up a girl in
western nightclubs, but it is meant to strike fear and awe into the opponents.
13. Welcome drinks in Fiji: You may have noticed this when you were welcomed to the
Pacific nation. Guests are served a strange earthy cocktail made from squeezing
roots and served in a wooden bowl or bucket. It’s called Kava, but cannot in anyway
compare to the Spainsh bubbles. Kava is considered narcotics in many countries,
although a very mild one.
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14. Blubbing Brides in China: Brides cry for about a month, which is considered part of
the wedding preparations. This culture is still observed by the Fuji living in Wuling
Mountains. I guess it beats crying for a month after the wedding.
15. Tooth filling in Indonesia: In Bali, a rather peculiar ritual is performed by both genders
before marriage. They fill two teeth. It is done to keep any evil forces or
characteristics such as greed, lust, anger, stupidity, confusion, jealousy and
intoxication away from the couple. None of the above? Sounds bloody boring to me.
16. Antzar Eguna in Spain: This well-known tradition means “The Day of the Geese.” On
this occasion, a goose is covered with grease and is tied very high above a body of
water. Gentlemen then try to get a hold of the goose as they jump from their boat.
The objective is to rip off the goose’s head, as they grab it. An act that should sort of
disqualify them from being called “Gentlemen”, I’d say. This competition is a test of
their strength, endurance, and agility, which would make them eligible to wed the
woman they adore. However, the custom is no longer practiced using a live goose,
because of animal rights concerns. Additionally, The Day of the Geese is merely
practiced in Lekeitio, as part of the feast in San Antolin.
17. Foot binding in China: Young girls were compelled to go through the painful process
of foot binding. For almost a thousand years, the Chinese thought that small feet
were marks of beauty and desirability among girls. This perception caused the
Chinese men and women to intentionally restrict the girls’ feet from growing bigger
by binding them. In the late 1940’s, this tradition was stopped because of the
debilitating experience that young Chinese girls suffered from.
18. The Nag Panchami festival in India: This festival is all about worshipping snakes that
are specially gathered for the occasion. It is celebrated in the rural areas
Maharashtra and in certain temples. During Nag Panchami, people dance to the
music carrying snakes in pots which are placed on their head and join the procession
towards the temple. After chants and prayers, the snakes are sprinkled with a
mixture of turmeric and red powder and offered a mix of honey and milk, after which
they are released into the temple courtyard. Even though some of the most
venomous snakes, including cobras, are used in the ritual, people suffering from
snake bites is almost unheard of. Perhaps they know what they are doing.
19. Burial Ritual in Brazil and Venezuela: When a person of the Tanomani tribe dies, his
or her body is burnt. The bone and ash powder is mixed into a plantain soup that the
people attending will drink. They believe that this pleases the dead soul as it finds a
resting place in their bodies.
20. Piercings in India: It is strange how Hindus show their devotion to the Lord through
piercing their body parts including the tongue. This custom ritual, the Hindu
Thaipusam Piercings, is bloody but colorful. And looks painful as hell. not for the
faint-hearted.
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These customs are some of the strange and bizarre practices in some of the most wonderful
places in the world. They may seem absurd but the natives believe or believed that their
practices permitted them to learn essential values and lessons in life.
Next time you see something strange, do by all means turn your head, but please don’t jump
to the conclusion that people are crazy, mad or stupid. They may have very good reasons
for their actions.
Borrowing and Translating Popular Culture

The domain of popular music illustrates how difficult it is to unravel cultural systems in the
contemporary world: Is rock music a universal language? Do reggae and ska have the same
meaning to young people everywhere? American-inspired hip-hop (rap) swept through
Brazil, Britain, France, China, and Japan in the 1990s. Yet Japanese rappers developed
their own, localized versions of this art form. Much of the music of hip-hop, grounded in
urban African American experience, is defiantly antiestablishment, but the Japanese lyric
content is decidedly mild, celebrating youthful solidarity and exuberance. Similar
“translations” between form and content have occurred in the pop music of Indonesia,
Mexico, and Korea. Even a casual listener of U.S. radio can hear the profound effects that
Brazilian, South African, Indian, and Cuban forms have had on the contemporary American
pop scene. An earlier example of splashback—when a cultural innovation returns,
somewhat transformed, to the place of its origin—was the British Invasion of the American
popular music market in the mid-1960s. Forged in the United States from blues and country
music, rock and roll crossed the Atlantic in the 1950s to captivate a generation of young
Britons who, forming bands such as the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, made the music
their own, then reintroduced it to American audiences with tremendous success. The flow of
popular culture is rarely, if ever, unidirectional.
The Persistence of Local Culture
Underlying these various visions of globalization is a reluctance to define exactly what is

meant by the term culture. During most of the 20th century, anthropologists defined culture
as a shared set of beliefs, customs, and ideas that held people together in recognizable,
self-identified groups. Scholars in many disciplines challenged this notion of cultural
coherence, especially as it became evident that members of close-knit groups held radically
different visions of their social worlds. Culture is no longer perceived as a knowledge system
inherited from ancestors. As a result, many social scientists now treat culture as a set of
ideas, attributes, and expectations that change as people react to changing circumstances.
Indeed, by the turn of the 21st century, the collapse of barriers enforced by Soviet
communism and the rise of electronic commerce have increased the perceived speed of
social change everywhere.
The term local culture is commonly used to characterize the experience of everyday life in
specific, identifiable localities. It reflects ordinary people’s feelings of appropriateness,
comfort, and correctness—attributes that define personal preferences and changing tastes.
Given the strength of local cultures, it is difficult to argue that an overarching global culture
actually exists. Jet-setting sophisticates may feel comfortable operating in a global network
disengaged from specific localities, but these people constitute a very small minority; their
43
numbers are insufficient to sustain a coherent cultural system. It is more important to ask
where these global operators maintain their families, what kind of kinship networks they rely
upon, if any, and whether theirs is a transitory lifestyle or a permanent condition. For most
people, place and locality still matter. Even the transnational workers discussed by
Appadurai are rooted in local communities bound by common perceptions of what
represents an appropriate and fulfilling lifestyle.
I. Essay.
1. How is globalization affecting culture?
2. What are some examples of cultural globalization?
3. What are the advantages of cultural globalization?
4. What do you think are the advantage and disadvantage of
homogenization of culture?
5. Is globalization a danger to local cultures? Why ?
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44
Week 16 – 18. Global Citizenship
1. To define Global citizenship.

2. To identify global citizen
3. To value who are the global citizen.
4. To identify global education necessity.
5. To identify the origin of the third world concept.
Discussion.
What is Global Citizenship?

 It is a way of living that recognises our world is an increasingly complex web of
connections and interdependencies. One in which our choices and actions may have
repercussions for people and communities locally, nationally or internationally.
 Global Citizenship nurtures personal respect and respect for others, wherever they
live. It encourages individuals to think deeply and critically about what is equitable
and just, and what will minimise harm to our planet. Exploring Global Citizenship
themes help learners grow more confident in standing up for their beliefs, and more
skilled in evaluating the ethics and impact of their decisions.
What is a Global Citizen?

"An ethic of care for the world." Hannah Arendt
There is a great deal of debate and discussion around this question, as there is around the
whole concept of globalisation. A useful working definition, however, is offered by Oxfam:
A Global Citizen is someone who:
 is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen
 respects and values diversity
 has an understanding of how the world works
 is outraged by social injustice
 participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the global
 is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
 takes responsibility for their actions.
To be effective Global Citizens, young people need to be flexible, creative and proactive.
They need to be able to solve problems, make decisions, think critically, communicate ideas
effectively and work well within teams and groups. These skills and attributes are
increasingly recognised as being essential to succeed in other areas of 21st century life too,
including many workplaces. These skills and qualities cannot be developed without the use
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of active learning methods through which pupils learn by doing and by collaborating with
others.
Why is Global Citizenship education needed?

"Education must be not only a transmission of culture but also a provider of alternative views
of the world and a strengthener of skills to explore them" Jerome S Bruner
With the interconnected and interdependent nature of our world, the global is not ‘out there’;
it is part of our everyday lives, as we are linked to others on every continent:
 socially and culturally through the media and telecommunications, and through travel
and migration
 economically through trade
 environmentally through sharing one planet
 politically through international relations and systems of regulation.
The opportunities our fast-changing ‘globalised’ world offers young people are enormous.
But so too are the challenges. Young people are entitled to an education that equips them
with the knowledge, skills and values they need in order to embrace the opportunities and
challenges they encounter, and to create the kind of world that they want to live in. An
education that supports their development as Global Citizens.
The active, participatory methods of Education for Global Citizenship and Sustainable
Development help young people to learn how decisions made by people in other parts of the
world affect our lives, just as our decisions affect the lives of others. Education for Global
Citizenship and Sustainable Development also promotes pupil participation in the learning
process and in decision-making for the following reasons:
Everything done in school sends out messages, so we need to exemplify the values we wish
to promote. If we wish to affirm beliefs about the equality of all human beings and the
importance of treating everyone fairly and with respect, we need to ensure that learning
processes, and relationships between pupils and teachers, reflect and reinforce these
values.
Research shows that in more democratic schools pupils feel more in control of their learning,
and the quality of teaching, learning and behaviour is better.
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child affirms the right of children to have their
opinions taken into account on matters that affect them.
What does it look like in the classroom?
"Education is not a preparation for life, it is life itself." John Dewey
Education for Global Citizenship deals with issues of global interdependence, diversity of
identities and cultures, sustainable development, peace & conflict and inequities of power,
resources & respect.
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These issues are addressed in the classroom through a wide and evolving variety of
participatory teaching and learning methodologies, including structured discussion and
debate, role-play, ranking exercises, and communities of enquiry. Such active methods are
now established as good practice in education, and are not unique to global citizenship.
Curriculum for Excellence has at its core a commitment to improved student participation in
order to develop the four capacities: successful learners, confident individuals, responsible
citizens and effective contributors.
It is crucial to be aware that, far from promoting one set of answers or values or attitudes,
education for global citizenship encourages children and young people to explore, develop
and express their own values and opinions. (Always requiring too that they listen to and
respect other people's points of view.) This is an important step towards children and young
people making informed choices as to how they exercise their own rights and their
responsibilities to others.
It is also vital that teachers at all levels do not approach education for global citizenship with
the feeling that they must have all the answers – impossible anyway in such a fast changing
world. The role of the teacher is to enable pupils to find out about their world for themselves
and to support them as they learn to assess evidence, negotiate and work with others, solve
problems and make informed decision.
North and South, The (Global)
The terms the North and the South, when used in a global context, are alternative
designations for “developed” and “developing” countries. Together, the North and South
constitute virtually the entire global population. As terms, the North and the South emerged
during the 1970s, probably simultaneously, and in contrast with each other. This article thus
discusses these two terms together.
While the countries that make up the North and the countries that comprise the South share
broadly similar economic and historical characteristics with the other countries in their
category, there is no precise definition of either term. Two generations ago, the North could
have been approximately defined as Europe and its offshoots (such as Canada, the United
States, Australia, and New Zealand), but Japan has also, clearly, been a developed country
for many years. Several other East Asian countries, including Singapore, South Korea, and
Taiwan have shifted into the North in recent decades. While there are no recent examples of
countries that have moved in the opposite direction (i.e., to the South from the North), the
economic position of Argentina shifted from being one of the richest countries in the world, a
century ago, to its middle-ranked position today.
Precise categorization is difficult for several contemporary nations, such as Russia and
Saudi Arabia. Russia was recently admitted to the G-8 (previously the G-7), whose other
members (the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the U.K., and Japan) are the
richest and most economically powerful nations on earth. In contrast, Russia has a
comparatively low life expectancy, which has fallen in recent decades. It also has limited
political freedom and transparency in comparison to most countries in the G-8, and the
North more generally.
The North and South have other names. No name is perfect, and neither the North nor the
South is geographically precise. Several countries in the South are entirely in the Northern
hemisphere (e.g., India, Nigeria), while Australia and New Zealand, each in the geographic
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South, are part of the global North, as evidenced by their longstanding membership of the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Such geographic
imprecision is not unique. For example, the West (another synonym for developed countries)
now includes Japan, as well as Australasia.
As terms, the North (also called the First World ) and the South emerged during the 1970s in
recognition of the greater economic and political power of the Third World, and in reaction to
growing dissatisfaction with earlier terms, which were increasingly seen as pejorative. (This
is discussed further below.) Although the South has long been home for the majority of the
global population, its fraction of the global population is rising, as fertility rates have declined
by a greater amount in the North. Reflecting this, the South is now sometimes called the
majority world.
THE ORIGINS OF THE THIRD WORLD CONCEPT

In 1940 Colin Clark published “Conditions of Economic Progress,” which showed the world
to be, as one reviewer commented, “a wretchedly poor place.” Two centuries earlier, almost
the whole world had been “wretchedly poor,” and it is unlikely that the concept of
“developing countries” would then have been much appreciated. The world had largely been
divided into several empires, each of which possessed a “civilized” center and peripheries
that were more or less considered primitive or even “barbaric.” Before the 1940s it is unlikely
that the citizens of what would later be described as the North would have given much
thought to the inhabitants of what was to become known as the South. When they did, most
would have considered these peoples to be inferior in some way, by virtue of being non-
white, less educated, or even “primitive.” Many people in the Third World were subjects in
European colonies, living far from the global sources of economic, political, and military
power. It is even less likely that the subjugated inhabitants of these Third World lands, many
of whom were illiterate, would have been aware that, even then, they formed a substantial
part of the world population.
But such an awareness was growing among leaders within these poor countries, many of
whom had been educated, at least partly, in Europe or America. This awareness and
exposure to Western culture raised expectations and hopes, and inspired many Third World
leaders to try to improve colonial living conditions and win political independence.
Opposition to domination by the First World was also fed by increasing migration and travel,
which had been stimulated by the two World Wars. Many troops who had participated in
these wars, particularly on the allied side, were from the South. In addition, many Europeans
served in Asia, and their exposure to conditions in the colonies probably helped erode the
resolve of the colonial powers to keep their empires unbroken.
As the twentieth century progressed, the global decolonization movement strengthened,

empowered by each country that achieved independence. An increasing number of
countries in the South developed a national identity. The newly formed United Nations, born
in the period of comparative hope and idealism that briefly flowered following World War II
(1939–1945), also provided a forum for developing countries to share ideas and to argue
their position before a wider audience.
The term the Third World was coined in 1952 by the French demographer, anthropologist,
and economic historian Alfred Sauvy, who compared it with the Third Estate, a concept that
48
emerged in the context of the French Revolution. (First Estate refers to the clergy and the
monarch, Second Estate to the nobility, and Third Estate to the balance of the eighteenth-
century French population—as much as 98 percent.) The Third World, as a phrase, also
achieved acceptance because it usefully contrasted the poor countries to the First World
(the non-Communist, high-income, “developed” countries) and the Second World
(Communist countries, which though not as wealthy as those of the First World, were then
characterized by greater order, higher incomes, and longer life expectancies.)
The decades that followed saw many attempts to form coalitions of Third World countries, to
counter the vastly superior power of the “developed” First World countries. With hindsight, it
is clear that these were only partly successful.
In 1955 Egypt, Indonesia, Burma, and the three powers of the Indian subcontinent (India,
Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) organized the Asian-African Conference, held in Bandung,
Indonesia. Twenty-nine countries, representing over half the world’s population, sent
delegates—including the charismatic Chinese premier, Zhou Enlai—to Bandung. At this
meeting, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru explicitly rejected both sides in the ongoing
cold war between the United States and the USSR, expanding on the principles of non-
alignment, a term he is credited with coining and first using in 1954. The meeting led to the
development of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which held its first formal meeting in
1961. Five charismatic Third World leaders—Nehru, Yugoslavia’s Marshal Tito, Indonesia’s
Sukarno, Egypt’s Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah—are credited with its
establishment. China, despite its Communist ideology, has also been a member of the NAM
at times.
In 1960, parallel to these developments, five other developing countries (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela) founded the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC), at the Baghdad Conference. Soon after, OPEC was enlarged to include Nigeria
and several smaller and poorer African states. Indonesia, the only NAM founder with
substantial oil reserves, also joined OPEC.
In 1964 another coalition of developing nations was formed, called the Group of 77. India
was instrumental in the formation of this group, which was also joined by Brazil, the most
populous and economically powerful South American country and never part of the Non-
Aligned Movement. The Group of 77 now has over 130 members. Although the People’s
Republic of China has never been a formal member, it has been loosely affiliated since the
1970s.
49
THE EMERGENCE OF THE TERM THE SOUTH
The 1970s was a period of foment in the developing countries. Many improvements in living
standards and life expectancy rates had been achieved in the 1950s, but by the 1970s these
advances were stalling. Impatience in the Third World was growing. In 1973 OPEC
substantially raised the price of oil, triggering the first global oil crisis. This had a major
adverse economic effect upon the nonoil-exporting countries of the Third World, and
revealed a lack of solidarity within the Third World overall. Parallel to this, the developed
countries (prior to the discovery and development of the North Sea oil fields) were becoming
increasingly dependent on the Third World for energy, due to the decline of U.S. oil reserves.
These factors increased the economic power of part of the Third World. In 1974 the first UN-
hosted population mega-conference was held in Bucharest. At this meeting the Group of 77
refused to accept responsibility for their poverty, instead blaming colonialism and ongoing
Western exploitation. Famously, the Indian delegation called development “the best
contraceptive.” This rebellious spirit was also reflected in calls from the Third World for a
New International Economic Order (NIEO).
It is unlikely to be coincidental that the terms the South and the North were first widely used
around this time. These terms appear to have entered common usage as an alternative to
the long-standing geographical and cultural partition of the world into West and East.
50
Learning Exercises / Activities
Inside the circles draw an icon indicating that you are a good global citizen, then explain it in
the box
51
RATING GUIDE
NEEDS
IMPROVEMENT
elaboration of
GRAMMAR AND
grammar errors, an grammar errors, grammar errors and
PUNCTUATION
excellent choice of has good choice of poor choice of
Include correctness
of grammar, choice
punctuation marks are misuse of marks are
of words and use
appropriately used. punctuation marks. inappropriately used.
of appropriate
punctuation marks.
TOTAL SCORE
52
REFERENCES
A. Books
Lisandro E. Claudio & Particio N. Abinales, The Contemporary World, C &

E Publishing, Inc.1st Edition, 2018.
B. Electronic Research
https://www.globalization101.org/what-is-globalization/
https://velocityglobal.com/blog/globalization-benefits-and-challenges/
https://www.politicalsciencenotes.com/articles/8-theories-of-globalization-explained/642
https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-
labor/economics-terms-and-concepts/global-economy
https://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/portfolio/global-governance/
https://english.bdi.eu/article/news/global-governance-shaping-globalization/
https://ideas.repec.org/h/rba/rbaacv/acv2006-02.html
https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/world-population-prospects-
2019.html
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog128/node/
https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/third_world_countries.htm
53
Learning Insights
54
Reflection
55

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Online Rules and Regulations

Week 1 – 3 Introduction to Globalization

Learning Exercises / Activities & Rating Guide

Week 4 – 6 The Structures of Globalization

Learning Exercises / Activities & Rating Guide

Week 7 – 9 Global Demography

Learning Exercises / Activities & Rating Guide

Week 10 – 12 A World of Ideas

Learning Exercises / Activities & Rating Guide

Week 13 – 15 Cultural Globalization

Learning Exercises / Activities & Rating Guide

Week 16 – 18 Global Citizenship

Learning Exercises / Activities & Rating Guide

1. Students must provide notebook and ballpen for note taking.

2. Students must mute his / her speaker as the discussion started.

3. As the online class started, please observe the following:

b. Make sure that everybody is ready for the session.

c. Be on your well-mannered position, lying or sleeping position is not permitted.

d. Eating during online class is not allowed.

This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the

1. To distinguish different interpretations of and approaches to globalization -

Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of human

An Official Definition of Globalization by the World Health Organization (WHO)

According to WHO, globalization can be defined as” the increased

What Is Globalization in the Economy?

According to the Committee for Development Policy (a subsidiary body of the

What Is Globalization in Geography?

In geography, globalization is defined as the set of processes (economic,

Globalization is not a new concept.

For some people, this global phenomenon is inherent to human nature.

THE ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization has benefits that cover many different areas. It reciprocally

1. Access to New Cultures

Globalization makes it easier than ever to access foreign culture, including

2. The Spread of Technology and Innovation

Many countries around the world remain constantly connected, so knowledge

3. Lower Costs for Products

Globalization allows companies to find lower-cost ways to produce their

Developing nations experience an improved standard of living—thanks to

5. Access to New Markets

Businesses gain a great deal from globalization, including new customers

6. Access to New Talent

In addition to new markets, globalization allows companies to find new,

THE DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is not easily defined. For some, it is a positive process leading

One criticism is that Western nations, impose cultural values on others

English is widely used as a common language in business, however, if

The Economic Negative Effects of Globalization

CLEARER RECAP ON POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF

All theories of globalization have been put hereunder in eight categories:

Liberalism sees the process of globalization as market-led extension of modernization. At

They fructify in the form of:

(a) Technological advances, particularly in the areas of transport, communications and

2. Theory of Political Realism:

Marxism is principally concerned with modes of production, social exploitation through

Capitalism is based on private ownership of the means of production and on individual

A Brief History: The Four Waves of Feminism

Learning Exercises / Activities.

Rated by: ________________________ Date Rated: ___________ Score: _______

1. To define economic globalization

 Administering WTO trade agreements

International Financial Institution

Rated by: __________________ Date Rated: _ Score: ___

Rated by: __________________ Date Rated: _ Score: ___

Rated by: _________________ Date Rated: _ Score: ___

Rated by: __________________ Date Rated: _ Score: ___

Rated by: __________________ Date Rated: _ Score: ___

Rated by: __________________ Date Rated: _ Score: ___