WAKTU : 15 MENIT JUMLAH SOAL : 10 BUTIR

(SOAL PELATIHAN 2)

Questions 1 – 5 are based on the following text.

It is common knowledge that as women get older, pregnancy becomes a riskier enterprise. Advanced
maternal age is linked to a number of developmental disorders in children, such as Down’s syndrome. Now, a
study has confirmed that older mothers are less likely to give birth to a child with autism, too. The authors of the
epidemiology study, published February 8 in Autism Research, examined the parental age of more than 12,000
children with autism and nearly five million “control” children, all living in California. The researchers found that
mothers over 40 had 51 percent higher risk of having a child with autism than mothers 25 to 29, and a 77 percent
higher risk than mothers under 25.
Autism—a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication—
appears to be on the rise. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now estimates that as many as
one in 110 children in the U.S. has an autistic spectrum disorder—a group of developmental disorders in
California in 2007 was 12 times that from 1987, representing an average annual growth of 13 percent, according
to a report from the California Department of Developmental Services. Only a fraction of these extra cases can
be explained by changes to diagnostic criteria and earlier diagnoses.

Maternal age is also increasing in the U.S. A California-based study reported a three-fold increase in the
number of births to women aged 40 to 44. But this trend toward delayed childbearing accounted for less than 5
percent of the total increase in autism diagnoses in California over the decade, according to the study—a finding
that surprised Janie Shelton, a doctoral student in University of California, Davis’s Department of Public Health
Sciences and the study’s lead author. “I would have expected to see more of a contribution, because age is risk
factor and women are having kids later,” she says.

1. The word “a fraction” in paragraph 2 is best
replaced by ....
(A) a division
(B) equal amount
(C) a small part
(D) a quarter
(E) amount of
2. What conclusion can we draw from the text
especially on autism in children?
(A) It is genetically transmitted.
(B) It makes children antisocial.
(C) It is getting more infectious.
(D) It is less prevalent in the U.S.
(E) It has not been detected up to now.
3. It is stated in the first paragraph that ....
(A) developmental disorders in children are
close to delayed pregnancy
(B) modified diagnosis criteria can detect many
cases of autism
(C) many of the children in the US obviously
suffer from autism
(D) Asperger’s syndrome is not related in any
way to autism
(E) studies on autism have not successfully
revealed its causes

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4. The sentence “A California-based study 5. The author’s attitude towards the topic in the text
reported a three-fold increase in the number of is ....
births to women aged 40 to 44.” in paragraph 4 (A) critical
can best be restated as …. (B) doubtful
(A) the number of Americans giving birth in their (C) assertive
40s each year is increasing (D) convinced
(B) a study reported that the rate of women in (E) informative
advanced maternal age giving birth is
increasing 6. What topic does the paragraph following the text
(C) studies show that mothers aged 40 years or most likely discuss?
older giving birth is increasing dramatically (A) The increase of autism risk and older parents
in numbers (B) Older women at high risk of having a child
(D) the ability to have a child at an older age with autism
indicates that a woman’s reproductive (C) The higher rate of autism with older mothers
system is aging slowly (D) Maternal age as the only factor which is
(E) a study found that women who had children linked to autism
after the age of 40 were three times more (E) More explanation of how maternal age is
likely to live longer related to autism

Questions 7 – 10 are based on the following texts.

Text 1

The word forest derives from the Old French forest (also forès), denoting "forest, vast expanse covered by
trees". As with cities, depending on various cultural definitions, what is considered a forest may vary significantly
in size and have different classifications according to how and of what the forest is composed.
A forest is usually an area filled with trees but any tall densely packed area of vegetation may be considered
a forest, even underwater vegetation such as kelp forests, or non-vegetation such as fungi, and bacteria. Tree
forests cover approximately 9.4 percent of the Earth's surface (or 30 percent of total land area), though they once
covered much more (about 50 percent of total land area). They function as habitats for organisms, hydrologic
flow modulators, and soil conservers, constituting one of the most important aspects of the biosphere.
A typical tree forest is composed of the overstory (canopy or upper tree layer) and the understory. The
understory is further subdivided into the shrub layer, herb layer, and also the moss layer and soil microbes. In
some complex forests, there is also a well-defined lower tree layer. Forests are central to all human life because
they provide a diverse range of resources: they store carbon, aid in regulating the planetary climate, purify water
and mitigate natural hazards such as floods. Forests also contain roughly 90 percent of the world's terrestrial
biodiversity.

Text 2

Forests are habitats in which the trees are the dominant form of vegetation. They occur in many regions
and climates around the globe—the tropical rainforests of the Amazon basin, the temperate forests of eastern
North America, and the boreal forests of northern Europe are just a few examples.
The species composition of a forest is often unique to that forest, with some forests consisting of many
hundreds of species of trees while others consist of just a handful of species. Forests are constantly changing and
progress through a series of successional stages during which species composition changes within the forest.

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 Thus, making general statements about forest habitats can be difficult. Yet despite the variability of our
planet's forests, there are some basic structural characteristics that many forests share—characteristics that can
help us to better understand both forests and the animals and wildlife that inhabit them.
Mature forests often have several distinct vertical layers. These include: forest floor, herb layer, shrub layer,
understory, emergents and canopy. These different layers provide a mosaic of habitats and enable animals and
wildlife to settle into various pockets of habitat within the overall structure of a forest.

7. The following statements reflect opinions in 9. The relation between forests and people’s life
either text, EXCEPT…. explained in Text 1 is similar to the
(A) forests are important to all human life phenomenon between ….
(B) tree forests cover approximately 9.4 percent (A) plants and vegetables oil
of the Earth's surface (B) a chef and culinary delights
(C) some forests might have fewer animal (C) smartphones and businessmen
species than other forests (D) medicine and diseases
(D) making general statements about forest (E) music and conductors
habitats can be difficult
(E) forest is an area of land covered with trees 10. The best title of the two texts above would be ….
and plants (A) Flora and Fauna in a Forest
(B) Forest Conservation
8. Both texts are similar in term of the information (C) Descriptions of Forest
on …. (D) Biodiversity Richness of Forest
(A) flora and fauna (E) Mature Forests
(B) types of forest
(C) the structure of forest
(D) the functions of forest
(E) herb-based medications

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