A translation memory (TM) is a database that stores "segments", which can be sentences,

paragraphs or sentence-like units (headings, titles or elements in a list) that have previously been
translated, in order to aid human translators. The translation memory stores the source text and
its corresponding translation in language pairs called “translation units”.

Machine Translation (MT) or automated translation is a process when a computer software

translates text from one language to another without human involvement. MT works with large
amounts of source and target languages that are compared and matched against each other by a
machine translation engine. We differentiate three types of machine translation methods:

 Rules-based machine translation uses grammar and language rules, developed by

language experts, and dictionaries which can be customized to a specific topic or
industry.
 Statistical machine translation does not rely on linguistic rules and words; it learns how
to translate by analyzing large amount of existing human translations.
 Neural machine translation teaches itself on how to translate by using a large neural
network. This method is becoming more and more popular as it provides better results
with language pairs.

Website localization is the process of adapting an existing website to local language and culture
in the target market.

Software localization is the process of adapting software to both the culture and language of an
end user, from standards of measurement to video and graphic design. It involves not only
translation, but also design and UX changes to make software look and feel natural to the target
user.

Pre-editing consists in processing the texts before machine translation. It typically involves
correcting mistakes in the source text (mainly grammar, punctuation and spelling), removing
ambiguities and simplifying structures.

Post-editing is the process whereby humans amend machine-generated translation to achieve an

acceptable final product.

Terminology management is the process of building a glossary with preferred translations (or
forbidden ones) to be uploaded to a termbase.

Computational lexicography deals with the study of the electronization of corpus processing,
semi-automation or even total automation of dictionary compilation, formalization of
microstructure arrangement, digitalization of dictionary media, intellectualization of the
dictionary query, and integration of multimedia into lexical data representation.

In linguistics and natural language processing, a corpus (pl: corpora) or text corpus is a
dataset, consisting of natively digital and older, digitalized, language resources, either annotated
or unannotated.

Natural language processing (NLP) is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science and

linguistics. It is primarily concerned with giving computers the ability to support and manipulate
speech. It involves processing natural language datasets, such as text corpora or speech corpora,
using either rule-based or probabilistic (i.e. statistical and, most recently, neural network-based)
machine learning approaches.

Computer-aided translation (CAT) is the use of software to assist a human translator in the
translation process. The translation is created by a human, and certain aspects of the process are
facilitated by software.

Interactive machine translation (IMT), is a specific sub-field of computer-aided translation.

Under this translation paradigm, the computer software that assists the human translator attempts
to predict the text the user is going to input by taking into account all the information it has
available. Whenever such prediction is wrong and the user provides feedback to the system, a
new prediction is performed considering the new information available. Such process is repeated
until the translation provided matches the user's expectations.

Information systems relate to organisational concepts, especially usage/operation and

technology transfer, although they also explore systems/software topics, all primarily at a
behaviour level of analysis. Information technology facilitates internal coordination between
individuals.

A content management system (CMS) is computer software used to manage the creation and
modification of digital content (content management). The systems allow the process to be
controlled with some efficiency in one language; globalization management systems allow
content to be coordinated in many language versions.