Happiness &

Suffering
SMU BIG QUESTIONS AY2023
What is this experience about?

In this self guided learning experience as part of your Big Questions: Happiness and Suffering module, you
will visit the Indian Heritage Centre (IHC) and the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall (SYSNMH).

@ SUN YAT SEN NANYANG

@ INDIAN HERITAGE CENTRE
MEMORIAL HALL
❑ L o c a t e t h e 5 g a l l e r i e s a c r o s s t h e 2 l e ve l s ❑ Locate the 4 galleries across the 2 levels
introduced in this document and the introduced in this document and the
corresponding video resources. corresponding video resources.

❑ Wa t c h t h e v i d e o s t o f i n d o u t m o r e a b o u t h o w ❑ Wa t c h t h e v i d e o s t o f i n d o u t m o r e a b o u t h o w
the topic Happiness & Suffering relates to the the topic Happiness & Suffering relates to the
artefacts in IHC. artefacts in SYSNMH.

❑ Consider the guiding questions introduced ❑ Consider the guiding questions introduced
a n d d ra w l i n k s b e t w e e n t h e d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s . a n d d ra w l i n k s b e t w e e n t h e d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s .

❑ D o n’ t f o r g e t t o j o t d o w n n o t e s ! ❑ D o n’ t f o r g e t t o j o t d o w n n o t e s !
How Should I Prepare for my visit?

▪ P l e a se b r i n g :

❑ A n i n te rn et e n a b l ed m ob ile d e v i ce. H ave th i s PD F d o w n l oa de d o n yo u r m o b i le d e v i ce O R a

p r i n ted co p y.

❑ Ea r p hones / head p hone s .

❑ N o te b oo k a n d p e n ci l to j o t d o w n n o te s .

▪ Re co m men d ed s e t t i n g s:

❑ So f tco p y : i t i s r e co m m e nd ed to u s e th e A d o b e A cr o b a t m o b i le a p p i n Pa g e b y Pa g e v i e w a n d
l a n d s ca pe to a cce s s i n PD F l i n ks . D o tes t yo u r PD F r e a d e r b e f o r e h an d.

❑ H a r d co p y : p r i n t th e m a p s a n d ove r vie w q u es tio ns i n A 4 s o th a t yo u ca n r e a d th e m b e tte r i n

th e d i m me r g aller ies .

▪ L o o k th r o u g h this d o cu m e nt a n d d i s cu s s w i th yo u r g r o u p m ate i f n e ce s s a r y.
 wifi@SYSNMH

What Should I do once I am at IHC / SYSNMH

@ S U N YAT S E N N A N YA NG ME MO R IA L
@ INDIAN HERITAGE CENTRE
H A LL

❑ O b t a i n y o u r a d m i s s i o n s t i c ke r / ti c ke t f r o m ❑ O b t a i n yo u r a d m i ss i o n s t i c ke r / ti c ke t f r o m
the Front Desk. the Front Desk.

❑ Yo u c a n l o g i n t o t h e m u s e u m’s f r e e p u b l i c ❑ Yo u c a n l o g i n t o t h e m u s e u m’s f r e e p u b l i c
W i F i W i r e l es s @ I HC t o v i e w t h e v i d e o s . W i F i W i f i @SY S N M H t o v i e w t h e v i d e o s .

❑ I f y o u h a v e n o t a l r e a d y, wa t c h t h e ❑ I f yo u h a ve n o t a l r e a dy, wa t c h t h e
i n t r o d u c tio n v i d e o o n p a g e 1 0 . i n t r o du c tio n v i d e o o n p a g e 2 6 .

❑ P l a n y o u r r o u t e u s i n g t h e m a p s p r ov i d e d i n ❑ P l a n yo u r r o u t e u s i n g t h e m a p s p r ov i de d i n
t h i s d o c u m e n t. t h i s d o c u m e n t.
How do I use this document?

▪ The l e a r ning e xp er ien ce w i l l cove r m o s t o f th e g a l l erie s i n IH C a nd SY SN M H . W hile ther e,

wa tch th e v i d e os l i n ked i n th i s r e s o u r ce to f u r th er e xp l o r e th e to p i cs i n tr o d uce d.

❑ E x p l o re t h e a r t efa ct s m a r ke d o u t o n e a ch l e ve l / g a l ler y a n d s p e n d s o m e ti m e l o o kin g

cl o s e ly a t th e m .

❑ S ca n t h e Q R co d e o r cl i ck o n t h e l i n k t o wa t ch a s h o r t v i d e o. F i n d a s e a t, a n d d o n’ t
f o r g e t to u s e yo u r e a r p h o n es i n th e g a l l er ies .

❑ If yo u h ave ti m e, e x p l o re t h e g a l l e r y o r t h e r e s t o f t h e m u s e u m t o b r o a d e n yo u r
u n d e r st a n di n g o f t h e co n t e x t a n d t i m e p e r i o d .

❑ To n av i g ate e a s i ly b e tw e e n th e ove r v iew, m a p s a n d s ta ti on s i n th i s r e s o u r ce , l o o k o u t f o r

l i nks you ca n cl i ck o n .
Museum Etiquette

▪ A r te fa cts on d i sp l ay ca n b e ve r y f ra g i le a n d a r e l i g ht se nsitive, i n or d e r to p r e se r ve the m f or

f u tu r e g e n e ra tio ns , n o te th at th e l i g h ting a n d te m p e ratur es a t th e m u s e u m h ave b e e n ke p t
l o w. Yo u ca n ta ke p h o to g rap hs b u t p l e a s e tu r n o f f th e f l a s h .

▪ To g i ve e ve r yo ne a g o o d e xp e r ie nce a t th e m u s e u m , p l e a s e d o n o t to u ch th e a r te f a cts o n
d i s p l ay. Fo o d a n d d r i n ks a r e n o t a l l ow ed i n th e g a l le rie s . Ke e p yo u r vo i ce d o w n a n d wa l k s l o w ly
to b e s t e xp e r ie nce w h a t w e h ave p r e s e n te d f or yo u a t th e m u s e u m .

▪ B r i n g a s m a l l b a g a s l a r g e o n e s a r e n o t a l l ow ed i n th e g a l le ries ( yo u ca n d e p o s i t th e m a t th e
l o cke rs n e a r th e l o b b y ). If yo u n e e d to w r i te , u s e a p e n ci l i n s te ad o f a p e n to avo i d l e av ing
m a r k s o n o p e n d i s p l ay s .
Visiting Indian Heritage
Centre (IHC)

Ad d r ess

5 C a m p b e ll L an e
Si ng a por e 2 0 9 9 2 4

Opening Hours

Tu e s d ay s to Sa tu r d ays
1 0 a m to 6 p m ( L a s t e n tr y a t 5 3 0 p m )
Table of Contents for IHC

▪ O ve r vie w o f A r t e f a c ts b y G a l l e ri e s : U s e t h e m a p t o f i n d yo u r wa y a r o u n d t h e m u s e u m
a n d l o c a t e t h e a r t e f a ct s / o bj e ct s. C r o s s r e f e r e n c e w i t h t h e s u m m a r y o f ke y q u e s t i o ns
a s yo u l i s te n t o t h e v i d e o a n d v i e w t h e a r t e f a c ts i n t h e g a l l e ri e s .

▪ I n t r o d uc ti o n : V i d e o 1

▪ G a l l e r y 1 & 2 : p a g e 9 - 1 3 ( V i de o 1 & 2 )

▪ G a l l e r y 3 , 4 & 5 : p a g e 1 4 - 2 3 ( V i de o s 3 , 4 & 5 )

▪ C o n c l us i o n: V i d e o 5

▪ Fe e d ba c k Fo r m ( p a g e 4 5 ) : O n c e yo u h a ve c o m p l e te d t h e l e a rni n g e x p e ri e n ce , p l e a s e
fill up the feedback form ..
Gallery Map: Galleries 1 & 2 (Level 4)

Chariot Finial with

Garuda

Wedding Sari worn

by Shantha
Ramakrishnan
during her wedding

Kasumalai
(Necklace with
coins)
 Video 1: Key Artefacts

GALLERY 1: EARLY CONTACT BETWEEN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA Scan the QR code
here to watch the
video

1 Chariot Finial with Garuda

Cambodia
12th century CE, Angkor Wat period
Copper alloy, 36 × 1 4.5 × 1 2.1cm
Collection of Indian Heritage Centre
[2013-00577]

This intricately cast finial is a wonderful example of Khmer metalwork from the Angkor Wat period. At one time, this decorative element
would have been used on a Khmer chariot as a symbol of power and strength, perhaps designed for use in battle. It depicts a fierce-
looking Garuda or mythical bird, raising his powerful chest in a stance meant to intimidate, atop a multiheaded naga or serpent who looks
poised to attack. Cast by the lost-wax process, the finely delineated features and graceful lines are remarkable. Remains of gilding are
present throughout, suggesting that it decorated an upper class or even royal vehicle. Naga are multi-headed cobras that are commonly
depicted in Khmer art, especially in the many bas-reliefs at Angkor Wat in which palanquins, litters and chariots are all adorned with
finials in the shape of naga accompanied by Garuda. The mythical creatures are closely associated with water and life, thus playing an
important role in the Khmer iconographic tradition.
 Video 1: Guiding Questions

CENTRAL QUESTION FOR THOUGHT Scan the QR code

The Indian community in Singapore is diverse and is the product of many waves of migration, pre- and post-colonial. What do you know about here to watch the
Singapore’s Indian communities and their heritage? video

▪ G A L L E R Y 1 : E A R LY C O N TA C T B E T W E E N S O U T H A N D S O U T H E A S T A S I A

Chariot Finial with Garuda 1. To what extent can you shape your own future by overcoming adverse situations based on
Garuda’s story?

2. There are many moments in life when you might be forced to do something that you might
not agree with. How would you overcome the situation without compromising your principles
to ensure you are not unhappy with your decision, learning from Garuda’s example?

3. What sacrifices have you made to overcome adverse situations? Did these sacrifice bring you
the happiness that you expected? If yes, how so, and if not, why not?
 Video 2: Key Artefacts

GALLERY 2: Roots and Routes Scan the QR code

here to watch the
video
2 Wedding Sari worn by Shantha Ramakrishnan during her wedding
Purchased in Benares for use in Singapore 1968
Silk Brocade, 497.5 × 115cm
Collection of Mr PGP Ramakrishnan

P Govindasamy Pillai, popularly known as PGP was an illustrious Tamil entrepreneur who established the PGP chain of stores including
textile shops, flour and spice mills in Singapore. This Benares brocade sari was handpicked and purchased in Benares by PGP for the
wedding of Shantha, his granddaughter. It was a special occasion that warranted such personal attention— she was marrying her
maternal uncle PGP Ramakrishnan, who was also PGP’s son.

3 Kasumalai (Necklace with coins)

Made in Madras for use in Singapore
Early 20th century
Gold and Rubies, 64.5 × 4cm
Gift from the Estate of Santhanam Victor Louis and the Family of Gnanapragasam Pillai, Collection
of Indian Heritage Centre

This is a kasumalai, a necklace (malai) of coins (kasu). The 62 coin necklace is complete with an engraved clasp studded with rubies.
This kasumalai was commissioned especially by Gnanapragasam Pillai in 1914 for his wife, Maria Soosaiammal, on the occasion of
Christmas. He had it made in Madras. The coins are Victorian half sovereigns dating to 1890. The design of the kasumalai is unique;
the Victorian coins are held together by floral connectors representing the French insignia or the Fleur de Lys. It speaks of the influence
of the European powers in the lives of the Gnanapragasam Pillai family; both the British in the Straits Settlements and the French in
Pondicherry. Gnanapragasam Pillai (b.1872–d.1915), was a trader from Muthialpet, Pondicherry, south India. Pondicherry was then the
French capital of colonial India. He migrated to Singapore in 1902 and established himself as a trader along Serangoon Road. He
owned two shop houses at number 44 and 46 Serangoon Road. The family lived on the upper floor of one of the shophouses while the
rest of the property served as a sundry shop and warehouse.
 Video 2: Guiding Questions

Scan the QR code

▪ G A L L E R Y 2 : R O OT S A N D R O U T E S here to watch the
video

Wedding Sari worn by 1. Happiness derived from family bonds and togetherness during special occasions, rituals, and
Shantha Ramakrishnan festivals and the role that the maintenance of ethnic identity plays in achieving a sense of
during her wedding personal and social happiness

2. How traditional practices can bring people together where families might be dispersed by the
very act of migration, even in contemporary times.

3. To what extent does affluence and access to wealth affect the pursuit of happiness?

Kasumalai 1. To what extent does love play a role in happiness?

(Necklace with coins)
2. Gifting can be an expression of love and success in many different cultures. What are some
similar practices in your culture, and how might they differ from the example highlighted of
the trader Gnanapragasam Pillai from Pondicherry?

3. How might political and economic factors impact your life choices and affiliations?
 4 8

Gallery Map: Galleries 3, 4 & 5 (Level 3)

Draft of the
Commemorative
National Pledge
Medallions for
written by
Bhai Maharaj Singh
S Rajaratnam in a
Ji’s 150th Death
letter to Ong Pang
Anniversary
Boon
5
9

Basapa’s Zoo at Medal presented to

Punggol S Rajaratnam

6
10

Studio portrait of K
Ramiah (left) and
friends Plaque presented
by Singapore
7 Council
of Women’s
Organisations to
Shirin Fozdar in
recognition of her
valuable
contribution to
women’s cause
Pitcher belonging to
G Sarangapany
with his name
engraved on it
 Video 3: Key Artefacts

GALLERY 3: EARLY PIONEERS Scan the QR code

here to watch the
video
4 Commemorative Medallions for Bhai Maharaj Singh Ji’s 150th Death
Anniversary, issued by the Gurdwara Sahib Silat Road and produced by the Singapore Mint, with Original
Box
2006
Courtesy of Mr Sarjit Singh s/o Naranjan Singh

The first Indian political and social revolutionary to be exiled to Singapore was Bhai Maharaj Singh, a Sikh priest from the Punjab.
Named Nihal Singh at birth, his internment represented the earliest connection between Singapore and an Indian political movement.
Bhai Maharaj Singh was involved in the plot to assassinate the British Resident Henry Lawrence and other pro-British officers of the
Lahore Durbar. He was arrested on 28 December 1849 at Adanpur and was deported on the ship named Mohamed Shah with his
follower Kharak Singh. Arriving on 9 July 1850,he was interned at Outram Road Prison where he was placed in solitary
confinement. His cell was 14 by 5 feet, which because of the high walls and sealed windows was “rendered dark, dingy and absolutely
unhealthy”. He became blind within three years, developed cancer on his tongue, and had rheumatic swellings and pains in his feet and
ankle. The prison doctor’s recommendation that he should be allowed to walk outside was turned down by the Government of British
India. Two months before his death, his neck and tongue were so swollen that he found it difficult to swallow.
He died on 5 July 1856 and was cremated on a plot of land outside the prison. Local Tamil Hindus began to revere the spot and marked
it out with stones. Sikhs and Muslims too joined in the veneration of a man who had been regarded as a saint, and who had died
fighting for freedom. Sikhs constructed a simple structure on the spot making it into a small temple. In 1966, the Samadhi was moved
to Silat Road Temple. His memory lives on even today, as observed in the organisation of Bhai Maharaj Singh ji barsi memorial function
at the Silat Road Sikh Temple held annually in July.
 Video 3: Key Artefacts

GALLERY 3: EARLY PIONEERS Scan the QR code

here to watch the
video
5 Basapa’s Zoo at Punggol
Singapore, Early 20th century
Courtesy of Mr Lawrence Basapa

Born in the early 1890s, WLS Basapa was the son of Hunmah Somapah, a land owner and municipal official. Somapah owned huge
tracts of land in the Serangoon Road and Changi areas. In the 1920s, Basapa began to collect several species of animals and birds and
established a zoo in the Punggol area in 1928 which became a major attraction in pre-war Singapore. It charged a nominal entrance
fee of 40 cents and offered discounts for students. Basapa maintained the zoo privately from 1928 until the start of World War II, and
funded the operations of the zoo at the rate of S$35 per day. At the start of World War II, the British moved their forces to the north of
Singapore and occupied the site of the zoo at Punggol. Basapa was given 2 4 hours to re-house and re-locate all his animals and birds.
Unfortunately, given the short time span, Basapa was unable to salvage all the animals so the British freed the birds and harmless
animals, and shot the more dangerous ones.
 Video 3: Guiding Questions
▪ G A L L E R Y 3 : E A R LY P I O N E E R S
Commemorative Medallion
s for Bhai Maharaj
Singh Ji’s 150th
Death Anniversary
Basapa’s Zoo at Punggol
Scan the QR code
here to watch the
video
1. Human suffering is an inevitable aspect of anti-colonial movements.
2. To what degree does race and ethnicity determine suffering during times of war?
3. Very often we judge a book by its cover. Even though we may think that a convict might
indicate a criminal, it is important to remember that during the colonial era many were
convicted as the colonial administration was looking for free labour. Many of them rose above
these challenges and emerged successful. How would you reassess your perceptions of them?
1. How do material pursuits might contribute to happiness?
2. War often requires sacrifices to be made in view of the greater good. What sorts of sacrifice
might war bring about? How would you justify these sacrifices?
3. In your daily life, you might pursue passions and interests. How do they determine your future
occupational or other life choices?
 Video 4: Key Artefacts

GALLERY 4: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL AWAKENING OF INDIANS IN SINGAPORE AND MALAYA Scan the QR code
here to watch the
video
6 Studio portrait of K Ramiah (left) and friends
Courtesy of K Ramiah
Collection of Indian Heritage Centre Resource Library

K Ramiah enlisted in the Indian National Army at the age of 16 at Tanjung Rambutan, Malaya. He was sent to the Azad Hind School at
Chancery Lane, Singapore for training after which he was appointed as corporal in the Indian National Army. He was selected, together
with two others, to transport uniforms to army personnel in Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh. Enroute at Lapis, the MPAJA forces surrounded the
train with guns. Ramiah and his colleagues were given, clothes, rice and a permit for travel and asked to leave behind the uniforms in
the train. They left walking along the railway line and reached Kuala Lumpur around the time of Japanese surrender.

7 Pitcher belonging to G Sarangapany with his name engraved on it

Singapore, mid-20th century
Silver, 17 × 13.5 × 13.5cm
Gift of Ms Rajam Sarangapany Collection of Indian Heritage Centre [2015- 00079]

Social reform movements in India left a deep impact on Tamils in Singapore and Malaya. Visits by Indian stalwarts such as Periyar EV Ramasamy
Naicker further inspired Tamil community leaders in Singapore to bring about reforms in local society. Among these leaders were AC Suppiah,
proprietor of Kantharasam company, specialising in traditional medicine and medicinal ointment. He was founder of the Singapore Vivekanda Club,
head of the “Seerthirtutham Club”, and a founding member of the Tamils Reform Association. Yet another was O Ramasamy Nadar who donated his
twostorey shop house at 1 25 Serangoon road to the Tamils Reform Association. He was also the chairman of the building fund committee, which
helped secure a permanent home for the Indian Association in the 1930s. G Sarangapany came into contact with Periyar’s Self-Respect Movement
when he became the distribution agent for its magazine, Kudi Arasu (“Republic” in Tamil), in British Malaya, and subsequently helped to arrange
Periyar’s visits to Singapore and Malaya in 1929 and 195 4. Sarangapany also established the magazine Munnetram (“Progress” in Tamil) in 192 9.
As the editor of the Tamil's Reform Association’s media wing the Tamil Murasu, Sarangapany promoted the importance of literacy, modernisation and
even reformist marriages. Sarangapany was also a champion of the Tamil language and played a crucial role in campaigns promoting Tamil as one of
Singapore’s four official languages. Sarangapany also encouraged local Tamils to embrace Singapore as their home and thus laid the foundation for a
new generation of Singaporean Indians.
 Video 4: Guiding Questions
▪ G A L L E R Y 4 : S O C I A L A N D P O L I T I C A L AWA K E N I N G O F I N D I A N S I N S I N G A P O R E A N D M A L AYA
Studio portrait of K
Ramiah (left) and friends
Pitcher belonging to
G Sarangapany with his
name engraved on it
Scan the QR code
here to watch the
video
1. How would experiences of suffering prevent history from repeating itself?
2. Youth are often caught at the crux of war missions; how might their choices or experiences
impact their future. Can youth be recruited to fight the war, or should a choice of participation
be provided?
3. In the face of adversity, some display fear and panic and others display courage. How might
our reactions to situations of adversity determine our suffering or success?
1. To what degree can social ideology lend to the shaping of pride, identity, and satisfaction?
2. Is positive self-perception a key instrument in deriving happiness?
3. Consider the role that journalists and publishers in the print and broadcast media (and now
social media) play in shaping ideas of societal suffering and happiness.
 Video 5: Key Artefacts

GALLERY 5: INDIANS IN THE MAKING OF THE NATION Scan the QR code

here to watch the
video
8 Draft of the National Pledge written by S Rajaratnam in a letter to Ong Pang Boon
Singapore, 18 February 1966
Ministry of Education Collection
Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore

9 Medal presented to S Rajaratnam, Singapore’s first Minister of Culture and first Minister of Foreign Affairs
for his participation at the 30th Anniversary ASEAN Commemorative Summit
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8 August 1997
Bronze and cloth, 49.7 × 7.3cm
Gift of Datuk Dr S Vijayaratnam and S Jothiratnam. Collection of National Museum of Singapore

S Rajaratnam started his career as a journalist in London, and returned to Singapore in 19 48. He wrote for the Malaya Tribune, the
Singapore Standard and The Straits Times. His anti-colonial and anti-communist stance got the attention of Lee Kuan Yew, Toh Chin
Chye and Goh Keng Swee, with whom he co-founded the People’s Action Party (PAP) in 1 954. He won the first Legislative Assembly
Election in 1959 from the Kampong Glam constituency and served as Minister of Culture till 1963. He was the first Minister for Foreign
Affairs of independent Singapore, holding this post from 1965 to 1980, and participated in the founding of ASEAN. Rajaratnam co-
wrote Singapore’s National Pledge in 19 66. He was the Second Deputy Prime Minister from 1980– 1985. Rajaratnam retired from
politics in 1988.
 Video 5: Key Artefacts

GALLERY 5: INDIANS IN THE MAKING OF THE NATION Scan the QR code

here to watch the
video
10 Plaque presented by Singapore Council
of Women’s Organisations to Shirin Fozdar in recognition of her valuable contribution to women’s cause
Singapore, 1988
Pewter, diameter 17.5cm
Gift of Mr Jamshed K Fozdar and Mrs Parvati Fozdar. Collection of Indian Heritage Centre

One of the most prominent advocates of women’s rights in Singapore during the 1950s, Shirin Fozdar played a key role in securing
better legal protection for women. She was one of the founders of the Singapore Council of Women in 1952. Her activism led to the
establishment of the Syariah Court in 1958 and the Women’s Charter in 1961. She was given an award by the Singapore Council of
Women’s Organisations in 19 88 for her contributions to the women’s movement.
 Video 5: Guiding Questions

Scan the QR code

▪ G A L L E R Y 5 : I N D I A N S I N T H E M A K I N G O F T H E N AT I O N here to watch the
video

1. Draft of the National 1. To what degree might national identity be constructed at the expense of ethnic identities?
Pledge written by S Should these be complementary rather than conflicting?
Rajaratnam in a letter
to Ong Pang Boon
2. Hyphenated identities are a way to help self-identify with an individual's ethnic heritage. Is
there a need for such expression in today's society?

3. Consider the degree in which education influences human experience, thought processes, and
satisfaction.

2. Plaque presented by 1. How does gender considerations affect

Singapore Council i. the framing of public welfare policies.
of Women’s Organisations ii. the determination of happiness/suffering in tradition and society.
to Shirin Fozdar in
recognition of her valuable
2. How might gender inequality play a role in determining the happiness or suffering of women?
contribution to women’s
cause
3. Consider how the politics of representation impacts happiness/suffering.

4. Consider the statement that dedication to social welfare with personal sacrifices can bring
happiness and free others from suffering. To what extend do you agree with this statement?
Visiting Sun Yat Sen
Nanyang Memorial Hall

Ad d r ess

2 1 Ta i G i n Ro a d
Si ng a por e 3 2 7 8 7 4

Opening Hours

Tu e s d ay s to Su n d ay s
1 0 a m to 5 p m ( L a s t e n tr y a t 4 3 0 p m )
Table of Contents for SYSNMH

▪ O ve r vie w o f A r t e f a c ts b y L e ve l s : U s e t h e m a p t o f i n d yo u r wa y a r o u n d t h e m u s e u m a n d
l o c a t e t h e a r t e f a ct s / o bj e ct s. C r o s s r e f e r e n c e w i t h t h e s u m m a r y o f ke y q u e s t i o ns a s yo u
l i s te n t o t h e v i d e o a n d v i e w t h e a r t e f a c ts i n t h e g a l l e ri e s .

▪ I n t r o d uc ti o n : V i d e o 1

▪ L e ve l 1 , G a l l e r y 1 : p a g e 2 6 - 2 8 ( V i de o 2 )

▪ L e ve l 2 , G a l l e r y 2 , 3 & 4 : p a g e 2 9 - 4 3 ( V i de o s 3 – 1 0 )

▪ C o n c l us i o n: p a g e 4 4 ( V i de o 1 1 )

▪ Fe e d ba c k Fo r m ( p a g e 4 5 ) : O n c e yo u h a ve c o m p l e te d t h e l e a rni n g e x p e ri e n ce , p l e a s e f i l l
up the feedback form.
Introduction & Gallery Map: Gallery 1

Staircase

Platform Lift

Toilet
Toilet

Scan the QR code

here to watch
Video 1
(introduction)

Calligraphy with the Chinese

characters “Bo Ai”
 Video 2: Key Artifacts

GALLERY 1 Scan the QR code

here to watch the
video
Calligraphy with the Chinese characters “Bo Ai” (Universal Love) presented
1 by Dr. Sun Yat Sen to Teo Beng Wan,
Singapore
Date unknown
Ink on paper, 57.6 x 139.8 x 4.7 cm
Gift of Mr. Teo Chee Hean
[2023-00304]

As a gesture of Dr. Sun Yat Sen’s close ties with the Teo family, Dr. Sun presented this Chinese calligraphy to Teo Beng Wan, the
eldest son of Teo Bah Tan (and nephew of Teo Eng Hock). In his description of the concept of nationalism, Dr. Sun emphasised
that he viewed “Bo Ai” (Universal Love) as a desire to “save the world, the people, and the country”.

1. What is the relationship between Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the three strong local supporters (Teo Eng Hock, Tan Chor Lam
and Lim Nee Soon)?

The three individuals were strong supporters of Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the revolutionary activities. Teo Eng Hock offered the villa to
Dr. Sun for his use. Tan Chor Lam and Teo Eng Hock were neighbours, while Lim Nee Soon was the nephew of Teo Eng Hock. All
three of them were very critical of the Qing government. Introduced by Yau Lit, they met with Sun Yat Sen in 1905.

2. What drew the three strong local supporters to Dr. Sun Yat Sen's revolutionary movement?
All three supporters were critical of the Qing government. All three of them often gathered at Little Paradise Club located along
Balestier Road to discuss politics. In 1905, when the three of them met Sun Yat Sen, they were convinced by his revolutionary
cause and was inspired to establish Tong Meng Hui in Singapore.
 Video 2: Guiding Questions

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Calligraphy with the 1. If “loving your neighbour” brings happiness, why do individuals (and nation-states) find it
Chinese characters “Bo Ai” difficult to practice this principle?
(Universal Love) presented
by Dr. Sun Yat Sen to Teo 2. Democracy, underpinned by the principles of individual rights and freedom, sometimes sits
Beng Wan, uneasily with traditional Asian thinking that places the welfare of the collective (such as the
family, community, and state) above the interests of the individual. Should progress and
happiness be pursued at all costs even when it comes at the expense of one’s traditions and
identity?
Gallery Map: Gallery 2

2
Staircase

Platform Lift

Founding of the Tong Meng Hui

Singapore Branch

2
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Group photograph of Dr. Sun Yat Sen with his supporters and members of the
2 Tong Meng Hui Singapore Branch at Wan Qing Yuan
Singapore
Late 1905
Photograph, 14.8 x 29.3 cm
Reproduced with permission of National Museum of Singapore
[2010-00364]

Dr. Sun Yat Sen, his supporters and members of the Tong Meng Hui Singapore Branch took this group photograph at Wan Qing Yuan
several days after its establishment.

1. What did the Tong Meng Hui Singapore Branch do?

Tong Meng Hui helped Sun Yat Sen raised funds in the Nanyang region and propagate his revolutionary ideals through newspapers.
It also helped to organise his supporters to support the revolution. For example, three armed uprisings were planned in Wan Qing
Yuan.
▪ GALLERY 2:

Group photograph of Dr. 1. To what extent are wars usually fought to satisfy a minority’s ideals at the expense of the
Sun Yat Sen with his welfare of the majority?
supporters and members
of the Tong Meng Hui 2. Is anarchy/violence against an unpopular and inept government always justified?
Singapore Branch at Wan
Qing Yuan 3. Should one continue anarchy for the (supposed) good of society even when it leads to political
instability, economic chaos, and suffering? Would you choose stability (where you benefit in the
immediate future) or fight for a better
Gallery Map: Gallery 3

3
Staircase

Platform Lift

Artillery shells fired during the

Wuchang Uprising

Display of an opium pipe, snuff

bottle and opium lamp

3 5

5 4

Shoes for bound feet

 Video 4: Key Artifacts & Guiding Questions

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3 Artillery shells fired during the Wuchang Uprising

video

China
1911
Metal, 29.0 x 10.5 x 10.5 cm
Gift of of Ms. Lin Chuen, collection of Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall
[2011-01677] and [2011-01675]

These two artillery shells, fired during the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, were a gift from Shen Mao Zhao (1868 - 1915), a Shanghai
banker, to Lim Peng Siang (1872 - 1944), founder of Ho Hong Bank Limited. The Chinese characters inscribed on the exteriors of the
shells were meant to commemorate the founding of the Chinese Republic.

▪ GALLERY 3:

Artillery shells fired during 1. The irony of using war ammunition that destroyed homes and lives to commemorate progress
the Wuchang Uprising and the new beginnings of a nation. The “founding” of a new nation often involves
suffering/bloodshed or disenfranchisement of the indigenous people. In your opinion, are such
sufferings justified in the name of progress?

2. Governments (especially in countries with a contentious history) often create national

narratives that white-wash history in order to build national pride among its younger citizenry.
Do you think this is right/ a necessity? If not, how would you try to approach a contentious
past if you are in charge of scripting a national narrative?
 Video 5: Key Artifacts

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Snuff bottle
4 Singapore
video

Date unknown
Ceramics, Size unknown
Gift of Mr. Lau Chong Kiat, collection of Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall
Opium lamp
Singapore
Date Unknown
Glass, Size unknown
Gift of Mr. Lau Chong Kiat, collection of Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall

An opium lamp is a specialised tool used for vaporising opium. A typical opium lamp consists of an oil reservoir with a wick-holder, which
sits in a hollow-carved brass base and is covered by a glass shade with an opening at the top. The heat from the flame of the lamp is
channelled through this opening, and the bowl of an opium pipe is held over the opening. This heats up the opium paste contained
within the bowl, which bubbles and vaporises into smoke for inhalation.

Opium pipe
Singapore,
Date Unknown
Bamboo, Size unknown
Gift of Mr. Lau Chong Kiat, collection of Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall

The opium pipe consists of a mouthpiece, stem, saddle and pipe bowl. Opium smokers would first vaporise the opium paste in the
pipe bowl with the heat from the opium lamp before inhalation. Wealthy opium smokers frequently used pipes made from materials
such as rhinoceros horn and ivory, while commoners used pipes made from bamboo.
 Video 5: Guiding Questions

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Snuff bottle, Opium lamp, 1. To what extent should the state be allowed to regulate an individual’s pursuit of “happiness”?
Opium pipe
2. In your opinion, is it better for the society when the state allows the existence of social ills
and tries to control the negative consequences (i.e., prostitution and gambling) or bans them
completely (i.e., drugs)?

3. Despite the sufferings caused by opium addiction, revenue farming played an important role
in building the economy of early Singapore. Think about some of the existing ethically
questionable businesses in today’s world and whether they can be justified if the generated
income is used to better society.
 Video 6: Key Artifacts

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5 Shoes for bound feet

video

Singapore
Date Unknown
Cloth, Size Unknown
Gift of Mr. Lau Chong Kiat, collection of Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall

Foot binding was an ancient Chinese custom prevalent during the Ming (1368 – 1644) and Qing (1644 - 1912) dynasties. When girls
reached the age of 5 or 6, their feet would be bound using cotton cloth to prevent them from growing, and this practice caused their
feet to be deformed. Since the 1880s, anti-foot binding associations were established successively in many Chinese provinces and
cities.

1. What happened to Sun Yat Sen’s sister with bound feet?

His younger sister is called Sun Qiuqi. She married a man called Lin Xizhi in 1889, who went abroad to work in San Francisco, Lin Xizhi
was also supportive of Sun Yat Sen revolutionary cause. Sun Qiuqi passed away on 18th April 1912 at the age of 41 years old.

2. Why was foot binding eradicated in 1949?

In 1912, after the revolution, new Republic of China government banned foot binding. It was, however, not actively implemented.
Some regional campaigns against foot binding was successful. Eventually, the practice died out by 1949.
 Video 6: Guiding Questions

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Shoes for bound feet 1. While foot binding does demonstrate patriarchal oppression, it was women themselves who
perpetuated this tradition in hopes that their daughters will find a good match in the future.
Do parents have the right to make such decisions for their child, even if it was intended for
their child’s own good in the future?

2. In today’s context, in what ways and for what reasons do women continue to “suffer” for
beauty? Do the reasons differ much from the past?
Gallery Map: Gallery 4

5 Staircase 7

Platform Lift

8
Lim Nee Soon (pictured
7 holding a cane) with his
Wedding photograph taken in
front of Chin Kang Huay Kuan
rubber factory truck loaded
with pineapples
8
6 6

Photograph of Dr. Lim Boon

Photograph of teachers and Keng with Japanese soldiers in
students taken in front of front of the Overseas Chinese
Singapore Chinese Girls’ Association’s office (1943)
School
 Video 7: Key Artifacts & Guiding Questions

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Lim Nee Soon (pictured holding a cane) with his rubber factory truck loaded
6 with pineapples
Singapore
1920s
Photograph
Reproduced with permission of Ms. Tan Siok Lian Joanna

Lim Nee Soon set up Thong Aik Rubber Factory in 1912, which was renamed Nee Soon & Sons Ltd in the 1920s.

▪ GALLERY 4:

Lim Nee Soon (pictured 1. Many of Singapore’s early businessmen, who were well-respected community leaders and
holding a cane) with his philanthropists, made their fortune through labour-intensive industries. In your opinion, does
rubber factory truck giving back to society after building your wealth on other’s suffering “exonerate” you?
loaded with pineapples
 Video 8: Key Artifacts & Guiding Questions

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video
Photograph of teachers and students taken in front of Singapore Chinese Girls’
7 School
Singapore
1900s
Photograph
Singapore Chinese Girls' School Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore

Singapore Chinese Girls’ School was one of the first school set up for Chinese girls in Singapore and Malaya. The school was founded in
1899 by Dr. Lim Boon Keng with Sir Song Ong Siang and others in order to encourage more women to pursue an education. Although
the school’s medium of instruction was English, it also offered Malay and Chinese classes.

1. Additional Information of Singapore Chinese Girls’ School

Singapore Chinese Girls' School was established in 1899 on Hill Street. It is the first Chinese girls' school founded in Singapore. One of
the main reason for the establishment of the school was to provide education in English and Chinese to Chinese girls, at a time when
female education was neglected. Students were taught morals, needlework, cooking and one language.

▪ GALLERY 4:

1. Photograph of teachers 1. In its early days, Singapore Chinese Girls' School focused more on teaching young girls’ skills
and students taken in (such as needlework and cooking) that would help them become better wives and mothers.
front of Singapore Does education improve the lot of women even when it reinforces gender roles?
Chinese Girls’ School
2. In your opinion, is it possible for women to ever free themselves from the traditional gender
roles of mother and Wife? Can women today still find happiness within the traditional gender
roles?
 Video 9: Key Artifacts

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8 Wedding photograph taken in front of Chin Kang Huay Kuan

video

Singapore
1947
Photograph, 22.6 x 29cm
Reproduced with permission of National Museum of Singapore
[1994-05198]

As Chinese clan associations grew in numbers in the 20th century, they also began to assume more social functions, such as providing education and
material assistance to those in need. Before the implementation of the Women’s Charter in 1960, they even served as marriage registries for clan
members.

1. Why was there arranged marriages in the past?

In the past, children were expected to follow their family's wishes. One of the important role is to ensure a good marriage match for their children.
The practice slowly disappeared as more women started working, had access to education and became independent.

2. What practices or norms does it involve?

The rituals depend on the background and dialect groups. In the 19th century, for the straits Chinese, daughters are married off when they reached
the age of fifteen. The parents would ask a friend or relative to act as go-between. They would exchange horoscope, and when both sides agreed,
the two parties will hold a consultation on the marriage and formation of the family.
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Wedding photograph 1. Does free choice necessarily lead to higher chance of happiness in marriage?
taken in front of Chin
Kang Huay Kuan 2. Arranged marriage is still practiced today, can one still be happy in such a marriage?

3. Happiness and suffering are two sides of the same coin in marriage. What are some of the
joys and challenges that marriage brings about?
 Video 10: Key Artifacts

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9 Photograph of Dr. Lim Boon Keng with Japanese soldiers taken in front of Overseas
video

Chinese Association’s office

Singapore
1943
Photograph
Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore

Before World War II, Dr. Lim Boon Keng had stepped down as the president of Amoy University (now Xiamen University) and
returned to Singapore for his retirement. Unfortunately, he was forced to assume leadership of Overseas Chinese Association after
Singapore’s fall to the Japanese despite his advanced age.

1. Background of Dr. Lim Boon Keng

Dr. Lim Boon Keng was very influential. He was trained as a medical doctor and established his own private practice on Telok Ayer.
Between 1895 to 1921, he was a Chinese member of the Straits Settlements Legislative Council. He also held various positions as
municipal commissioner and Chinese Advisory Board. Lim Boon Keng was also a founding member of Tong Meng Hui established by
Sun Yat Sen in 1906.

You can refer to NLB infopedia of Dr. Lim Boon Keng which gives a very comprehensive write up on his achievements and influence
over here: https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=6065a0ce-1672-479b-b460-ec706260ab3c
 Video 10: Guiding Questions

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Photograph of Dr. Lim 1. Dr. Lim Boon Keng’s living conditions were probably much better than his local Chinese
Boon Keng with Japanese counterparts. However, was his suffering any lesser than the greater public?
soldiers taken in front of
Overseas Chinese 2. After the war, Dr. Lim Boon Keng was ostracised by the Chinese community due to the role he
Association’s office played in raising money for the Japanese. Would it have been better to die a “hero” in such
situations or to try to make the best of your circumstances?
Video 11: Conclusion

1. Examples of acts of service and charity done by early Chinese in Singapore during/post Japanese occupation?

One of the major contribution will be the role played by Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce. After the Second Sino-
Japanese war broke out in 1937, the Chamber was very active in organising the fund-raising efforts for China's war relief fund by
Chinese communities across Southeast Asia. After the war, the chamber also undertook the task of recovering remains of those
who died during the Japanese Occupation. They helped to ensure that these victims had a proper burial. The Chamber also
established a committee to raise funds, seek reparation from Japan and erect a Memorial to the Civilian Victims of the Japanese
Occupation in remembrance of the victims.

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