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Ankit Sharma Seminar Report.
Ankit Sharma Seminar Report.
On
“Biosensors Used in Agriculture”
Submitted for partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering)
Submited by
Prof. R. R. Solanke
Dr. A. O. Vyas
Guided by
I express my thanks to all staff members and friends for all the help and co-ordination
extended in bringing out this seminar successfully in time.
I will be failing in duty if I do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors of
the references and other literatures referred to in this seminar.
Last but not the least, I am very much thankful to my parents who guided me in every
step which I took.
2 Introduction 2
3 Literature Review 3
7 Future Scope 9
8 Conclusion 10
9 References 11
[BIOSENSORS USED IN AGRICULTURE]
ABSTRACT
The biosensor are the analytical instrument that transforms biological reactions into electrical
signals. They include tissue-based enzyme-based, DNA biosensors, immunesensors,
piezoelectric, thermal, and biosensors. Biosensors may be utilized in a number of agricultural
applications, such as assessing toxins in soils and crops, detecting and diagnosing infectious
illness in crops and animals, on-line monitoring of key food process parameters, measuring
animal reproduction, and screening for veterinary drugs. This article investigates biosensors,
their kinds, and their applications. This paper also discusses agriculture and the application of
biosensors in agriculture, among other topics. To make cell and tissue-based biosensors,
genetically engineered proteins are injected into cells ex vivo or in vivo. They allow the
researcher to constantly and noninvasively detect levels of hormones, medicines, or poisons
using bio photonics or other physical principles. In this regard, the spectrum may be useful in
the field of aging research in the future.
INTRODUCTION
Analytical device that can transform the biological reactions into an electrical signals can be
described as biosensors. Biosensors should be very precise, reusable, and independent of
physical variables like pH and temperature. Engineering, chemistry, and biology are all used
to research biosensors, their designs, transducing processes, and immobilization methods.
Biosensor materials are classified into three categories based on how they work. Enzyme
biosensor have been developed using immobilization methods such as Vander Waals powers
covalent bonding or ionic bonding. Some of the most often utilized enzymes for this purpose
include oxidoreductases, polyphenol oxidases, peroxidases, and amino oxidases. The analyte
of interests may be process's inhibitor. However, although this kind of biosensor had a high
level of stability, the detections time was more longer& specificity decreased. Immunosensor
is high empathy for antigen, which means they respond precisely to infections or metabolites,
or interfere with immune system. Deoxyribonucleic acid biosensor function because single-
strand nucleic acids molecules may recognize and attach to their corresponding strand in a
sample. The presence of stable hydrogen bonds between two nucleic acid strands causes their
connection. Magnetic biosensors, which are tiny biosensors that monitor magnetic micro and
nano particles in microfluidic channels using the magneto resistance effect.
A light basis and a number of optically manufactured components work together for creating
light beam properties & guide it toward a moderating agent in an optical biosensor. The
discovery of green fluorescent proteins and later Auto Fluorescent Proteins variant &
hereditary fusion reporter has aid development hereditarily encode biosensor. Building,
manipulating, and implanting this kind of biosensor into cells is straightforward. They're made
up of a pair of AFPs that, when placed close together, may transfer fluorescence resonance
energies.
LITREATURE REVIEW
2. J.S Rana et.al studies “Food content is largely determined by the biochemical structure
of the food. As a result, this study summarizes recent advancements in the
manufacturing of various types of Biosensors for the calculation of various components
in horticultural samples. They look at electrochemical, calorimetric, optical, and
immunosensors, as well as screen-printed three-electrode devices. Several primary
examples are given, including glucose, fructose, malic acid, pyruvic acid, ascorbic acid,
glycerol, glutamate, and others.”
4. Suresh Neethirajan et.al studies “The growing human population, the preservation of
clean water and food quality, and the protection of the atmosphere and environment all
pose significant challenges to existing food production. Food security is largely a
collaborative endeavor involving both government and private sector technology
advancement. Several efforts have been made to address problems and improve drivers
in food processing. Biosensors and biosensing tools, as well as their implementations,
are being commonly used to address some of the most pressing issues in food
processing and sustainability. As a result, there is an increasing need for biosensing
technology in the field of food sustainability. Microfluidics is a technological device
that combines many technologies. Nanomaterials, with its biosensing technology, are
considered to be the most International Journal of Modern Agriculture, Volume 10,
No.2, 2021 ISSN: 2305-7246 1095 exciting method for addressing health, energy, and
environmental problems that affect global populations. The demands to Point-of-Care
(POC) technology in field is for analytical instruments that are fast, convenient, reliable,
compact, and low-cost.”
The biosensor works on the principle of signal transduction. Biorecognition elements and
electrical systems consisting of a display, amplifier, and processor are among these
components.
1. Electrochemical Biosensors
2. Potentiometric Biosensors
3. Amperometric Biosensors
electrode, unlike amperometric instruments. Redox reactions occur as a function of the added
potential, allowing a net current to circulate. Both cathode (reducing) and anode (oxidizing)
reaction can tracked perimetrically, and the amplitude of this current is proportional to
concentrations of electro actives species presents in the test solutions. The biorecognition factor
in the majority of the amperometric biosensors mentioned is enzymes. Typically, the most
common used catalysts for these biosensor formats have been oxidase and dehydrogenase
enzymes.
4. Calorimetric Biosensors
Heat is exchanged in both chemical and biological reactions. As a result, the basic concept of
heat generation and absorption arising from all biochemical reactions has aided the
development of calorimetric-based biosensing devices. The majority of biochemical reactions
involve either heat absorptions or processing. By employing responsive heat detections
instruments, sensor based on calorimetric transduction are designed to detect heat produced or
ingested during a biological reaction. Biosensors for a variety of target analytes have been
developed. The uses of this biosensor for detects metabolites has been identified in field of
food qualities analysis.
5. Optical Biosensors
The reactions to lighting or light pollution are measured by these sensors. fluorescence,
Chemiluminescence, , phosphorescence, photo thermals processes light absorbance, surfaces
plasmon resonances (SPR), lights rotation and polarization, and overall internal reflectance are
some of the techniques used in optical biosensors to detect the presence of a target analyte.
This technique, example use for detect presence of allergens, especially peanut, during food
preparation.
SPR (Surface plasmon Resonance) based immunosensor working on the antigen and
antibody interaction. Typically, immunoassays (such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay technique) employ a label (e.g., enzyme, antibody, fluorescent marker). The sensitivity
of the technique is very high, it can detect the pathogen in very low concentration therefore, it
helps in the diagnosis of rust in early stage of soybean rust disease that leads to control the
disease to eco-friendly way and also used for rapid sensitivity detection of MCMV (maize
chlorotic mosaic virus) by using antibody and antigen concentration.
ADVANTAGE OF BIOSENSORS
Biosensors offer high sensitivity which enables detection and quantification of low
concentrations of analytes or subtle changes in biomolecular interactions.
Biosensors offer high selectivity so that it can detect and measure desired target analytes
while minimizing interference from other components in the test and measurement of
complex samples.
Biosensors offer rapid response times which allows quick and real time measurements of
biological processes oranalytes.
They are designed to be portable and compact in size. This makes them suitable for wearable
devices, on-site testing and on spot diagnostics.
DISADVANTAGE OF BIOSENSORS
Biosensors measurement are susceptible to interference or matrix effects caused by
components present in the complex samples under testing. This affects their accuracy and
specificity.
Some biosensors have limited life span due to device degradation, sensor drift and
requirement of component replacements.
Biosensors require regular calibration and monitoring to maintain accuracy and stability over
time.
APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS
1. Medical Diagnostics: Used for glucose monitoring, cardiac markers, cancer biomarkers, and
infectious disease detection.
2. Environmental Monitoring: Detects water and air pollutants, ensuring environmental safety.
3. Food and Beverage Industry: Ensures food safety by detecting contaminants and monitors
beverage production.
4. Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals: Aids in drug discovery, enzyme analysis, and research.
6. Point-of-Care Testing: Used in home pregnancy tests and rapid diagnostic tests.
7. Research and Life Sciences: Studying protein interactions and cell analysis.
9. Agriculture: Detects pesticide residues and analyzes soil for better farming.
FUTURE SCOPE
Food losses due to crop infestations from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi are
persistent issues in agriculture for centuries across the globe. There is a need for novel
biosensors in order to detect, minimize and monitor the disease induced damages in crop
growth, harvest and post-harvest losses as well as to maximise productivity and ensure
agricultural sustainability, advanced disease detection and prevention in crops are imperative.
The major features of biosensors are stability, cost, sensitivity and reproducibility. The need
for fast on-line and accurate sensing opens up opportunities for biosensors in many different
agricultural areas in-situ analysis of pollutants in crops and soils, detection and identification
of infectious diseases in crops and livestock.
CONCLUSION
This paper gives all details of mobile Biosensors for Applications in Agriculture like definition
of Biosensors which states that biosensor is instrument which convert biological reaction to
electrical signals, the definition of Agriculture which states that agriculture is the science, art
and practice of cultivating plants and livestock, types of bio sensors which is divided into two
parts which is recognition and transducing element which is further divide into many attacks
like mass based ,optical ,electro-chemical biosensor etc. this biosensor further divided into
different categories. This paper also provide application of biosensors in agriculture in detail.
Genetically modified proteins are injected into cells ex vivo or in vivo to create cell and tissue-
based biosensors. Using bio photonics or other physical concepts, they enable the researcher
too continuously and noninvasively sense levels of hormones, medications, or toxins. In this
respect, the spectrum could be scope in ageing science.
REFERENCES
3. Ahmad Dar S, Sharjeel Sofi M, Ahmad Dar S, Nabi M. Biosensors: Components and
Applications-A Review. In: Trends in Engineering, Applied Science and Management. 2018.
4. Yasmin J, Ahmed MR, Cho B-K. Biosensors and their Applications in Food Safety: A
Review. J Biosyst Eng. 2016;
7. Rana JS, Jindal J, Beniwal V, Chhokar V. Utility Biosensors for applications in Agriculture
– A Review. J Am Sci. 2010;
8. Mehrotra P. Biosensors and their applications - A review. Journal of Oral Biology and
Craniofacial Research. 2016.
10. Zheng Y, Liu J. Recirculating flow injection calorimetric biosensor and its improved
performance evaluation for dichlorvos detection. Sensors Mater. 2018;