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Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

A pressure sensor can be created using the motion of a high permeability core in a
magnetic field created by the coils of a transformer. This principle is what is used in a
Linear variable differential transformer. The movement of the core is transferred from the
process medium to the core by the use of a diaphragm, bellows or bourdon tube.
The LVDT operates on the inductance ratio between the transformer coils.
Three coils are wound onto the same insulating tube containing the high permeability iron
core. The primary coil is located between the two secondary coils(S1,S2 in the diagram
below) and is energised with an alternating current.
Equal voltages are induced in the secondary coils (S1,S2) if the core is in the centre. The
voltages are induced by the magnetic flux. When the core is moved from the centre position,
the result of the voltages in the secondary windings will be different. The secondary coils
are usually wired in series. LVDTs are sensitive to vibration and are subject to mechanical
wear.

LVDT sensors can also be used as a position sensor. They can measure movements as
small as 0.01 microns (0.4 micro-inch), up to several millimeters, but are also capable of
measuring positions up to 200 mm (±4 inch).
The diagram below shows a basic arrangement for an LVDT sensor for pressure
measurement.

You can also learn more about LVDTs at:

The RDP Group: They are the manufacturers of various instrumentation transducers.
Singer instruments and control Ltd: They manufacture one of the world’s smallest brand of
LVDTs
AST Macrosensors: They specialise in the manufacture of all kinds of position sensors.
Their piece on LVDT is very informative. Check it out
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