X Bio Masterkey Differences 22 - 234

FALGUNI MISS
03. DIFFERENCES (156) (2022 – 2023).
01. CELL DIVISION.
1. Mitosis and Meiosis:

Mitosis Meiosis
Definition: Mitosis is the cell division Definition: Meiosis is the cell division
taking place in somatic cells for which takes place in the reproductive
growth, repair, replacement and organs for the production of gametes
development. (sex cells).
Takes place in the body cells or Takes place in the reproductive
somatic cells for growth and organs for the formation of gametes.
development.
Two daughter cells are formed. 4 daughter cells are formed.
Diploid condition is maintained. Haploid condition is maintained.
One nuclear division takes place. Two nuclear divisions take place.
Equational division takes place as Reduction division takes place as
there are equal number of there are half number of
chromosomes in the daughter cells as chromosomes in the daughter cells as
that of parent cells. that of parent cells.
It occurs continuously throughout the It occurs only in the reproductively
life time. active age.
No genetic variation produced in the Genetic variation produced in the off
off springs. springs.
2. Mitosis in animal cell and Mitosis in plant cell:

Mitosis in Animal cell Mitosis in Plant cell
Aster formation takes place due to No aster formation due to the
the presence of centrosomes. absence of centrosomes.
During cytokinesis, a furrow deepens During cytokinesis, a cell plate is
from the periphery to the centre and formed on the centre that grows
divides the cell into two. towards the periphery and divides
the cell into two.
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FALGUNI MISS
3. Chromosome and Chromatids:
Chromosome Chromatids
Chromosomes are highly condensed Chromatids are duplicated paired
coiled chromatin fibres distributed in chromosomes attached to each other
the nucleoplasm. by a centromere.
4. Centrosome and Centromere:

Centrosome Centromere
Centrosome is a region surrounding Centromere is a small constricted
the centrioles, located near the region forming a point of attachment
nucleus in an animal cell. for two sister chromatids.
5. Aster and Spindle fibres:

Aster Spindle fibres
An aster is a star shaped micro Spindle fibres are a number of
tubular structure with radiating rays microtubules (fibres) appearing
formed around each centrosome between 2 daughter centrioles and
during mitosis. connecting to centromere of each
chromatid.
6. Haploid cell (Gametes) and Diploid cell:

Haploid Cell (Gametes) Diploid Cell
Haploid cell is a cell having single set Diploid cell is a cell having two
of chromosomes in its nucleus. complete set of chromosomes, one
from each parent in its nucleus.
7. Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis:

Karyokinesis Cytokinesis
All the nuclear changes that occur All the cytoplasmic changes that
during cell division are collectively occur during cell division are
termed as Karyokinesis. collectively termed as Cytokinesis.
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8. Chromatin fibre and Chromosomes:
Chromatin fibre Chromosome
Chromatin fibres are thin thread like Chromosomes are highly condensed
structures of genetic material coiled chromatin fibres distributed in
distributed in the nucleoplasm. the nucleoplasm.
9. Nucleosome and Nucleotide:

Nucleosome Nucleotide
Nucleosome is a complex structure Nucleotide is a basic structural unit of
formed by winding a DNA strand DNA composed of phosphate, sugar
around a core of eight histones (pentose) and a nitrogenous base.
molecules.
10.Genes and Chromosomes:

Genes Chromosomes
Genes are specific sequences of Chromosomes are highly condensed
nucleotides on a chromosome coiled chromatin fibres distributed in
determining heredity characteristics. the nucleoplasm.
It is responsible for transmitting It is carrier of heredity characters.
heredity character to a person.
11.Anaphase and Telophase (Characteristic feature):

Anaphase Telophase
Sister chromatids are conspicuous Chromatids thin out and become
and visible. chromatin fibres.
12.DNA and RNA:

DNA RNA
Present in nucleoplasm, of nucleus in Present in nucleolus of nucleus and
a living cell. ribosomes in a living cell.
It carries genes which are responsible It directs ribosomes for protein
for hereditary character. synthesis.
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02. GENETICS.
13.Phenotype and Genotype:

Phenotype Genotype
The observable characteristic of an Genetic constitution of an organism is
organism which is genetically called genotype.
controlled is called phenotype.
Its genetic combination may be Its genetic combination can be either
homozygous dominant or homozygous dominant or
heterozygous but the visible homozygous recessive or
character will be same. heterozygous.
14.Character and Trait:

Character Trait
Any heritable feature is called a The alternative forms of a character
character. E.g. – Eye colour is a are called traits. E.g. – Brown or blue
character. or black eyes are trait of the
character – eye colour.
15.Homozygous and heterozygous chromosomes / Genes:

Homozygous Chromosomes Heterozygous Chromosomes
Similar pairs of alleles of a gene are Dissimilar pairs of alleles of a gene
called homozygous genes. (RR, rr) are called heterozygous genes. (Rr)
16.Gene and Allele:

Gene Allele
Genes are specific sequences of Alternative form of a gene, occupying
nucleotides on a chromosome the same position on homologous
determining heredity characteristics. chromosomes and affecting the same
characteristic in a different way are
called alleles.
They are present on every They are present only on a
chromosome. homologous chromosome.
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17.Variation and Mutation:
Variation Mutation
Small differences shown in body Mutation is a sudden change in one
features among individuals within a or more genes (structurally or in
family are called variations. number) of an organism.
It occurs due to normal crossing over It occurs due to radioactive
of genetic material during cell radiations, genetic engineering or
division. exposure to specific chemicals.
18.Law of segregation and Law of independent assortment:

Law of segregation Law of independent assortment
The two members of a pair of factors Out of two pairs of contrasting
separate during the formation of characters, the distribution of the
gametes. members of one pair into the gamete
is independent of the distribution of
the other pair.
It is used for determining sex linked It is used for determining Dihybrid
diseases. ratio.
19.Gene and Genome:

Gene Genome
Genes are specific sequences of Genome is the full complement of
nucleotides on a chromosome the DNA (including all genes and the
determining heredity characteristics. intergenic regions) of an organism.
It determines the trait of one It determines the traits of all
character. characters on a chromosome.
20.Pure of offspring and Hybrid of offspring:

Pure of offspring Hybrid of offspring
It refers to the off springs of two It refers to the offspring of two plants
plants or animals of same species or or animals of different species or
varieties. varieties.
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21.Karyotype and Karyokinesis:
Karyotype Karyokinesis
A chart in which chromosomes are All the nuclear changes that occur
arranged according to their size and during cell division are collectively
shape is called karyotype. termed as Karyokinesis.
03. ABSORPTION BY ROOTS.
22.Diffusion and Osmosis:

Diffusion Osmosis
Diffusion is the free movement of Osmosis is the movement of solvent
molecules of a substance (solid, liquid (water) molecules from their region
and gas) from their region of higher of higher concentration (dilute
concentration to their region of lower solution) to their region of lower
concentration when they are in direct concentration (concentrated
contact. solution) through a semi-permeable
membrane.
Liquids and gases can diffuse over Water only transported over a short
considerable distances. distance.
Movement of the molecules of solute Movement of the molecules of only
or solvent. water as a solvent.
Rapid in gases, but slow in solutions. Slow process.
Transport from high to low Transport of water from a solution of
concentration along a gradient. low concentration to that of a high
concentration.
Occurs with or without a non-living Either a living or a non-living semi-
permeable membrane. permeable membrane is needed.
23.Plasmolysis and Deplasmolysis:

Plasmolysis Deplasmolysis
Plasmolysis is the phenomenon of the Deplasmolysis is the phenomenon of
contraction of cytoplasm recovery of plasmolysis of a
(protoplasm) from the cell wall when plasmolysed cell when placed in a
it is placed in a hypertonic solution. hypotonic solution.
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24.Turgor pressure and Wall pressure:
Turgor pressure Wall pressure
Turgor pressure is the outward Wall pressure is the inward pressure
pressure exerted by the cell contents exerted by the cell wall on the cell
of a fully turgid cell on the cell wall. contents of a fully turgid cell.
25.Guttation and Bleeding:

Guttation Bleeding
Loss of water due to root pressure, in Loss of sap through cut part of the
the form of water droplets through stem is called bleeding.
specialized pores called hydathodes
located on the margin of the leaves is
termed as guttation.
26.Flaccid and Turgid:

Flaccid Turgid
Flaccid cell is the state of the cell Turgid cell is the state of the cell
when its cell contents shrinks and it when the cell is fully distended and
can absorb water. cannot absorb any more water.
27.Active transport and Passive transport:

Active transport Passive transport
Active transport is the process which Passive transport is the process which
allows movement of minerals and allows free movement of any
ions from its lower concentration to molecules of a substance (solid, liquid
its higher concentration by using and gas) from its region of higher
energy in the form of ATP, through a concentration to its region of lower
living cell membrane. concentration, without the use of
energy.
Active transport is in a direction Passive transport is nothing different
opposite to that of diffusion. from diffusion.
Nutrients such as nitrates, sulphates, Only water molecules are transferred
potassium, zinc etc. are forced without energy.
inward with ATP by the root cells.
Energy required. Energy not required.
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28.Endosmosis and Exosmosis:
Endosmosis Exosmosis
Endosmosis is the inward diffusion of Exosmosis is the outward diffusion of
solvent (water) molecules into the solvent (water) molecules from a cell
cell through a semi-permeable through a semi-permeable
membrane when placed in a membrane when placed in a
hypotonic solution, making the cell hypertonic solution, making the cell
turgid. flaccid.
This tends to swell up the cell and This tends to cause shrinkage of cell
makes it turgid. and makes it flaccid.
29.Guttation and Transpiration:

Guttation Transpiration
Loss of water due to root pressure, in Transpiration is the loss of water in
the form of water droplets through the form of water vapour from the
specialized pores called hydathodes aerial parts of the plant.
located on the margin of the leaves is
termed as guttation.
Water is lost in the form of water Water is lost in the form of water
droplets. vapour.
Water lost contains mineral salts in Pure water only changes into vapour.
solution.
30.Turgidity and Flaccidity (condition of cell):

Turgidity Flaccidity
Turgidity is the condition of the cell Flaccidity is the condition of the cell
when it is fully distended and cannot when its cell contents shrinks and it
absorb any more water. can absorb water.
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31.Osmotic pressure and Turgor pressure (function in plants):
Osmotic pressure Turgor pressure
Osmotic pressure is the minimum Turgor pressure is the outward
pressure required to prevent the pressure exerted by the cell contents
passage of pure solvent (water of a fully turgid cell on the cell wall.
molecules) from dilute to
concentrated solution through the
semi permeable membrane.
32.Hypotonic solution and Hypertonic solution:

Hypotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution
A solution, which has a lower solute A solution, which has a higher solute
concentration than the cell sap concentration than the cell sap
concentration is called hypotonic concentration is called hypertonic
solution. solution.
04. PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
33.Respiration and Photosynthesis:

Respiration Photosynthesis
Respiration is a catabolic process of Photosynthesis is the process of
releasing energy from simple sugar preparation of food in the form of
glucose for carrying out life process. glucose by the green living plants in
presence of sunlight, chlorophyll,
carbon dioxide and water to release
oxygen.
It occurs only in all living cells which It occurs only in the presence of
may or may not contain chlorophyll. chlorophyll.
It is catabolic process. It is anabolic process.
It occurs at all time – day & night. It occurs only in presence of light.
It uses oxygen and glucose. It uses carbon dioxide and water.
It gives out carbon dioxide. It gives out oxygen.
Loss of dry weight. Gain of dry weight.
Chemical energy is partly converted Light energy converted to chemical
to heat energy and partly into useful energy and stored.
energy for various activities.
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34.Chlorophyll and Chloroplast:
Chlorophyll Chloroplast
Chlorophyll is a green pigment Chloroplast is the structural and
present in green plants. functional unit of photosynthesis.
It contains magnesium, carbon, It contains the pigment chlorophyll.
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
35.Producer and Consumer:

Producer Consumer
Producer are organisms which Consumer are organisms which
absorbs carbon dioxide and produce absorbs organic compounds and
organic compounds, using light or produce energy to maintain its life.
chemical energy.
Autotrophic nutrition. Heterotrophic nutrition.
They have chlorophyllous cells. They have non chlorophyllous cells.
They are the starting point of a food They are the tertiary points in the
chain. food chain.
36.Light reaction and Dark reaction:

Light reaction Dark reaction
It is a light dependent photosynthesis It is a light independent
reaction, which takes place in the photosynthesis reaction which takes
presence of sunlight. place during the day time, without
using sunlight.
Hydrogen ions, oxygen, and electrons Glucose and water are formed.
are formed.
It takes place in day light and uses It takes place in day light but does
light energy for the process. not use light energy for the process.
It takes place in grana of the It take place in stroma of the
chloroplast. chloroplast.
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37.Stoma/Stomata and Stroma:
Stoma/Stomata Stroma
Stomata are tiny pores located in The ground substance or matrix in
plants, on the epidermis of the leaves the chloroplast is called stroma.
for exchange of gases.
38.Photophosphorylation and Polymerization:

Photophosphorylation Polymerization
The process of converting ADP into It is the process of conversion of
ATP by the addition of inorganic many glucose molecules to form a
phosphate in the presence of starch molecule.
sunlight and electrons is termed as
photophosphorylation.
It is a light dependent reaction and It is a light independent reaction and
occurs in day. occurs in night.
39.NADP and ATP (role played during photosynthesis):

NADP ATP
NADP accepts the H+ ions and reduces ATP provides the energy needed to
to form NADPH. convert carbon dioxide to glucose in
the dark reaction.
40.Stomata and Granna [Structure]:

Stomata Granna
Stomata is opening on the Granna is thylakoids stacked on top
dorsiventral side of the leaf, guarded of each other in chloroplast of the
by guard cells in a plant body. plant cell.
41.Light reaction and Dark reaction (end products):

Light reaction Dark reaction
NADPH, ATP and Oxygen Glucose, Oxygen and water.
42.Producers and Consumers (organisms):

Producers Consumers
Green plants (autotrophs). Animals (Heterotrophs).
FALGUNI MISS
05. TRANSPIRATION.
43.Stomata and Lenticel:

Stomata Lenticel
Stomata are tiny pores located in Lenticels are special pores that
plants, on the epidermis of the leaves develop on the old and woody stem
for exchange of gases. for exchange of gases.
Opens and closes with the help of the Never closes, always remains open.
guard cells.
44.Guttation and Bleeding in plants:

Guttation Bleeding
Guttation is a process in which water Loss of sap through cut part of the
is lost in the form of water droplets, stem is called bleeding.
on the leaf margin through
hydathodes, due to excessive root
pressure.
45.Difference between Dorsiventral leaf and Isobilateral leaf:

Dorsiventral leaf (dicot leaf) Isobilateral leaf (monocot leaf)
Definition: A Dorsiventral leaf has Definition: An isobilateral leaf has
two surfaces differing from each both right and left of dorsal and
other in appearance and structure. ventral side perfectly similar.
A leaf of a dicot plant. A leaf of a monocot plant.
Reticulate venation. Parallel venation.
More stomata are located on the Stomata are equally distributed on
lower epidermis. upper and lower epidermis.
There is a distinction between the There is no distinction between
palisade and spongy mesophyll palisade and spongy mesophyll
tissue. tissue.
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46.Evaporation and Transpiration:
Evaporation Transpiration
Evaporation is loss of water from any Transpiration is the loss of water in
surface in the form of vapour, at the form of water vapour from the
room temperature. aerial parts of the plant.
It is a physical change controlled by It is a vital and partly, a physical
the temperature and humidity of the process controlled by both internal
atmosphere. and external factors.
It is a fast process. It is a very slow process.
47.Perspiration and Transpiration:

Perspiration Transpiration
Perspiration is the loss of water along Transpiration is the loss of water in
with nitrogenous waste matter in the the form of water vapour from the
form of droplets from the skin aerial parts of the plant.
surface.
It is a loss in the form of water It is loss of water in the form of water
droplets. vapour.
06. CHEMICAL COORDINATION IN PLANTS.
48.Thigmotropism and Geotropism:

Thigmotropism Geotropism
Thigmotropism is the phenomenon of Geotropism is the phenomenon of
growth movement of plants body in growth movement of plant body
response to touch stimulus. parts in response to earth’s gravity or
towards earth.
49.Phototropism and Chemotropism:

Phototropism Chemotropism
Phototropism is the phenomenon of Chemotropism is the phenomenon of
growth movement of plant body growth movement of plant body
parts in response to light. parts in response to chemicals or
nutrients.
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The plants grown in a light The movement of plant or plant parts
illuminating region from all towards nutrition (sugars, area rich in
directions, grow more or less food).
upwards.
50.Positive and Negative tropism:

Positive tropism Negative tropism
It is a phenomenon in which a plant It is a phenomenon in which a plant
body shows movement or growth body shows movement or growth
towards the stimulus. away from the stimulus.
51.Stimulus and Response:

Stimulus Response
It is a sudden change in the It is the immediate action by an
environment which initiates a organism towards a stimulus.
response in the body.
07. HUMAN EVOLUTION.
52.Australopithecus and Cro-Magnon (Chin):

Australopithecus Cro-Magnon
Lack of chin and prognathous face. Well-developed chin.
53.Australopithecus and Modern man (Body hair):

Australopithecus Modern man
Body covered with hair. Highly reduced body hair.
54.Homo habilis and Homo sapiens sapiens (posture):

Homo habilis Homo sapiens
Bent kneed posture. Fully erect posture.
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08. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
55.Antibody and Antibiotic:

Antibody Antibiotic
Antibodies are special chemicals They are chemical substances
found in the blood, of class produced by some organisms which
immunoglobulin, produced by can kill or inhibit the growth of other
lymphocytes as a response to antigen organisms.
of the pathogen.
They are produced in one’s own They are administered in the body
body. after getting disease.
They prevent acquiring of a disease. They cure a disease.
56.WBC & RBC:

WBC RBC
Definition They are large, round, Erythrocytes are non-nucleated
colourless bodies, with red biconcave discs, floating in
nucleus, floating in the blood the blood plasma to transport of
plasma and are responsible respiratory gases.
for protection against germs.
Structure WBCs have nucleus. RBC have no nucleus.
It does not contain pigment It contains pigment
haemoglobin. haemoglobin.
These are large, round, These are biconcave discs, flat in
colourless bodies having centre and rounded at the
single large or lobed nucleus. periphery.
Function Most WBCs can perform They cannot perform
Diapedesis. Diapedesis.
Protects the body, provides It transports respiratory gases.
immunity and prevents
inflammation.
Site of WBCs are produced in bone RBCs are produced in the red
production marrow, lymph glands, liver bone marrow of long bones,
and spleen. ribs, breast bone and ilium.
Embryo: Liver and spleen.
Life span Their average life span is The average life is about 120
about 14 days. days.
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57.Serum and Vaccine:
Serum Vaccine
It is blood plasma without protein The material introduced into the
fibrinogen. body to develop resistance against
diseases is called the vaccine.
58.Granulocyte & Agranulocyte (structure):

Granulocytes Agranulocytes
Presence of granules in the Absence of granules in the cytoplasm.
cytoplasm.
They have multi lobed nucleus. They have a single large nucleus.
59.Hepatic portal vein and Hepatic vein:

Hepatic portal vein Hepatic vein
It is a vein which starts and ends in It is a blood vessel carrying
capillaries from small intestine and deoxygenated blood from the liver to
stomach and goes to the liver. join the vena cava.
It is richly laden with nutrients like It is laden with urea along with
glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid. nutrients.
Similarity: Both carry deoxygenated blood.
60.Auricles and Ventricles:

Auricles Ventricles
The two upper chambers of human The two lower chambers of human
heart are called auricles. heart are called ventricles.
They are thin walled. They are thick walled.
Right auricle receives blood from all Right ventricle sends the blood to
parts of the body and left auricle lungs and left ventricle sends the
receives blood from lungs. blood to all parts of the body.
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61.Pulmonary circulation and Systemic circulation:
Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation is the Systemic circulation is the circulation
circulation of the deoxygenated of the oxygenated blood from the left
blood from the right ventricle of the ventricle of the heart to all parts of the
heart to the lungs through pulmonary body through the aorta and
artery and oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood from all parts of
the lungs to the left auricle of the the body to the right auricle of the
heart through the pulmonary veins. heart through the superior and
inferior vena cava.
It starts from right ventricle, goes to It starts from the left ventricle, goes to
lungs and comes back to heart in left all parts of the body and comes back
auricle. to heart in right auricle.
Blood travels in pulmonary artery and Blood travels in aorta and SVC and IVC.
vein.
This system gets oxygenated blood to This system gets deoxygenated blood
the heart. to the heart.
62.Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves:

Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve
It is located between the right auricle It is located at the aperture between
and right ventricle of the heart. the left auricle and the left ventricle of
the heart.
It has three cusps. It has two cusps.
It prevents the backflow of It prevents the backflow of oxygenated
deoxygenated blood from right blood from left ventricle to left auricle.
ventricle to right auricle.
63.Superior vena cava and Pulmonary artery:

Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava is a blood vessel Pulmonary artery is a blood vessel
that carries deoxygenated blood from that carries deoxygenated blood
the upper parts of the body like the from right ventricle of the heart to
head and the neck to the right auricle the lungs for oxygenation.
of the heart.
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64.Arteries and Veins:
Arteries Veins
Definition Blood vessel which Veins are blood vessel that
carries blood away from conveys the blood away
the heart towards the from the organs towards the
organ. heart.
Structure Thick elastic and more Thin less elastic and less
muscular walls. muscular walls.
Have a narrow lumen. Have a wider lumen.
No valves in their inner Valves present in their inner
lining. lining to prevent backward
flow of blood.
General Smallest artery branches Smallest vein arises from
into arterioles. venules.
Deeply situated. Superficially situated.
Do not collapse when Collapse when empty.
empty.
Blood composition Carry oxygenated blood Carry deoxygenated blood
(except pulmonary (except pulmonary vein).
artery).
Blood flow Blood flows in spurts. Blood flows evenly.
65.Blood plasma and Blood serum:

Blood plasma Blood serum
It is a yellow coloured liquid part of It is blood plasma without protein
the blood containing dissolved fibrinogen.
substances.
66.Erythropenia and Leucopenia:

Erythropenia Leucopenia
It is a condition in which there is an It is the condition caused due to
abnormal decrease in the number of abnormal decrease in the number of
RBCs in the blood. WBCs in the blood.
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67.Antibodies and Antitoxins:
Antibodies Antitoxins
Antibodies are special chemicals found Antitoxins are specialized antibodies,
in the blood, of class immunoglobulin, which neutralizes (detoxify) the
produced by lymphocytes as a poisonous effect of toxins of
response to antigen of the pathogen. pathogens.
68.Granulocyte and Agranulocyte:

Granulocyte Agranulocyte
Granulocytes are a type of WBC, Agranulocytes are a type of WBC
containing granules and multi lobed which does not contain granules and
nucleus. have a single nucleus.
They are produced in bone marrow. They are produced in lymph and bone
marrow.
They do not produce antibodies. They produce antibodies.
They have granular cytoplasm and They do not have granules in
nucleus is constricted into different cytoplasm and have a single large
lobes. nucleus.
69.Thrombin and Thromboplastin:

Thrombin Thromboplastin
Thrombin is the active product Thromboplastin is the enzyme
formed by the action of released by the disintegrated injured
thromboplastin / thrombokinase on tissue cells and platelets.
inactive protein prothrombin in the
blood, during the coagulation
process.
70.Systole and Diastole:

Systole Diastole
The contraction phase of the heart is The relaxation phase of the heart is
called systole. called diastole.
71.Arteriole and Venule:

Arteriole Venule
The smallest or the final branch of an Venule is the smallest common branch
artery is called an arteriole. formed by the reunion of capillaries.
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72.Universal donor and Universal recipient:
Universal donor Universal recipient
A person with “O” type of blood can A person with AB type of blood can
give blood to all types of blood groups receive blood from all types of blood
– O, A, B, AB hence called universal groups – AB, B, A and O hence called
donor. universal recipient.
09. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.
73.Bowman’s capsule and Malpighian capsule (structure):

Bowman’s capsule Malpighian capsule
It is a hollow cup of single cell It is the head of nephron which is
epithelium. made up of bowman’s capsule and
glomerulus.
74.Diuresis and Uremia (cause and problem):

Diuresis Uremia
Reduction of hormone ADH. Nephrons not able to filter urea.
The condition in which the urine is It is a condition of accumulating urea
loaded by excess amount of water in the blood.
and frequent urination due to under-
secretion of hormone ADH.
75.Renal cortex and Renal medulla (location and appearance):

Renal cortex Renal medulla
Location: Location:
The outer region of the kidney. The inner region of the kidney.
Appearance: Appearance:
It is dark and dotted in appearance. It is light and striped in appearance.
Contents: Contents:
It has Malpighian capsule, PCT and It has Henle’s loop & collecting duct
DCT embedded in it. embedded in it.
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76.Renal pelvis and Renal papilla (structure):
Renal pelvis Renal papilla
It is funnel like dilated proximal part They are projecting finely striped
of the ureter in the kidney. muscles arranged in pyramids in renal
medulla.
77.Urea and Urine:

Urea Urine
Urea is the nitrogenous waste Urine is the filtrate after selective
material formed in the liver during reabsorption and tubular secretion.
assimilation of amino acids.
Urea is sent to kidney for conversion Urine is sent to urinary bladder for
to urine. expulsion outside the body.
78.Blood in renal artery and Blood in renal vein:

Blood in renal artery Blood in renal vein
Oxygenated. Deoxygenated.
More water. Less water.
Full of nitrogenous waste. No nitrogenous waste.
79.Excretion and Secretion (utility):

Excretion Secretion
Cleanse the body from waste. Helps the body to perform
physiological functions like digestion
etc.
80.Excretion and Secretion:

Excretion Secretion
The process of elimination of harmful It is the process of giving out
substances from the body in the form substances by a cell or a gland that
of metabolic waste is called has some utility for the body.
excretion.
Ex: Urine and sweat. Ex: Tears, saliva, milk, insulin, etc.
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81.Excretion and Catabolism:
Excretion Catabolism
The process of elimination of harmful It is the process of breaking complex
substances from the body in the form food molecules in living organisms
of metabolic waste is called into simple ones (to be easily
excretion. absorbed in the blood), with the
Ex: Urine formation. release of energy.
Ex: Digestion, respiration.
It is an elimination process. It is destructive process of
metabolism.
82.Afferent Arteriole & Efferent Arteriole:

Afferent Arteriole Efferent Arteriole
Definitions: It is a blood vessel Definitions: It is a blood vessel that
branched from renal artery that leaves Bowman’s capsule.
enters the Bowman’s capsule.
It branches into a number of The capillaries of the glomerulus
capillaries forming a knot like mass reunite to form the efferent arteriole.
(glomerulus) closely fitting inside the
Bowman’s capsule.
Its diameter is twice bigger than Its diameter is twice smaller than
efferent arteriole. afferent arteriole.
Blood contains: More water, more Blood contains: Less water, same
oxygen and more wastes. oxygen and no wastes.
83.Blood in afferent arteriole and Blood in efferent arteriole:

Blood in afferent arteriole. Blood in efferent arteriole
More water. Very little water.
Full of nitrogenous waste. No nitrogenous waste.
Similarity: Blood in afferent arteriole and blood in efferent arteriole is
oxygenated blood.
FALGUNI MISS
10. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
84.Nerve impulse and Flow of electricity (transmission and speed):

Nerve impulse Flow of electricity
No substance nor any electrons nor Electrons actually do move along the
the ions move along the nerve fiber. wire.
The nerve impulse travels at a Electricity is conducted through a
maximum speed about 100 meters wire at a speed of about 150,000 km
per second only. per second.
85.Ventricles of heart and brain:

Ventricles of heart Ventricles of brain
They are lower chambers of the This is a central cavity of the brain.
heart.
They contain blood which is pumped They contain cerebrospinal fluid
to lungs and all parts of the body. which protects the brain and spinal
cord from mechanical shock.
86.Reflexes and Voluntary actions:

Reflexes (Involuntary actions) Voluntary actions
Involuntary actions is a spontaneous Voluntary actions is a reaction of the
automatic response of the body body under the conscious control of
towards a stimulus. the brain.
Initiated by some stimulus (touch, Initiated by a willing thought.
pain, pressure, heat, light, etc.)
Mainly self-protective due to Fulfilment of a desired goal.
environment.
Commands originate mostly in the Commands originate in the brain.
spinal cord and autonomic nervous
system.
Involves muscles and glands. Involves only muscles.
FALGUNI MISS
87.Natural Reflex and Conditioned Reflex:
Natural (simple) reflex Conditioned (acquired) reflex
Natural reflexes are inborn reflexes Conditioned reflexes are consciously
inherited from the parents. repeated voluntary actions with
specific stimuli.
These reflexes need no previous It is developed during lifetime due to
experience or learning. experience or learning.
Directly related to the stimulus. Brought about by a condition totally
different from the direct initial
stimulus.
Similar in all humans (or similar Differs in different individuals,
among all individuals of any one subject to learning and experience.
species).
88.Arrangement of neurons in brain and spine:

Arrangement of neurons in brain Arrangement of neurons in spine
The Gray matter of neuron is on the The Gray matter is inside and white
outside and white matter is inside. matter is on the outside.
89.Gray matter and White matter:

Gray matter White matter
It is the area of the brain containing It is an area of the brain made up of
nerve cell bodies with unmyelinated neurons with myelinated axons.
axons.
The nerve impulse in this travels The nerve impulse in it travels by
continuously as waves as there is no hopping due to insulation.
insulation.
90.Sensory nerve and Motor nerve (direction of impulse carried):

Sensory Nerve Motor Nerve
It is a nerve which contains only It is a nerve which contains only
sensory fibers that carries impulses motor fibers that carries impulses
from the receptors (sense organs) to from the central nervous system to
the central nervous system (brain and the effector organs (muscle or gland).
spine).
FALGUNI MISS
91.Dura mater and Arachnoid membrane (Location):
Dura mater Arachnoid membrane
Outermost membrane of the Middle layer of the meninges.
meninges.
92.Frontal lobe & Occipital lobe (Function):

Frontal lobe Occipital lobe
It is associated with memory. It is concerned with sensory
perception from eyes.
93.Synapse and Ganglion (Structure):

Synapse Ganglion
It is the junction point between the It is an aggregates of nerve cell
terminal branches of axon of one bodies or cytons.
neuron to the dendrites of another
neuron, separated by a fine gap.
94.Thalamus and Pons (Function):

Thalamus Pons
It relays pain and pressure impulses Transmits impulses from brain to
to the cerebrum of the brain. cerebellum and sensory signals to
thalamus.
95.Corpus callosum and Conditioned reflex (Function):

Corpus callosum Conditioned reflex
It transmits impulses from one Trains the body for reaction and
cerebral hemisphere to the other helps to react unconsciously.
cerebral hemisphere.
96.Cerebrum and Cerebellum (Function):

Cerebrum Cerebellum
It controls all the voluntary activities, It balances the body and controls and
seat of intelligence, consciousness, coordinates all the muscular
will power and helps to think, activities of our body.
memorize, invent.
FALGUNI MISS
97.Cerebrum and Spinal cord (arrangement of cytons and axons of
neurons):
Cerebrum Spinal cord
The gray matter (cyton without The gray matter (cyton without
myelin sheath) is on the outside and myelin sheath) is inside and white
white matter (axon with myelin matter (axon with myelin sheath) is
sheath) is inside. on the outside.
98.Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system

(Location and role):
Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous system
On the spinal cord between the neck On the spinal cord on the region
and the waist region. above the neck and below the waist.
It prepares the body for violent It is concerned with re-establishing
action against abnormal conditions. normal conditions after the violent
act is over.
99.Cranial nerves and Spinal nerves (number in pairs):

Cranial nerves Spinal nerves
They are twelve pairs of nerves. They are thirty-one pairs of mixed
nerves.
100. Medulla oblongata and Cerebellum (function):

Medulla Oblongata Cerebellum
It controls the involuntary activities It balances the body and controls and
of the internal organs like heartbeat, coordinates all the muscular
respiration etc. activities of our body.
FALGUNI MISS
11. SENSE ORGANS – EYE AND EAR.
101. Rods and Cones:

Rods Cones
They are located on the entire retina. They are located on the yellow spot
region of the retina.
Gets stimulated by dim light to Gets stimulated by bright light to
regenerate rhodopsin. allows perception of colour.
It contains pigment rhodopsin. It contains pigment iodopsin.
More numerous. Less numerous.
Very sensitive to low levels of Only stimulated by bright light.
illuminations.
One type of rods only, stimulated by Three types of cones, each selectively
most wavelengths of visible light responsive to different wavelength,
except red. therefore, allowing colour
perception.
Rapid regeneration of light-sensitive Slower regeneration of light sensitive
pigment, therefore can perceive pigment therefore, less responsive to
flicker well. flicker.
102. The fluid found in aqueous chamber and vitreous chamber:

Aqueous humour Vitreous humour
It is a clear watery fluid filled in It is a transparent jelly like thick fluid
aqueous chamber between lens and filled in the eye ball between the lens
cornea. and the retina to maintain its shape.
103. Colour blindness and Night blindness:

Colour blindness Night blindness
It is a genetic defect of eye due to It is a condition due to vitamin A
non-functioning of the cones. deficiency in which one cannot see at
night.
Genetic defect due to non- Non-production of pigment
functioning of the cone. rhodopsin due to vitamin A
deficiency.
No correction possible. Regular supplement of vitamin A or
Vitamin A rich diet.
FALGUNI MISS
104. Choroid layer of eye and sclerotic layer of eye (function):
Choroid layer Sclerotic layer
It provides nourishment to the eye It protects the inner parts of the eye
and prevents light rays from from mechanical damage.
reflecting and scattering inside the
eye.
105. Myopia and Hyperopia (type of lens used for correction):

Myopia Hyperopia
Use a Concave (diverging) lens. Use a convex (converging) lens.
106. Near and distant accommodation (shape of lens):

Near accommodation Distant accommodation
The lens turns thicker and more The lens turns thin and less rounded
rounded or convex. or less convex or flat.
107. Dark and light adaptation (pigments which will be regenerated):

Dark adaptation Light adaptation
The pigment, visual purple / No pigment is regenerated.
rhodopsin of the rods is regenerated.
108. Myopia and Hyperopia (Cause of the defect):

Myopia Hyperopia
The eye ball is lengthened from front The eye ball shortens from front to
to back. back.
The lens is too curved. The lens is too flat.
109. Night blindness and Colour blindness (sensory cells which cannot
function properly):
Night blindness Colour blindness
Rod cells does not function properly Cone cells do not function properly
due to deficiency of vitamin A. due to genetic inheritance.
FALGUNI MISS
110. Macula and Blind spot (Structure):
Macula Blind spot
Macula is an area of brightest vision Blind spot is an area of no vision,
having maximum numbers of cones. having no rods or cones.
111. Sclera and Retina (Function):

Sclera Retina
It protects the inner parts of the eye Site of image formation in the eye.
from mechanical damage.
112. Cristae of the organ of semi-circular canals and Cristae of the

respiratory cell organelle (Function):
Cristae of the semi-circular canal Cristae of the respiratory cell

organelle
Cristae of semi-circular canals ie Cristae of mitochondria gives out
ampulla senses angular acceleration respiratory enzymes for oxidation of
or deceleration. glucose.
12. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
113. Enzyme and Hormone:

Enzyme Hormone
Secreted by exocrine gland. Secreted by endocrine gland.
Target organs are near to the source. Target organs are away from the
source.
They are bio – catalyst. They are information molecules.
They control biochemical reaction. They control growth and metabolism.
114. Nervous control and Hormonal control:

Nervous Control Hormonal Control
Action are immediate. Action are slow.
Effect is short term. Effect is long lasting.
Controls the activities by nerve Controls the activities with the
impulse. hormones.
FALGUNI MISS
115. Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus:
Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus
Due to under secretion of insulin. Due to under secretion of ADH.
Urine with sugar. Urine with excess water.
116. Action of hormones and Action of nerves:

Action of hormone Action of nerves
Affects different organs of the body. Affects particular muscles or the
gland of the body.
Effect is long-lasting. Effect is short-lived.
Can affect growth. Cannot affect growth.
Can bring about specific chemical Does not influence chemical changes
changes and regulates metabolism. and cannot regulate metabolism.
117. Addison disease and Cushing disease:

Addison disease Cushing disease
It is caused due to Hypo secretion It is caused due to Hyper secretion of
from adrenal cortex. adrenal cortex.
Symptoms: Skin pigmentation, Symptoms: High blood pressure,
Loss in weight, Nausea, Obesity, Osteoporosis, Salt and water
Hypoglycemia. retention, Hyperglycemia.
118. Simple goitre and Exophthalmic goiter:

Simple goiter Exophthalmic goiter
It is the condition caused due to hypo It is the condition caused due to
secretion of thyroxin hormone, in hyper secretion of thyroxine
which the person develops a swelling hormone, in which the person
in the neck resulting from an develops enlarged thyroid,
enlarged thyroid gland. protruding eyes.
Symptoms: Enlargement of the Symptoms:
thyroid. Increase in metabolic rate.
Rapid heartbeat.
Shortness of breath.
Eyes protrude out.
Forms a goitre in the neck.
FALGUNI MISS
119. Glucagon and Glucocorticoid:
Glucagon Glucocorticoid
It is hormone secreted by alpha cells Glucocorticoid is the hormone
of islets of langerhans of pancreas. secreted by adrenal cortex.
It increases blood sugar level by Regulates carbohydrate, protein and
converting glycogen to glucose. fat metabolism.
120. Nervous response and Hormonal response:

Nervous Response Hormonal Response
Response is high speed. Response is very slow.
Transmitted by polarization Transmitted by releasing hormone as
depolarization wave. per tropic hormone stimulation from
pituitary.
Nature – Responds to voluntary and Nature – Responds to create
involuntary actions. homeostasis.
121. Myxedema and Cretinism (Cause and symptom):

Myxoedema Cretinism
Cause: Hyposecretion of thyroxin in Cause: Hyposecretion of thyroxin in
adults. children due to defective
development, or early atrophy
(degeneration) of thyroid gland.
Symptoms: Sluggishness, Swelling of Symptoms: Dwarfism and Mental
face and hands. retardation.
122. Exocrine and Endocrine glands (manner of secretion):

Endocrine glands Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands pour their Exocrine glands pore their secretion
secretions into ducts. directly into the blood.
FALGUNI MISS
123. Enzymes and Hormones (chemical composition and mode of action):
Enzymes Hormones
They are bio – catalyst, proteinaceous Hormones are information
in nature. molecules, proteinaceous in nature
like peptides and amines or
cholesterol/fats in nature like
Steroids.
They act on target organs near to the They act on target organs away from
source. the source.
124. Nervous control and Hormonal control (transmission and effect):

Nervous control Hormonal control
Transmitted chemically through Transmitted electro-chemically
blood. through the nerve fibres and
chemically across synapses.
Effect is short term or long lasting. Effect only short-lived.
125. Addison’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome (cause and sugar level):
Addison’s disease Cushing’s syndrome
It is caused due to Hypo secretion It is caused due to Hyper secretion of
from adrenal cortex. adrenal cortex.
Hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia.
13. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
126. Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction:

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
It is a mode of reproduction in an This is a mode of reproduction
organism without the fusion of involving the fusion of male and
gametes. female gametes to form a zygote.
No mixing of genetic material, hence Genetic mixing, hence increases
minimal variation in offspring. variation in off springs.
No gametes are formed. Gametes are formed.
More offspring are produced. Fewer offspring produced.
FALGUNI MISS
One parent is involved. Two parents (male and female) are
involved.
It is a rapid process during favourable It is a slower process.
conditions.
127. Primary reproductive organs / Gonads and Accessory reproductive

organs:
Primary reproductive organs / Accessory reproductive organs
Gonads
The primary reproductive organs / They are all structures which help in
Gonads are the structures in male the transfer and meeting of the two
(testes) and female (ovary) that sex cells leading to fertilisation,
produce the sex cells/gametes growth and development of the egg
(sperms, eggs). up to the birth of the baby.
128. Menarche and Menopause:

Menarche Menopause
It is the onset of menstruation in It is the permanent stoppage of
young female at about the age of 13 menstruation in female at about the
yrs. age of 45 yrs.
129. Bulbo-urethral gland and Prostate gland:

Bulbo-urethral gland Prostate gland
(Cowper’s gland)
Opens into the urethra just before it Surrounds the urethra close to its
enters the penis, in a male mammal. origin from the bladder in a male
mammal.
The secretion serves as a lubricant. Its alkaline secretion neutralizes the
acid in female genitalia (so that the
sperms can survive) and acts as a
medium of transportation of sperms.
FALGUNI MISS
130. Hymen and Clitoris:
Hymen Clitoris
A thin membrane partially closing the It is a small highly sensitive erectile
opening of the vagina in young tissue in the uppermost part of the
females is called hymen (or the virgin vulva in front of the urethral opening.
knot). Equivalent of male penis.
131. Uterus and Vagina:

Uterus Vagina
It protects and nourishes the growing The vagina is the region of copulation
embryo. and the vagina serves as a birth canal.
132. Efferent duct and Sperm duct:

Efferent duct Sperm duct
A network of tubes arising from The two sperm ducts from epididymis
lobules called efferent ducts, joins to loops over the ureters and joins the
form a small tubular knot, called urethra, at the back of the urinary
epididymis that fits like a cap on the bladder.
upper pole of the testis.
It carries sperms from lobules to It carries sperms from the epididymis
epididymis for maturation. to urethra for elimination.
133. Semen and Sperm:

Semen Sperm
It is a milky fluid containing a mixture It is the male gamete produced in the
of sperms and secretions of accessory seminiferous tubules of testes.
glands.
134. Implantation and Pregnancy:

Implantation Pregnancy
Implantation is the fixing of the It is the state of carrying the unborn
blastocyst in the endometrial layer of young one inside the body of a
the uterine wall of the uterus. female.
FALGUNI MISS
135. Follicle and Corpus luteum:
Follicle Corpus luteum
It is a cellular sac in the female ovary It is a yellow mass of the remnant of
that encloses an ovum. the follicle in the ovary, after
ovulation.
It produces matured ova and It produces hormone progesterone.
hormone oestrogen prior to
ovulation.
136. Amnion and Allantois:

Amnion Allantois
Amnion is a sac which develops It is an outgrowth of the foetal
around the embryo for protection. membrane lying below the chorion
and forming the foetal part of the
placenta.
It protects the growing embryo. It forms the foetal part of the
placenta.
137. Impotency and Sterility:

Impotency Sterility
Inability to hold erection by the male. Inability to produce sperms in the
testes or ova in the ovary by male or
female respectively.
138. Prostate gland and Cowper’s gland (the nature of secretion):

Prostate gland Cowper’s gland
Its alkaline secretion neutralizes the The secretion serves as a lubricant.
acid in female genitalia (so that the
sperms can survive) and acts as a
medium of transportation of sperms.
FALGUNI MISS
139. Identical twins and Fraternal twins:
Identical twins Fraternal twins
Twins produced from a single Twins produced from two eggs that
fertilised egg which splits or are released from the ovaries at the
separates into two individuals during same time and both gets fertilised to
its early stages of cell division are produce two individuals are called
called Identical twins or maternal fraternal twins.
twins.
140. Testosterone and Oestrogen (site of production):

Testosterone Oestrogen
Testosterone is produced by Leydig Oestrogen is produced by follicle of
cells of the testes in male. the ovary in female, prior to
ovulation.
141. Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis:

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
It is the process in which the It is the process of production of
seminiferous tubules of testes mature ovum by the ovary.
produce sperms in a male.
142. Implantation and Gestation:

Implantation Gestation
Implantation is the fixing of the It is the full term of the development
blastocyst in the endometrial layer of of an embryo in the uterus.
the uterine wall of the uterus.
143. Pregnancy and Parturition:

Pregnancy Parturition
It is the state of carrying the unborn It is the process of expulsion of the
young one inside the body of a fully-formed foetus from the
female. mother’s uterus through the vagina
to the outside of the body by
contraction of the uterine muscles.
FALGUNI MISS
144. Placenta and Umbilical cord:
Placenta Umbilical cord
It is a disc like structure in the uterine It is the blood vessel containing cord
wall, which nourishes and maintains between the placenta and the foetus.
the foetus through the umbilical
cord.
14. POPULATION.
145. Population density and Population growth (definition):

Population density Population growth
Number of people living per unit area Difference between the birth rate
(per square kilometre) at any given and the death rate in a population
time is called the population density. per unit area per unit time is called
the growth rate of the population.
146. Diaphragms and IUDs (function):

Diaphragms IUDs
It is a barrier method of IUD’s are device fitted into the uterus
contraception, used by females in of a female to prevent implantation
vagina to cover cervix and prevents of the Blastocyst.
the entry of sperms.
147. Exhaustible and Inexhaustible resources (definition):

Exhaustible resources Inexhaustible resources
The sources of energy, which have The sources of energy, which are
accumulated in nature over a very abundantly available in nature and
long period and cannot be quickly are quickly replaced or do not get
replaced when exhausted, are called exhausted are called the renewable
the non-renewable sources/ resources/ inexhaustible resource/
exhaustible resource/ conventional non - conventional sources of energy.
sources of energy.
FALGUNI MISS
148. Conventional and Non-conventional sources of energy (examples):
Conventional sources of energy Non-conventional sources of energy
Conventional sources like fossil fuels Non-conventional sources of energy
(coal and petroleum). like solar, nuclear, tidal or wind
energy.
149. Natality and Mortality (meaning):

Natality Mortality
Number of live births per thousand Number of deaths per thousand
people of the population per year is people of the population per year is
called the birth rate or natality. called the death rate or mortality.
150. Tubectomy and Vasectomy:

Tubectomy Vasectomy
It is a permanent surgical It is a permanent surgical
contraceptive method in adult contraceptive method in adult males
females where fallopian tube is cut, where vas deferens (sperm duct) is
tied and ligated to block passage of cut, tied and ligated to block the
egg from ovary. passage of sperm from testes.
151. Deforestation and Afforestation:

Deforestation Afforestation
It is the process of cutting off large no It is a process of Planting trees or
of trees or clearing off forest area sowing seeds in barren land to create
from a land for converting it into non- a forest.
forest use.
FALGUNI MISS
15. POLLUTION.
152. Farmyard manure and Green manure:

Farmyard manure Green manure
Farm yard manure is the manure Green manure are the crops grown to
containing urine and faeces of increase the fertility, nutrients and
animals, left overs of plant harvests, organic matter of the soil.
mixed with soil to increase its
nitrogen content.
Example: The urine and faeces of Example: Leguminous plants are
horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, chicken commonly used as green manures as
etc., dry leaves, stubs of harvest, etc. they increase nitrogen fixation in the
soil.
153. Biodegradable substance and Non-bio degradable substance:

Biodegradable substance Non-biodegradable substance
Substance which can be degraded Substances which cannot be
(broken down) by microorganisms degraded by microorganisms are
into harmless compounds are called called non-biodegradable wastes.
biodegradable wastes.
Examples: Paper, vegetable peels, Examples: Plastic, glass, BHC
food left-overs, sewage, cow dung, (benzene hexa chloride - insecticide),
dried leaves, hay, etc. Styrofoam (a kind of packing
material) and pesticides like DDT
(Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane)
154. Green-house effect and Ozone layer depletion (cause):

Green-house effect Ozone layer depletion
Certain gases especially CO2 and Gaseous compounds like
methane (CH4) accumulating in the chlorofluorocarbons released form
atmosphere prevents the escape of refrigerators, aerosol sprayers and
light, similar to that of green house packing materials Styrofoam causes
for plants thus warming the air is ozone layer depletion.
called the greenhouse effect.
FALGUNI MISS
155. Sewage and Effluents:
Sewage Effluents
Liquid waste from domestic activities Liquid waste containing chemical
like kitchen waste, toilet and other pollutants like methyl mercury, etc.
house hold waste from laundry, discharged from various industries
dishwashing, etc. is called sewage. like chemical, metallurgy, food
processing, etc. into water bodies is
called effluents.
156. Smoke and Smog:

Smoke Smog
A suspension of particles containing The smoke released from various
carbon, dust, ashes, etc. emitted sources may get mixed with dust
from burning any substance. particles and small drops of fog to
produce what is called smog.

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FALGUNI MISS

03. DIFFERENCES (156) (2022 – 2023).

01. CELL DIVISION.

1. Mitosis and Meiosis:

2. Mitosis in animal cell and Mitosis in plant cell:

4. Centrosome and Centromere:

5. Aster and Spindle fibres:

6. Haploid cell (Gametes) and Diploid cell:

7. Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis:

9. Nucleosome and Nucleotide:

10.Genes and Chromosomes:

11.Anaphase and Telophase (Characteristic feature):

12.DNA and RNA:

13.Phenotype and Genotype:

14.Character and Trait:

15.Homozygous and heterozygous chromosomes / Genes:

16.Gene and Allele:

18.Law of segregation and Law of independent assortment:

19.Gene and Genome:

20.Pure of offspring and Hybrid of offspring:

03. ABSORPTION BY ROOTS.

22.Diffusion and Osmosis:

23.Plasmolysis and Deplasmolysis:

25.Guttation and Bleeding:

26.Flaccid and Turgid:

27.Active transport and Passive transport:

29.Guttation and Transpiration:

30.Turgidity and Flaccidity (condition of cell):

32.Hypotonic solution and Hypertonic solution:

33.Respiration and Photosynthesis:

35.Producer and Consumer:

36.Light reaction and Dark reaction:

38.Photophosphorylation and Polymerization:

39.NADP and ATP (role played during photosynthesis):

40.Stomata and Granna [Structure]:

41.Light reaction and Dark reaction (end products):

42.Producers and Consumers (organisms):

43.Stomata and Lenticel:

44.Guttation and Bleeding in plants:

45.Difference between Dorsiventral leaf and Isobilateral leaf:

47.Perspiration and Transpiration:

06. CHEMICAL COORDINATION IN PLANTS.

48.Thigmotropism and Geotropism:

49.Phototropism and Chemotropism:

50.Positive and Negative tropism:

51.Stimulus and Response:

07. HUMAN EVOLUTION.

52.Australopithecus and Cro-Magnon (Chin):

53.Australopithecus and Modern man (Body hair):

54.Homo habilis and Homo sapiens sapiens (posture):

55.Antibody and Antibiotic:

56.WBC & RBC:

58.Granulocyte & Agranulocyte (structure):

59.Hepatic portal vein and Hepatic vein:

60.Auricles and Ventricles:

62.Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves:

63.Superior vena cava and Pulmonary artery:

65.Blood plasma and Blood serum:

66.Erythropenia and Leucopenia:

68.Granulocyte and Agranulocyte:

69.Thrombin and Thromboplastin:

70.Systole and Diastole: