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EST I 2 Chap1 Arl v10
EST I 2 Chap1 Arl v10
Departamento de
Ambiente e Ordenamento
Universidade de Aveiro
PORTUGAL
1 – Framework for waste management
• As actividades de gestão de resíduos dizem respeito às
operações de gestão de resíduos (tal como tipificado pela
Portaria n.º 209/2004 de 3 de Março e pela lei-quadro dos
resíduos DL73/2011 de 17 de Junho). Está em preparação um
novo Regulamento Geral de Gestão de Resíduos (RGGR),
que transpõe as directivas 2018 (851, 852, 853 e 854).
• National frame legislation on waste results from the EU
Directive on waste: Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste
Framework Directive) and the Directive 2018/851/UE
• A waste management operation can be done using different
processes. The same process can be applied for different
technologies.
‘treatment’ means recovery or disposal operations, including preparation
prior to recovery or disposal;
‘recovery’ means any operation where the principal result of which is
waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would
otherwise have been used to fulfil a particular function, or waste being
prepared to fulfil that function, in the plant or in the wider economy.
‘preparing for re-use’ means checking, cleaning or repairing recovery
operations, by which products or components of products that have
become waste are prepared so that they can be re-used without any other
preprocessing;
‘recycling’ means any recovery operation by which waste materials are
reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for
the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic
material but does not include energy recovery and the reprocessing into
materials that are to be used as fuels or
for backfilling operations;
‘disposal’ means any operation which is not recovery even where the
operation has as a secondary consequence the reclamation of
substances or energy.
Priorities of waste management operations
https://www.apambiente.pt/index.php?ref=16&subref=84&s
ub2ref=933&sub3ref=936
Waste Management and Processes
w iH w Wi ρi LHV i w Ci w Hi w Oi w Ni w Si w Zi
(kg i arb/ (kg H2O/ (kg i arb/ (MJ/
3
Components kg H arb) kg i arb) m) kg i db) (kg j/kg i db)
Biow aste 0.150 0.70 288 4.65 0.480 0.064 0.376 0.026 0.004 0.050
Paper 0.400 0.06 82 16.74 0.435 0.060 0.440 0.003 0.002 0.060
Cardboard 0.040 0.05 50 16.28 0.440 0.059 0.446 0.003 0.002 0.050
Plastics 0.030 0.02 64 32.56 0.600 0.072 0.228 0.000 0.000 0.100
Textils 0.020 0.10 64 17.54 0.546 0.066 0.312 0.046 0.005 0.025
Rubber 0.005 0.02 128 23.26 0.780 0.100 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.100
Leather 0.005 0.10 160 17.45 0.600 0.080 0.116 0.100 0.004 0.100
Green w astes (gardening) 0.120 0.60 104 5.52 0.478 0.060 0.380 0.034 0.003 0.045
Wood 0.020 0.20 240 18.61 0.495 0.060 0.427 0.002 0.001 0.015
Glass 0.080 0.02 194 0.14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
Tinned pack 0.060 0.02 88 0.71 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
Non ferrous metals 0.010 0.02 160 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
Ferrous metals 0.020 0.02 320 0.71 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
Dirt, ash, sand, etc. 0.040 0.08 481 6.98 0.263 0.030 0.020 0.005 0.002 0.680
i - component i, as received basis; H - mixture of components, as received basis ;
arb - as received basis; db - dry basis; daf - dry ash free basis
From Tchobanouglous, G., Theisen, H. and Vigil, S., "Integrated Solid Waste Management. Engineering Principles and
Management Issues", International Editions, McGraw Hill Book Co., 1993
Moisture fraction content of a waste mixture (kg
H2O/kg wet mixture H) w WH =
w w iH Wi
w iH
w Wi
Moisture mass ratio of a component i (kg WWi =
H2O/kg dry component i) 1 − w Wi
In these conditions:
a) Show that the moisture content of the wet mixture is 0.3868.
b) Show that the composition of the components of the mixture in dry basis is
wiR
Componentes (i) (kg i/kg R bs)
Bioresíduos 0.313
Papel 0.291
Texteis 0.101
Plasticos 0.054
Inorgânicos 0.240
c) Show that the elementary composition of the dry basis mixture (TOTAL) is as done,
considering the following additional information
d) Show that the Low Heating Value of the mixture dry basis is 9.88MJ/kg.
Poder Calorífico Inferior
PCIi
Componentes (i) (MJ/kg i bs )
Bioresíduos 4.65
Papel 16.74
Texteis 17.54
Plasticos 32.56
Inorgânicos 0.00
Exercise 1.2 – The characterization of a municipal solid waste is done in the following table:
Abundância Teor de humidade
(base tal e qual) Fracção mássica
w iH w Wi
Componentes (i) (kg i/kg H btq) (kg H2O/kg i btq)
biorresíduos 0.500 0.600
papel 0.100 0.200
plástico 0.100 0.050
m etais 0.050 0.050
texteis 0.050 0.200
finos* 0.200 0.373
Under the assumption that the fines are sand (40%), with 30% moisture content, and other (60%) with the
same proximate and elementary composition of the non fines:
a) Show that the moisture content of the fines is 0.373.
b) Show that the composition of the components of the dry basis mixture is
Abundância
(base seca)
w iR
Componentes (i) (kg i/kg R bs)
biorresíduos 0.340
papel 0.136
plástico 0.162
m etais 0.081
texteis 0.068
finos* 0.213
c) Considering the following additional information (yellow cells), show that the dry basis elementary
composition and low heating value of the fines mixture and of the overall mixture, is as done in the table
(blank cells)
Composição elementar (fracção mássica) Poder Calorífico Inferior
carbono hidrogénio oxigénio azoto enxofre cinzas
w Ci w Hi w Oi w Ni w Si w Zi PCIi
Componentes (i) (kg C/kg i bs) (kg H/kg i bs) (kg O/kg i bs) (kg N/kg i bs) (kg S/kg i bs) (kg Z/kg i bs) (MJ/kg i bs )
biorresíduos 0.480 0.064 0.376 0.026 0.004 0.050 4.65
papel 0.435 0.060 0.440 0.003 0.002 0.060 16.74
plástico 0.600 0.072 0.228 0.000 0.000 0.100 32.56
m etais 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.71
texteis 0.560 0.068 0.273 0.057 0.002 0.040 17.54
finos* 0.251 0.032 0.171 0.009 0.001 0.534 7.30
TOTAL
w iRiH 0.4112 0.0531 0.2797 0.0151 0.0020 0.2388 11.9284
Treatment Systems Engineering I
2 - Physico-mechanical Treatment Processes
Departamento de
Ambiente e Ordenamento
Universidade de Aveiro
PORTUGAL
2 – PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL TREATMENT (PMT)
on Material Recovery Facility (MRF)
The PMT of solid wastes is a set of mechanical operations
to improve the efficiency of the subsequent processing
operations,
◆ recovery and recycling of materials
◆ recovery of energy
◆ compaction
◆ transport, etc…
Objective
- Provide uniformity,
- Facilitate the handling,
- Improve the efficiency of subsequent operations, usually the
separation.
- Mechanical size reduction
(shredding, crushing, grinding, pulverization, disintegration)
Equipment:
- hammer mill,
- shear shredder,
- rotary drums with blades (open waste bags)
2.2 Compaction
- Compaction, balling
Equipments:
- hydraulic presses.
2.3 Separation
- Separation, sorting
Objective
- The recovery / recycling of paper, glass, plastics, metals - most
valuable fraction
- The upgrading of a product already separate, with lower efficiency
processes
- Improve the quality of a product.
- Sucessive upgrading
Equipments:
- Manual sorting (by workers),
- Mechanical separation (based on the properties of the
separate products). .
Manual method of separation
Sieving (size)
Flotation (density)
Properties of materials, separation techniques and equipments:
Mechanics
Diameter Sieving Rotating drum
Riddle plan
Terminal velocity Elutriation Classifiers
Inclined board
Density Fluctuation Tanks dense media
Stratification Vibrating table
Resilience (resistance to Inertial separators Ballistic
elastic deformation)
Magnetics
Magnetic Permeability Magnetic separation Several models with
electromagnets (ferrous)
Magnetic levitation
Optical
Radiation Coloration Color separators (glass)
Electrostatic
Electrical conductivity Electrostatic separation Electrostatic precipitators
Sieving, screening
Trommel
Rotary drum screen - Outside view Rotary drum screen - Inside view
Inside view
Densimetric tables
Optical separators
(c)
Eddy current separator
(c)
2.4 Transport
Objective
- get the material for each piece of
equipment.
Equipments:
- Cranes
- Conveyor belts,
- Elevators.
- Front loader vehicles
- Screws
Transport in
the facilities
2.4 Storage
Objective of storage:
To be a buffer on reception of waste:
guarantee sufficient material for regular feeding
of treatment process (pit),
Guarantee homogeneity of the composition of
feeding in order to avoid changing operating
parameters and flue gas composition
To finished produts for recycling industry
guarantee sufficient material stock for lorry full
charge transport
Examples of fisico-mechanical treatment
facilities on MSW in Portugal
• http://www.lipor.pt/pt/?CpContentId=625&cor=4&SqlPage=cx_RM_EN
• http://ersuc.pt/www/index.php/componentes/componente-
contacto/unidade-de-triagem-automatizada
• http://www.suldouro.pt/triagem/
• http://www.valorsul.pt/pt/o-sistema/triagem-materiais-reciclaveis.aspx
• http://www.amarsul.pt/ http://www.resinorte.pt/pages/paginasm/305
See video between 6:10 and 8:10 min
http://www.lipor.pt/en/municipal-solid-
waste/multimaterial-recovery/process-description/
Eficiência de separação
By definition, the efficiency of the separation of the ith component wet basis
48
Mass balance of a solids separation process:
The efficiency of the separation of the ith componente wet basis, under the
assumption of no moisture exchange between components, can be done as
Sm2 w i2
i =
Sm0 w i0
50
Exercise 2.1 – Consider the municipal solid waste (MSW) as given in the exercise 1.2.
This waste is sent to a Waste Treatment Facility for sorting. Three parallel flows are
sorted: (a) to material recycling (MRF), (b) to prepare refuse derived fuel (RDF), (c) to
biological treatment (MBT). The refuse is sent to landfill final disposal. Consider the
following wet basis efficiencies of sorting with reference to the input waste mixture:
a) With reference to the input MSW, show that the wet basis sorted mass
fraction for recovery and disposal are done as:
Material recovery
Energy recovery RDF Organic matter recovery MBT Refuse to disposal REF
MRF
(kg MRFh/kg H) (kg CDRh/kg H) (kg MTBh/kg H) (kg Refuseh/kg H)
Overall mass efficiency of
separation 0.1200 0.1675 0.4000 0.3125
Moisture mass fraction 0.2290 0.2244 0.5515 0.4046
Exercise 2.1 (cont.)
c) For the RDF fraction, calculate the ultimate composition and LHV (dry
basis).
2.5 Drying (Secagem)
humidade não ligada aquela que exerce uma pressão parcial de vapor
(ou razão mássica de vapor) de equilíbrio idêntica à de uma superfície
livre de água pura à mesma temperatura, não dependendo do conteúdo
em humidade do sólido.
Exercise 2.2 – The products of a stirred anaerobic reactor are biogas and digestate. The
last one is sent to a centrifugation process to reduce the moisture content of the mixture
until 85% (wb). After, the sludge is dried with air, in order to achieve 50% solids (wb) .
Under the above conditions, calculate the air requirements of the drying process, knowing
that the process inlet drying air is at 35 °C and 20% RH and oulet air is at 85% RH, under
an adiabatic process. Clearly state your assumptions to solve.
Exercício 2.2
(esquema e nomenclatura)
A (air), G1
ar, G2
Pressão atm. constante.
T1 (°C) HR1 (%) Temperatura da lama
T2 (°C) HR2 (%)
constante. 85
35 20
WV1 (kg H2O/kg A) WV2 (kg H2O/kg A)
Lama, S4
wW4 (kg H2O/kg S4 btq) = 0,50
Pressuposto:
Admitir que o calor sensível dos sólidos húmidos é
negligenciável!
A (air), G1
ar, G2
Pressão atm. constante.
T1 (°C) HR1 (%) Temperatura da lama
T2 (°C) HR2 (%)
constante. 21 85
35 20
WV1 (kg H2O/kg A) WV2 (kg H2O/kg A)
0,0075 0,0134
Lama, S4
wW4 (kg H2O/kg S4 btq) = 0,50
Relembrar que:
w WH WW4 (kg H2O/kg S bs) = 1,00
W WR =
1 − w WH
Exercício 2.2
(resultados)
Nas referidas circunstâncias, o balanço mássico à água, é dado por:
Ou seja
WAS = (GA /SS) = (WW3 – WW4) / (WV2 – WV1) =
= (5,67-1,00) / (0,0134-0,0075) = 790 kg ar seco/kg lama seca
Composto húmido, S3
Ar húmido, G2
Air seco, G1
T2 (°C) Tb2 (°C)
T1 (°C) HR1 (%)
Secagem à pressão
atmosférica (constante)
38 29
100 0
WV2 (kg H2O/kg A)
WV1 (kg H2O/kg A)
0,0215
0
• Particulate emission
• Release of bio-aerosol - The mechanical operations
of the solid waste mainly on MSW result of adverse
health effects, especially for workers associated with
high concentrations of bio-aerosol containing
bacteria, fungi and biotoxins.
In bio-aerosol is critical the presence of
microorganisms: fungi (eg Aspergillus, Penicillium)
and gran-negative bacteria (e.g. E. colli, Salmonella,
Pseudomonas), causing breathing problems.
2.8 Environmental issues on recycling
Inorganics
Glass 7 36 140 20 30 40
Tin cans 2 178 698 10 20 30
Aluminum 2 0 50 70 90
Other metal 3 178 698 10 20 30
Dirt, ash, etc. 14 1780 6978 0 0 0
100
Material Recovery Facilities (MRF)
- For source separated wastes (production of materials
for recycling industry) – Overall material eficiency of
about 80%; restwaste 20% for disposal.
.- for commingled waste (MSW) or undifferentiated
wastes, typical separation efficiency – 5% of material for
recycling, 20% of RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel), 30% by
biological treatment (“compost” for landfill); restwaste to
lanfill.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4FlWmRAoGg
References
- “Integrated Solid Waste Management”. 1993 G.
Tchobanouglous, G., Theisen, H. and Vigil, S. 628.4G.86
- Handbook of solid waste management”. 2002 G.
Tchobanouglous, 2ed
- Matos, M.A.A. e Pereira, F.J.M.A,. (2004), "Tratamento e
Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos". http://moodle.ua.pt, Departamento
de Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de Aveiro.
Drying
- Treybal, R.E., (1981), Mass Transfer Operations, 3 ed,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore.