F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila

STRUCTURAL DESIGN ENGINEERING C. TIE REINFORCEMENTS FOR COMRESSION MEMBERS

All non-prestressed bars shall be enclosed by lateral
Lecture No. 22: Reinforced Concrete Design 3 ties at least 10mm diameter in size for longitudinal
Prepared by: ENGR. IVAN D.L. MARQUEZ bars 32 mm in diameter and 12 mm diameter in size for
36 mm in diameter bars and bundled longitudinal bars.
LECTURE CONTENT
 Design and Analysis of Axially Loaded Tied D. SPACING OF LONGITUDINAL BARS
Columns
 Design and Analysis of Axially Loaded Spiral In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression
Columns members, clear distance between longitudinal bars
 Design and Analysis of Shear Reinforcement for shall not be less than 1.5db or less than 40 mm.
Columns E. SPACING OF TIES
 Design and Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded
Columns using Column Interaction Diagram Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed (a) 16 times
 Design and Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded the longitudinal bar diameter; (b) 48 times the tie
Columns using Analytic Method bar diameter, and (c) least dimension of the column.
F. MINIMUM CLEAR COVER OF TIES
NSCP 2015 Specifications - RC Design Minimum clear cover shall not be less than the
U = 1.4 (D + F) following
U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R) a.) 40 mm
U = 1.2D +1.6(Lr or R) + (L or 1.0W)
b.) diameter of vertical bars
U = 1.2D + W + L + 0.5(Lr or R)
𝟏𝟏
U = 1.2D + E + L c.) 𝟏𝟏 the maximum size of coarse aggregate
𝟑𝟑
U = 0.90D + W + 1.6H G. SPIRAL REINFORCEMENTS
U = 0.90D + E + 1.6H A. For cast in place construction, size of spirals
shall not be less 10mm diameter.
Strength Reduction Factor B. Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75
Tension-Controlled ………………………………………………… ϕ=0.90 mm or be less than 25 mm.
Compression-Controlled, Tied ……………………… ϕ=0.65
C. Ratio of spiral reinforcement ρs shall not be less
Compression-Controlled, Spiral ………………… ϕ=0.75 than the value given
𝑨𝑨𝒈𝒈 𝒇𝒇′𝒄𝒄
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS 𝝆𝝆𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 � − 𝟏𝟏�
𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
A. Axially Loaded Columns
𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝟒𝟒𝒂𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝑫𝑫𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 − 𝜱𝜱𝒔𝒔 )
𝒆𝒆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ≤ 𝒆𝒆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝝆𝝆𝒔𝒔 = =
𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒔𝒔
Unbraced 𝒌𝒌𝑳𝑳𝒖𝒖� ≤ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒓𝒓 where:
Braces 𝒌𝒌𝑳𝑳𝒖𝒖� 𝑴𝑴𝟏𝟏 fy = specified yield strength of spiral reinforcement
𝒓𝒓 ≤ 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 � �𝑴𝑴𝟐𝟐 �
but not more than 415 MPa.
B. Eccentrically Loaded Columns fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete shall
𝒆𝒆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 > 𝒆𝒆𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 not be less than 17 MPa.
Unbraced 𝒌𝒌𝑳𝑳𝒖𝒖� > 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 Ag = gross area of column, mm2
𝒓𝒓
Ach = area of core of spirally reinforced compression
Braces 𝒌𝒌𝑳𝑳𝒖𝒖� 𝑴𝑴𝟏𝟏
𝒓𝒓 > 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 � �𝑴𝑴𝟐𝟐 � member measured to outside diameter of spiral, mm2
NOTE: D = diameter of column, mm
r = radius of gyration Dch = diameter of concrete core (i.e., diameter of
= 0.30B for rectangular dimension column minus the concrete cover at both sides), mm

= 0.25D for circular dimension s = center-to-center spacing of spiral, also known

as, pitch at critical section, mm
= �𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝐴𝐴 for general section
𝑔𝑔

M1 = smaller end moment ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS

M2 = larger end moment A. Graphical Analysis

M1/M2 = positive, i.e., single curvature

M1/M2 = negative, i.e., double curvature The equivalency between an eccentrically applied load
and an axial load–moment combination is shown below.
Assume that a force P is applied to a cross-section
TIED COLUMN at a distance e (eccentricity) from the centroid.
Pu = ΦPn = 0.80Φ[0.85f’c (Ag - Ast) + fyAst] Eccentric force P may now be combined with the force
SPIRAL COLUMN P acting downward at the centroid and a couple of Pe,
which is a pure moment.
Pu = ΦPn = 0.85Φ[0.85f’c (Ag - Ast) + fyAst]

A. LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT FOR COLUMN

Area of longitudinal reinforcement for non-composite
compression members shall not be less than 0.01 or
more than 0.08 times gross area Ag of section.
B. MINIMUM NUMBER OF BARS
Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression
members shall be four (4) for bars within rectangular
or circular ties, three (3) for bars within triangular
ties, and six (6) for bars enclosed by spirals. Different position of axial force from the section
centroid produces various behaviors of a column as
well as stress distribution in sections. These are
plotted on the M-N Interaction Curve:
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
SITUATION 1 - A reinforced concrete column carries a
dead axial load of 650 kN, a live axial load of 550
kN and a compressive wind load of 370 kN. Use fc’ =
28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa
1. Determine the ultimate axial load that the column
will carry.
A. 1100 kN B. 1570 kN
C. 1700 kN D. 2030 kN
2. If the size of the tied column is limited to 250
mm x 450 mm, what must be the number of 16 mm ∅
bars.
A. 6 bars B. 8 bars
C. 10 bars D. 12 bars
3. Determine the smallest dimension of the tied
circular column section if the steel ratio is
1.35%.
A. 360 mm B. 370 mm
C. 380 mm D. 390 mm

 Pure axial compression (point A). This is the SITUATION 2 - A spiral column carries an ultimate
largest axial compression load that the column can axial load of 2700 kN, ultimate moment at top and
support. bottom of 42 kN-m CW and 70 kN-m CCW, respectively.
The column has average height of 3.2 m, and effective
 Compression with minor bending (point B). This is
length factor is 0.65. Use approximately 1.35%
the case of a large axial load acting at a small
reinforcement. Using fc’ = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 MPa
eccentricity. The stress distribution becomes
inclined but the section is still under 4. Determine the required diameter of the spiral
compression. Failure occurs by crushing of the column to make it axially loaded.
concrete. A. 310 mm B. 320 mm
 Compression control (point C). Here exist both C. 330 mm D. 340 mm
compression zone and tension zone of concrete. 5. Determine the number of 25 mm ∅ longitudinal bars.
Steel is subjected to tension. Failure occurs by A. 9 bars B. 11 bars
C. 13 bars D. 15 bars
crushing of the concrete on the compression side, 6. Determine the center to center spacing of 12 mm
whereas the stress in steel fs is less than the diameter spiral reinforcement on the critical
yield stress fy.
section.
 Balanced condition (point D). A balanced condition A. 20 mm B. 30 mm
is reached when the compression strain in the C. 35 mm D. 35 mm
concrete reaches limited and the tensile
reinforcement reaches yielding simultaneously. SITUATION 3 – Answer the following design and analysis
Failure of concrete occurs at the same time as the
problem
steel yields.
7. A 400 mm square column is reinforced with 12-16mmΦ
 Tension control (point E). This is the case of a
distributed equally in all sides. The concrete
small axial load with large eccentricity, that is, used has strength of 28 MPa and the yield strength
a large moment. At failure, the strain in the of 275 MPa. If the column will bear a total dead
tension steel is greater than the yield strain. load of 650 kN, what is the safest live load that
 Pure flexure (point F). The section, in this case, column will carry.
is subjected to a bending moment M, whereas the A. 947 kN B. 2295 kN
axial load is P = 0. Failure occurs as in a beam C. 948 kN D. 2296 kN
8. A 350 mm diameter column is reinforced with 8 -
subjected to bending moment only. 20mmΦ distributed equally within the 10mm Φ
 Pure axial tension (point G). This is the largest spiral. The concrete used has strength of 21 MPa
axial tension load that the column can support. and the yield strength of 345 MPa. If the column
will bear a total dead load of 450 kN, a total
live load of 600 kN, what is the safest earthquake
B. Analytic Method load that column will carry.
CASE 1 - Balanced Condition A. 118 kN B. 478 kN
C. 1618 kN D. 2158 kN
Balanced condition occurs when extreme compression
and tension reinforcement yields, i.e.
SITUATION 4 - A 4 m long column is carrying the
𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔 = 𝒇𝒇′𝒔𝒔 = 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 following axial loads: a dead load of 300 kN and a
With regards of the eccentricity, live load of 450 kN. The column is 300 mm wide and
450 mm deep. It carries an ultimate shear of 350 kN
𝒆𝒆 = 𝒆𝒆𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 at the ends. No transverse loads acting on the column.
CASE 2 - Compression-Controlled Condition The column is reinforced with 10 – Φ20mm with 4 bars
on the longer side. The concrete cover is 40 mm from
Compression-controlled condition occurs when extreme
the extreme fibers. Given that f’c = 27.60 MPa and fy
compression reinforcement yields alone, i.e. = 276 MPa.
𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔 < 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒇𝒇′𝒔𝒔 = 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 9. Determine the nominal shear carried by the
With regards of the eccentricity, concrete section using simplified calculation.
A. 100.3 kN B. 200.0 kN
𝒆𝒆 < 𝒆𝒆𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 C. 187.8 kN D. 369.2 kN
CASE 3 - Tension-Controlled Condition 10. Determine the required spacing of shear
reinforcements from simplified calculation.
Tension-controlled condition occurs when extreme A. 50 mm B. 55 mm
tension reinforcement NORMALLY yields alone, i.e. C. 60 mm D. 65 mm
𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔 = 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒇𝒇′𝒔𝒔 < 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 11. Determine the maximum spacing required for the
ties.
With regards of the eccentricity, A. 270 mm B. 300 mm
𝒆𝒆 > 𝒆𝒆𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 C. 320 mm D. 480 mm
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
SITUATION 5 - A tied column having the cross section
of 350 mm x 700 mm is reinforced with six – 32 mm ∅
bars distributed equally in the 350-mm dimension. Use
fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Consider the ratio of
the center-to-center reinforcement distance to the
longer side of column is equal to 0.70. Refer to
STRUCT-RCD3-0001
12. Determine the reinforcement ratio in percent.
A. 2.00% B. 2.25%
C. 2.75% D. 3.00%
13. Determine the ratio e/h if the eccentricity is
245 mm.
A. 0.30 B. 0.35
C. 0.32 D. 0.37
14. Determine the value of the maximum load Pn that
the column could carry using the interaction
diagram.
A. 874 kN B. 1293 kN
C. 2432 kN D. 3567 kN
15. Determine the area of steel As if the it
carries and ultimate load of 2942.94 kN at
eccentricity e = 210mm using the interaction
diagram.
A. 6125 sq.mm B. 7228 sq.mm
C. 7350 sq.mm D. 7473 sq.mm

SITUATION 6 - A 350mm x 550 mm column is reinforced

with 4 -25mm∅ bars, four bars distributed equally in
STRUCT-RCD3-0001
short dimension with steel covering of 70 mm. If f’c
= 27.6 MPa and fy = 345 MPa.
16. Determine the nominal balanced load Pnbal
A. 1238 kN B. 1334 kN
C. 2053 kN D. 2127 kN
17. Determine the balanced eccentricity ebal.
A. 275.7 mm B. 316.2 mm
C. 337.3 mm D. 374.5 mm
18. Determine the nominal balanced moment Mnbal
A. 437.1 kN-m B. 509.2 kN-m
C. 672.5 kN-m D. 522.4 kN-m

SITUATION 7 - A 550 mm square column is reinforced

with 8 – 25 mm ∅ equally distributed on its sides.
The column has an unbraced length of 9 m. The
effective length factor is k = 1.0; the concrete
strength used is fc’ = 21 MPa and the yield strength
of reinforcement used is fy = 420 MPa. Use 50 mm
covering measured from center of reinforcement.
19. Determine the nominal load that the column
could carry.
A. 1322 kN B. 3302 kN
C. 2493 kN D. 5583 kN
20. Determine the balanced load using εc = 0.003
and yield strain of steel 𝜺𝜺𝒔𝒔 = 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 ⁄𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 .
A. 1322 kN B. 3302 kN
C. 2493 kN D. 5583 kN
21. Determine the balanced moment.
A. 376 kN-m B. 646 kN-m
C. 579 kN-m D. 1102 kN-m