INTRODUCTION TO MEASUREMENTS:

_________________________
| Fundamental Quantities |
|----------------------------|
| Length | Symbol: L |
| Mass | Symbol: M |
| Time | Symbol: T |
| Electric Current | Symbol: I |
| Temperature | Symbol: Θ (Theta) |
| Amount of Substance | Symbol: N |
| Luminous Intensity | Symbol: J |
|____________________________|

____________________________
| Derived Quantities |
|----------------------------|
| Area | Symbol: A | Unit: m² (square meter) |
| Volume | Symbol: V | Unit: m³ (cubic meter) |
| Speed | Symbol: v | Unit: m/s (meter per second) |
| Acceleration | Symbol: a | Unit: m/s² (meter per second squared) |
| Force | Symbol: F | Unit: N (Newton) |
| Energy | Symbol: E | Unit: J (Joule) |
| Power | Symbol: P | Uni44t: W (Watt) |

Physical quantities refer to properties or characteristics of objects or phenomena that can be

measured or quantified. These quantities are used to describe various aspects of the physical
world.

Meaning of Physical Quantities:

Physical quantities encompass everything that can be measured or described in terms of a

numerical value. They include properties such as length, mass, time, temperature, electric
current, and many others. These quantities provide a means to quantify and compare different
attributes of objects or phenomena.

Fundamental Quantities:

Fundamental quantities are the basic, independent quantities that form the foundation of
measurement. They cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities. Examples include
length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.
Fundamental quantities have their own designated units (meter, kilogram, second, ampere,
kelvin, mole, candela) and are the building blocks from which all other quantities are derived.

Derived Quantities:

Derived quantities are formed by combining fundamental quantities through mathematical

operations like multiplication, division, or exponentiation. They are dependent on fundamental
quantities and are derived using formulas or relationships between these fundamental quantities.
Examples of derived quantities include area, volume, speed, acceleration, force, energy, and
power. Derived quantities are measured in units derived from fundamental units (e.g., square
meters for area, Newtons for force).
SUMMARY

In summary, physical quantities encompass measurable properties of objects or phenomena.

Fundamental quantities are the basic, independent building blocks of measurement, while
derived quantities are formed by combining fundamental quantities through mathematical
operations to express more complex aspects of the physical world.

NUMBER AND UNITS:

Scientific notation is a way to write really big or really small numbers using a simple method.
Instead of writing all the zeros in a big number or dealing with tiny decimal numbers, you write
the number as two parts: a decimal between 1 and 10 and a power of 10.

For example:
- Instead of writing \(3,000,000\) you can write it as \(3 \times 10^6\). That \(6\) tells you the
decimal moved 6 places to the right to make the big number.
- And for a tiny number like \(0.00002\), you can write it as \(2 \times 10^{-5}\). The \(-5\)
means the decimal moved 5 places to the left.

It makes handling really big or really small numbers much easier because it uses a simple
structure that shows how many places the decimal point moved.

_____________________________________________
| Prefix | Symbol | Value |
|--------------|--------|----------------------|
| Giga |G | 1,000,000,000 |
| Mega |M | 1,000,000 |
| Kilo |k | 1,000 |
| Base Unit | |1 |
| Deci |d | 0.1 (1/10) |
| Centi |c | 0.01 (1/100) |
| Milli |m | 0.001 (1/1,000) |
| Micro |µ | 0.000001 (1/1,000,000)|
| Nano |n | 0.000000001 (1/1,000,000,000)|
Example:

0.25 2.5 x 10^1

0.000252.5 x 10^4
2 x 10^4 10^4=10,000, 10,000 x 2= 20,000
4 x 10^2 10^2=100, 100 x 4= 400
4.5 x 10^5 10^5= 100,000, 100,000 x 4.5= 450,000

SYSTEM OF UNITS:
Types of system of units:
 International system of units or M.K.S
 F.P.S system
 C.G.S system
________________________________________________________
| Length | Comparison with Base Unit | Scientific Notation |
|-----------------|---------------------------|-----------------------|
| 1 meter (m) | Equal to base unit | \(1 \times 10^0\) meters |
| 1 kilometer (km)| 1,000 meters (1 km = 1000 m) | \(1 \times 10^3\) meters|
| 1 centimeter (cm)| 1/100 of a meter (1 cm = 0.01 m) | \(1 \times 10^{-2}\) meters|
| 1 millimeter (mm)| 1/1,000 of a meter (1 mm = 0.001 m) | \(1 \times 10^{-3}\)
meters|
| 1 micrometer (µm)| 1/1,000,000 of a meter (1 µm = 0.000001 m) | \(1 \times
10^{-6}\) meters|
| 1 nanometer (nm) | 1/1,000,000,000 of a meter (1 nm = 0.000000001 m) | \(1 \
times 10^{-9}\) meters|

MICROMETER LABEL:
VERNIER CALIPER LABEL:

ZERO ERROR POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE: