Shiv ChhatrapatiShikshanSanstha’s

SANT TUKARAM NATIONAL MODEL SCHOOL, LATUR

CLASS: X Sub: Mathematics Polynomials

Teacher – Mr. RamdasMolgurwar

Content:

1) Introduction
2) Main concepts and Sub-concepts
3) Gist of the Lesson
4) Notes
5) Video
6) Activity
7) Mind Map
8) Bibliography
9) Question Bank

Introduction
A polynomial of the form ax2+bx+c, where a,b and c are real numbers and a≠0 is
called a quadratic polynomial.

Quadratic Equation
When we equate a quadratic polynomial to a constant, we get a quadratic equation.
Any equation of the form p(x)=c, where p(x) is a polynomial of degree 2 and c is a constant, is a quadratic
equation.

The standard form of a Quadratic Equation

The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax2+bx+c=0, where a,b and c are real numbers and a≠0.
‘a’ is the coefficient of x2. It is called the quadratic coefficient. ‘b’ is the coefficient of x. It is called the linear
coefficient. ‘c’ is the constant term.
 Main concepts:
1) Geometrical Meaning of the Zeroes of a Polynomial
2) Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial
3) Division Algorithm for Polynomials
Sub-Concepts:
1) Graph of linear Polynomial
2) Graph of Quadratic Polynomial
3) Sum of the zeroes and product of the zeroes of Quadratic polynomial

Gist of the chapter:

Solving QE by Factorisation

Roots of a Quadratic equation

The values of x for which a quadratic equation is satisfied are called the roots of the quadratic equation.
If α is a root of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0, then aα2+bα+c=0.
A quadratic equation can have two distinct real roots, two equal roots or real roots may not exist.
Graphically, the roots of a quadratic equation are the points where the graph of the quadratic polynomial
cuts the x-axis.
Consider the graph of a quadratic equation x2−4=0:
Graph of a Quadratic Equation
In the above figure, -2 and 2 are the roots of the quadratic equation x2−4=0
Note:

 If the graph of the quadratic polynomial cuts the x-axis at two distinct points, then it has real and
distinct roots.
 If the graph of the quadratic polynomial touches the x-axis, then it has real and equal roots.
 If the graph of the quadratic polynomial does not cut or touch the x-axis then it does not have any
real roots.

Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factorization method

Consider a quadratic equation 2x2−5x+3=0
⇒2x2−2x−3x+3=0
This step is splitting the middle term
We split the middle term by finding two numbers (-2 and -3) such that their sum is equal to the coefficient
of x and their product is equal to the product of the coefficient of x2 and the constant.
(-2) + (-3) = (-5)
And (-2) × (-3) = 6
2x2−2x−3x+3=0
2x(x−1)−3(x−1)=0
(x−1)(2x−3)=0
In this step, we have expressed the quadratic polynomial as a product of its factors.
Thus, x = 1 and x =3/2 are the roots of the given quadratic equation.
This method of solving a quadratic equation is called the factorisation method.

Solving QE by Completing the Square

Solving a Quadratic Equation by Completion of squares method
In the method of completing the squares, the quadratic equation is expressed in the form (x±k)2=p2.
Consider the quadratic equation 2x2−8x=10
(i) Express the quadratic equation in standard form.
2x2−8x−10=0
(ii) Divide the equation by the coefficient of x2 to make the coefficient of x2 equal to 1.
x2−4x−5=0
(iii) Add the square of half of the coefficient of x to both sides of the equation to get an expression of the
form x2±2kx+k2.
(x2−4x+4)−5=0+4
(iv) Isolate the above expression, (x±k)2 on the LHS to obtain an equation of the form (x±k)2=p2
(x−2)2=9
(v) Take the positive and negative square roots.
x−2=±3
x=−1 or x=5
To know more about Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square, visit here.

Solving QE Using Quadratic Formula

Quadratic Formula
Quadratic Formula is used to directly obtain the roots of a quadratic equation from the standard form of the
equation.
For the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0,
x= [-b± √(b2-4ac)]/2a

By substituting the values of a,b and c, we can directly get the roots of the equation.
To know more about Quadratic Formula, visit here.

Discriminant
For a quadratic equation of the form ax2+bx+c=0, the expression b2−4ac is called the discriminant,
(denoted by D), of the quadratic equation.
The discriminant determines the nature of roots of the quadratic equation based on the coefficients of
the quadratic equation.

Notes:

EXERCISE 1
1. Check whether the following are quadratic equations:
(i) (x + 1)2 = 2(x – 3)
(ii) x2 – 2x = (–2) (3 – x)
(iii) (x – 2)(x + 1) = (x – 1)(x + 3)
(iv) (x – 3)(2x +1) = x(x + 5)
(v) (2x – 1)(x – 3) = (x + 5)(x – 1)
(vi) x2 + 3x + 1 = (x – 2)2
(vii) (x + 2)3 = 2x (x2 – 1)
(viii) x3 – 4x2 – x + 1 = (x – 2)3
Solutions:
(i) Given,
(x + 1)2 = 2(x – 3)
By using the formula for (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2
⇒ x2 + 2x + 1 = 2x – 6
⇒ x2 + 7 = 0
Since the above equation is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is quadratic equation.
(ii) Given, x2 – 2x = (–2) (3 – x)
By using the formula for (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2
⇒ x2 – 2x = -6 + 2x
⇒ x2 – 4x + 6 = 0
Since the above equation is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is quadratic equation.
(iii) Given, (x – 2)(x + 1) = (x – 1)(x + 3)
By using the formula for (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2
⇒ x2 – x – 2 = x2 + 2x – 3
⇒ 3x – 1 = 0
Since the above equation is not in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
(iv) Given, (x – 3)(2x +1) = x(x + 5)
By using the formula for (a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
⇒ 2x2 – 5x – 3 = x2 + 5x
⇒ x2 – 10x – 3 = 0
Since the above equation is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is quadratic equation.
(v) Given, (2x – 1)(x – 3) = (x + 5)(x – 1)
By using the formula for (a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
⇒ 2x2 – 7x + 3 = x2 + 4x – 5
⇒ x2 – 11x + 8 = 0
Since the above equation is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is quadratic equation.
(vi) Given, x2 + 3x + 1 = (x – 2)2
By using the formula for (a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
⇒ x2 + 3x + 1 = x2 + 4 – 4x
⇒ 7x – 3 = 0
Since the above equation is not in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
(vii) Given, (x + 2)3 = 2x(x2 – 1)
By using the formula for (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2
⇒ x3 + 8 + x2 + 12x = 2x3 – 2x
⇒ x3 + 14x – 6x2 – 8 = 0
Since the above equation is not in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
(viii) Given, x3 – 4x2 – x + 1 = (x – 2)3
By using the formula for (a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2
⇒ x3 – 4x2 – x + 1 = x3 – 8 – 6x2 + 12x
⇒ 2x2 – 13x + 9 = 0
Since the above equation is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is quadratic equation.
2. Represent the following situations in the form of quadratic equations:
(i) The area of a rectangular plot is 528 m2. The length of the plot (in metres) is one more than twice
its breadth. We need to find the length and breadth of the plot.
(ii) The product of two consecutive positive integers is 306. We need to find the integers.
(iii) Rohan’s mother is 26 years older than him. The product of their ages (in years) 3 years from now
will be 360. We would like to find Rohan’s present age.
(iv) A train travels a distance of 480 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 8 km/h less, then it
would have taken
Solutions:
(i) Let us consider,
Breadth of the rectangular plot = x m
Thus, the length of the plot = (2x + 1) m.
As we know,
Area of rectangle = length × breadth = 528 m2
Putting the value of length and breadth of the plot in the formula, we get,
(2x + 1) × x = 528
⇒ 2x2 + x =528
⇒ 2x2 + x – 528 = 0
Therefore, the length and breadth of plot, satisfies the quadratic equation, 2x2 + x – 528 = 0, which is the
required representation of the problem mathematically.
(ii) Let us consider,
The first integer number = x
Thus, the next consecutive positive integer will be = x + 1
Product of two consecutive integers = x × (x +1) = 306
⇒ x2 + x = 306
⇒ x2 + x – 306 = 0
Therefore, the two integers x and x+1, satisfies the quadratic equation, x2 + x – 306 = 0, which is the
required representation of the problem mathematically.
(iii) Let us consider,
Age of Rohan’s = x years
Therefore, as per the given question,
Rohan’s mother’s age = x + 26
After 3 years,
Age of Rohan’s = x + 3
Age of Rohan’s mother will be = x + 26 + 3 = x + 29
The product of their ages after 3 years will be equal to 360, such that
(x + 3)(x + 29) = 360
⇒ x2 + 29x + 3x + 87 = 360
⇒ x2 + 32x + 87 – 360 = 0
⇒ x2 + 32x – 273 = 0
Therefore, the age of Rohan and his mother, satisfies the quadratic equation, x2 + 32x – 273 = 0, which is
the required representation of the problem mathematically.
(iv) Let us consider,
The speed of train = x km/h
And
Time taken to travel 480 km = 480/x km/hr
As per second condition, the speed of train = (x – 8) km/h
Also given, the train will take 3 hours to cover the same distance.
Therefore, time taken to travel 480 km = 480/(x+3) km/h
As we know,
Speed × Time = Distance
Therefore,
(x – 8)(480/(x + 3) = 480
⇒ 480 + 3x – 3840/x – 24 = 480
⇒ 3x – 3840/x = 24
⇒ 3x2 – 8x – 1280 = 0
Therefore, the speed of the train, satisfies the quadratic equation, 3x2 – 8x – 1280 = 0, which is the required
representation of the problem mathematically.

EXERCISE 2
1. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations by factorisation:
(i) x2 – 3x – 10 = 0
(ii) 2x2 + x – 6 = 0
(iii) √2 x2 + 7x + 5√2 = 0
(iv) 2x2 – x +1/8 = 0
(v) 100x2 – 20x + 1 = 0
Solutions:
(i) Given, x2 – 3x – 10 =0
Taking LHS,
=>x2 – 5x + 2x – 10
=>x(x – 5) + 2(x – 5)
=>(x – 5)(x + 2)
The roots of this equation, x2 – 3x – 10 = 0 are the values of x for which (x – 5)(x + 2) = 0
Therefore, x – 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
=> x = 5 or x = -2
(ii) Given, 2x2 + x – 6 = 0
Taking LHS,
=> 2x2 + 4x – 3x – 6
=> 2x(x + 2) – 3(x + 2)
=> (x + 2)(2x – 3)
The roots of this equation, 2x2 + x – 6=0 are the values of x for which (x – 5)(x + 2) = 0
Therefore, x + 2 = 0 or 2x – 3 = 0
=> x = -2 or x = 3/2
(iii) √2 x2 + 7x + 5√2=0
Taking LHS,
=> √2 x2 + 5x + 2x + 5√2
=> x (√2x + 5) + √2(√2x + 5)= (√2x + 5)(x + √2)
The roots of this equation, √2 x2 + 7x + 5√2=0 are the values of x for which (x – 5)(x + 2) = 0
Therefore, √2x + 5 = 0 or x + √2 = 0
=> x = -5/√2 or x = -√2
(iv) 2x2 – x +1/8 = 0
Taking LHS,
=1/8 (16x2 – 8x + 1)
= 1/8 (16x2 – 4x -4x + 1)
= 1/8 (4x(4x – 1) -1(4x – 1))
= 1/8 (4x – 1)2
The roots of this equation, 2x2 – x + 1/8 = 0, are the values of x for which (4x – 1)2= 0
Therefore, (4x – 1) = 0 or (4x – 1) = 0
⇒ x = 1/4 or x = 1/4
(v) Given, 100x2 – 20x + 1=0
Taking LHS,
= 100x2 – 10x – 10x + 1
= 10x(10x – 1) -1(10x – 1)
= (10x – 1)2
The roots of this equation, 100x2 – 20x + 1=0, are the values of x for which (10x – 1)2= 0
∴ (10x – 1) = 0 or (10x – 1) = 0
⇒x = 1/10 or x = 1/10
2. Solve the problems given in Example 1.
Represent the following situations mathematically:
(i) John and Jivanti together have 45 marbles. Both of them lost 5 marbles each, and the product of
the number of marbles they now have is 124. We would like to find out how many marbles they had
to start with.
(ii) A cottage industry produces a certain number of toys in a day. The cost of production of each toy
(in rupees) was found to be 55 minus the number of toys produced in a day. On a particular day, the
total cost of production was ` 750. We would like to find out the number of toys produced on that
day.
Solutions:
(i) Let us say, the number of marbles John have = x.
Therefore, number of marble Jivanti have = 45 – x
After losing 5 marbles each,
Number of marbles John have = x – 5
Number of marble Jivanti have = 45 – x – 5 = 40 – x
Given that the product of their marbles is 124.
∴ (x – 5)(40 – x) = 124
⇒ x2 – 45x + 324 = 0
⇒ x2 – 36x – 9x + 324 = 0
⇒ x(x – 36) -9(x – 36) = 0
⇒ (x – 36)(x – 9) = 0
Thus, we can say,
x – 36 = 0 or x – 9 = 0
⇒ x = 36 or x = 9
Therefore,
If, John’s marbles = 36,
Then, Jivanti’s marbles = 45 – 36 = 9
And if John’s marbles = 9,
Then, Jivanti’s marbles = 45 – 9 = 36
(ii) Let us say, number of toys produced in a day be x.
Therefore, cost of production of each toy = Rs(55 – x)
Given, total cost of production of the toys = Rs 750
∴ x(55 – x) = 750
⇒ x2 – 55x + 750 = 0
⇒ x2 – 25x – 30x + 750 = 0
⇒ x(x – 25) -30(x – 25) = 0
⇒ (x – 25)(x – 30) = 0
Thus, either x -25 = 0 or x – 30 = 0
⇒ x = 25 or x = 30
Hence, the number of toys produced in a day, will be either 25 or 30.
3. Find two numbers whose sum is 27 and product is 182.
Solution:
Let us say, first number be x and the second number is 27 – x.
Therefore, the product of two numbers
x(27 – x) = 182
⇒ x2 – 27x – 182 = 0
⇒ x2 – 13x – 14x + 182 = 0
⇒ x(x – 13) -14(x – 13) = 0
⇒ (x – 13)(x -14) = 0
Thus, either, x = -13 = 0 or x – 14 = 0
⇒ x = 13 or x = 14
Therefore, if first number = 13, then second number = 27 – 13 = 14
And if first number = 14, then second number = 27 – 14 = 13
Hence, the numbers are 13 and 14.
4. Find two consecutive positive integers, sum of whose squares is 365.
Solution:
Let us say, the two consecutive positive integers be x and x + 1.
Therefore, as per the given questions,
x2 + (x + 1)2 = 365
⇒ x2 + x2 + 1 + 2x = 365
⇒ 2x2 + 2x – 364 = 0
⇒ x2 + x – 182 = 0
⇒ x2 + 14x – 13x – 182 = 0
⇒ x(x + 14) -13(x + 14) = 0
⇒ (x + 14)(x – 13) = 0
Thus, either, x + 14 = 0 or x – 13 = 0,
⇒ x = – 14 or x = 13
since, the integers are positive, so x can be 13, only.
∴ x + 1 = 13 + 1 = 14
Therefore, two consecutive positive integers will be 13 and 14.
5. The altitude of a right triangle is 7 cm less than its base. If the hypotenuse is 13 cm, find the other
two sides.
Solution:
Let us say, the base of the right triangle be x cm.
Given, the altitude of right triangle = (x – 7) cm
From Pythagoras theorem, we know,
Base2 + Altitude2 = Hypotenuse2
∴ x2 + (x – 7)2 = 132
⇒ x2 + x2 + 49 – 14x = 169
⇒ 2x2 – 14x – 120 = 0
⇒ x2 – 7x – 60 = 0
⇒ x2 – 12x + 5x – 60 = 0
⇒ x(x – 12) + 5(x – 12) = 0
⇒ (x – 12)(x + 5) = 0
Thus, either x – 12 = 0 or x + 5 = 0,
⇒ x = 12 or x = – 5
Since sides cannot be negative, x can only be 12.
Therefore, the base of the given triangle is 12 cm and the altitude of this triangle will be (12 – 7) cm = 5 cm.
6. A cottage industry produces a certain number of pottery articles in a day. It was observed on a
particular day that the cost of production of each article (in rupees) was 3 more than twice the
number of articles produced on that day. If the total cost of production on that day was Rs.90, find
the number of articles produced and the cost of each article.
Solution:
Let us say, the number of articles produced be x.
Therefore, cost of production of each article = Rs (2x + 3)
Given, total cost of production is Rs.90
∴ x(2x + 3) = 90
⇒ 2x2 + 3x – 90 = 0
⇒ 2x2 + 15x -12x – 90 = 0
⇒ x(2x + 15) -6(2x + 15) = 0
⇒ (2x + 15)(x – 6) = 0
Thus, either 2x + 15 = 0 or x – 6 = 0
⇒ x = -15/2 or x = 6
As the number of articles produced can only be a positive integer, therefore, x can only be 6.
Hence, number of articles produced = 6
Cost of each article = 2 × 6 + 3 = Rs 15.

EXERCISE 3
1. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations, if they exist, by the method of completing the
square:
(i) 2x2 – 7x +3 = 0
(ii) 2x2 + x – 4 = 0
(iii) 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0
(iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
Solutions:
(i) 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
⇒ 2x2 – 7x = – 3
Dividing by 2 on both sides, we get
⇒ x2 -7x/2 = -3/2
⇒ x2 -2 × x ×7/4 = -3/2
On adding (7/4)2 to both sides of equation, we get
⇒ (x)2-2×x×7/4 +(7/4)2 = (7/4)2-3/2
⇒ (x-7/4)2 = (49/16) – (3/2)
⇒(x-7/4)2 = 25/16
⇒(x-7/4)2 = ±5/4
⇒ x = 7/4 ± 5/4
⇒ x = 7/4 + 5/4 or x = 7/4 – 5/4
⇒ x = 12/4 or x = 2/4
⇒ x = 3 or x = 1/2
(ii) 2x2 + x – 4 = 0
⇒ 2x2 + x = 4
Dividing both sides of the equation by 2, we get
⇒ x2 +x/2 = 2
Now on adding (1/4)2 to both sides of the equation, we get,
⇒ (x)2 + 2 × x × 1/4 + (1/4)2 = 2 + (1/4)2
⇒ (x + 1/4)2 = 33/16
⇒ x + 1/4 = ± √33/4
⇒ x = ± √33/4 – 1/4
⇒ x = ± √33-1/4
Therefore, either x = √33-1/4 or x = -√33-1/4
(iii) 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0
Converting the equation into a2+2ab+b2 form, we get,
⇒ (2x)2 + 2 × 2x × √3 + (√3)2 = 0
⇒ (2x + √3)2 = 0
⇒ (2x + √3) = 0 and (2x + √3) = 0
Therefore, either x = -√3/2 or x = -√3/2.
(iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
⇒ 2x2 + x = -4
Dividing both sides of the equation by 2, we get
⇒ x2 + 1/2x = 2
⇒ x2 + 2 × x × 1/4 = -2
By adding (1/4)2 to both sides of the equation, we get
⇒ (x)2 + 2 × x × 1/4 + (1/4)2 = (1/4)2 – 2
⇒ (x + 1/4)2 = 1/16 – 2
⇒ (x + 1/4)2 = -31/16
As we know, the square of numbers cannot be negative.
Therefore, there is no real root for the given equation, 2x2 + x + 4 = 0.
2. Find the roots of the quadratic equations given in Q.1 above by applying the quadratic formula.
(i) 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
On comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get,
a = 2, b = -7 and c = 3
By using quadratic formula, we get,
⇒ x = (7±√(49 – 24))/4
⇒ x = (7±√25)/4
⇒ x = (7±5)/4
⇒ x = (7+5)/4 or x = (7-5)/4
⇒ x = 12/4 or 2/4
∴ x = 3 or 1/2
(ii) 2x2 + x – 4 = 0
On comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get,
a = 2, b = 1 and c = -4
By using quadratic formula, we get,

⇒x = -1±√1+32/4
⇒x = -1±√33/4
∴ x = -1+√33/4 or x = -1-√33/4
(iii) 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0
On comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 4, b = 4√3 and c = 3
By using quadratic formula, we get,

⇒ x = -4√3±√48-48/8
⇒ x = -4√3±0/8
∴ x = -√3/2 or x = -√3/2
(iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
On comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get,
a = 2, b = 1 and c = 4
By using quadratic formula, we get

⇒ x = -1±√1-32/4
⇒ x = -1±√-31/4
As we know, the square of a number can never be negative. Therefore, there is no real solution for the given
equation.
3. Find the roots of the following equations:
(i) x-1/x = 3, x ≠ 0
(ii) 1/x+4 – 1/x-7 = 11/30, x = -4, 7
Solution:
(i) x-1/x = 3
⇒ x2 – 3x -1 = 0
On comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 1, b = -3 and c = -1
By using quadratic formula, we get,

⇒ x = 3±√9+4/2
⇒ x = 3±√13/2
∴ x = 3+√13/2 or x = 3-√13/2
(ii) 1/x+4 – 1/x-7 = 11/30

⇒ x-7-x-4/(x+4)(x-7) = 11/30
⇒ -11/(x+4)(x-7) = 11/30
⇒ (x+4)(x-7) = -30
⇒ x2 – 3x – 28 = 30
⇒ x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
We can solve this equation by factorization method now,
⇒ x2 – 2x – x + 2 = 0
⇒ x(x – 2) – 1(x – 2) = 0
⇒ (x – 2)(x – 1) = 0
⇒ x = 1 or 2
4. The sum of the reciprocals of Rehman’s ages, (in years) 3 years ago and 5 years from now is 1/3.
Find his present age.
Solution:
Let us say, present age of Rahman is x years.
Three years ago, Rehman’s age was (x – 3) years.
Five years after, his age will be (x + 5) years.
Given, the sum of the reciprocals of Rehman’s ages 3 years ago and after 5 years is equal to 1/3.
∴ 1/x-3 + 1/x-5 = 1/3
(x+5+x-3)/(x-3)(x+5) = 1/3
(2x+2)/(x-3)(x+5) = 1/3
⇒ 3(2x + 2) = (x-3)(x+5)
⇒ 6x + 6 = x2 + 2x – 15
⇒ x2 – 4x – 21 = 0
⇒ x2 – 7x + 3x – 21 = 0
⇒ x(x – 7) + 3(x – 7) = 0
⇒ (x – 7)(x + 3) = 0
⇒ x = 7, -3
As we know, age cannot be negative.
Therefore, Rahman’s present age is 7 years.
5. In a class test, the sum of Shefali’s marks in Mathematics and English is 30. Had she got 2 marks
more in Mathematics and 3 marks less in English, the product of their marks would have been 210.
Find her marks in the two subjects.
Solution:
Let us say, the marks of Shefali in Maths be x.
Then, the marks in English will be 30 – x.
As per the given question,
(x + 2)(30 – x – 3) = 210
(x + 2)(27 – x) = 210
⇒ -x2 + 25x + 54 = 210
⇒ x2 – 25x + 156 = 0
⇒ x2 – 12x – 13x + 156 = 0
⇒ x(x – 12) -13(x – 12) = 0
⇒ (x – 12)(x – 13) = 0
⇒ x = 12, 13
Therefore, if the marks in Maths are 12, then marks in English will be 30 – 12 = 18 and the marks in Maths
are 13, then marks in English will be 30 – 13 = 17.
6. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 60 metres more than the shorter side. If the longer side is 30
metres more than the shorter side, find the sides of the field.
Solution:
Let us say, the shorter side of the rectangle be x m.
Then, larger side of the rectangle = (x + 30) m

As given, the length of the diagonal is = x + 30 m

Therefore,

⇒ x2 + (x + 30)2 = (x + 60)2
⇒ x2 + x2 + 900 + 60x = x2 + 3600 + 120x
⇒ x2 – 60x – 2700 = 0
⇒ x2 – 90x + 30x – 2700 = 0
⇒ x(x – 90) + 30(x -90) = 0
⇒ (x – 90)(x + 30) = 0
⇒ x = 90, -30
However, side of the field cannot be negative. Therefore, the length of the shorter side will be 90 m.
and the length of the larger side will be (90 + 30) m = 120 m.
7. The difference of squares of two numbers is 180. The square of the smaller number is 8 times the
larger number. Find the two numbers.
Solution:
Let us say, the larger and smaller number be x and y respectively.
As per the question given,
x2 – y2 = 180 and y2 = 8x
⇒ x2 – 8x = 180
⇒ x2 – 8x – 180 = 0
⇒ x2 – 18x + 10x – 180 = 0
⇒ x(x – 18) +10(x – 18) = 0
⇒ (x – 18)(x + 10) = 0
⇒ x = 18, -10
However, the larger number cannot considered as negative number, as 8 times of the larger number will be
negative and hence, the square of the smaller number will be negative which is not possible.
Therefore, the larger number will be 18 only.
x = 18
∴ y2 = 8x = 8 × 18 = 144
⇒ y = ±√144 = ±12
∴ Smaller number = ±12
Therefore, the numbers are 18 and 12 or 18 and -12.
8. A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more, it would have taken
1 hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.
Solution:
Let us say, the speed of the train be x km/hr.
Time taken to cover 360 km = 360/x hr.
As per the question given,
⇒ (x + 5)(360-1/x) = 360
⇒ 360 – x + 1800-5/x = 360
⇒ x2 + 5x + 10x – 1800 = 0
⇒ x(x + 45) -40(x + 45) = 0
⇒ (x + 45)(x – 40) = 0
⇒ x = 40, -45
As we know, the value of speed cannot be negative.
Therefore, the speed of train is 40 km/h.
9. Two water taps together can fill a tank in

hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10 hours less than the smaller one to fill the tank
separately. Find the time in which each tap can separately fill the tank.
Solution:
Let the time taken by the smaller pipe to fill the tank = x hr.
Time taken by the larger pipe = (x – 10) hr
Part of tank filled by smaller pipe in 1 hour = 1/x
Part of tank filled by larger pipe in 1 hour = 1/(x – 10)
As given, the tank can be filled in

= 75/8 hours by both the pipes together.

Therefore,
1/x + 1/x-10 = 8/75
x-10+x/x(x-10) = 8/75
⇒ 2x-10/x(x-10) = 8/75
⇒ 75(2x – 10) = 8x2 – 80x
⇒ 150x – 750 = 8x2 – 80x
⇒ 8x2 – 230x +750 = 0
⇒ 8x2 – 200x – 30x + 750 = 0
⇒ 8x(x – 25) -30(x – 25) = 0
⇒ (x – 25)(8x -30) = 0
⇒ x = 25, 30/8
Time taken by the smaller pipe cannot be 30/8 = 3.75 hours, as the time taken by the larger pipe will
become negative, which is logically not possible.
Therefore, time taken individually by the smaller pipe and the larger pipe will be 25 and 25 – 10 =15 hours
respectively.
10. An express train takes 1 hour less than a passenger train to travel 132 km between Mysore and
Bangalore (without taking into consideration the time they stop at intermediate stations). If the
average speeds of the express train is 11 km/h more than that of the passenger train, find the
average speed of the two trains.
Solution:
Let us say, the average speed of passenger train = x km/h.
Average speed of express train = (x + 11) km/h
Given, time taken by the express train to cover 132 km is 1 hour less than the passenger train to cover the
same distance. Therefore,
(132/x) – (132/(x+11)) = 1
132(x+11-x)/(x(x+11)) = 1
132 × 11 /(x(x+11)) = 1
⇒ 132 × 11 = x(x + 11)
⇒ x2 + 11x – 1452 = 0
⇒ x2 + 44x -33x -1452 = 0
⇒ x(x + 44) -33(x + 44) = 0
⇒ (x + 44)(x – 33) = 0
⇒ x = – 44, 33
As we know, Speed cannot be negative.
Therefore, the speed of the passenger train will be 33 km/h and thus, the speed of the express train will be
33 + 11 = 44 km/h.
11. Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m2. If the difference of their perimeters is 24 m, find the
sides of the two squares.
Solution:
Let the sides of the two squares be x m and y m.
Therefore, their perimeter will be 4x and 4y respectively
And area of the squares will be x2 and y2 respectively.
Given,
4x – 4y = 24
x–y=6
x=y+6
Also, x2 + y2 = 468
⇒ (6 + y2) + y2 = 468
⇒ 36 + y2 + 12y + y2 = 468
⇒ 2y2 + 12y + 432 = 0
⇒ y2 + 6y – 216 = 0
⇒ y2 + 18y – 12y – 216 = 0
⇒ y(y +18) -12(y + 18) = 0
⇒ (y + 18)(y – 12) = 0
⇒ y = -18, 12
As we know, the side of a square cannot be negative.
Hence, the sides of the squares are 12 m and (12 + 6) m = 18 m.

EXERCISE 4

1. Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations. If the real roots exist, find them;
(i) 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0
(ii) 3x2 – 4√3x + 4 = 0
(iii) 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
Solutions:
(i) Given,
2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0
Comparing the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = -3 and c = 5
We know, Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
= ( – 3)2 – 4 (2) (5) = 9 – 40
= – 31
As you can see, b2 – 4ac < 0
Therefore, no real root is possible for the given equation, 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0.
(ii) 3x2 – 4√3x + 4 = 0
Comparing the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 3, b = -4√3 and c = 4
We know, Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
= (-4√3)2 – 4(3)(4)
= 48 – 48 = 0
As b2 – 4ac = 0,
Real roots exist for the given equation and they are equal to each other.
Hence the roots will be –b/2a and –b/2a.
–b/2a = -(-4√3)/2×3 = 4√3/6 = 2√3/3 = 2/√3
Therefore, the roots are 2/√3 and 2/√3.
(iii) 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
Comparing the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = -6, c = 3
As we know, Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
= (-6)2 – 4 (2) (3)
= 36 – 24 = 12
As b2 – 4ac > 0,
Therefore, there are distinct real roots exist for this equation, 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0.

= (-(-6) ± √(-62-4(2)(3)) )/ 2(2)

= (6±2√3 )/4
= (3±√3)/2
Therefore the roots for the given equation are (3+√3)/2 and (3-√3)/2
2. Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic equations, so that they have two equal
roots.
(i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0
(ii) kx (x – 2) + 6 = 0
Solutions:
(i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get,
a = 2, b = k and c = 3
As we know, Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
= (k)2 – 4(2) (3)
= k2 – 24
For equal roots, we know,
Discriminant = 0
k2 – 24 = 0
k2 = 24
k = ±√24 = ±2√6
(ii) kx(x – 2) + 6 = 0
or kx2 – 2kx + 6 = 0
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = k, b = – 2k and c = 6
We know, Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
= ( – 2k)2 – 4 (k) (6)
= 4k2 – 24k
For equal roots, we know,
b2 – 4ac = 0
4k2 – 24k = 0
4k (k – 6) = 0
Either 4k = 0 or k = 6 = 0
k = 0 or k = 6
However, if k = 0, then the equation will not have the terms ‘x2‘ and ‘x‘.
Therefore, if this equation has two equal roots, k should be 6 only.
3. Is it possible to design a rectangular mango grove whose length is twice its breadth, and the area
is 800 m2? If so, find its length and breadth.
Solution:
Let the breadth of mango grove be l.
Length of mango grove will be 2l.
Area of mango grove = (2l) (l)= 2l2
2l2 = 800
l2 = 800/2 = 400
l2 – 400 =0
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 1, b = 0, c = 400
As we know, Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
=> (0)2 – 4 × (1) × ( – 400) = 1600
Here, b2 – 4ac > 0
Thus, the equation will have real roots. And hence, the desired rectangular mango grove can be designed.
l = ±20
As we know, the value of length cannot be negative.
Therefore, breadth of mango grove = 20 m
Length of mango grove = 2 × 20 = 40 m
4. Is the following situation possible? If so, determine their present ages. The sum of the ages of two
friends is 20 years. Four years ago, the product of their ages in years was 48.
Solution:
Let’s say, the age of one friend be x years.
Then, the age of the other friend will be (20 – x) years.
Four years ago,
Age of First friend = (x – 4) years
Age of Second friend = (20 – x – 4) = (16 – x) years
As per the given question, we can write,
(x – 4) (16 – x) = 48
16x – x2 – 64 + 4x = 48
– x2 + 20x – 112 = 0
x2 – 20x + 112 = 0
Comparing the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 1, b = -20 and c = 112
Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
= (-20)2 – 4 × 112
= 400 – 448 = -48
b2 – 4ac < 0
Therefore, there will be no real solution possible for the equations. Hence, condition doesn’t exist.
5. Is it possible to design a rectangular park of perimeter 80 and area 400 m2? If so find its length
and breadth.
Solution:
Let the length and breadth of the park be l and b.
Perimeter of the rectangular park = 2 (l + b) = 80
So, l + b = 40
Or, b = 40 – l
Area of the rectangular park = l×b = l(40 – l) = 40l – l2 = 400
l2 – 40l + 400 = 0, which is a quadratic equation.
Comparing the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 1, b = -40, c = 400
Since, Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
=(-40)2 – 4 × 400
= 1600 – 1600 = 0
Thus, b2 – 4ac = 0
Therefore, this equation has equal real roots. Hence, the situation is possible.
Root of the equation,
l = –b/2a
l = (40)/2(1) = 40/2 = 20
Therefore, length of rectangular park, l = 20 m
And breadth of the park, b = 40 – l = 40 – 20 = 20 m.

Mind Map

Polynomials

Degree of Polynomial Relationship-Zeroes and

Linear 1 Coefficient of Polynomials

Quadratic 2

Cubic 3
(ax2+bx+c)Quadratic (ax3+bx2+cx+d) Cubic
( are zeroes of polynomial) ( and are zeros)
General Form

Linear ax+b(a Sum ( = -b/a sum ( =-b/a

Quadratic ax2+bx+c(a Product( = c/a ( = c/a

Cubic ax3+bx2+cx+d(a Product( ) = -d/a

Reference Books:

1) RD Sharma( Dhanpatrai Publication)

2) S.Chand

3) Reliable

Video:Click here to watch video

Activity:

Draw the graph of Quadratic Polynomial : x2 – x – 6.

Question Bank as per the paper pattern

1 Mark questions:

1. If the sum of zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3x2 – kx + 6 is 3, then

find the value of k.

Solution:

Here a = 3, b = -k, c = 6
Sum of the zeroes, (α + β) = −b/a = 3 …..(given)
⇒ −(−k)/3 = 3
⇒ k = 9.
2. If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c, find the value
of α2 + β2.

Solution:

3. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = (k2 – 14) x2 – 2x – 12

is 1, then find the value of k.

Solution:

p(x) = (k2 – 14) x2 – 2x – 12

Here a = k2 – 14, b = -2, c = -12
Sum of the zeroes, (α + β) = 1 …[Given]
−b/a = 1
⇒ −(−2)/k2−14 = 1
⇒k2 – 14 = 2
⇒k2 = 16
⇒ k = ±4
 4. If α and β are the zeroes of a polynomial such that α + β = -6 and αβ =
5, then find the polynomial.

Solution:

Quadratic polynomial is x2 – Sx + P = 0
⇒x2 – (-6)x + 5 = 0
⇒x2 + 6x + 5 = 0
5. A quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are -4 and -5, is ….
Solution:
x2 + 9x + 20 is the required polynomial.

2 Mark questions:

6. Find the condition that zeroes of polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c are

reciprocal of each other.

Solution:

Let α and 1/α be the zeroes of P(x).

P(a) = ax2 + bx + c …(given)
Product of zeroes = c/a
⇒α × 1/α = c/a
⇒ 1 = c/a
⇒ a = c (Required condition)
Coefficient of x2 = Constant term
7. Form a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 3 + √2 and 3 – √2.

Solution:

Sum of zeroes,
S = (3 + √2) + (3 – √2) = 6
Product of zeroes,
P = (3 + √2) x (3 – √2) = (3)2 – (√2)2 = 9 – 2 = 7
Quadratic polynomial = x2 – Sx + P = x2 – 6x + 7
8. Find a quadratic polynomial, the stun and product of whose zeroes
are √3 and 1/√3 respectively.

Solution:

Sum of zeroes, (S) = √3

Product of zeroes, (P) = 1/√3
Quadratic polynomial = x2 – Sx + P
9. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes
are 0 and -√2 respectively.

Solution:

Quadratic polynomial is
x2 – (Sum of zeroes) x + (Product of zeroes)
= x2 – (0)x + (-√2)
= x2 – √2

10. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial √3 x2 – 8x + 4√3.

Solution:

11. If the zeroes of the polynomial x2 + px + q are double in value to

the zeroes of 2x2 – 5x – 3, find the value of p and q.

Solution:

We have, 2x2 – 5x – 3 = 0
= 2x2 – 6x + x – 3
 = 2x(x – 3) + 1(x – 3)
= (x – 3) (2x + 1)
Zeroes are:
x – 3 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = 3 or x = −1/2
Since the zeroes of required polynomial is double of given
polynomial.
Zeroes of the required polynomial are:

3× 2, (−1/2 × 2), i.e., 6, -1

Sum of zeroes, S = 6 + (-1) = 5
Product of zeroes, P = 6 × (-1) = -6
Quadratic polynomial is x2 – Sx + P
⇒x2 – 5x – 6 …(i)
Comparing (i) with x2 + px + q
p = -5, q = -6
12. Can (x – 2) be the remainder on division of a polynomial p(x)
by (2x + 3)? Justify your answer.

Solution:

In case of division of a polynomial by another polynomial, the degree

of the remainder (polynomial) is always less than that of the divisor.
(x – 2) can not be the remainder when p(x) is divided by (2x + 3) as
the degree is the same.

13. Find a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes

are (3+√5)/5 and (3−√5)/5.

Solution:
 14. Find the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are -2 and -5.
Verify the relationship between zeroes and coefficients of the
polynomial.

Solution:

Sum of zeroes, S = (-2) + (-5) = -7

Product of zeroes, P = (-2)(-5) = 10
Quadratic polynomial is x2 – Sx + P = 0
= x2 – (-7)x + 10
= x2 + 7x + 10
Verification:

Here a = 1, b = 7, c = 10
Sum of zeroes = (-2) + (-5) = 7
15. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3x2 – 75 and verify
the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.

Solution:

We have, 3x2 – 75
= 3(x2 – 25)
= 3(x2 – 52)
= 3(x – 5)(x + 5)
Zeroes are:
x – 5 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
x = 5 or x = -5
Verification:
Here a = 3, b = 0, c = -75
Sum of the zeroes = 5 + (-5) = 0

16. Find the zeroes of p(x) = 2x2 – x – 6 and verify the relationship
of zeroes with these co-efficients.

Solution:

p(x) = 2x2 – x – 6 …[Given]

= 2x2 – 4x + 3x – 6
= 2x (x – 2) + 3 (x – 2)
= (x – 2) (2x + 3)
Zeroes are:
x – 2 = 0 or 2x + 3 = 0
x = 2 or x = −3/2
Verification:
Here a = 2, b = -1, c = -6
 17. What must be subtracted from the polynomial f(x) = x4 + 2x3 –
13x2 – 12x + 21 so that the resulting polynomial is exactly divisible by
x2 – 4x + 3?

Solution:

(2x – 3) should be subtracted from x4 + 2x3 – 13x2 – 12x + 21.

3 Mark questions:

18. Verify whether 2, 3 and 1/2 are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 2x3 – 11x2 +
17x – 6.

Solution:

p(x) = 2x3 – 11x2 + 17x – 6

When x = 2
p(2) = 2(2)3 – 11(2)2 + 17(2) – 6 = 16 – 44 + 34 – 6 = 0
When x = 3, p(3) = 2(3)3 – 11(3)2 + 17(3) – 6 = 54 – 99 + 51 – 6 = 0
Yes, x = 2, 3 and 1/2 all are the zeroes of the given polynomial

19. Show that 1/2 and −3/2 are the zeroes of the polynomial 4x2 + 4x – 3 and verify
the relationship between zeroes and co-efficients of polynomial.

Solution:

Let P(x) = 4x2 + 4x – 3

20. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are -8 and
12 respectively. Hence find the zeroes.

Solution:

Let Sum of zeroes (α + β) = S = -8 …[Given]

Product of zeroes (αβ) = P = 12 …[Given]
Quadratic polynomial is x2 – Sx + P
= x2 – (-8)x + 12
= x2 + 8x + 12
= x2 + 6x + 2x + 12
= x(x + 6) + 2(x + 6)
= (x + 2)(x + 6)
Zeroes are:
x + 2 = 0 or x + 6 = 0
x = -2 or x = -6

21. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are 0
and −3/5 respectively. Hence find the zeroes.

Solution:

Quadratic polynomial = x2 – (Sum)x + Product

22. If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial 6y2 – 7y + 2, find a quadratic
polynomial whose zeroes are 1/α and 1/β.

Solution:

Given: 6y2 – 7y + 2
Here a = 6, b = -7, c = 2
23. Divide 3x2 + 5x – 1 by x + 2 and verify the division algorithm.

Solution:

Quotient = 3x – 1
Remainder = 1
Verification:
Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
= (x + 2) × (3x – 1) + 1
= 3x2 – x + 6x – 2 + 1
= 3x2 + 5x – 1
= Dividend

24. On dividing 3x3 + 4x2 + 5x – 13 by a polynomial g(x) the quotient and

remainder were 3x +10 and 16x – 43 respectively. Find the polynomial g(x).

Solution:

Let 3x3 + 4x2 + 5x – 13 = P(x)

q(x) = 3x + 10, r(x) = 16x – 43 …[Given]
As we know, P(x) = g(x) X q(x) + r(x)
3x3 + 4x2 + 5x – 13 = g(x) . (3x + 10) + (16x – 43)
3x3 + 4x2 + 5x – 13 – 16x + 43 = g(x) . (3x + 10)

25. Check whether polynomial x – 1 is a factor of the polynomial x3 – 8x2 + 19x –

12. Verify by division algorithm.

Solution:

Let P(x) = x3 – 8x2 + 19x – 12

Put x = 1
P(1) = (1)3 – 8(1)2 + 19(1) – 12
= 1 – 8 + 19 – 12
= 20 – 20
=0
Remainder = 0
(x – 1) is a factor of P(x).
 Verification:

Since remainder = 0
(x – 1) is a factor of P(x)

4. Mark questions:

Case study Based Questions-1

1). Due to heavy storm an electric wire got bent as shown in the given fig. It
followed a mathematical shape. Answer the following questions:

1). Name the shape in which the wire is bent:

a) Spiral b) Ellipse c) Linear d) Parabola
Ans: (d) Parabola
2) How many zeroes are there for the polynomial(Shape of the wire)
a) 2 b) 3 c) 1 d) 0
Ans: (a) 2
3) The zeroes of the polynomial are:
a) -1 , 5 b) -1, 3 c) 3 , 5 d) -4 ,2
Ans: (b)
4) What will be the expression of the polynomial:
a) x2+2x-3 b) x2-2x+3 c) x2-2x-3 d) x2+2x+3
Ans: (c)

Case study Based Question -2

Applications of Parabolas-Highway Overpasses/ Underpasses

A highway underpass is parabolic in shape.

Parabola
A parabola is the graph that results from p(x) = ax2+bx+c.
Parabolas are symmetric about a vertical line known as the Axis of
Symmetry.
The Axis of Symmetry runs through the maximum or minimum point of the
parabola which is called the vertex.

axis axis

vertex

vertex
Answer the following questions:

1) If the highway overpass is represented by x2-2x-8. Then its zeroes

are
a) (2,-4) b) (4,-2) c) (-2,4) d) (-4,-4)

Ans: (c)

2) The highway overpass is represented graphically.

Zeroes of a polynomial can be expressed graphically. Number of
zeroes of polynomial is equal to number of points where the graph of
polynomial
a) Intersects x-axis c) Intersects y-axis
b) Intersects y-axis or x-axis d) None of the above

Ans: (a)

3) The representation of Highway Underpass whose one zero is 6 and

sum of the zeroes is 0, is
a) X2-6x+2 b) x2-36 c) x2-6 d) x2-3

Ans: (b)

4) The number of zeroes that polynomial f(x)= +4 can have is:

a) 1 b) 2 c) 0 d) 3

Ans: (b)
5. Mark questions:

26. Divide 4x3 + 2x2 + 5x – 6 by 2x2 + 1 + 3x and verify the division

algorithm.

Solution:

Quotient = 2x – 2
Remainder = 9x – 4
Verification:
Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
= (2x2 + 3x + 1) × (2x – 2) + 9x – 4
= 4x3 – 4x2 + 6x2 – 6x + 2x – 2 + 9x – 4
= 4x3 + 2x2 + 5x – 6
= Dividend

27. Given that x – √5 is a factor of the polynomial x3 – 3√5 x2 – 5x +

15√5, find all the zeroes of the polynomial.

Solution:

Let P(x) = x3 – 3√5 x2 – 5x + 15√5

x – √5 is a factor of the given polynomial.
Put x = -√5,
 Other zero:
x – 3√5 = 0 ⇒ x = 3√5
All the zeroes of P(x) are -√5, √5 and 3√5.

28. If a polynomial x4 + 5x3 + 4x2 – 10x – 12 has two zeroes as -2

and -3, then find the other zeroes.

Solution:

Since two zeroes are -2 and -3.

(x + 2)(x + 3) = x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = x2 + 5x + 6
Dividing the given equation with x2 + 5x + 6, we get

x4 + 5x3 + 4x2 – 10x – 12

= (x2 + 5x + 6)(x2 – 2)
= (x + 2)(x + 3)(x – √2 )(x + √2 )
Other zeroes are:
x – √2 = 0 or x + √2 = 0
x = √2 or x = -√2
29. Find all the zeroes of the polynomial 8x4 + 8x3 – 18x2 – 20x – 5,
if it is given that two of its zeroes are √ and −√

Solution:

30. If p(x) = x3 – 2x2 + kx + 5 is divided by (x – 2), the remainder is

11. Find k. Hence find all the zeroes of x3 + kx2 + 3x + 1.
 Solution:

p(x) = x3 – 2x2 + kx + 5,
When x – 2,
p(2) = (2)3 – 2(2)2 + k(2) + 5
⇒ 11 = 8 – 8 + 2k + 5
⇒ 11 – 5 = 2k
⇒ 6 = 2k
⇒k=3
Let q(x) = x3 + kx2 + 3x + 1
= x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
= x3 + 1 + 3x2 + 3x
= (x)3 + (1)3 + 3x(x + 1)
= (x + 1)3
= (x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1) …[∵ a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) = (a + b)3]
All zeroes are:
x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = -1
x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = -1
x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = -1
Hence zeroes are -1, -1 and -1.

31. If α and β are zeroes of p(x) = kx2 + 4x + 4, such that α2 + β2 =

24, find k.

Solution:

We have, p(x) = kx2 + 4x + 4

Here a = k, b = 4, c = 4

⇒ 24k2 = 16 – 8k
⇒ 24k2 + 8k – 16 = 0
⇒ 3k2 + k – 2 = 0 …[Dividing both sides by 8]
 ⇒ 3k2 + 3k – 2k – 2 = 0
⇒3k(k + 1) – 2(k + 1) = 0
⇒ (k + 1)(3k – 2) = 0
⇒ k + 1 = 0 or 3k – 2 = 0
⇒ k = -1 or k = 2/3

32. If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 2x2 + 5x + k,

satisfying the relation, α2 + β2 + αβ = 21/4 then find the value of k.

Solution:

Given polynomial is p(x) = 2x2 + 5x + k

Here a = 2, b = 5, c = k

33. What must be subtracted from p(x) = 8x4 + 14x3 – 2x2 + 8x – 12

so that 4x2 + 3x – 2 is factor of p(x)? This question was given to group
of students for working together.

Solution:
 Polynomial to be subtracted by (15x – 14).

34. Find the values of a and b so that x4 + x3 + 8x2 +ax – b is

divisible by x2 + 1.

Solution:

If x4 + x3 + 8x2 + ax – b is divisible by x2 + 1
Remainder = 0
(a – 1)x – b – 7 = 0
(a – 1)x + (-b – 7) = 0 . x + 0
a – 1 = 0, -b – 7 = 0
a = 1, b = -7

35. If a polynomial 3x4 – 4x3 – 16x2 + 15x + 14 is divided by

another polynomial x2 – 4, the remainder comes out to be px + q. Find
the value of p and q.
 Solution:

36. If the polynomial (x4 + 2x3 + 8x2 + 12x + 18) is divided by

another polynomial (x2 + 5), the remainder comes out to be (px + q),
find the values of p and q.

Solution:

Remainder = 2x + 3
px + q = 2x + 3
p = 2 and q = 3.

Thank You!